fulminaten.

Brit.

/ˈfʊlmᵻneɪt/,

/ˈfʌlmᵻneɪt/, U.S.

/ˈfʊlməˌneɪt/,

/ˈfəlməˌneɪt/

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French fulminate.

Etymology: < French fulminate (J. Liebig 1823, in Ann. de chim. et de physique 24 302) < fulmin- (in fulminant fulminant adj.; in his paper, Liebig refers to fulminic acid as acide fulminant ) + -ate -ate suffix¹. Compare German Fulminat (1824; after French). Compare fulminic acid n. at fulminic adj.

Chemistry.

Any of a series of salts of fulminic acid with metals, typically highly unstable substances which explode when subjected to percussion, friction, or heat.Fulminates contain the anion CNO⁻.mercury fulminate: see mercury n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > organic salts > [noun] > miscellaneous others

alum zucarinea1425

white precipitate1588

volatile salt or salts1639

malate1788

oxalate1788

sebate1788

succinate1789

camphorate1800

suberate1800

tannate1802

formate1807

zymate1817

uranate1819

ambreate1820

fungate1821

hydriodide1823

sorbate1823

fulminate1824

uraniate1824

pinate1829

oleate1831

pectate1831

resinate1831

xanthate1831

formobenzoate1834

racemate1835

indigotate1838

japonate1838

oxalhydrate1838

oxalovinate1838

palmate1838

pyruvate1838

roccellate1838

rubinate1838

verdite1838

oxalurate1839

sesquisalt1839

palmitate1840

rhabarbarate1840

hippurate1841

palmitin1841

sericate1841

stearate1841

oenanthylate1843

humate1844

parabanate1844

urethylane1844

angelate1846

fungiate1847

nitroprusside1849

sodium nitroprusside1849

fulminurate1855

igasurate1855

inosinate1855

phenate1857

sinapate1857

styphnate1857

anchoate1858

parellate1858

toluate1860

piperate1862

fumarate1864

glycollate1864

hydurilate1865

hyoglycocholate1865

isamates1865

itaconates1865–72

paralactate1866

porphyrate1866

usnate1866

thebolactate1867

oxalonitrate1868

rhodanate1868

stearerate1868

terebate1868

terephthalate1868

thymotate1868

turpetholate1868

violurate1868

viridate1868

xanthide1868

glycocholate1872

xylate1872

xylidate1872

tiglate1875

peptonate1876

hydracrylate1877

thymolate1880

formamidine1882

carboxylate1884

nucleate1896

phytin1905

cacodylate1908

cupferron1910

protamine sulphate1915

metallic soap1918

pentaerythritol tetranitrate1923

phosphagen1927

phosphocreatine1927

viologen1933

pentachlorophenate1938

hyaluronate1946

tetraethylpyrophosphate1947

pteroylglutamate1948

inosate-

1824 Q. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts Apr. 155 Researches were then made into the nature of this acid: the term fulminate, has been applied to the salts containing it.

1864 H. Watts Dict. Chem. II. 732 Fulminate of Copper is obtained in green crystals.

1889 Overland Monthly Oct. 433/2 I'm very nervous about that lot of fulminate—the percussion powder—I put in there today.

1917 A. G. Empey Over Top xii. 85 This ignites the fuse, which burns down and sets off the detonator, charged with fulminate of mercury.

1972 R. Akehurst World of Guns 8 Detonating powders, such as gold and mercury fulminates, had been known since the seventeenth century.

2008 Evening Chron. (Newcastle) (Nexis) 22 Dec. 14 The bang in a Christmas cracker is made by a high explosive called Silver Fulminate.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

fulminatev.

Brit.

/ˈfʊlmᵻneɪt/,

/ˈfʌlmᵻneɪt/, U.S.

/ˈfʊlməˌneɪt/,

/ˈfəlməˌneɪt/

Forms: late Middle English– fulminate, 1500s–1700s fulminate (past participle); also Scottish pre-1700 fulminait (past tense), pre-1700 fulminat (past tense and past participle).

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin fulmināt-, fulmināre.

Etymology: < classical Latin fulmināt-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of fulmināre to lighten, strike with lightning, to flash fiercely, to strike like lightning, in post-classical Latin also to strike down, confound (an opponent) (5th cent.), to put forward overwhelming arguments (6th cent.), to thunder (threats) (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources), to pronounce a sentence of excommunication (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources; from 14th cent. in continental sources), to rail thunderously (13th cent. in British sources) < fulmen fulmen n. Compare Middle French, French fulminer, chief senses of which include: to emit thunder and lightning (1330), to pronounce or publish (a formal condemnation or censure) (a1365), to strike (a person or thing) with lightning (c1400), to issue a formal censure against a person or thing (beginning of the 15th cent.). Compare also Spanish fulminar (15th cent.), Portuguese fulminar (1505), Italian fulminare (beginning of the 14th cent.).In sense 6 after the post-classical Latin specific use in chemistry of classical Latin fulminant-, fulmināns fulminant adj.; compare fulmination n. 4 and slightly earlier fulminating adj. 2a. In sense 7 after fulmination n. 2; compare also earlier fulguration n. 2. In sense 8 after fulminant adj. 3; compare slightly earlier fulminating adj. 3.

