fuliginousadj.

Brit.

/fjuːˈlɪdʒᵻnəs/, U.S.

/fjuˈlɪdʒənəs/

Forms:

α. 1500s– fuliginous, 1600s fuligenous, 1600s fuliginus.

β. 1600s fulgineous, 1600s fuligineous.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin fuliginosus ; Latin fūlīgineus , -ous suffix.

Etymology: Partly (in α. forms) < post-classical Latin fuliginosus covered with soot, also in figurative use (5th cent.) < classical Latin fūlīgin- , fūlīgō fuligo n. + -ōsus -ous suffix, and partly (in β. forms) < classical Latin fūlīgineus of or like soot, sooty ( < fūlīgin- , fūlīgō fuligo n. + -eus : see -eous suffix) + -ous suffix. Compare Middle French, French fuligineux (1549), Italian fuligginoso (15th cent.).

1. Medicine. Designating a (supposed) noxious, sooty vapour believed to be formed within the body by combustion, esp. of the humour melancholy, and to be excreted in the breath or through the pores. Now historical.In quot. 1583 figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > discharge or flux > [adjective] > vapours

fuliginous1574

1574 T. Newton tr. G. Gratarolo Direct. Health Magistrates & Studentes 53 Those apples..repel and drive away all fuliginous moyste vapours [L. vapores..fuliginosos] which trouble the harte and strike up into the head.

1583 B. Melbancke Philotimus (new ed.) sig. M.iv^v Belching out their fuliginous fomentations against him.

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. v. i. iv. 469 Tis not amisse to bore the scull with an instrument to let out the fuliginous vapours.

1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 57 The grosser Steams that continually perspire out of our own Bodies..are the fuliginous Eructations of that internal fire, that constantly burns within us.

1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Bath It will be attended with these two Advantages, viz. the Dissipation of the fuliginous Excrements, and drawing out the superfluous Humours.

1844 F. Adams in tr. Paulus Ægineta Seven Bks. I. i. 94 Galen..determines the purposes of respiration to be twofold: first, to preserve the animal heat; and second, to evacuate the fuliginous portion of the blood.

1975 Jrnl. Hist. Biol. 8 324 (note) Fleming likewise cleared up a widely circulated erroneous notion that Galen wanted the fuliginous vapors to move from the heart to the lungs by way of the pulmonary arteries.

2007 C. Tilmouth Passion's Triumph over Reason (2010) iv. 139 Burton (following Galen) makes the passage of precisely such fuliginous vapours from corrupted organs within the body, upwards, into the imagination, essential to the pathology of that condition [sc. melancholia].

a. Covered or blackened with soot.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > making or becoming black > [adjective] > blackened > with soot

sootied?1615

fuliginose1727

fuliginous1843

1597 Bp. J. King Lect. Ionas vi. 82 An other Psalme speaketh, in a filthy, fuliginous corner.

1613 D. Price Sorrow for Sinnes of Time 7 in Spirituall Odours Their darke, & loathsome, fulsome, fuliginous dwellings.

1767 A. Campbell Lexiphanes 29 An Hibernian of signal erudition..sate tranquilly puffing the fumigations of the Calumet in an angle of the fuliginous hexagonal apartment.

1843 T. Carlyle Past & Present iii. xv. 314 To that dingy fuliginous Operative, emerging from his soot-mill.

1865 Dublin Univ. Mag. 66 32/2 A fuliginous suburb of factories.

1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 Oct. 1/1 All the world is peering down the fuliginous chimney.

1903 St. J. Lucas Absurd Repentance v. 62 My assistant would appear at the top of one of the stacks with a brush and a fuliginous face.

1988 M. Brodsky X in Paris 99 Two red lights atop a fuliginous flue somewhere in the distance.

2013 El Paso (Texas) Times (Nexis) 14 Mar. Her skin is as dirty and sooty as the fuliginous landscape.

b. Of, containing, or resembling soot; sooty.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > dirtiness or soiling with specific kinds of dirt > [adjective] > dirty or soiled with soot or coal-dust

sootya1250

culmya1300

bletchy1520

sootish1582

coaly1589

collowed1606

fuliginous1606

colly1619

coomy1823

sooted1892

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > products of burning > [adjective] > relating to or of the nature of soot

fuliginous1606

sooty1659

1606 S. Gardiner Doomes-day Bk. xiii. 97 The nosthrils shall be filled with sulphurous fumes, and fuliginous filthie odours.

1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. ii. ii. v. 108 It offends commonly if it be to..fuligenous, cloudy, blustering, or a tempestuous Aire.

