geldn.²

Brit.

/ɡɛld/, U.S.

/ɡɛld/

Forms:

α. 1600s gelt, 1800s geldt.

β. 1600s–1800s geld, 1800s gheld.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin geldum.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin geldum (also gildum) tax paid to the crown, district paying this tax (1086 in Domesday Book; frequently in British sources) < Old English gield yield n. in sense ‘payment, tax, tribute’ (compare also guild n.). Compare gild n.² For the history of the tax and the semantic history of the term, see discussion at Danegeld n. and compare also heregeld n.Compare Anglo-Norman gelde (mid 13th cent. or earlier; < post-classical Latin geldum : see above). In the α. forms after gelt n.² When borrowed from Old English, post-classical Latin graphical forms geldum , gildum reflected a usual correspondence between an insular form of the letter g in Old English script (pronounced /j/ in this position: compare yield n.) and a continental form of the letter in contemporary Latin script (see discussion at G n.). The original English word subsequently came to be written with ȝ (the development in Middle English of Old English insular g ) or with y (compare forms at yield n. and discussion at G n.), while Latin geldum , gildum continued to be written with the continental form of g , as the only form available in Latin scripts. Since g did not normally stand for /j/ in post-classical Latin, the word was borrowed back into English on the assumption that its initial consonant was pronounced /g/. Compare the following instances in later Middle English, which may reflect the same assumption (and so could be interpreted as earlier attestations of this word), but which could alternatively have been intended by Middle English scribes as variants of yield n. where the initial consonant was made to conform to the spelling practices of Latin (which often formed the matrix of the text, as for example in quot. a1400):a1400 in W. H. Hart & P. A. Lyons Cartularium Monasterii de Rameseia (1886) II. 88 Insuper etiam quietos eos clamamus..ab omni collectione census quæ geld vel scot vel Danegelde Anglice nominatur.a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 653 The..chirche of Godestowe..shold haue..tho londes..fre fro shire, hundred, and gelde, and danegelde..fro murther thefte and all gelde [p. 665 yelde and danegelde].Compare also the earlier instances cited at gild n.²

historical.

A tax paid to the Crown by English landholders before the Norman Conquest, and continued under the Norman kings. [In within the geld of the city in quot. 1809 after post-classical Latin in geldo ciuitatis (in the Domesday Book, with reference to York and Shrewsbury).]

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > land tax

land-gavelc1000

Danegeld1086

tallagec1290

tallagie1444

tollage1531

Dane-money1570

extent1597

geld1610

cess1662

land-tax1689

supply1689

single tax1879

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > land tax > land subject to

scat land1502

zamindari1742

ounceland1805

geld1809

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 294 When Gelt was giuen [L. quando geld dabatur] in the time of King Edward.

a1647 T. Habington Surv. Worcs. (Worcs. Hist. Soc.) (1895) I. ii. 147 Tenne of thease hydes are free from Geld by testimony of the County.

1655 T. Fuller Hist. Waltham-Abby 7 in Church-hist. Brit. Free from all gelts and payments.

1763 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. II. 40 The First called the Geldable, because it paid Geld, or Tribute.

1809 W. Bawdwen tr. Domesday Bk. 2 Within the geld of the city there are fourscore and four carucates of land to be taxed.

a1861 F. Palgrave Hist. Normandy & Eng. (1864) III. 558 Geld after Geld had been exacted from the people.

1930 Eng. Hist. Rev. 45 177 Those of us whose training in medieval institutions fell within the new century first learned of the borough through a maze of disputes over courts and markets, geld and toll, wall-scotting and appurtenant laws.

2001 Trans. Royal Hist. Soc. 11 89 Durham was exempt as church land until William II's grant that no geld be levied.

Compounds

C1. General attributive, as geld inquest, geld levy, geld roll, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > land tax > types of land tax

hidegelda1087

tenmantalec1135

hidagea1195

penny-gavel1440

ground-annual1551

hide-money1570

carucage1577

scat1577

caruage1610

agistment1632

geld levy1878

1878 R. W. Eyton Key to Domesday 4 The hidation prescribed by the then most recent Gheld-Roll,—that of Easter 1084.

1880 R. W. Eyton Domesday Stud.: Somerset I. Pref. 2 The..nature of the Gheld-Inquest may be told in a very few words...After Christmas 1083, King William levied a tax of six shillings on every hide of land. This was the Gheld-Levy of which we are now speaking.

1958 Speculum 33 137 The reference to the Pipe Roll of 1130 and geld payment is not very helpful.

2007 D. Roffe Decoding Domesday viii. 157 The geld inquest was par excellence about communal affairs.

C2.

geld-acre n. [after post-classical Latin acra ad geldum (1086 in Domesday Book)] the quantity of land which was reckoned as an acre for the purposes of geld.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of area > [noun] > a system or process of measuring land > an acre > specific

stang1326

acre by lug1602

lug-acre1635

Welsh acre1675

plantation acre1705

Cheshire acre1808

geld-acre1880

1880 R. W. Eyton Domesday Stud.: Somerset I. Pref. 6 For so great a number of Gheld-acres would be expressed in other terms.

1906 Eng. Hist. Rev. 21 356 He [sc. the author] mistakes geld acres for real acres.

2000 K. Jankulak Medieval Cult St Petroc iv. 116 The Cornish geld-acre (the acre being a measure of land within Domesday as probably a unit of taxation) does not correspond in size to the English geld-acre.

geld-hide n. [after post-classical Latin hida ad geldum (1086 in Domesday Book)] the quantity of land which was reckoned as a hide (hide n.²) for the purposes of geld.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of area > [noun] > a system or process of measuring land > hide

hide848

mansionc1450

hideland1577

manse1597

familia1758

geld-hide1878

1878 R. W. Eyton Key to Domesday 14 In Dorset the Gheld-hide was subdivided into four virgates.

1906 Eng. Hist. Rev. 21 356 The field hide (Lagehyde) is assumed to be the basis of the geld hide, although the latter gradually became differentiated from it.

2006 C. Cooper Village in Sussex 334 The Domesday hide was a Geld-hide—or a device for tax assessment.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

geldn.³

Brit.

/ɡɛlt/,

/xɛlt/, U.S.

/ɡɛlt/,

/xɛlt/, South African English

/xelt/

Forms: 1800s– geld, 1900s– cheld, 1900s– gelt.

