goadn.1
/ɡəʊd/, U.S. /ɡoʊd/ I. A spike or pointed implement and related senses.
1. † a. A spike or sharp point. Cf. gad n.1 1a. Obsolete except as in senses 1b and 1c.Only in Old English.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > fact or condition of tapering > condition of tapering to a point > [noun] > pointed object or part
goadeOE
pikeOE
point1390
broad arrowhead1545
spire1551
pick1614–15
stob1637
icicle1644
arrow point1655
spike1718
jagger1825
spear-point1861
spear-head1894
eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 111/2 Stiga, gaad.
eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in J. J. Quinn Minor Lat.-Old Eng. Glossaries in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1956) 51 Cuspis, gad.
b. A rod or stick with one end sharpened to a point or fitted with a spike and used to drive or spur livestock, esp. a team of draught animals (typically oxen). In quot. 1778: a metal point embedded in or attached to a stick, and used as a spur. Cf. gad n.1 2, ox-goad n. at ox n. Compounds 1a, prick n. 9a.to kick against the goad: see to kick against the pricks (spur, goad) at kick v.1 1c.In quot. eOE in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > general equipment > [noun] > goad
goadeOE
prickleOE
yardc1000
prickc1225
gad1289
gorea1325
brodc1375
brodyke1471
pricker?a1475
gad-wand1487
gadstaff1568
stimule1583
goad prick1609
ankus1768
goad stick1773
sjambok1790
driving stick1800
prod1828
sting1842
quirt1845
garrocha1846
gad-stick1866
romal1904
eOE Metrical Dialogue of Solomon & Saturn (Corpus Cambr. 422) i. 91 Hafað guðmæcga gierde lange, gyldene gade, and a ðone grymman feond swiðmod sweopað.
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) xxvii. 403 Gif se oxa spyrnð ongean þa gade, hit derað him sylfum.
OE Ælfric Gloss. (St. John's Oxf.) 304 Iugum, geoc. Stimulus, gad [c1225 Worcester gode].
c1350 Nominale (Cambr. Ee.4.20) in Trans. Philol. Soc. (1906) 26* Fuet et agiloun, gode and prikke.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. xiv. 1150 An oxeherde..prikkeþ þe slowe wiþ a gode.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Ecclus. xxxviii. 26 He that holdith the plow, and he that hath glorie in a gohode [L. in jaculo], dryueth oxis with a pricke.
c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 586/23 Gerusa, a goode.
?1548 tr. J. Calvin Faythfvl Treat. Sacrament sig. C.iii We must neades be moste sharpelye pricked and dygged as it were wt a goade, through yt fealing of our miserie.
1627 M. Drayton Shepheards Sirena in Battaile Agincourt 151 They their Holly whips haue brac'd, And tough Hazell goades haue gott.
1656 A. Cowley Davideis iv. 126 in Poems With the same Goad Samgar his Oxen drives Which took..six hundred lives.
a1701 H. Maundrell Journey Aleppo to Jerusalem (1703) 109 In ploughing they us'd Goads..about eight foot long.
1778 Cervantes' Life & Exploits Don Quixote Abridged xx. 143 Pricking her beast with a goad she had in a stick, she began to scour along the fields.
1783 J. Hoole tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso IV. xxxvii. 804 A hind..A rustic weapon for her rage supply'd, A pointed goad he brought.
1816 W. Scott Old Mortality ii, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. III. 37 Countrymen armed with scythes..hay-forks..goads.
1875 A. Helps Organization Daily Life in Ess. 109 I had a thought that drove me like a goad.
1938 R. Graves Count Belisarius xvi. 333 Neither whip nor goad would persuade them to haul wagons that day.
1962 W. Faulkner Reivers iv. 83 I been what you calls steering horses and mules and oxen all my life and I reckon gee and haw with that steering wheel aint no different from gee and haw with a pair of lines or a goad.
2014 D. Banham & R. Faith Anglo-Saxon Farms & Farming i. iii. 57 He shouted to encourage the oxen, in case the goad was not enough.
c. A metal spike on a spur. Cf. goad spur n. at Compounds 1. Now chiefly historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > armour for limbs > [noun] > armour for feet > spur in suit of armour
goad1855
1855 J. Hewitt Anc. Armour I. 81 The spur of this period consisted of a single goad, sometimes of a lozenge form, sometimes a plain spike.