I. Senses relating to censure or condemnation.

1. transitive. To pronounce, to publish (a formal condemnation or censure). Hence (more generally): to utter, to deliver (a denunciation, a curse, etc.). With against (occasionally on).Frequently used with reference to excommunications or other condemnatory edicts issued by ecclesiastical authorities.In quot. 1930 figurative (with reference to the etymology of the verb: cf. fulmen n.).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > denunciation > denounce [verb (transitive)] > violently > utter (violent denunciation)

thunderc1380

fulminate?a1475

?a1475 (?a1425) in tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1882) VIII. App. 501 We..desyre your hihenesse [sc. Richard II] to fulminate a sentence ageyne the seide archebischoppe condigne to suche a traytoure.

?a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Sheep & Dog l. 1225 in Poems (1981) 50 The arbiteris..The sentence gaue, and proces fulminait.

1532–3 Act 24 Henry VIII c. 12 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 428 Notwithstaundyng..it shuld happen any excommengemente..to be fulmynate provulged declared or putt in execucion.

1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus iii. f. 36 The mater was to be fulminat.

1606 Declar. Variance betweene Pope & Segniory of Venice 18 A Sentence fulminated against him that sinnes not, is no Sentence for defect in the matter.

1609 C. H. tr. J. Beringer Romane Conclave 57 Now hath the Pope found an occasion by the taking of this Bishop, to fulminate his long-conceiued displeasure against the Emperor.

1682 Let. in G. Burnet News from France 37 The..Pope sent..a Bull of Excommunication, which he required him to carry into the Assembly, and there to fulminate in his Name against all the Assembly.

1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 157 All Ecclesiastical Persons..to whom an Ordinary Jurisdiction is given..may fulminate these Church-Censures.

1763 W. Warburton Doctr. Grace I. ii. 147 Judgments..fulminated with the air of one who had the divine Vengeance at his disposal.

1815 J. Scott Visit to Paris (ed. 2) Pref. p. xxvii The maledictions he [sc. Napoleon] fulminated against our Island.

1832 J.-C.-L. S. de Sismondi Hist. Ital. Republics xii. 272 The pope fulminated a bull against him..for having hanged an archbishop.

1842 Mechanics' Mag. 36 6 Denunciation on denunciation has been fulminated from the press.

1871 G. H. Napheys Prevention & Cure Dis. i. iii. 112 Kings have fulminated their decrees against it.

1928 Story of Inquisition 111 The Inquisition took a hand, and on October 2, 1484, fulminated a decree confiscating to the crown all the offices in Teruel.

1930 Princeton Alumni Weekly 2 May 780/1 [He] fulminates terrific thunderbolts against the menace of science.

2014 C. Whatley in J. S. Hamilton Fourteenth Cent. Eng. VIII. 67 For their interference, Grandisson fulminated a sentence of greater excommunication on the group of messengers.

2. intransitive. To issue a formal censure (against a person or thing); (hence) to rail or speak violently; to inveigh, to rage. Also (occasionally) with upon or at. Also transitive with direct speech as object.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > excommunication > excommunicate [verb (intransitive)]

anathemize1585

anathematize1614

fulminate1620

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > denunciation > denounce [verb (intransitive)] > denounce violently

fulminate1620

thunder1722

1620 W. Barlow tr. Two Lett. or Embassies sig. C The Emperour himselfe proued the Churches Champion, and tooke vpon him for Romes sake, to Curse and fulminate against Zealous professors.

1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iii. xxx. 162 Before his time the Imperiall majesty..was never fulminated against with excommunication.

1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 215 in Justice Vindicated Pope Paul..after he had fulminated so dreadfully against him, proposed him for an Example to be imitated.

1768 J. Boswell Acct. Corsica (ed. 2) ii. 65 The Vatican from whence the holy father used..to fulminate with serious effect against the greatest powers in Europe.

1797 S. J. Pratt Family Secrets V. xxix. 348 I have fulminated at him like an anathematising pope.

1809 Antijacobin Rev. Aug. 432 Put your heart and soul into the act, and fulminate upon the darling topic.

1841 Edinb. Rev. July 331 Nouet, the great advocate of the society, returned again and again to the assault. Pulpits fulminated, presses groaned.