1684 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) IV. 363 London..was so filld with the fuliginous steame of the Sea-Coale, that hardly could one see crosse the streete.

1731 S. Hales Statical Ess. I. 260 In great cities where the air is full of fuliginous vapours.

1780 Tunbridge Wells Guide 48 The dense fuliginous air of London.

1823 C. Lamb Praise of Chimney-sweepers in Elia 252 The fuliginous concretions, which are sometimes found (in dissections) to adhere to the roof of the mouth in these unfledged practitioners.

1858 T. De Quincey Pagan Oracles (rev. ed.) in Select. Grave & Gay VIII. 222 A huge octagon lamp, that apparently never had been cleaned from smoke and fuliginous tarnish.

1907 Lancet 23 Mar. 823/2 The numerous tall chimneys belched forth dense masses, rather than clouds, of black fuliginous smoke.

1954 E. Huxley Four Guineas 105 The harmattan, a steady north-east wind from the Sahara, spreads over everything a soft fuliginous mist.

2008 E. Morse Monaco xlviii. 284 Shouts and a fuliginous fog came billowing out from within the room.

c. figurative. Murky, dark; obscure; dull. Also: melancholy, mournful.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > [adjective]

melancholiousa1393

melancholica1398

darkc1440

adustc1460

melancholyc1475

as melancholy as a cat1592

allichollya1616

fuliginous1646

atrabilious1651

atrabilary1676

atrabilarian1678

hipped1712

splenetic1759

atrabiliarious1761

melancholish1775

atrabiliar1833

atrabiliary1839

atrabilarious1882

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > insecure knowledge, uncertainty > [adjective] > obscure, vague

cloudyc1400

indeterminatec1400

diffuse1430

diffused?1456

obscure?a1475

infinite1520

ambiguous1529

indistincta1530

nubilous1533

dark1557

undetermined1588

undefinite1589

undeterminate1603

indetermined1611

undefined1611

suspense1624

umbrageous1635

clouded1641

undeterminated1641

fuliginous1646

implicit1660

vague1690

diffusive1709

nubilose1730

foggy1737

unliquidated1780

hazy1781

indecisive1815

nebulous1817

penumbral1819

aoristic1846

scumbled1868

nubiform1873

out-of-focus1891

fuzzy1937

soft focus1938

1646 J. Hall Horæ Vacivæ 173 The maine of other Religions never gained by Christianity, since she carried before her the light of the World; they, fuliginous Torches of error: since her God came like a Shepheard, theirs like Roarers.

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 219 Prayer compar'd with prayse, is but a fuliginous smoak issuing from the sense of sin.

1703 W. Ayloffe Pocket Compan. for Gentlemen & Ladies Introd. sig. A4^v They have dispers'd those fuliginous Clouds of unhappy Darkness.

1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. xix. 82 His head like a smoke-jack;—the funnel unswept, and the ideas whirling round and round about in it, all obfuscated and darkened over with fuliginous matter!

1845 T. Carlyle in O. Cromwell Lett. & Speeches II. 234 Vomiting forth from their own inner-man..a very flamy fuliginous set of doctrines.

1860 A. Trollope Castle Richmond II. 80 The debate went on..with many sparks..of eager benevolence, and some few passing clouds of fuliginous self-interest.

1938 F. M. Ford March of Lit. ii. iv. 724 The fuliginous heroes of Byron and Schlegel..would each have found a hundred gloom-enshrouded reasons for the proceeding.

1957 A. Guérard in tr. J. Michelet Joan of Arc Introd. p. vii Peguy reveals his tormented fuliginous soul, his strange, heavily shod, slogging mysticism.

2003 Guardian 18 Jan. i. 23/2 A world that is garishly strange without lapsing into the cliches of fuliginous futurism.

3. Of a colour resembling that of soot; dusky.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > [adjective] > typically black > as soot

sooty1593

fuliginated1634

fuliginous1657

fuliginose1727

1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Dispensatory iii. xxxii. 468 Some are called slave Scorpions, some yellow,..some white, and others fuliginous [L. alii fulginis colore].

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 290/1 The upper part of the Body is brown, or Fulgineous (sic).

a1728 J. Woodward Attempt Nat. Hist. Fossils Eng. (1729) 90 Those fuliginous Delineations of Shrubs, call'd commonly by Writers Dendritæ.

1788 Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. 1 249 There is first a lining of colourless siliceous crystals, then another lining of amethystine crystals, and sometimes within that, fuliginous crystals.

1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 389 A morbid deep-coloured bile, fulvous, greenish, or fuliginous.