1995 P. Sheingorn tr. Bk. Sainte Foy 172 He bloodied both its flanks with the goads of his spurs.
2004 D. Kincaid Genesis (2006) xvii. 279 McCoy's spurs caught on grass and tore eerily... When the goads caught a second time, she beckoned Nogidoff with a low whistle and dropped them in her hat to keep the flask company.
2. figurative and in figurative contexts.
a. A thing which or (occasionally) person who causes annoyance, anxiety, offence, or pain; an insult, an irritant, a torment; cf. prick n. 7c. Later also: the fact or pain of being pricked by such a goad; cf. prick n. 17a.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > cause of mental anguish or torment > [noun]
roodOE
thornc1230
prickc1384
rack?a1425
travailerc1450
goading1548
twinge1548
goad1553
tormentor1553
cut1568
stingera1577
butcher1579
torture1612
bosom-devil1651
wound1844
knife-edge1876
nemesis1933
1553 R. Horne tr. J. Calvin Certaine Homilies i. sig. Ev Thos same goads & prickes wher wt their consciences ar prikt & wounded.
1591 H. Smith Fruitfull Serm. 44 That remnant hindered their peace, and neuer suffered them to be in quiet; for they were goades in their sides, & prickes in their eyes.
1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper ii. 138 These pointed and diamonded speeches, which doe indeed leave a sting, and goad in the mind of the pious Auditor.
1689 T. Shadwell Bury-Fair iii. i. 39 Where is my Goad? my damn'd for better for worse.
1759 R. Jackson Hist. Rev. Pennsylvania 133 French Forts and French Armies so near us, will be everlasting Goads in our Sides.
1787 W. L. Phillips Clerical Misconduct Reprobated 9 They [sc. Hypocrites] are obnoxious; like the Philistines to the Israelites, they are Goads in your Sides.
1861 R. C. Trench Comm. Epist. 7 Churches Asia 80 There are ever goads in the memory of a better and a nobler past.
1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. iii. x. 190 The wounding goad of a reproachful conscience.
1976 P. D. Mehta Heart of Relig. xvi. 148 The sharp goad of conscience, the unwelcome necessity for making certain decisions, the cruel thrust of fate..—all these cause suffering.
2009 J. D. Davies Gentleman Captain ii. 11 From most men, this would have been an intolerable goad and insult, worthy of a blade in the ribs at dawn.
b. Something which serves as a stimulus or prompt; an incitement, a spur. Cf. prick n. 9b.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > motivation > [noun] > incitement or instigation > that which incites or instigates
prickleOE
pritchOE
alighting1340
brodc1375
bellowsc1386
pricka1387
motivec1390
prompting1402
preparativec1450
stirmentc1460
incentive?a1475
fomenta1500
farda1522
instigation1526
pointing1533
swinge1548
spur1551
whetstone1551
goad1567
promptitude1578
alarm1587
inducement1593
solicitor1594
incitement1596
inflammation1597
instance1597
excitement1604
moving spirit1604
heart-blood1606
inflamer1609
rouser1611
stimulator1614
motioner1616
incensivea1618
incitative1620
incitation1622
whettera1625
impulsivea1628
excitation1628
incendiary1628
dispositive1629
fomentationa1631
switch1630
stirrer1632
irritament1634
provocative1638
impetus1641
driving force1642
driving power1642
engagement1642
firer1653
propellant1654
fomentary1657
impulse1660
urgency1664
impeller1686
fillip1699
shove1724
incitive1736
stimulative1747
bonus1787
stimulus1791
impellent1793
stimulant1794
propulsion1800
instigant1833
propulsive1834
motive power1836
evoker1845
motivity1857
afflatus1865
flip1881
urge1882
agent provocateur1888
will to power1896
a shot in the arm1922
motivator1929
driver1971
co-driver1993
1567 W. Painter Palace of Pleasure II. iv. f. 30 The foundation of these Courtly mutations, is the pricking venomous goade of pestiferous Enuie, which continually holdeth the fauour of Princes in ballance, and in a moment hoisteth vp him whiche was belowe.
1578 N. Baxter tr. J. Calvin Lect. on Jonas viii. iv. sig. R.iii Ionas was called away from his vocation, because he knewe that God was mercifull, seeing yt no sharper goade ought to pricke vs forwarde.
1608 R. Armin Nest of Ninnies sig. A2v That's the way to spoyle all, but with your goad pricke me on the true tract.
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 284 Those Females which are castrated or gelt..the goads of lust are in them vtterly extinguished.
1707 B. Colman Pract. Disc. Parable Ten Virgins 97 It [sc. Wisdom] shews a man himself, and..leads him to consider the State of his Soul, and the Misery that awaits him unless he repent; and it is a Spur and Goad in his Side that he timely do so.