1919 C. Wood Living Christ & Some Probl. of To-day iv. 136 The Church fulminated and thundered, excommunicated and tortured.

1949 ‘G. Orwell’ Nineteen Eighty-four 56 Fulminating against the atrocities of the Eurasian army.

1976 A. Richards Penguin Bk. Welsh Short Stories 307 ‘On whose behalf, if I may ask?’ fulminated Abe in his vintage county council English.

1991 J. Waters Jiving at Crossroads xiv. 142 This was usually..for the bovine readers of the British Sunday glossies to fulminate over.

2012 Independent 31 Aug. 15/3 We can fulminate against corruption in Russia as we like.

3. transitive. To censure, to condemn; to denounce vehemently or in scathing terms; (occasionally) spec. to subject to ecclesiastical censure.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > denunciation > denounce [verb (transitive)] > violently

thunder1677

fulminate1687

society > faith > worship > excommunication > excommunicate [verb (transitive)]

waryc725

cursec1050

amanseOE

accurselOE

forcurse1154

mansec1175

ban1303

sequester1395

maledighta1400

anathematize?1473

excommune1483

excommenge1502

excommunicate1526

precide1529

aban1565

anathemize1585

malison1588

consecrate1589

inknot1611

shammatize1613

anathemate1615

unchurcha1620

innodate1630

discommon1639

to swear at ——1680

devote1749

maledict1780

comminate1801

fulminate1806

imban1807

dischurch1990

1687 J. Dryden Hind & Panther ii. 64 For all of ancient that you had before..Was Errour fulminated o'er and o'er.

1688 T. Brown Reasons Mr. Bays 15 I fulminated Johnsons affected Style.

1760 Bp. Hurd Let. Oct. in Early Lett. (1995) 360 Burnet's Exposition was fulminated.

1806 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. 4 263 The catholic church..fulminates without hesitation a Julian or an Elizabeth.

1812 Burke's Speech on Bill for Relief of Dissenters, 1773 in Wks. V. 348 I would have the Laws rise in all their majesty of terrours, to fulminate such vain and impious wretches.

1826 Bayle's Hist. & Crit. Dict. Abridged II. 317 The Nestorians..had been fulminated by the first council of Ephesus.

1916 A. Castle & E. Castle Wind's Will iii. viii. 373 Geoffrey had risen and fulminated him in a fit of wrath.

1988 R. Rosenthal tr. A. Busi Standard Life of Temporary Pantyhouse Salesman i. 210 Angelo fulminated him with a glance.

II. Senses relating to lightning, explosion, etc.

a. intransitive. To emit thunder and lightning; (of thunder, lightning, or a thunderbolt) to make a violent or startling manifestation. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > thunder and lightning > [verb (intransitive)]

fulminate?1605

?1605 J. Davies Wittes Pilgrimage sig. I4^v With a firy Wreathe bind thou my Brow, That mak'st the Muse in Flames to fulminate.

1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Fulminate, to thunder.

1624 T. Heigham tr. G. de Chevalier Ghosts Deceased Sieurs 76 There it is, where magnanimity should thunder, and fulminate; it is there, that a man should surmount all the infirmities of man.

1656 S. Holland Don Zara ii. iii. 85 It tonitruated horribly, fulminating promiscuously from all parts of the troubled Hemisphere.

1745 E. Young Consolation 25 Loud Ætnas fulminate in Love to Man.

1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall of Rome iv. 164 It was on the latter body that the bolt of Roman vengeance first fell, and it was as sudden and as terrible in its effects as if it had really fulminated from the throne of Capitolian Jove.

1988 M. Hocking Irrelevant Woman (1989) iii. 39 Thunder fulminated around the house and then went grumbling away over the fields.

2012 D. Miller Can Last Fiddler Dance? vii. 96 A flash of early evening lightning fulminated through the office window, followed almost immediately by a deafening thunderclap.

b. transitive. To strike (with lightning). Also figurative. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > thunder and lightning > [verb (transitive)] > strike with lightning

levina1400

fulminate1666

1666 W. Sancroft Lex Ignea 40 Shall our Mountain..be fulminated, and thunder-strook.

1877 Fraser's Mag. Jan. 129/2 May God fulminate him!

1891 Illustr. Amer. 18 Apr. 418/1 Thunder does not roll through his sentences, nor lightning fulminate them.

2010 G. H. Bell-Villada García Márquez ii. xii. 239 A Spaniard, doña Olalla de Mendoza, who on a group outing was unfortunately fulminated by lightning.