Origin: A borrowing from Afrikaans. Etymon: Afrikaans geld.

Etymology: < Afrikaans geld < Dutch geld money (see gelt n.²). Compare earlier gelt n.²Compare Afrikaans harde geld hard cash, borrowed independently at a slightly earlier date:a1878 J. Montgomery Reminisc. (1981) 159 The country is most parklike and beautiful, but we could procure no food anywhere, not even for harde geld.

South African.

Money, cash.

ΚΠ

1882 C. Du Val With Show through Southern Afr. I. 165 They won't give a hand without receiving geld—money.

1908 F. C. Slater Sunburnt South 18 ‘Never mind that,’ I said, ‘I want it now, here is the hundred pounds.’ So I gave him the geld and he gave me the bill and I rode home well pleased with myself.

1911 L. Cohen Reminisc. Kimberley 37 He simply stretched forth his hand, and said, ‘Give me the gelt.’

2010 Sowetan (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 29 Dec. You lazy bastards. Go back to Zim and tell Mugabe to give you work. You are not getting my geld.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

geldadj.n.¹

Brit.

/ɡɛld/, U.S.

/ɡɛld/

Forms: early Middle English gealde (south-west midlands), Middle English–1600s gelde, Middle English 1600s– geld, 1800s gell (Scottish), 1800s gild (English regional (Norfolk)).

Origin: Of uncertain origin. Probably a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Or perhaps a word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Origin uncertain. Probably (i) < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic geldr : see yeld adj.), or perhaps (ii) showing the reflex of its Old English (Anglian) cognate (see note and compare discussion at yeld adj.).Unattested Old English (Anglian) *gælde (with retraction and i-mutation of the stem vowel), the equivalent of early West Saxon *gielde (see yeld adj.), would develop to early Middle English gelde in many varieties and perhaps underlies south-west midlands gealde . With sense 1b compare Old Icelandic geldr ‘castrated’, past participle of gelda geld v.¹ (compare gelt adj.). This sense is apparently attested earlier in surnames: compare Robert le Gelde (1288), Hugone Geldehogg' (1301), Roberto Geldegrise (1301), and probably also the surname evidence cited at geldherd n.

a. Of women or female animals: infertile; sterile. Also as n. Now only of cows and ewes: not bearing young, barren; (also) not giving milk. In later use English regional.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > infertility > [adjective]

yelda1100

barrenc1200

geldc1225

untudderya1325

unfruitinga1400

infecundc1420

unfruitfula1425

fruitlessa1513

infertile1598

abortive1601

sterile1612

effete1621

deaf1633

improlifical1646

subventaneous1652

improlifica1661

unprolific1672

unfructifying1827

subfertile1846

agenesic1864

eggless1904

shy1905

radiosterilized1960

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 484 (MED) Ȝef ha ne mei nawt tamen, ha is icleopet gealde.

c1350 in Anglia (1906) 29 402 (MED) And loke, Elizabeth, þi nece vn-welde, Onfonges a son in hir elde..Gelde, unberand, þat kald is it.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 12257 Þat þe geld þair fruiting find.

a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) cxii. 8 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 248 (MED) Þat geld in houses makes wonand, Moder ofe sones to be faineand.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 2600 Nan barns ber, þou seis, mai i..For i am geld [a1400 Trin. Cambr. bareyn] þat es me wa.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. x. 96 Elesabeth, thi cosyn, that is cald geld.

1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Dryed vp to be, as a cowe or yewe that goeth gelde or foremilch and geueth no mylke.

a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 11 A good gimmer shearinge goinge geld.

1774 I. Fletcher Diary 4 May (1994) 283 Geld cattle in good condition; sold well.

1869 J. C. Atkinson Peacock's Gloss. Dial. Hundred of Lonsdale (at cited word) ‘A geld cow or ewe’ = a cow or ewe not with young at the usual time.

2016 Jrnl. (Newcastle) (Nexis) 28 July 24 Next week is the Annual Summer Prize Show and Sale for both Geld Cows and Clean Cattle.

†b. Sexually impotent. Also: castrated. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > reproductive organ disorders > [adjective] > of male > impotence

geld?c1335

cunt-beatenc1440

fumbling1576

impotent1615

frigid1660

anandrious1879

cockless1902

?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 170 Elde makiþ me geld and growen al grai.

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 190 Geldynge, or gelde [1499 Pynson, a1500 King's Cambr. gelt] horse, canterius.

†2. Fruitless, providing no satisfaction. Also: devoid of. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > productiveness > unproductiveness > [adjective]

unbearingc825

deafc897

westyOE

wastumlessc975

wilderna1050

drya1340

gelda1350

barren1377

unfructuousa1382

poora1387

ungreenc1400

infecundc1420

farrow1494

fruitlessa1513

unfruitful1531

sterile1552

hungry1577

penurious1594

unfertile1596

infertile1598

howling1611

ungenitureda1616

arid1656

infecundous1661

ungendering1706

yeld1721

unproductive1725

infructuose1727

ungenerative1733

fallow1791

nihili-parturient1812

dowf1824

wastec1825

non-productive1830

unreproductive1836

infructuous1860

unvintaged1869

increative1877

ablastemic1881

submarginal1895

a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 47 Alle myn godes me atgoht, myn gomenes waxeþ gelde.

a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 30 Of gomenes he mai gon al gelde.

?a1425 (?a1350) T. Castleford Chron. (1996) II. l. 27032 Lo, alle our lande baraine and gelde!

Compounds

†

geld ground n. English regional (Cumberland) Obsolete rare ground or soil that is devoid of minerals.

ΚΠ

1859 W. Dickinson Gloss. Words & Phrases Cumberland 43 Geld grund, a mining term signifying ground devoid of minerals.

1905 R. W. Moore in J. Wilson Victoria Hist. Cumberland II. 358/2 Cumberland miners term these barren tracts ‘geld’ ground.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

geldv.¹

Brit.

/ɡɛld/, U.S.

/ɡɛld/

Forms:

α. Middle English ghelde, Middle English–1600s gelde, 1500s guelde, 1500s–1600s gheld, 1500s–1700s gueld, 1500s– geld.

β. Middle English gilde, Middle English gylde, 1800s gild (English regional (Somerset)).

γ. Middle English gulde.