1798 T. R. Malthus Ess. Princ. Population viii. 149 The labour..will not be performed without the goad of necessity.
1856 T. B. Macaulay Johnson in Encycl. Brit. (ed. 8) XII. 798/2 He no longer felt the daily goad urging him to the daily toil.
1876 J. B. Mozley Univ. Serm. (1877) iv. 94 Knowledge is a goad to those who have it.
1935 R. H. Lowie Crow Indians x. 215 A woman's lamentations over a slain son was the most effective goad to a punitive expedition.
2014 G. Demetrion In Quest of Vital Protestant Center vii. 261 The distance between the aspiration and the attainment serves as a goad to press forward to its fuller realization.
3.
a. A linear measure for ground, commonly equal to 15 feet (4.6 metres) but varying locally. Cf. gad n.1 8. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > rod, pole, or perch
yard900
roodOE
perchc1300
rodc1380
fall1388
goad1391
polea1500
lug1562
farthing1602
land-pole1603
gad1706
virgate1772
perk1825
esperduct1866
gad-stick1866
1391 Deed 2 Oct. (P.R.O.: E 40/1413) Septem godes prati subtus le olde Orcharde.
a1500 Tracts Eng. Weights & Meas. 14 in Camden Misc. (1929) XV (MED) And odyr dyuers places in this land thai mete grownd by the Polys, Goodys, and Roddys; and sum of thame be of xviij fote, sum of xx fote, and sum of xxi fote.
1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1353/1 The space of fortie goad (euerie goad conteining fifteene foot).
1636 Dorchester (Mass.) Town Rec. 5 July in New Eng. Hist. & Geneal. Reg. (1868) 22 50 He was graunted in lew thereof, nine goad in length of the sayd com'on, by the pound.
1880 T. Q. Couch E. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch Gloss. Words Cornwall (at cited word) It represents nine feet, and two goads square is called a yard of ground.
1897 F. W. Maitland Domesday Bk. & Beyond iii. 374 The ‘lug or goad’ of Dorsetshire had 15 ft. 1 in.
b. A measure of length for cloth equal to 4½ feet (1.4 metres). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > units in measuring cloth
piece1389
nail1394
stick1466
goad1467
1467 in N. S. B. Gras Early Eng. Customs Syst. (1918) 615 (MED) Item vc goodes frise Wallie in dictis vi fardellis.
1481 in J. P. Collier Househ. Bks. John Duke of Norfolk & Thomas Earl of Surrey (1844) 17 My Lord schal have of hym iiijc. goodes off white,..and my Lord schal pay him for every goode, ix.d.
1551–2 Act 5 & 6 Edward VI c. 6 §1 in Statutes of Realm (1963) IV. i. 137 Cottonnes called Manchester..and Chesshire Cottonnes..shalbe in lenghe twentie two goades and conteyne in bredith thre quarters of a yarde in the water.
1608 Rates Marchandizes sig. C3 Cottons the hundreth goades, ij.s.
a1690 S. Jeake Λογιστικηλογία (1696) 65 In 1 Goad..4½ Feet, a Measure in some places for Land and Cloth received by Custom.
1721 C. King Brit. Merchant I. 181 1200 C. Goads of Cotton.
1727 W. Mather Young Man's Compan. (ed. 13) 399 In London, the Yard is used for Silks, Woollen Cloth, &c. The Ell for Linnen Cloth, &c., and the Goad for Frizes, Cotton, and the like.
Compounds
C1. With the first element in singular form.† goad-groom n. Obsolete a person employed to drive a team of draught animals; = goadsman n. at Compounds 2.In quots. with reference to the biblical story of Shamgar, who killed six hundred Philistines using a goad (Judges 3:31).† goad prick n. Obsolete a pointed rod or stick used to drive or spur livestock, esp. a team of draught animals; = sense 1b.† goad spur n. historical Obsolete a spur with a single (metal) spike; = prick spur n. at prick n. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > farm worker > driver of a team of draught animals
goadman1606
goad-groom1614
teamer1696
teamster1758
team man1763
goadsman1788
teamsman1792
voorloper1837
mule skinner1870
swamper1870
tracer1899
skinner1910
1614 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Little Bartas in tr. J. Bertaut Parl. Vertues Royal 247 Thou..by One man, one Goad-groom (Sillie Sangar) Destroy'd Six hundred, in religious anger.