5. transitive. In extended use. To cause (words, vengeance, trouble, etc.) to flash forth; to unleash, to wreak.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > naturally occurring light > emit beams (of a luminary) [verb (transitive)] > flash lightning

levina1400

fulminate1630

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > go or come out [verb (intransitive)] > violently

to break outOE

shonk1488

belch1581

burst1590

fulminate1630

vomit1632

bust1837

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > be violent [verb (intransitive)] > burst violently from rest or restraint

abreakOE

outburstOE

outbreaka1450

reboil1477

to break forth1535

burst1542

to break out1574

go1583

fulminate1630

break1693

lasha1716

to rage out1720

rip1856

outflame1890

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > thunder and lightning > [verb (intransitive)] > lighten > issue as a thunderbolt

fulminate1630

1630 T. Randolph Panegyr. to Shirley's Gratef. Serv. A iij I cannot fulminate or tonitruate words.

1824 Morning Post 21 Apr. A stranger ascended the rostrum, and fulminated a strong dose of ‘fire and brimstone’.

1863 C. C. Clarke Shakespeare-characters ii. 46 The one [sc. Beatrice's wit] is fulminated in brilliant coruscations..the other [sc. Rosalind's wit] shines with gentle, genial radiance.

1875 G. B. Malleson Stud. from Genoese Hist. iii. 104 Our arms in our hands, oh Corsicans! let us rush to the holy undertaking; let your swords fulminate extermination.

1907 J. Cantello Star of Bethlehem iii. 69 The gods..would not be adored as they are, were they not ever more inclined to confer benefits than to fulminate vengeance.

1988 S. S. Tepper Gate to Women's Country (1989) xxxi. 279 Chernon had been left alive among the Holylanders to fulminate more trouble.

2010 T. R. Roberts Under Obligation x. 133 He fulminated his answer to her, ‘You are not going to work, you are going to stay home and take care of the kids.’

6. intransitive. Chemistry. To explode with a loud report; to undergo explosive decomposition, to detonate. Also transitive: to cause to explode in this way.Now rare except as fulminating adj. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > be violent [verb (intransitive)] > explode or go off (of firearms, gunpowder, etc.)

to go off1560

fulminate1651

springa1658

explode1673

displode1812

to go up1950

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > sudden or violent sound > explosive sound > [verb (intransitive)]

clap1509

bounce1552

fulminate1651

explode1673

detonate1729

detonize1731

chunk1890

chunk-chunk1898

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > make (more) violent [verb (transitive)] > act upon by means of explosion > cause to explode

fulminate1651

detonate1801

1651 J. French tr. J. R. Glauber Descr. New Philos. Furnaces ii. 83 The gold falling or precipitating into a heavy calx,..doth not fulminate well [L. ritè non fulminantis].

1667 T. Henshaw in T. Sprat Hist. Royal-Soc. 275 If you fulminate it [sc. salt-petre] in a Crucible.

1738 G. Smith tr. Laboratory v. 133 The Saltpetre and Tartar will soon begin to fulminate.

1853 W. Gregory Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) 255 A dark powder is formed, which fulminates violently when heated.

1927 U.S. Patent 1,631,419 1/2 The charge of explosive is fulminated by closing the battery circuit through the switch.

1985 S. C. Dhamija tr. A. A. Chernigovskii Applic. Directional Blasting in Mining & Civil Engin. (ed. 2) vii. 177 The whole system of charges was fulminated from the left side and the time delay between successive blasts was less than the critical value for the given conditions.

†7. intransitive. Metallurgy. Of metal: to become bright in colour during refining. Cf. fulmination n. 2. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > precious metal > yield precious metal [verb (intransitive)] > of gold: become bright and uniform in colour

fulminate1727

1727 P. Shaw & E. Chambers tr. H. Boerhaave New Method Chem. 67 Till..the gold have fulminated, as the refiners affect to call it.

III. In medical use.

8. intransitive. Medicine. Esp. of a disease or pathological process: to become very severe or life-threatening, esp. in a short period of time. Cf. fulminating adj. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > become diseased [verb (intransitive)] > arise > suddenly

explode1793

fulminate1872

1872 Med. & Surg. Reporter 8 June 504/2 The disease commenced on Monday or Tuesday, and fulminated on Wednesday.

1905 Lancet 17 June 1642/2 All of the patients in the other wards of the hospital..were receiving similar diets to those which were prescribed for the subjects of the cases which fulminated.