Also past tense 1600s gelt. Also past participle early Middle English igeld, late Middle English–1700s gelt, 1500s–1600s guelt.

Origin: Probably a borrowing from early Scandinavian.

Etymology: Probably < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic gelda , Old Swedish gälda (Swedish gälla ), Old Danish geldæ (Danish gilde ), all in the sense ‘to castrate’) < the same Germanic base as yeld adj.Compare early modern Dutch gelten , Middle Low German gelten , Middle High German gelzen (German regional gelzen ) to castrate, all < the respective nouns for ‘spayed sow’ < the same Germanic base as yelt n. Development from an unattested Old English (Anglian) form *gældan (with retraction and i-mutation of the stem vowel), the equivalent of early West Saxon *gieldan (see gelded adj.), cannot be completely ruled out; compare Old English gildet (in an isolated attestation), and see discussion at gelded adj. Compare also discussion at geld adj. and yeld adj. The β. and γ. forms are difficult to explain. The former perhaps show influence from gilt n.¹ In Middle English prefixed and unprefixed forms of the past participle are attested (see y- prefix). In some senses, probably after classical Latin castrāre to castrate, emasculate, to trim or prune (plants), to remove the honeycomb from (hives), to remove the husks from and cleanse (wheat) (see castrate v.).

a. transitive. To castrate (a man or male animal); to deprive of sexual potency or virility, to emasculate. Now rare except in narrowed sense: to castrate (a horse).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (transitive)] > castrate

geldc1225

lib1396

stone1584

caponize1654

alter1821

twitchel1826

doctor1834

neuter1903

fix1930

capon-

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > infertility > infertile [verb (transitive)] > castrate or spay > castrate

geldc1225

lib1396

cut1465

castrate1609

delumbate1609

enervate1610

unstone1611

gliba1616

evirate1621

emasculate1623

capon1630

eunuchize1634

eunuchate1646

caponize1654

unpollux1654

eunucha1658

unman1657

dismember1697

saturnized1846

nut1916

knacker1936

c1225 Worcester Glosses to Wærferð's Transl. of Gregory's Dialogues (Hatton 76) (1900) 25 [Se engel hine] belisnode : geldede.

?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 171 I poke, i pomple, i palle, i passe, As galliþ gome igeld.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xix. 12 There ben geldyngis, that han geldid [L. castraverunt] hem self, for the kyngdam of heuenes.

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 275 He mai ete..of beestis þat ben gildid.

?1506 Lytell Geste how Plowman Lerned Pater Noster (de Worde) He coude..Thresshe fane & gelde a swyne.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1775 I. 475 Johnson: A Judge may be a farmer; but he is not to geld his own pigs.

1876 Nature 1 June 87/2 To geld horses for convenience.

1901 Encycl. Sport II. 374/2 Bucks, if gelded after they have cast their horns, will never grow them again.

1988 Horse & Rider June 27/2 This youngster..might have been in demand as a stallion at stud..if he hadn't been gelded.

2004 Horse & Hound 8 Jan. 33/1 Endless Summer—a new edition to Bearstone Stud last season,..proved infertile and was gelded and put back into training.

†b. transitive. To remove the ovaries of (a woman or female animal); to spay. Obsolete. Attested earlier as past participle; cf. quot. ?a1500 at gelded adj. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (transitive)] > castrate > spay

spaya1425

geld1557

splay1601

spade1612

spave1671

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > infertility > infertile [verb (transitive)] > castrate or spay > spay

spaya1425

geld1557

unwoman1827

1557 T. Tusser Hundreth Good Pointes Husbandrie sig. B.iii^v Geld marefoles.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 674 The female also is gelt or splayed.

1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) i. xxvi. 63/2 Women became barren, when in ancient times they were guelded or spayed.

1862 J. Wilson Farming 36 It seems to have been the practice..to ‘geld fillies’ as well as colts.

1869 J. C. Atkinson Peacock's Gloss. Dial. Hundred of Lonsdale Geld,..(2) To deprive the female amongst animals of the power of generation.

2. figurative and in extended use.

a. transitive. To diminish, disempower, or weaken (a person or thing); to deprive (a person or thing) of something essential, especially a source of power, strength, or vitality.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > make less violent or severe [verb (transitive)] > weaken (something immaterial)

to thin off, downc900

feeblea1340

allayc1450

debilite1483

mollify1496

weak1502

geld?1507

water1529

appale?1530

labefact?1539

debilitate1541

mortify1553

effeeble1571

dilutea1575

soften1576

unsinew1599

melt1600

infringe1604

weaken1609

unbenda1616

dissinew1640

slacken1663

thin1670

resolve1715

imbecilitate1809

imbecile1829

to let down1832

to water down1832

the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > reduce in quantity, amount, or degree [verb (transitive)] > curtail > resources

geld?1507

the world > food and drink > drink > preparation of drinks > [verb (transitive)] > dilute or adulterate

watera1387

brew1520

geld1668

to water down1866

reface1887

cut1930

?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 51 Quhen I that grome geldit had of gudis and of natur.

1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Circuncido Stipendia circuncidere..to deminish or gelde mennes wages.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. i. 238 Bereft, and gelded of his patrimony.

1606 Returne from Pernassus ii. iii. sig. C3^v Is there no body heere will take the paines to geld his mouth?

1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster North-ward Hoe iv. sig. F2 Shee gelded my purse of fifty pounds in ready money.

1622 H. Sydenham Serm. (1637) 123 Who dwelling too critically upon God's omnia potest, went about to geld his omnipotence.

1658 F. Osborne Trad. Mem. Reign Elizabeth 77 in Hist. Mem. Reigns Elizabeth & Iames To keep the Church humble and quiet whilest she gelt their Sees by exchanges, and other mortifications of their power and estates.

1668 P. M. To Author of Ephesian Matron sig. F7^v, in W. Charleton Ephesian & Cimmerian Matrons You gave me good Wine, and then gelt it with Water.

1788 J. Adams Def. Constit. Govt. U.S.A. III. 358 A grand catch-pole, to pill, poll, and geld the purses of the people.

1938 J. Davidman Let. to Comrade 87 All my storms decline to calm dead and level in a breast time has gelded of unrest.

2003 Vanity Fair Aug. 110/2 It's chinoiserie lite—scrubbed and gelded of any heritage and hospitality.

†b. transitive. To cut out (part of a book, text, etc.). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)] > eradicate or extirpate > cut out (portions of a book)

geld1555

1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. v. 69 Who so..in lettres and writinges..should guelde out any thyng [L. aut de scripto demeret].