1869 Atlantic Monthly Jan. 118/2 An older and much bigger boy, or youth, with a fuliginous complexion.

1874 E. Coues Birds Northwest 642 Entire plumage deep sooty or fuliginous blackish.

1937 Mycologia 29 216 The older hyphae from which the conidiophores developed were fuliginous.

2002 Florida Entomologist 85 353/2 Hindwings pale fuliginous, veins brown.

Derivatives

fuˈliginously adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > [adverb] > as soot

fuliginously1758

1758 W. Shenstone in R. Dodsley Coll. Poems Several Hands V. 11 To rear some breathless vapid flow'rs Or shrubs fuliginously grim.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. ii. iii. 113 Military France is every where full of sour inflammatory humour, which exhales itself fuliginously, this way or that.

1985 Black Enterprise Mar. 12/1 Emotional pleas only fuliginously related to the issues at hand.

fuˈliginousness n. now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > [noun]

thesternessc888

thesterc897

murkOE

theosterleykc1000

darkc1300

darkheadc1300

murknessa1325

therknessa1325

darknessc1350

tenebres1413

tenebrousa1450

obscurity1481

tenebrosity1490

obscureness1509

dern?a1513

sable?a1513

darksomeness1571

fuliginousness1576

darkishness1583

murksomeness1625

obscure1667

soot1789

tenebrity1789

nightness1839

raylessness1843

lightlessness1845

darkling1882

unlight1883

the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > [noun] > typical blackness > as soot

fuliginousness1576

fuliginosity1662

ramoneur1793

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > products of burning > [noun] > soot > quality

fuliginousness1576

sootiness1611

1576 T. Newton tr. L. Lemnie Touchstone of Complexions ii. vi. f. 139^v When this synke of Melancholie is once exhausted & al fuliginousnes banished [L. discussaque fuligine].

1652 J. French York-shire Spaw ii. 27 According to the fuliginousness of vapours more or less recoiling, the fire is more or less choaked.