1953 D. B. Cater Basic Pathol. & Morbid Histol. 76 (caption) Early phthisis fulminates to acute caseous tuberculosis.

2013 Jrnl. Invertebr. Pathol. 114 354/1 Infections of O[rchitophrya] stellarum fulminated rapidly in blue crabs and fiddler crabs.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	fulminate
释义	fulminaten. Brit. /ˈfʊlmᵻneɪt/, /ˈfʌlmᵻneɪt/, U.S. /ˈfʊlməˌneɪt/, /ˈfəlməˌneɪt/ Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French fulminate. Etymology: < French fulminate (J. Liebig 1823, in Ann. de chim. et de physique 24 302) < fulmin- (in fulminant fulminant adj.; in his paper, Liebig refers to fulminic acid as acide fulminant ) + -ate -ate suffix¹. Compare German Fulminat (1824; after French). Compare fulminic acid n. at fulminic adj. Chemistry. Any of a series of salts of fulminic acid with metals, typically highly unstable substances which explode when subjected to percussion, friction, or heat.Fulminates contain the anion CNO⁻.mercury fulminate: see mercury n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > organic salts > [noun] > miscellaneous others alum zucarinea1425 white precipitate1588 volatile salt or salts1639 malate1788 oxalate1788 sebate1788 succinate1789 camphorate1800 suberate1800 tannate1802 formate1807 zymate1817 uranate1819 ambreate1820 fungate1821 hydriodide1823 sorbate1823 fulminate1824 uraniate1824 pinate1829 oleate1831 pectate1831 resinate1831 xanthate1831 formobenzoate1834 racemate1835 indigotate1838 japonate1838 oxalhydrate1838 oxalovinate1838 palmate1838 pyruvate1838 roccellate1838 rubinate1838 verdite1838 oxalurate1839 sesquisalt1839 palmitate1840 rhabarbarate1840 hippurate1841 palmitin1841 sericate1841 stearate1841 oenanthylate1843 humate1844 parabanate1844 urethylane1844 angelate1846 fungiate1847 nitroprusside1849 sodium nitroprusside1849 fulminurate1855 igasurate1855 inosinate1855 phenate1857 sinapate1857 styphnate1857 anchoate1858 parellate1858 toluate1860 piperate1862 fumarate1864 glycollate1864 hydurilate1865 hyoglycocholate1865 isamates1865 itaconates1865–72 paralactate1866 porphyrate1866 usnate1866 thebolactate1867 oxalonitrate1868 rhodanate1868 stearerate1868 terebate1868 terephthalate1868 thymotate1868 turpetholate1868 violurate1868 viridate1868 xanthide1868 glycocholate1872 xylate1872 xylidate1872 tiglate1875 peptonate1876 hydracrylate1877 thymolate1880 formamidine1882 carboxylate1884 nucleate1896 phytin1905 cacodylate1908 cupferron1910 protamine sulphate1915 metallic soap1918 pentaerythritol tetranitrate1923 phosphagen1927 phosphocreatine1927 viologen1933 pentachlorophenate1938 hyaluronate1946 tetraethylpyrophosphate1947 pteroylglutamate1948 inosate- 1824 Q. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts Apr. 155 Researches were then made into the nature of this acid: the term fulminate, has been applied to the salts containing it. 1864 H. Watts Dict. Chem. II. 732 Fulminate of Copper is obtained in green crystals. 1889 Overland Monthly Oct. 433/2 I'm very nervous about that lot of fulminate—the percussion powder—I put in there today. 1917 A. G. Empey Over Top xii. 85 This ignites the fuse, which burns down and sets off the detonator, charged with fulminate of mercury. 1972 R. Akehurst World of Guns 8 Detonating powders, such as gold and mercury fulminates, had been known since the seventeenth century. 2008 Evening Chron. (Newcastle) (Nexis) 22 Dec. 14 The bang in a Christmas cracker is made by a high explosive called Silver Fulminate. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † fulminateadj. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin fulminātus, fulmināre. Etymology: < classical Latin fulminātus, past participle of fulmināre fulminate v. Obsolete. rare. That has been fulminated. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > anger > furious anger > [adjective] > done or passed in fury fulminate1645 1645 W. Prynne Hidden Workes Darkenes 202 They [sc. the Iesuits] were the only cause..that incensed the Pope to send so many fulminate Breeves [sc. letters] to these Kingdomes. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online September 2021). fulminatev. Brit. /ˈfʊlmᵻneɪt/, /ˈfʌlmᵻneɪt/, U.S. /ˈfʊlməˌneɪt/, /ˈfəlməˌneɪt/ Forms: late Middle English– fulminate, 1500s–1700s fulminate (past participle); also Scottish pre-1700 fulminait (past tense), pre-1700 fulminat (past tense and past participle). Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin fulmināt-, fulmināre. Etymology: < classical Latin fulmināt-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of fulmināre to lighten, strike with lightning, to flash fiercely, to strike like lightning, in post-classical Latin also to strike down, confound (an opponent) (5th cent.), to put forward overwhelming arguments (6th cent.), to thunder (threats) (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources), to pronounce a sentence of excommunication (frequently from 12th cent. in British sources; from 14th cent. in continental sources), to rail thunderously (13th cent. in British sources) < fulmen fulmen n. Compare Middle French, French fulminer, chief senses of which include: to emit thunder and lightning (1330), to pronounce or publish (a formal condemnation or censure) (a1365), to strike (a person or thing) with lightning (c1400), to issue a formal censure against a person or thing (beginning of the 15th cent.). Compare also Spanish fulminar (15th cent.), Portuguese fulminar (1505), Italian fulminare (beginning of the 14th cent.).In sense 6 after the post-classical Latin specific use in chemistry of classical Latin fulminant-, fulmināns fulminant adj.; compare fulmination n. 4 and slightly earlier fulminating adj. 2a. In sense 7 after fulmination n. 2; compare also earlier fulguration n. 2. In sense 8 after fulminant adj. 3; compare slightly earlier fulminating adj. 3. I. Senses relating to censure or condemnation. 1. transitive. To pronounce, to publish (a formal condemnation or censure). Hence (more generally): to utter, to deliver (a denunciation, a curse, etc.). With against (occasionally on).Frequently used with reference to excommunications or other condemnatory edicts issued by ecclesiastical authorities.In quot. 1930 figurative (with reference to the etymology of the verb: cf. fulmen n.). ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > denunciation > denounce [verb (transitive)] > violently > utter (violent denunciation) thunderc1380 fulminate?a1475 ?a1475 (?a1425) in tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1882) VIII. App. 501 We..desyre your hihenesse [sc. Richard II] to fulminate a sentence ageyne the seide archebischoppe condigne to suche a traytoure. ?a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Sheep & Dog l. 1225 in Poems (1981) 50 The arbiteris..The sentence gaue, and proces fulminait. 1532–3 Act 24 Henry VIII c. 12 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 428 Notwithstaundyng..it shuld happen any excommengemente..to be fulmynate provulged declared or putt in execucion. 1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus iii. f. 36 The mater was to be fulminat. 1606 Declar. Variance betweene Pope & Segniory of Venice 18 A Sentence fulminated against him that sinnes not, is no Sentence for defect in the matter. 1609 C. H. tr. J. Beringer Romane Conclave 57 Now hath the Pope found an occasion by the taking of this Bishop, to fulminate his long-conceiued displeasure against the Emperor. 1682 Let. in G. Burnet News from France 37 The..Pope sent..a Bull of Excommunication, which he required him to carry into the Assembly, and there to fulminate in his Name against all the Assembly. 1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 157 All Ecclesiastical Persons..to whom an Ordinary Jurisdiction is given..may fulminate these Church-Censures. 1763 W. Warburton Doctr. Grace I. ii. 147 Judgments..fulminated with the air of one who had the divine Vengeance at his disposal. 1815 J. Scott Visit to Paris (ed. 2) Pref. p. xxvii The maledictions he [sc. Napoleon] fulminated against our Island. 1832 J.-C.-L. S. de Sismondi Hist. Ital. Republics xii. 272 The pope fulminated a bull against him..for having hanged an archbishop. 1842 Mechanics' Mag. 36 6 Denunciation on denunciation has been fulminated from the press. 1871 G. H. Napheys Prevention & Cure Dis. i. iii. 112 Kings have fulminated their decrees against it. 1928 Story of Inquisition 111 The Inquisition took a hand, and on October 2, 1484, fulminated a decree confiscating to the crown all the offices in Teruel. 1930 Princeton Alumni Weekly 2 May 780/1 [He] fulminates terrific thunderbolts against the menace of science. 2014 C. Whatley in J. S. Hamilton Fourteenth Cent. Eng. VIII. 67 For their interference, Grandisson fulminated a sentence of greater excommunication on the group of messengers. 2. intransitive. To issue a formal censure (against a person or thing); (hence) to rail or speak violently; to inveigh, to rage. Also (occasionally) with upon or at. Also transitive with direct speech as object. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > excommunication > excommunicate [verb (intransitive)] anathemize1585 anathematize1614 fulminate1620 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > denunciation > denounce [verb (intransitive)] > denounce violently fulminate1620 thunder1722 1620 W. Barlow tr. Two Lett. or Embassies sig. C The Emperour himselfe proued the Churches Champion, and tooke vpon him for Romes sake, to Curse and fulminate against Zealous professors. 1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iii. xxx. 162 Before his time the Imperiall majesty..was never fulminated against with excommunication. 1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 215 in Justice Vindicated Pope Paul..after he had fulminated so dreadfully against him, proposed him for an Example to be imitated. 