1586 W. Fulke Confut. Treat. W. Allen i. iii. 75 in Treat. against Def. of Censure Bks. W. Charke & M. Hanmer In this saying of Saint Basil, you..haue gelded out these wordes..both in your latine and English translation.

1646 W. Prynne Canterburies Doome 293 In Master Wards Comentary upon Matthew..this is gelded out.

c. transitive. To mutilate (a book, quotation, etc.) by excising certain portions, especially objectionable or obscene passages; to expurgate. Cf. castrate v. 4.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > matter of book > [verb (transitive)] > expurgate, excise quotes or portions of book

geld1575

lib1577

1575 G. Gascoigne Posies Ep. sig. ¶.iv My Poemes gelded from all filthie phrases.

1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 338 Which..he hath mangled and gelded, least the true sense might be gathered out of it.

1583 W. Fulke Def. Transl. Script. xiii. 358 Thus you vse to gelde the Doctors sayings, when you rehearse them.

1648 J. Beaumont Psyche ix. cxcvi. 151 They by his authentick Copie know Both how to geld and to adulterate it.

1694 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana Pref. sig. A5^v So that I could by no means..have gelt the Text, or obliterated any part thereof, without a manifest Wrong and Injury to the Author.

1729 in Reliquiae Hearnianae (1857) II. 696 Several covers of books..have been discovered..but the valuable contents gelt.

1994 Guardian (Nexis) 16 Apr. 27 The virginal-pure manager, Charles Wyndham, insisted that such monstrous things could not be and so gelded the text.

†d. transitive. To take the best part from (a set of things). Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > choose in specific way [verb (transitive)] > select from a number or for a purpose > pick out the best

garble1484

coil1607

cream1615

geld1637

cull1713

to pick over1732

1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan iii. xi. 125 Meane time the skinnes were by the Wessaguscus men gelded, & the better halfe by them juggled away: before the owner came.

†3.

a. transitive. To trim or prune (shoots, leaves, etc.) from a plant or tree. Obsolete.Quot. ?1523 apparently shows a more specific meaning.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > [verb (transitive)] > prune or trim

shear1398

shragc1440

geld?1523

reform1574

shorten1706

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xvi^v Loke that your sherers..gelde nat your beanes, that is to say to cutte the beanes so hye that the nethermast codde growe still on the stalke.

1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique iii. xxxiii. 494 For which cause good farmers are carefull to geld and weed out some of the boughes of such a tree.

1618 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden vii. 18 The second yeere in the Spring, geld his toppe.

1658 J. Evelyn tr. N. de Bonnefons French Gardiner 153 The vines and superfluous shoots must be guelded.

1699 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 9) 199 Geld and prune Strawberries.

1709 J. Lawson New Voy. Carolina 113 Gelding and plucking away the Leaves, to hasten the ripening of this Fruit.

b. transitive. Bee-keeping. To cut out honeycomb from (a beehive); to extract (honeycomb). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > bee-keeping > [verb (transitive)] > remove comb (from hive)

geld1568

1568 T. Hill Pleasaunt Instr. Orderinge of Bees xxiii. f. 32 in Proffitable Arte Gardening (rev. ed.) So that when they [sc. the Hyues] shalbe nexte gelded, the olde Combes rather than the new are to be takine furthe.

1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) i. lxvii. 328 It will be good..at such times as their Combes are to be gelded, to smoake them.

1657 S. Purchas Theatre Flying-insects 135 If any Hive bee taken, driven, or gelded.

1672 F. B. Office Good House-wife 131 Set near unto the Hive you intend to geld, another empty Hive.

c. transitive. To remove the husks from and cleanse (wheat). Cf. gelded adj. 3. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [verb (transitive)] > clean grain

dress1552

spelt1570

falter1601

geld1601

evaginate1661

third1683

rough1799

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xviii. ix. 563 The very pure corn of Campain wheat, which they cal guelded [Fr. chastré; L. castratam], i. wel husked and clensed.

d. transitive. English regional (midlands). To cut off the top of (an anthill) and scatter its contents. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1794 T. Stone Gen. View Agric. Lincoln 75 Only each third ant-hill in a field was annually gelt, or thrown down.

1831 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Agric. (ed. 2) 902 What is called ‘gelding’ ant-hills.

1839 G. C. Lewis Gloss. Words Herefordshire 45 ‘To geld anty tumps’, is to cut off the tops of ant-hills, and to throw the inside over the land.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

geldv.²

Brit.

/ɡɛld/, U.S.

/ɡɛld/

Forms: 1600s 1800s– geld, 1800s gelt.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin geldare.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin geldare to be assessed for or subject to geld, to owe compensation, to pay geld (from 1086 in British sources) < geldum geld n.² Compare earlier geldable adj.¹, geld n.², and also guild v.

historical.

†1. transitive (in passive). Of an area of land: to be subject to geld (geld n.²). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [verb (transitive)] > exact land tax on or from

tallagec1460

agist1601

gelda1640

a1640 T. Risdon Chorogr. Surv. Devon (1811) (modernized text) §67 64 This place was never gelded.

1808 Enq. Hist. Tithe v. 69 How many hides or carrucates the land is gelded or taxed at.

1891 tr. Domesday Bk. in P. G. Stone Archit. Antiq. Isle of Wight i. 129 It was gelted for half a hide.

2. intransitive. Of an area of land: to pay geld (geld n.²).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > payment of taxes > pay tax [verb (intransitive)]

gelda1640

guilda1647

a1640 T. Risdon Chorogr. Surv. Devon (1811) (modernized text) §228 244 West Putford..gelded after thirty shillings.