1637 A. Gardyne Memorable Historick Descr. Sacred Bks. sig. D8v By heavn assisted-hands of Israel Shamgar a goad-groome and a Rustick Boore Guyded by God was nixt there Governour.
goadman n. [compare earlier gadsman n.] now historical and rare a person employed to drive a team of draught animals; = goadsman n. at Compounds 2.Scottish after 17th cent.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > farm worker > driver of a team of draught animals
goadman1606
goad-groom1614
teamer1696
teamster1758
team man1763
goadsman1788
teamsman1792
voorloper1837
mule skinner1870
swamper1870
tracer1899
skinner1910
1606 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iii. 135 And Goad-man Sangar, whose industrious hand With Oxe-teem tills his tributarie Land.
1762 A. Dickson Treat. Agric. ii. xii. 223 The goadman or driver knows..whenever one of them does not draw equally with his fellow.
c1826 J. Hogg in Wilson's Wks. (1855) I. 176 The goadman whistles sparely.
1900 Scott. Notes & Queries June 184/1 Both the ‘gaadster’ (goadman) and the ploughman..whistled merrily as they went along.
2002 A. Moffat Borders x. 315 A team of at least four oxen..or four horses was led and urged on by a goadman, the plough was directed by the ploughman holding the stilts.
ΚΠ
1609 Bible (Douay) I. 1 Sam. xiii. 21 Even to the godeprick [L. stimulum], which was to be mended.
1768 J. O'Brien Focalóir Gaoidhilge-Sax-bhéarla 63/2 Brod & braid, a goad-prick, a sting.
1901 W. H. Frazier Testing Fire Risks for Rates 64 The oxen of olden times kicking against the goad pricks of their drivers.
ΚΠ
1838 Standard 29 June 5/3 They are the goad spurs of the Anglo-Saxons and Normans, having no rowels, but terminating in an ornamental point.
1878 Trans. Royal Soc. Lit. 11 5 A plain goad spur completes his equipment.
1893 T. H. Baylis Temple Church St. Ann i. 14 All have mail hauberks and the prick or goad spurs, and long shields with belts.
C2. With the first element in the plural or genitive.
goadsman n. (also goad's man) a person employed to drive a team of draught animals (typically oxen); a driver, a teamster; = gadsman n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > farm worker > driver of a team of draught animals
goadman1606
goad-groom1614
teamer1696
teamster1758
team man1763
goadsman1788
teamsman1792
voorloper1837
mule skinner1870
swamper1870
tracer1899
skinner1910
1788 R. Galloway Poems 63 The healthy goadsman, void of care, Of what the night might bring.
1795 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XIV. 141 Some gentlemen have begun to use the two-horse plough, but hitherto rarely without a goad's man.
1816 W. Scott Old Mortality vi, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 133 Ye may be goadsman..and tak tent ye dinna o'er-drive the owsen.
1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. v. xii. 356 Bullock-chariots, and goadsmen in Roman Costume.
1943 ELH 10 291 Twelve oxen were sometimes required to pull this type of plough, while the assistance of a..goadsman to keep the oxen moving was a necessity.
1994 E. James & G. Jondorf Racine: Phèdre ii. 81 Subligny's allusion to the divine goadsman or drover is more plausible.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
† goadn.2
slang (originally and chiefly British). Obsolete.
A perpetrator of any of various ruses to raise prices or encourage others to bid at an auction, esp. (in early use) one of horses; a false or fraudulent bidder. Cf. bybidder n., Peter Funk n., puffer n. 4b.Apparently only attested in dictionaries in later use.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > buying > buyer > [noun] > bidder > one who runs up bidding
goad1608
setter1699
white bonnet1760
puffer1765
sweetener1823
jolly1856
runner-up1860
floor man1928
1608 T. Dekker Lanthorne & Candle-light sig. I2v They that stand by and Conycatche the Chapman either with Out-Bidding, False-Praises &c. are called Goades.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Goads, those that Wheedle in Chapmen for Horse-coursers.
1859 G. W. Matsell Vocabulum 38 Goads, Peter Funks; cappers in.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
goadv.