1873 Belgravia Oct. 31 The distant fuliginousness of soap-boiling and bone-calcining Vauxhall.

1975 Grantsmanship Center 9/2 It will attempt to bring some clarity to a field that is often characterized by obfuscation and fuliginousness.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	fuliginous
释义	fuliginousadj. Brit. /fjuːˈlɪdʒᵻnəs/, U.S. /fjuˈlɪdʒənəs/ Forms: α. 1500s– fuliginous, 1600s fuligenous, 1600s fuliginus. β. 1600s fulgineous, 1600s fuligineous. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin fuliginosus ; Latin fūlīgineus , -ous suffix. Etymology: Partly (in α. forms) < post-classical Latin fuliginosus covered with soot, also in figurative use (5th cent.) < classical Latin fūlīgin- , fūlīgō fuligo n. + -ōsus -ous suffix, and partly (in β. forms) < classical Latin fūlīgineus of or like soot, sooty ( < fūlīgin- , fūlīgō fuligo n. + -eus : see -eous suffix) + -ous suffix. Compare Middle French, French fuligineux (1549), Italian fuligginoso (15th cent.). 1. Medicine. Designating a (supposed) noxious, sooty vapour believed to be formed within the body by combustion, esp. of the humour melancholy, and to be excreted in the breath or through the pores. Now historical.In quot. 1583 figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > discharge or flux > [adjective] > vapours fuliginous1574 1574 T. Newton tr. G. Gratarolo Direct. Health Magistrates & Studentes 53 Those apples..repel and drive away all fuliginous moyste vapours [L. vapores..fuliginosos] which trouble the harte and strike up into the head. 1583 B. Melbancke Philotimus (new ed.) sig. M.iv^v Belching out their fuliginous fomentations against him. 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. v. i. iv. 469 Tis not amisse to bore the scull with an instrument to let out the fuliginous vapours. 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 57 The grosser Steams that continually perspire out of our own Bodies..are the fuliginous Eructations of that internal fire, that constantly burns within us. 1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Bath It will be attended with these two Advantages, viz. the Dissipation of the fuliginous Excrements, and drawing out the superfluous Humours. 1844 F. Adams in tr. Paulus Ægineta Seven Bks. I. i. 94 Galen..determines the purposes of respiration to be twofold: first, to preserve the animal heat; and second, to evacuate the fuliginous portion of the blood. 1975 Jrnl. Hist. Biol. 8 324 (note) Fleming likewise cleared up a widely circulated erroneous notion that Galen wanted the fuliginous vapors to move from the heart to the lungs by way of the pulmonary arteries. 2007 C. Tilmouth Passion's Triumph over Reason (2010) iv. 139 Burton (following Galen) makes the passage of precisely such fuliginous vapours from corrupted organs within the body, upwards, into the imagination, essential to the pathology of that condition [sc. melancholia]. 2. a. Covered or blackened with soot. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > making or becoming black > [adjective] > blackened > with soot sootied?1615 fuliginose1727 fuliginous1843 1597 Bp. J. King Lect. Ionas vi. 82 An other Psalme speaketh, in a filthy, fuliginous corner. 1613 D. Price Sorrow for Sinnes of Time 7 in Spirituall Odours Their darke, & loathsome, fulsome, fuliginous dwellings. 1767 A. Campbell Lexiphanes 29 An Hibernian of signal erudition..sate tranquilly puffing the fumigations of the Calumet in an angle of the fuliginous hexagonal apartment. 1843 T. Carlyle Past & Present iii. xv. 314 To that dingy fuliginous Operative, emerging from his soot-mill. 1865 Dublin Univ. Mag. 66 32/2 A fuliginous suburb of factories. 1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 Oct. 1/1 All the world is peering down the fuliginous chimney. 1903 St. J. Lucas Absurd Repentance v. 62 My assistant would appear at the top of one of the stacks with a brush and a fuliginous face. 1988 M. Brodsky X in Paris 99 Two red lights atop a fuliginous flue somewhere in the distance. 2013 El Paso (Texas) Times (Nexis) 14 Mar. Her skin is as dirty and sooty as the fuliginous landscape. b. Of, containing, or resembling soot; sooty. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirt > dirtiness or soiling with specific kinds of dirt > [adjective] > dirty or soiled with soot or coal-dust sootya1250 culmya1300 bletchy1520 sootish1582 coaly1589 collowed1606 fuliginous1606 colly1619 coomy1823 sooted1892 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > products of burning > [adjective] > relating to or of the nature of soot fuliginous1606 sooty1659 1606 S. Gardiner Doomes-day Bk. xiii. 97 The nosthrils shall be filled with sulphurous fumes, and fuliginous filthie odours. 1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy i. ii. ii. v. 108 It offends commonly if it be to..fuligenous, cloudy, blustering, or a tempestuous Aire. 1684 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) IV. 363 London..was so filld with the fuliginous steame of the Sea-Coale, that hardly could one see crosse the streete. 1731 S. Hales Statical Ess. I. 260 In great cities where the air is full of fuliginous vapours. 1780 Tunbridge Wells Guide 48 The dense fuliginous air of London. 1823 C. Lamb Praise of Chimney-sweepers in Elia 252 The fuliginous concretions, which are sometimes found (in dissections) to adhere to the roof of the mouth in these unfledged practitioners. 1858 T. De Quincey Pagan Oracles (rev. ed.) in Select. Grave & Gay VIII. 222 A huge octagon lamp, that apparently never had been cleaned from smoke and fuliginous tarnish. 1907 Lancet 23 Mar. 823/2 The numerous tall chimneys belched forth dense masses, rather than clouds, of black fuliginous smoke. 1954 E. Huxley Four Guineas 105 The harmattan, a steady north-east wind from the Sahara, spreads over everything a soft fuliginous mist. 2008 E. Morse Monaco xlviii. 284 Shouts and a fuliginous fog came billowing out from within the room. c. figurative. Murky, dark; obscure; dull. Also: melancholy, mournful. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > [adjective] melancholiousa1393 melancholica1398 darkc1440 adustc1460 melancholyc1475 as melancholy as a cat1592 allichollya1616 fuliginous1646 atrabilious1651 atrabilary1676 atrabilarian1678 hipped1712 splenetic1759 atrabiliarious1761 melancholish1775 atrabiliar1833 atrabiliary1839 atrabilarious1882 the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > insecure knowledge, uncertainty > [adjective] > obscure, vague cloudyc1400 indeterminatec1400 diffuse1430 diffused?1456 obscure?a1475 infinite1520 ambiguous1529 indistincta1530 nubilous1533 dark1557 undetermined1588 undefinite1589 undeterminate1603 indetermined1611 undefined1611 suspense1624 umbrageous1635 clouded1641 undeterminated1641 fuliginous1646 implicit1660 vague1690 diffusive1709 nubilose1730 foggy1737 unliquidated1780 hazy1781 indecisive1815 nebulous1817 penumbral1819 aoristic1846 scumbled1868 nubiform1873 out-of-focus1891 fuzzy1937 soft focus1938 1646 J. Hall Horæ Vacivæ 173 The maine of other Religions never gained by Christianity, since she carried before her the light of the World; they, fuliginous Torches of error: since her God came like a Shepheard, theirs like Roarers. 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 219 Prayer compar'd with prayse, is but a fuliginous smoak issuing from the sense of sin. 1703 W. Ayloffe Pocket Compan. for Gentlemen & Ladies Introd. sig. A4^v They have dispers'd those fuliginous Clouds of unhappy Darkness. 1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. xix. 82 His head like a smoke-jack;—the funnel unswept, and the ideas whirling round and round about in it, all obfuscated and darkened over with fuliginous matter! 1845 T. Carlyle in O. Cromwell Lett. & Speeches II. 234 Vomiting forth from their own inner-man..a very flamy fuliginous set of doctrines. 1860 A. Trollope Castle Richmond II. 80 The debate went on..with many sparks..of eager benevolence, and some few passing clouds of fuliginous self-interest. 1938 F. M. Ford March of Lit. ii. iv. 724 The fuliginous heroes of Byron and Schlegel..would each have found a hundred gloom-enshrouded reasons for the proceeding. 1957 A. Guérard in tr. J. Michelet Joan of Arc Introd. p. vii Peguy reveals his tormented fuliginous soul, his strange, heavily shod, slogging mysticism. 2003 Guardian 18 Jan. i. 23/2 A world that is garishly strange without lapsing into the cliches of fuliginous futurism. 3. Of a colour resembling that of soot; dusky. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > [adjective] > typically black > as soot sooty1593 fuliginated1634 fuliginous1657 fuliginose1727 1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Medicinal Dispensatory iii. xxxii. 468 Some are called slave Scorpions, some yellow,..some white, and others fuliginous [L. alii fulginis colore]. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 290/1 The upper part of the Body is brown, or Fulgineous (sic). a1728 J. Woodward Attempt Nat. Hist. Fossils Eng. (1729) 90 Those fuliginous Delineations of Shrubs, call'd commonly by Writers Dendritæ. 1788 Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. 1 249 There is first a lining of colourless siliceous crystals, then another lining of amethystine crystals, and sometimes within that, fuliginous crystals. 1822 J. M. Good Study Med. I. 389 A morbid deep-coloured bile, fulvous, greenish, or fuliginous. 1869 Atlantic Monthly Jan. 118/2 An older and much bigger boy, or youth, with a fuliginous complexion. 1874 E. Coues Birds Northwest 642 Entire plumage deep sooty or fuliginous blackish. 1937 Mycologia 29 216 The older hyphae from which the conidiophores developed were fuliginous. 2002 Florida Entomologist 85 353/2 Hindwings pale fuliginous, veins brown. Derivatives fuˈliginously adv. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > [adverb] > as soot fuliginously1758 1758 W. Shenstone in R. Dodsley Coll. Poems Several Hands V. 11 To rear some breathless vapid flow'rs Or shrubs fuliginously grim. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. ii. iii. 113 Military France is every where full of sour inflammatory humour, which exhales itself fuliginously, this way or that. 1985 Black Enterprise Mar. 12/1 Emotional pleas only fuliginously related to the issues at hand. fuˈliginousness n. now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > [noun] thesternessc888 thesterc897 murkOE theosterleykc1000 darkc1300 darkheadc1300 murknessa1325 therknessa1325 darknessc1350 tenebres1413 tenebrousa1450 obscurity1481 tenebrosity1490 obscureness1509 dern?a1513 sable?a1513 darksomeness1571 fuliginousness1576 darkishness1583 murksomeness1625 obscure1667 soot1789 tenebrity1789 nightness1839 raylessness1843 lightlessness1845 darkling1882 unlight1883 the world > matter > colour > named colours > black or blackness > [noun] > typical blackness > as soot fuliginousness1576 fuliginosity1662 ramoneur1793 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > products of burning > [noun] > soot > quality fuliginousness1576 sootiness1611 1576 T. Newton tr. L. Lemnie Touchstone of Complexions ii. vi. f. 139^v When this synke of Melancholie is once exhausted & al fuliginousnes banished [L. discussaque fuligine]. 1652 J. French York-shire Spaw ii. 27 According to the fuliginousness of vapours more or less recoiling, the fire is more or less choaked. 1873 Belgravia Oct. 31 The distant fuliginousness of soap-boiling and bone-calcining Vauxhall. 1975 Grantsmanship Center 9/2 It will attempt to bring some clarity to a field that is often characterized by obfuscation and fuliginousness. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1574
随便看	run the venture of run things fine run through run through the pikes run tilt run time run to run to an extreme run to earth run to emptins run to fat run to form run to ground run to meet run to neck run to repairs run to seed run to straw run to the end of one's rope run to type run to waste run to wrack run to wrack and ruin run together run trade