1890 C. Gross Gild Merchant I. 258 Exeter ‘gelded’ when London, York, and Winchester ‘gelded’.

1950 Eng. Hist. Rev. 65 8 It [sc. Fordington] gelded for one hide and one and a half virgates.

2007 D. Roffe Decoding Domesday vi. 192 Rutland was assessed at three units of twelve carucates and the vills that gelded with York at seven similar units.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.²1610

n.³1882

adj.n.¹c1225

v.¹c1225

v.²a1640

单词	geld
释义	geldn.² Brit. /ɡɛld/, U.S. /ɡɛld/ Forms: α. 1600s gelt, 1800s geldt. β. 1600s–1800s geld, 1800s gheld. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin geldum. Etymology: < post-classical Latin geldum (also gildum) tax paid to the crown, district paying this tax (1086 in Domesday Book; frequently in British sources) < Old English gield yield n. in sense ‘payment, tax, tribute’ (compare also guild n.). Compare gild n.² For the history of the tax and the semantic history of the term, see discussion at Danegeld n. and compare also heregeld n.Compare Anglo-Norman gelde (mid 13th cent. or earlier; < post-classical Latin geldum : see above). In the α. forms after gelt n.² When borrowed from Old English, post-classical Latin graphical forms geldum , gildum reflected a usual correspondence between an insular form of the letter g in Old English script (pronounced /j/ in this position: compare yield n.) and a continental form of the letter in contemporary Latin script (see discussion at G n.). The original English word subsequently came to be written with ȝ (the development in Middle English of Old English insular g ) or with y (compare forms at yield n. and discussion at G n.), while Latin geldum , gildum continued to be written with the continental form of g , as the only form available in Latin scripts. Since g did not normally stand for /j/ in post-classical Latin, the word was borrowed back into English on the assumption that its initial consonant was pronounced /g/. Compare the following instances in later Middle English, which may reflect the same assumption (and so could be interpreted as earlier attestations of this word), but which could alternatively have been intended by Middle English scribes as variants of yield n. where the initial consonant was made to conform to the spelling practices of Latin (which often formed the matrix of the text, as for example in quot. a1400):a1400 in W. H. Hart & P. A. Lyons Cartularium Monasterii de Rameseia (1886) II. 88 Insuper etiam quietos eos clamamus..ab omni collectione census quæ geld vel scot vel Danegelde Anglice nominatur.a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 653 The..chirche of Godestowe..shold haue..tho londes..fre fro shire, hundred, and gelde, and danegelde..fro murther thefte and all gelde [p. 665 yelde and danegelde].Compare also the earlier instances cited at gild n.² historical. A tax paid to the Crown by English landholders before the Norman Conquest, and continued under the Norman kings. [In within the geld of the city in quot. 1809 after post-classical Latin in geldo ciuitatis (in the Domesday Book, with reference to York and Shrewsbury).] ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > land tax land-gavelc1000 Danegeld1086 tallagec1290 tallagie1444 tollage1531 Dane-money1570 extent1597 geld1610 cess1662 land-tax1689 supply1689 single tax1879 society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > land tax > land subject to scat land1502 zamindari1742 ounceland1805 geld1809 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 294 When Gelt was giuen [L. quando geld dabatur] in the time of King Edward. a1647 T. Habington Surv. Worcs. (Worcs. Hist. Soc.) (1895) I. ii. 147 Tenne of thease hydes are free from Geld by testimony of the County. 1655 T. Fuller Hist. Waltham-Abby 7 in Church-hist. Brit. Free from all gelts and payments. 1763 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. II. 40 The First called the Geldable, because it paid Geld, or Tribute. 1809 W. Bawdwen tr. Domesday Bk. 2 Within the geld of the city there are fourscore and four carucates of land to be taxed. a1861 F. Palgrave Hist. Normandy & Eng. (1864) III. 558 Geld after Geld had been exacted from the people. 1930 Eng. Hist. Rev. 45 177 Those of us whose training in medieval institutions fell within the new century first learned of the borough through a maze of disputes over courts and markets, geld and toll, wall-scotting and appurtenant laws. 2001 Trans. Royal Hist. Soc. 11 89 Durham was exempt as church land until William II's grant that no geld be levied. Compounds C1. General attributive, as geld inquest, geld levy, geld roll, etc. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > land tax > types of land tax hidegelda1087 tenmantalec1135 hidagea1195 penny-gavel1440 ground-annual1551 hide-money1570 carucage1577 scat1577 caruage1610 agistment1632 geld levy1878 1878 R. W. Eyton Key to Domesday 4 The hidation prescribed by the then most recent Gheld-Roll,—that of Easter 1084. 1880 R. W. Eyton Domesday Stud.: Somerset I. Pref. 2 The..nature of the Gheld-Inquest may be told in a very few words...After Christmas 1083, King William levied a tax of six shillings on every hide of land. This was the Gheld-Levy of which we are now speaking. 1958 Speculum 33 137 The reference to the Pipe Roll of 1130 and geld payment is not very helpful. 2007 D. Roffe Decoding Domesday viii. 157 The geld inquest was par excellence about communal affairs. C2. geld-acre n. [after post-classical Latin acra ad geldum (1086 in Domesday Book)] the quantity of land which was reckoned as an acre for the purposes of geld. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of area > [noun] > a system or process of measuring land > an acre > specific stang1326 acre by lug1602 lug-acre1635 Welsh acre1675 plantation acre1705 Cheshire acre1808 geld-acre1880 1880 R. W. Eyton Domesday Stud.: Somerset I. Pref. 6 For so great a number of Gheld-acres would be expressed in other terms. 1906 Eng. Hist. Rev. 21 356 He [sc. the author] mistakes geld acres for real acres. 2000 K. Jankulak Medieval Cult St Petroc iv. 116 The Cornish geld-acre (the acre being a measure of land within Domesday as probably a unit of taxation) does not correspond in size to the English geld-acre. geld-hide n. [after post-classical Latin hida ad geldum (1086 in Domesday Book)] the quantity of land which was reckoned as a hide (hide n.²) for the purposes of geld. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of area > [noun] > a system or process of measuring land > hide hide848 mansionc1450 hideland1577 manse1597 familia1758 geld-hide1878 1878 R. W. Eyton Key to Domesday 14 In Dorset the Gheld-hide was subdivided into four virgates. 1906 Eng. Hist. Rev. 21 356 The field hide (Lagehyde) is assumed to be the basis of the geld hide, although the latter gradually became differentiated from it. 2006 C. Cooper Village in Sussex 334 The Domesday hide was a Geld-hide—or a device for tax assessment. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). geldn.³ Brit. /ɡɛlt/, /xɛlt/, U.S. /ɡɛlt/, /xɛlt/, South African English /xelt/ Forms: 1800s– geld, 1900s– cheld, 1900s– gelt. Origin: A borrowing from Afrikaans. Etymon: Afrikaans geld. Etymology: < Afrikaans geld < Dutch geld money (see gelt n.²). Compare earlier gelt n.²Compare Afrikaans harde geld hard cash, borrowed independently at a slightly earlier date:a1878 J. Montgomery Reminisc. (1981) 159 The country is most parklike and beautiful, but we could procure no food anywhere, not even for harde geld. South African. Money, cash. ΚΠ 1882 C. Du Val With Show through Southern Afr. I. 165 They won't give a hand without receiving geld—money. 1908 F. C. Slater Sunburnt South 18 ‘Never mind that,’ I said, ‘I want it now, here is the hundred pounds.’ So I gave him the geld and he gave me the bill and I rode home well pleased with myself. 1911 L. Cohen Reminisc. Kimberley 37 He simply stretched forth his hand, and said, ‘Give me the gelt.’ 2010 Sowetan (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 29 Dec. You lazy bastards. Go back to Zim and tell Mugabe to give you work. You are not getting my geld. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). geldadj.n.¹ Brit. /ɡɛld/, U.S. /ɡɛld/ Forms: early Middle English gealde (south-west midlands), Middle English–1600s gelde, Middle English 1600s– geld, 1800s gell (Scottish), 1800s gild (English regional (Norfolk)). Origin: Of uncertain origin. Probably a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Or perhaps a word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Origin uncertain. Probably (i) < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic geldr : see yeld adj.), or perhaps (ii) showing the reflex of its Old English (Anglian) cognate (see note and compare discussion at yeld adj.).Unattested Old English (Anglian) gælde (with retraction and i-mutation of the stem vowel), the equivalent of early West Saxon gielde (see yeld adj.), would develop to early Middle English gelde in many varieties and perhaps underlies south-west midlands gealde . With sense 1b compare Old Icelandic geldr ‘castrated’, past participle of gelda geld v.¹ (compare gelt adj.). This sense is apparently attested earlier in surnames: compare Robert le Gelde (1288), Hugone Geldehogg' (1301), Roberto Geldegrise (1301), and probably also the surname evidence cited at geldherd n. 1. a. Of women or female animals: infertile; sterile. Also as n. Now only of cows and ewes: not bearing young, barren; (also) not giving milk. In later use English regional. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > infertility > [adjective] yelda1100 barrenc1200 geldc1225 untudderya1325 unfruitinga1400 infecundc1420 unfruitfula1425 fruitlessa1513 infertile1598 abortive1601 sterile1612 effete1621 deaf1633 improlifical1646 subventaneous1652 improlifica1661 unprolific1672 unfructifying1827 subfertile1846 agenesic1864 eggless1904 shy1905 radiosterilized1960 c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 484 (MED) Ȝef ha ne mei nawt tamen, ha is icleopet gealde. c1350 in Anglia (1906) 29 402 (MED) And loke, Elizabeth, þi nece vn-welde, Onfonges a son in hir elde..Gelde, unberand, þat kald is it. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 12257 Þat þe geld þair fruiting find. a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) cxii. 8 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 248 (MED) Þat geld in houses makes wonand, Moder ofe sones to be faineand. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 2600 Nan barns ber, þou seis, mai i..For i am geld [a1400 Trin. Cambr. bareyn] þat es me wa. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. x. 96 Elesabeth, thi cosyn, that is cald geld. 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Dryed vp to be, as a cowe or yewe that goeth gelde or foremilch and geueth no mylke. a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 11 A good gimmer shearinge goinge geld. 1774 I. Fletcher Diary 4 May (1994) 283 Geld cattle in good condition; sold well. 1869 J. C. Atkinson Peacock's Gloss. Dial. Hundred of Lonsdale (at cited word) ‘A geld cow or ewe’ = a cow or ewe not with young at the usual time. 2016 Jrnl. (Newcastle) (Nexis) 28 July 24 Next week is the Annual Summer Prize Show and Sale for both Geld Cows and Clean Cattle. †b. Sexually impotent. Also: castrated. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > reproductive organ disorders > [adjective] > of male > impotence geld?c1335 cunt-beatenc1440 fumbling1576 impotent1615 frigid1660 anandrious1879 cockless1902 ?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 170 Elde makiþ me geld and growen al grai. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 190 Geldynge, or gelde [1499 Pynson, a1500 King's Cambr. gelt] horse, canterius. †2. Fruitless, providing no satisfaction. Also: devoid of. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > productiveness > unproductiveness > [adjective] unbearingc825 deafc897 westyOE wastumlessc975 wilderna1050 drya1340 gelda1350 barren1377 unfructuousa1382 poora1387 ungreenc1400 infecundc1420 farrow1494 fruitlessa1513 unfruitful1531 sterile1552 hungry1577 penurious1594 unfertile1596 infertile1598 howling1611 ungenitureda1616 arid1656 infecundous1661 ungendering1706 yeld1721 unproductive1725 infructuose1727 ungenerative1733 fallow1791 nihili-parturient1812 dowf1824 wastec1825 non-productive1830 unreproductive1836 infructuous1860 unvintaged1869 increative1877 ablastemic1881 submarginal1895 a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 47 Alle myn godes me atgoht, myn gomenes waxeþ gelde. a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 30 Of gomenes he mai gon al gelde. ?a1425 (?a1350) T. Castleford Chron. (1996) II. l. 27032 Lo, alle our lande baraine and gelde! Compounds † geld ground n. English regional (Cumberland) Obsolete rare ground or soil that is devoid of minerals. ΚΠ 1859 W. Dickinson Gloss. Words & Phrases Cumberland 43 Geld grund, a mining term signifying ground devoid of minerals. 1905 R. W. Moore in J. Wilson Victoria Hist. Cumberland II. 358/2 Cumberland miners term these barren tracts ‘geld’ ground. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). geldv.