/ɡəʊd/, U.S. /ɡoʊd/ 1. transitive. To cause annoyance, offence, or mental pain or discomfort to (a person), esp. so as to provoke an action or reaction; to spur on or drive (a person) to or into a particular action or state of mind (esp. one that is desperate or uncontrolled) by persistent incitement, irritation, or torment. Frequently with to, toward, etc. Also occasionally in extended use with a thing as object.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > motivation > motivate [verb (transitive)] > incite or instigate
stirc897
putOE
sputc1175
prokec1225
prickc1230
commovec1374
baitc1378
stingc1386
movea1398
eager?a1400
pokec1400
provokea1425
tollc1440
cheera1450
irritec1450
encourage1483
incite1483
harden1487
attice1490
pricklea1522
to set on1523
incense1531
irritate1531
animate1532
tickle1532
stomach1541
instigate1542
concitea1555
upsteer1558
urge1565
instimulate1570
whip1573
goad1579
raise1581
to set upa1586
to call ona1592
incitate1597
indarec1599
alarm1602
exstimulate1603
to put on1604
feeze1610
impulse1611
fomentate1613
emovec1614
animalize1617
stimulate1619
spura1644
trinkle1685
cite1718
to put up1812
prod1832
to jack up1914
goose1934
1579 L. Tomson tr. J. Calvin Serm. Epist. S. Paule to Timothie & Titus 530/1 It is verie hard for vs not to be greeued, when we heare ourselues so euil spoken off, and men goade vs [Fr. & qu'on nous viene picquer].
a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) ii. ii. 187 Most dangerous Is that temptation, that doth goad vs on To sinne, in louing vertue. View more context for this quotation
1696 N. Tate & N. Brady New Version Psalms of David xxxv. 6 Thy vengeful Ministers of Wrath Shall goad them as they run.
1789 T. Jefferson Writings (1859) II. 555 He was continually goaded forward by the public clamors.
1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 213 Goaded on with the ambition of intellectual sovereignty. View more context for this quotation
1801 R. Southey Thalaba I. ii. 88 That rankling hope within him, that by day Goaded his steps, still stinging him in sleep.
1817 S. T. Coleridge Blessed are ye that Sow 43 They might but goad ignorance into riot, and fanaticism into rebellion!
1874 J. R. Green Short Hist. Eng. People iv. §5. 201 Taunts and defiances goaded the proud Baronage to fury.
1922 ‘R. Crompton’ Just—William vii. 134 William glanced round the drawing-room with the air of one goaded beyond bearing.
2012 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 27 Sept. 16/3 The Assad regime has encouraged a sort of Masada complex, goading loyalists toward extreme violence as if the sole alternative were annihilation.
2. transitive. To prick or spur (a person or animal, esp. one pulling a cart, plough, etc.) with a brief, forceful action, typically using the end of a goad or other pointed implement; to drive forwards or incite to action by such means. Frequently with adverb of direction.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [verb (transitive)] > drive away or to market > with goad
prickc1250
goad1606
1606 S. Gardiner Bk. Angling 20 To admonish a contumacious companion, is as if wee should iobbe and goade a madde man, & feed a fier with oyle.
a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger False One v. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ss2v/1 Goad him on with thy sword.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 51 Produce the Plough, and yoke the sturdy Steer, And goad him till he groans beneath his Toil. View more context for this quotation
1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 58 His angry Keeper goads him to the Fight.
1795 H. Summersett Fate of Sedley II. 62 Goaded by the fell pointed spear.
1841 G. P. R. James Corse de Leon II. vii. 155 No hand tames me and goads me on.
1879 R. L. Stevenson Trav. with Donkey (1892) 42 I was goading Modestine down the steep descent.
1935 M. R. Anand Untouchable 73 A tonga-wallah came up, goading a rickety, old mare which struggled in its shafts to carry a jolting, boxing box-like structure.
2010 D. Abram Becoming Animal (2011) 250 Water buffalo moving through the terraced fields, goaded along by a little girl with a branch twice as long as her own body.
Derivatives
ˈgoaded adj.
ΚΠ
1708 E. Arwaker Truth in Fiction i. xiv. 18 Our Sighs, our Groans, and ev'ry goaded Side, Shew how in all your Pains we sympathize.
1775 J. Ash New Dict. Eng. Lang. Goaded, pricked with a goad, instigated, driven forward.
1841 C. Dickens Barnaby Rudge xix. 39 ‘I don't want to say any more,’ rejoined the goaded locksmith.
1905 J. B. Naylor Kentuckian x. 250 The goaded beasts sprang into their collars and tore away like mad.
1985 J. Bertram Flight of Phoenix ii. 102 We do not see the goaded Hopkins strike Brother Mark.
2012 S. Rajamannar Reading Animal in Lit. of Brit. Raj iv. 87 Pig-sticking required horses to be carefully broken in and trained to face the defensive attacks of the goaded boar.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1eOE
n.21608v.1579