1768 J. Boswell Acct. Corsica (ed. 2) ii. 65 The Vatican from whence the holy father used..to fulminate with serious effect against the greatest powers in Europe. 1797 S. J. Pratt Family Secrets V. xxix. 348 I have fulminated at him like an anathematising pope. 1809 Antijacobin Rev. Aug. 432 Put your heart and soul into the act, and fulminate upon the darling topic. 1841 Edinb. Rev. July 331 Nouet, the great advocate of the society, returned again and again to the assault. Pulpits fulminated, presses groaned. 1919 C. Wood Living Christ & Some Probl. of To-day iv. 136 The Church fulminated and thundered, excommunicated and tortured. 1949 ‘G. Orwell’ Nineteen Eighty-four 56 Fulminating against the atrocities of the Eurasian army. 1976 A. Richards Penguin Bk. Welsh Short Stories 307 ‘On whose behalf, if I may ask?’ fulminated Abe in his vintage county council English. 1991 J. Waters Jiving at Crossroads xiv. 142 This was usually..for the bovine readers of the British Sunday glossies to fulminate over. 2012 Independent 31 Aug. 15/3 We can fulminate against corruption in Russia as we like. 3. transitive. To censure, to condemn; to denounce vehemently or in scathing terms; (occasionally) spec. to subject to ecclesiastical censure. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disapproval > denunciation > denounce [verb (transitive)] > violently thunder1677 fulminate1687 society > faith > worship > excommunication > excommunicate [verb (transitive)] waryc725 cursec1050 amanseOE accurselOE forcurse1154 mansec1175 ban1303 sequester1395 maledighta1400 anathematize?1473 excommune1483 excommenge1502 excommunicate1526 precide1529 aban1565 anathemize1585 malison1588 consecrate1589 inknot1611 shammatize1613 anathemate1615 unchurcha1620 innodate1630 discommon1639 to swear at ——1680 devote1749 maledict1780 comminate1801 fulminate1806 imban1807 dischurch1990 1687 J. Dryden Hind & Panther ii. 64 For all of ancient that you had before..Was Errour fulminated o'er and o'er. 1688 T. Brown Reasons Mr. Bays 15 I fulminated Johnsons affected Style. 1760 Bp. Hurd Let. Oct. in Early Lett. (1995) 360 Burnet's Exposition was fulminated. 1806 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. 4 263 The catholic church..fulminates without hesitation a Julian or an Elizabeth. 1812 Burke's Speech on Bill for Relief of Dissenters, 1773 in Wks. V. 348 I would have the Laws rise in all their majesty of terrours, to fulminate such vain and impious wretches. 1826 Bayle's Hist. & Crit. Dict. Abridged II. 317 The Nestorians..had been fulminated by the first council of Ephesus. 1916 A. Castle & E. Castle Wind's Will iii. viii. 373 Geoffrey had risen and fulminated him in a fit of wrath. 1988 R. Rosenthal tr. A. Busi Standard Life of Temporary Pantyhouse Salesman i. 210 Angelo fulminated him with a glance. II. Senses relating to lightning, explosion, etc. 4. a. intransitive. To emit thunder and lightning; (of thunder, lightning, or a thunderbolt) to make a violent or startling manifestation. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > thunder and lightning > [verb (intransitive)] fulminate?1605 ?1605 J. Davies Wittes Pilgrimage sig. I4^v With a firy Wreathe bind thou my Brow, That mak'st the Muse in Flames to fulminate. 1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Fulminate, to thunder. 1624 T. Heigham tr. G. de Chevalier Ghosts Deceased Sieurs 76 There it is, where magnanimity should thunder, and fulminate; it is there, that a man should surmount all the infirmities of man. 1656 S. Holland Don Zara ii. iii. 85 It tonitruated horribly, fulminating promiscuously from all parts of the troubled Hemisphere. 1745 E. Young Consolation 25 Loud Ætnas fulminate in Love to Man. 1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall of Rome iv. 164 It was on the latter body that the bolt of Roman vengeance first fell, and it was as sudden and as terrible in its effects as if it had really fulminated from the throne of Capitolian Jove. 1988 M. Hocking Irrelevant Woman (1989) iii. 39 Thunder fulminated around the house and then went grumbling away over the fields. 2012 D. Miller Can Last Fiddler Dance? vii. 96 A flash of early evening lightning fulminated through the office window, followed almost immediately by a deafening thunderclap. b. transitive. To strike (with lightning). Also figurative. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > thunder and lightning > [verb (transitive)] > strike with lightning levina1400 fulminate1666 1666 W. Sancroft Lex Ignea 40 Shall our Mountain..be fulminated, and thunder-strook. 1877 Fraser's Mag. Jan. 129/2 May God fulminate him! 1891 Illustr. Amer. 18 Apr. 418/1 Thunder does not roll through his sentences, nor lightning fulminate them. 2010 G. H. Bell-Villada García Márquez ii. xii. 239 A Spaniard, doña Olalla de Mendoza, who on a group outing was unfortunately fulminated by lightning. 5. transitive. In extended use. To cause (words, vengeance, trouble, etc.) to flash forth; to unleash, to wreak. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > naturally occurring light > emit beams (of a luminary) [verb (transitive)] > flash lightning levina1400 fulminate1630 the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > go or come out [verb (intransitive)] > violently to break outOE shonk1488 belch1581 burst1590 fulminate1630 vomit1632 bust1837 the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > be violent [verb (intransitive)] > burst violently from rest or restraint abreakOE outburstOE outbreaka1450 reboil1477 to break forth1535 burst1542 to break out1574 go1583 fulminate1630 break1693 lasha1716 to rage out1720 rip1856 outflame1890 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > thunder and lightning > [verb (intransitive)] > lighten > issue as a thunderbolt fulminate1630 1630 T. Randolph Panegyr. to Shirley's Gratef. Serv. A iij I cannot fulminate or tonitruate words. 1824 Morning Post 21 Apr. A stranger ascended the rostrum, and fulminated a strong dose of ‘fire and brimstone’. 1863 C. C. Clarke Shakespeare-characters ii. 46 The one [sc. Beatrice's wit] is fulminated in brilliant coruscations..the other [sc. Rosalind's wit] shines with gentle, genial radiance. 1875 G. B. Malleson Stud. from Genoese Hist. iii. 104 Our arms in our hands, oh Corsicans! let us rush to the holy undertaking; let your swords fulminate extermination. 1907 J. Cantello Star of Bethlehem iii. 69 The gods..would not be adored as they are, were they not ever more inclined to confer benefits than to fulminate vengeance. 1988 S. S. Tepper Gate to Women's Country (1989) xxxi. 279 Chernon had been left alive among the Holylanders to fulminate more trouble. 2010 T. R. Roberts Under Obligation x. 133 He fulminated his answer to her, ‘You are not going to work, you are going to stay home and take care of the kids.’ 6. intransitive. Chemistry. To explode with a loud report; to undergo explosive decomposition, to detonate. Also transitive: to cause to explode in this way.Now rare except as fulminating adj. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > be violent [verb (intransitive)] > explode or go off (of firearms, gunpowder, etc.) to go off1560 fulminate1651 springa1658 explode1673 displode1812 to go up1950 the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > sudden or violent sound > explosive sound > [verb (intransitive)] clap1509 bounce1552 fulminate1651 explode1673 detonate1729 detonize1731 chunk1890 chunk-chunk1898 the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > make (more) violent [verb (transitive)] > act upon by means of explosion > cause to explode fulminate1651 detonate1801 1651 J. French tr. J. R. Glauber Descr. New Philos. Furnaces ii. 83 The gold falling or precipitating into a heavy calx,..doth not fulminate well [L. ritè non fulminantis]. 1667 T. Henshaw in T. Sprat Hist. Royal-Soc. 275 If you fulminate it [sc. salt-petre] in a Crucible. 1738 G. Smith tr. Laboratory v. 133 The Saltpetre and Tartar will soon begin to fulminate. 1853 W. Gregory Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) 255 A dark powder is formed, which fulminates violently when heated. 1927 U.S. Patent 1,631,419 1/2 The charge of explosive is fulminated by closing the battery circuit through the switch. 1985 S. C. Dhamija tr. A. A. Chernigovskii Applic. Directional Blasting in Mining & Civil Engin. (ed. 2) vii. 177 The whole system of charges was fulminated from the left side and the time delay between successive blasts was less than the critical value for the given conditions. †7. intransitive. Metallurgy. Of metal: to become bright in colour during refining. Cf. fulmination n. 2. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > precious metal > yield precious metal [verb (intransitive)] > of gold: become bright and uniform in colour fulminate1727 1727 P. Shaw & E. Chambers tr. H. Boerhaave New Method Chem. 67 Till..the gold have fulminated, as the refiners affect to call it. III. In medical use. 8. intransitive. Medicine. Esp. of a disease or pathological process: to become very severe or life-threatening, esp. in a short period of time. Cf. fulminating adj. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > become diseased [verb (intransitive)] > arise > suddenly explode1793 fulminate1872 1872 Med. & Surg. Reporter 8 June 504/2 The disease commenced on Monday or Tuesday, and fulminated on Wednesday. 1905 Lancet 17 June 1642/2 All of the patients in the other wards of the hospital..were receiving similar diets to those which were prescribed for the subjects of the cases which fulminated. 1953 D. B. Cater Basic Pathol. & Morbid Histol. 76 (caption) Early phthisis fulminates to acute caseous tuberculosis. 2013 Jrnl. Invertebr. Pathol. 114 354/1 Infections of O[rchitophrya] stellarum fulminated rapidly in blue crabs and fiddler crabs. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1824adj.1645v.?a1475
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fulminaten.

† fulminateadj.

fulminatev.