¹ Brit. /ɡɛld/, U.S. /ɡɛld/ Forms: α. Middle English ghelde, Middle English–1600s gelde, 1500s guelde, 1500s–1600s gheld, 1500s–1700s gueld, 1500s– geld. β. Middle English gilde, Middle English gylde, 1800s gild (English regional (Somerset)). γ. Middle English gulde. Also past tense 1600s gelt. Also past participle early Middle English igeld, late Middle English–1700s gelt, 1500s–1600s guelt. Origin: Probably a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymology: Probably < early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic gelda , Old Swedish gälda (Swedish gälla ), Old Danish geldæ (Danish gilde ), all in the sense ‘to castrate’) < the same Germanic base as yeld adj.Compare early modern Dutch gelten , Middle Low German gelten , Middle High German gelzen (German regional gelzen ) to castrate, all < the respective nouns for ‘spayed sow’ < the same Germanic base as yelt n. Development from an unattested Old English (Anglian) form gældan (with retraction and i-mutation of the stem vowel), the equivalent of early West Saxon gieldan (see gelded adj.), cannot be completely ruled out; compare Old English gildet (in an isolated attestation), and see discussion at gelded adj. Compare also discussion at geld adj. and yeld adj. The β. and γ. forms are difficult to explain. The former perhaps show influence from gilt n.¹ In Middle English prefixed and unprefixed forms of the past participle are attested (see y- prefix). In some senses, probably after classical Latin castrāre to castrate, emasculate, to trim or prune (plants), to remove the honeycomb from (hives), to remove the husks from and cleanse (wheat) (see castrate v.). 1. a. transitive. To castrate (a man or male animal); to deprive of sexual potency or virility, to emasculate. Now rare except in narrowed sense: to castrate (a horse). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (transitive)] > castrate geldc1225 lib1396 stone1584 caponize1654 alter1821 twitchel1826 doctor1834 neuter1903 fix1930 capon- the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > infertility > infertile [verb (transitive)] > castrate or spay > castrate geldc1225 lib1396 cut1465 castrate1609 delumbate1609 enervate1610 unstone1611 gliba1616 evirate1621 emasculate1623 capon1630 eunuchize1634 eunuchate1646 caponize1654 unpollux1654 eunucha1658 unman1657 dismember1697 saturnized1846 nut1916 knacker1936 c1225 Worcester Glosses to Wærferð's Transl. of Gregory's Dialogues (Hatton 76) (1900) 25 [Se engel hine] belisnode : geldede. ?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 171 I poke, i pomple, i palle, i passe, As galliþ gome igeld. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xix. 12 There ben geldyngis, that han geldid [L. castraverunt] hem self, for the kyngdam of heuenes. a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 275 He mai ete..of beestis þat ben gildid. ?1506 Lytell Geste how Plowman Lerned Pater Noster (de Worde) He coude..Thresshe fane & gelde a swyne. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1775 I. 475 Johnson: A Judge may be a farmer; but he is not to geld his own pigs. 1876 Nature 1 June 87/2 To geld horses for convenience. 1901 Encycl. Sport II. 374/2 Bucks, if gelded after they have cast their horns, will never grow them again. 1988 Horse & Rider June 27/2 This youngster..might have been in demand as a stallion at stud..if he hadn't been gelded. 2004 Horse & Hound 8 Jan. 33/1 Endless Summer—a new edition to Bearstone Stud last season,..proved infertile and was gelded and put back into training. †b. transitive. To remove the ovaries of (a woman or female animal); to spay. Obsolete. Attested earlier as past participle; cf. quot. ?a1500 at gelded adj. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (transitive)] > castrate > spay spaya1425 geld1557 splay1601 spade1612 spave1671 the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > infertility > infertile [verb (transitive)] > castrate or spay > spay spaya1425 geld1557 unwoman1827 1557 T. Tusser Hundreth Good Pointes Husbandrie sig. B.iii^v Geld marefoles. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 674 The female also is gelt or splayed. 1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) i. xxvi. 63/2 Women became barren, when in ancient times they were guelded or spayed. 1862 J. Wilson Farming 36 It seems to have been the practice..to ‘geld fillies’ as well as colts. 1869 J. C. Atkinson Peacock's Gloss. Dial. Hundred of Lonsdale Geld,..(2) To deprive the female amongst animals of the power of generation. 2. figurative and in extended use. a. transitive. To diminish, disempower, or weaken (a person or thing); to deprive (a person or thing) of something essential, especially a source of power, strength, or vitality. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > make less violent or severe [verb (transitive)] > weaken (something immaterial) to thin off, downc900 feeblea1340 allayc1450 debilite1483 mollify1496 weak1502 geld?1507 water1529 appale?1530 labefact?1539 debilitate1541 mortify1553 effeeble1571 dilutea1575 soften1576 unsinew1599 melt1600 infringe1604 weaken1609 unbenda1616 dissinew1640 slacken1663 thin1670 resolve1715 imbecilitate1809 imbecile1829 to let down1832 to water down1832 the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > reduce in quantity, amount, or degree [verb (transitive)] > curtail > resources geld?1507 the world > food and drink > drink > preparation of drinks > [verb (transitive)] > dilute or adulterate watera1387 brew1520 geld1668 to water down1866 reface1887 cut1930 ?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 51 Quhen I that grome geldit had of gudis and of natur. 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus at Circuncido Stipendia circuncidere..to deminish or gelde mennes wages. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. i. 238 Bereft, and gelded of his patrimony. View more context for this quotation 1606 Returne from Pernassus ii. iii. sig. C3^v Is there no body heere will take the paines to geld his mouth? 1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster North-ward Hoe iv. sig. F2 Shee gelded my purse of fifty pounds in ready money. 1622 H. Sydenham Serm. (1637) 123 Who dwelling too critically upon God's omnia potest, went about to geld his omnipotence. 1658 F. Osborne Trad. Mem. Reign Elizabeth 77 in Hist. Mem. Reigns Elizabeth & Iames To keep the Church humble and quiet whilest she gelt their Sees by exchanges, and other mortifications of their power and estates. 1668 P. M. To Author of Ephesian Matron sig. F7^v, in W. Charleton Ephesian & Cimmerian Matrons You gave me good Wine, and then gelt it with Water. 1788 J. Adams Def. Constit. Govt. U.S.A. III. 358 A grand catch-pole, to pill, poll, and geld the purses of the people. 1938 J. Davidman Let. to Comrade 87 All my storms decline to calm dead and level in a breast time has gelded of unrest. 2003 Vanity Fair Aug. 110/2 It's chinoiserie lite—scrubbed and gelded of any heritage and hospitality. †b. transitive. To cut out (part of a book, text, etc.). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (transitive)] > eradicate or extirpate > cut out (portions of a book) geld1555 1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. v. 69 Who so..in lettres and writinges..should guelde out any thyng [L. aut de scripto demeret]. 1586 W. Fulke Confut. Treat. W. Allen i. iii. 75 in Treat. against Def. of Censure Bks. W. Charke & M. Hanmer In this saying of Saint Basil, you..haue gelded out these wordes..both in your latine and English translation. 1646 W. Prynne Canterburies Doome 293 In Master Wards Comentary upon Matthew..this is gelded out. c. transitive. To mutilate (a book, quotation, etc.) by excising certain portions, especially objectionable or obscene passages; to expurgate. Cf. castrate v. 4. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > matter of book > [verb (transitive)] > expurgate, excise quotes or portions of book geld1575 lib1577 1575 G. Gascoigne Posies Ep. sig. ¶.iv My Poemes gelded from all filthie phrases. 1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 338 Which..he hath mangled and gelded, least the true sense might be gathered out of it. 1583 W. Fulke Def. Transl. Script. xiii. 358 Thus you vse to gelde the Doctors sayings, when you rehearse them. 1648 J. Beaumont Psyche ix. cxcvi. 151 They by his authentick Copie know Both how to geld and to adulterate it. 1694 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana Pref. sig. A5^v So that I could by no means..have gelt the Text, or obliterated any part thereof, without a manifest Wrong and Injury to the Author. 1729 in Reliquiae Hearnianae (1857) II. 696 Several covers of books..have been discovered..but the valuable contents gelt. 1994 Guardian (Nexis) 16 Apr. 27 The virginal-pure manager, Charles Wyndham, insisted that such monstrous things could not be and so gelded the text. †d. transitive. To take the best part from (a set of things). Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > choice or choosing > types of choice > choose in specific way [verb (transitive)] > select from a number or for a purpose > pick out the best garble1484 coil1607 cream1615 geld1637 cull1713 to pick over1732 1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan iii. xi. 125 Meane time the skinnes were by the Wessaguscus men gelded, & the better halfe by them juggled away: before the owner came. †3. a. transitive. To trim or prune (shoots, leaves, etc.) from a plant or tree. Obsolete.Quot. ?1523 apparently shows a more specific meaning. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > [verb (transitive)] > prune or trim shear1398 shragc1440 geld?1523 reform1574 shorten1706 ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xvi^v Loke that your sherers..gelde nat your beanes, that is to say to cutte the beanes so hye that the nethermast codde growe still on the stalke. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique iii. xxxiii. 494 For which cause good farmers are carefull to geld and weed out some of the boughes of such a tree. 1618 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden vii. 18 The second yeere in the Spring, geld his toppe. 1658 J. Evelyn tr. N. de Bonnefons French Gardiner 153 The vines and superfluous shoots must be guelded. 1699 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 9) 199 Geld and prune Strawberries. 1709 J. Lawson New Voy. Carolina 113 Gelding and plucking away the Leaves, to hasten the ripening of this Fruit. b. transitive. Bee-keeping. To cut out honeycomb from (a beehive); to extract (honeycomb). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > bee-keeping > [verb (transitive)] > remove comb (from hive) geld1568 1568 T. Hill Pleasaunt Instr. Orderinge of Bees xxiii. f. 32 in Proffitable Arte Gardening (rev. ed.) So that when they [sc. the Hyues] shalbe nexte gelded, the olde Combes rather than the new are to be takine furthe. 1616 G. Markham tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) i. lxvii. 328 It will be good..at such times as their Combes are to be gelded, to smoake them. 1657 S. Purchas Theatre Flying-insects 135 If any Hive bee taken, driven, or gelded. 1672 F. B. Office Good House-wife 131 Set near unto the Hive you intend to geld, another empty Hive. c. transitive. To remove the husks from and cleanse (wheat). Cf. gelded adj. 3. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation of grain > [verb (transitive)] > clean grain dress1552 spelt1570 falter1601 geld1601 evaginate1661 third1683 rough1799 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xviii. ix. 563 The very pure corn of Campain wheat, which they cal guelded [Fr. chastré; L. castratam], i. wel husked and clensed. d. transitive. English regional (midlands). To cut off the top of (an anthill) and scatter its contents. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1794 T. Stone Gen. View Agric. Lincoln 75 Only each third ant-hill in a field was annually gelt, or thrown down. 1831 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Agric. (ed. 2) 902 What is called ‘gelding’ ant-hills. 1839 G. C. Lewis Gloss. Words Herefordshire 45 ‘To geld anty tumps’, is to cut off the tops of ant-hills, and to throw the inside over the land. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online June 2022). geldv.² Brit. /ɡɛld/, U.S. /ɡɛld/ Forms: 1600s 1800s– geld, 1800s gelt. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin geldare. Etymology: < post-classical Latin geldare to be assessed for or subject to geld, to owe compensation, to pay geld (from 1086 in British sources) < geldum geld n.² Compare earlier geldable adj.¹, geld n.², and also guild v. historical. †1. transitive (in passive). Of an area of land: to be subject to geld (geld n.²). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [verb (transitive)] > exact land tax on or from tallagec1460 agist1601 gelda1640 a1640 T. Risdon Chorogr. Surv. Devon (1811) (modernized text) §67 64 This place was never gelded. 1808 Enq. Hist. Tithe v. 69 How many hides or carrucates the land is gelded or taxed at. 1891 tr. Domesday Bk. in P. G. Stone Archit. Antiq. Isle of Wight i. 129 It was gelted for half a hide. 2. intransitive. Of an area of land: to pay geld (geld n.²). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > payment of taxes > pay tax [verb (intransitive)] gelda1640 guilda1647 a1640 T. Risdon Chorogr. Surv. Devon (1811) (modernized text) §228 244 West Putford..gelded after thirty shillings. 1890 C. Gross Gild Merchant I. 258 Exeter ‘gelded’ when London, York, and Winchester ‘gelded’. 1950 Eng. Hist. Rev. 65 8 It [sc. Fordington] gelded for one hide and one and a half virgates. 2007 D. Roffe Decoding Domesday vi. 192 Rutland was assessed at three units of twelve carucates and the vills that gelded with York at seven similar units. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.²1610n.³1882adj.n.¹c1225v.¹c1225v.²a1640
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geldn.2

Compounds

geldn.3

geldadj.n.1

Compounds

geldv.1

geldv.2

geldn.²

geldn.³

geldadj.n.¹

geldv.¹

geldv.²