| 释义 |
abbotn. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin abbat-, abbas. Etymology: < post-classical Latin abbat-, abbas title of respect given to certain monks, head or superior of an abbey (5th cent.), abbess (6th cent.), head of the people in Italian cities (14th cent. in abbas populi ‘abbot’ of the people) < Byzantine Greek ἀββάς title of respect given to monks in general, especially to prominent ascetics and abbots of monasteries, abbot (4th cent.), title of respect given to priests and bishops as spiritual fathers (6th cent.) < Syriac abbā father (see Abba n.1). Compare Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French abé , abet , Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French, French abbé (1100: see abbé n.1), Old Occitan abat (Occitan abát ), Catalan abat (1284), Spanish abad (1100 as abbat ), Portuguese abade (1288; 1141 as abbate ), Italian abate (1252; beginning of the 13th cent. as abadho ; also a1432 as †abbate : see abbate n.).The word was also borrowed into other Germanic languages; compare the following: Old Frisian abbate , abbete , abbet , ebbete , Old Dutch abbet (Middle Dutch abbet , abbed- , Dutch abt ), Middle Low German abbet (earlier in place names), Old High German abbat , abbet (Middle High German abbet , abbāt , abt , appet , German Abt ) and also (probably < Old English) Old Icelandic ábóti (showing the influence of bót boot n.1), Old Swedish abbote , abbot , abote , abot (Swedish abbot ), Old Danish abbod (early modern Danish abbat , Danish abbat are probably < Middle Low German). The details of the form history of the word in many of these languages are complex and disputed, especially as the possible effects of repeated borrowing need to be taken into account. The history of the spread of monasticism and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons suggests that it must have been borrowed into English by the end of the 6th cent. at the latest. The subsequent history of the word in English, as in other languages, shows the continuing influence of the Latin etymon. In Old English usually a strong masculine (abbod ); in late Old English and early Middle English very occasional traces of inflection as a weak masculine (genitive plural abbuden , dative singular abboden ) are also found. Occasional late Old English (accusative singular) abbode , abbote and (abbreviated nominative singular) aƀƀe in Peterborough Chron. might also reflect a weak masculine, but the appearance of sporadic e attached to otherwise endingless forms is a known feature of this text. The α. forms reflect late Latin and early Romance pronunciation of intervocalic -t- in Latin accusative singular abbatem (compare forms in the Romance languages, although in these -t- is often subject to restoration after the Latin etymon). The treatment of the vowel of the second syllable of the word is perhaps comparable to the development of early Old English ā shortened in low stress; compare e.g. ēorod , compound of rād (see road n.), and also Old English morod , morað ( < post-classical Latin moratum morat n.). See further A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §511 note 1. The β. forms probably show substitution of -t- for -d- after the Latin etymon. The earliest Old English attestations are apparently found chiefly for inflected forms; compare the Latin inflected stem abbat- . The γ. forms show reborrowing from Latin. With late Old English (plural) abbates compare Latin nominative plural abbates . In Old English and Middle English manuscripts the word is often abbreviated as aƀƀ , abb' , or the like, after the model of Latin scribal practice, so that it is not always clear what form of the word is intended (or even whether the abbreviation should be expanded as the English word). The listed Old English and Middle English forms perhaps occasionally reflect editorial decisions on how to expand an abbreviation. With Abbot of Misrule at sense 2 compare post-classical Latin abbas de Marham, abbas de Mayvole, abbas de Marall (1521, 1542, 1547 respectively in British sources). 1. society > faith > church government > monasticism > religious superior > abbot > [noun] α. eOE tr. Bede (Tanner) v. xiii. 434 In ðæm mynstre wæs..abbud [L. abbas] & mæssepreost Æðelwald haten. eOE (Parker) anno 904 Þær wearð Sigulf ealdormon ofslægen..& Cenulf abbod. OE tr. Bede (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) Pref. ii. 2 Me wæs fultumiend & lareow se arwurða abbad Albinus. c1175 (?OE) Writ of Brother Edwin (Sawyer 1428) in S. Miller (2001) 164 Ic eode to minan abbode [a1200 BL Add. to minen abboden] Ælfwine. a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily In Die Sancto Pentecosten (Lamb. 487) in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 93 Heo sculen þolien bi heore abbodes iwissunge. c1225 (?OE) Homily: Sicut Oves absque Pastore (Worcester F.174) in J. Hall (1920) I. 1 Ælfric abbod, þe we alquin hoteþ..was bocare and þe [fif] bec wende. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1963) 6562 Þe abbed an horse leop..þus seide þe abbed [c1300 þe abbod vppe his horse leop..þus spac þe abbod]. c1300 St. Edward Elder (Laud) l. 136 in C. Horstmann (1887) 50 (MED) He wende..to þe heiȝe men alle þere, To Bischopes and to Abbodes al-so. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) 9172 Ȝif bissop oþer abbod [v.r. abbed] in þis lond ded were. c1471 in J. B. Sheppard (1889) 251 (MED) I have compounyd with the Abbod..to take a parsell of the said land. 1801 (London ed.) 6 276 Every college has a head named Zara, of which the literal meaning is reader; but the name may be translated abbot. 1828 June 753 A tekie, or religious house of the Mahometans, which is the most famous in Iconium.., the sheik, or abbot, of which girds the sultans with the sword on their accession to the throne. 1892 G. T. Bettany viii. 190 All bow before Buddha thrice, and similarly before the abbot, and then retire. 1910 12 549/2 The place now belongs to a Hindu abbot called a mahant, who has become very rich from the offerings of pilgrims. 1999 C. Thubron (2000) vii. 180 He took me to the whitewashed stupas which marked the ashes of the dead abbots, and to the greenhouse which cosseted a shoot from the bodhi tree at Bihar where the Buddha gained enlightenment. 2009 (National ed.) 2 Jan. a9/2 The chief abbot..has turned Shaolin into a lucrative draw for kung fu aficionados. society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > head of government > [noun] > in a republic > in Italian republics 1734 (new ed.) I. 35 The chief magistrate of the Republicke of Genoa has also been called the Abbot. 1751 tr. L. de Bréquigny I. ii. 107 As none of my Ancestors were ever Abbot of the People, I am not inclined to introduce this Office into my Family. 1831 A. Manning 149 The populace hailed him by the title of abbot, but Boccanigra reminded them that his birth disqualified him for that office. 1881 J. T. Bent iii. 58 The abbot of the people was, indeed, a most salutary institution for supporting the popular rights. 1906 W. F. Butler xiv. 414 Cremona was then ruled as a republic under an Abbot of the People. 1980 A. Grabois 347/1 A council of 13 members was created—6 were of the aristocratic party, 6 of the popular party and the final representative was the ‘Abbot of the People’. Compounds 1565 T. Stapleton tr. Bede iv. xviii. f.131v At this Synode there was present..a most reuerend man..whiche was come of late from Rome by the commaundement of Pope Agatho, hauing for his guyde the most reuerend Abbot Bishop surnamed Benedict. 1845 W. G. Todd iv. 34 Of the many bishoprics that were founded about this period, a large proportion owed their origin to these abbot-bishops, who, first collecting around them a society of monks, afterwards undertook the spiritual government of the adjacent districts. 1878 G. F. Maclear (1879) v. 88 They planted monasteries under abbot-bishops. 1911 H. N. Birt II. vii. 484 The Abbot-Bishop was throughout the life of the settlement, its father and oracle. 1980 15 2 Donations were made to the saint, Emmeram, and to the earthly embodiment of church authority, the abbot-bishop. 2009 P. F. State ii. 36 By this time, Armagh was not a monastic church, the chief cleric no longer an abbot-bishop, but now exclusively a bishop who claimed jurisdiction over many surrounding churches. society > faith > church government > monasticism > religious superior > abbot > [noun] 1641 W. Prynne ix. 502 Our venerable Beda informes us of an Island in Ireland, which in those dayes had an Abbot Presbyter for its governour, to whose jurisdiction the whole Province, Et etiam Episcopi sunt subjecti. 1772 T. Pennant (1774) 255 The island always had for a governor an Abbot-Presbyter. 1993 C. Kidd (2003) viii. 190 His successors as abbot-presbyters were held as the chief ecclesiastics among the Scots. 1607 J. Cowell sig. A1v/2 Those that were mitred, were exempted from the iurisdiction of the diocesan, hauing in themselues episcopal authoritie within their precincts, and being also Lords of the Parlament... These were called Abbots soueraigne..and Abbots generals. 1695 T. Tanner Pref. sig. b2 The Priory was a Cell, subordinate to some great Abby, and the Prior placed and removed at the will of the Abbat Soveraign. 1730 R. Grey lii. 443 There was a third Sort termed Priors, namely, they who presided over Cells subordinate to some great Abby, and who were placed and displaced at the Pleasure of the Abbot Soveraign. 1789 J. Throsby 64 Those that were mitres, or Lords of Parliament, were exempted from the jurisdiction of the diocesian, having within themselves Episcopal Authority, within their precincts, and were called Abbots Sovereign. 1829 J. Wainwright Introd. p. clxviii Some were addressed ‘My Lord Abbot’, and assumed the titles of ‘universal abbots, abbots sovereign’, &c. 1879 J. Brent (ed. 2) 265 The Abbot of St. Augustine's might indeed be called, as he was considered, an Abbot Sovereign, exempt from the jurisdiction of the Archbishop, and holding in Parliament and in general councils his place as a Spiritual Peer. 1988 M. Jansson 356 (note) Mitred abbots, as had episcopal authority within their limits, were ‘abbots sovereign’ and consequently Lords in parliament until the dissolution of the monasteries. Derivatives 1598 J. Florio Badiále, idlie, abot-like, at ease, loitringlie. 1605 A. Warren sig. F 4 When trauell'd I in wagon, chariot, Couch? Or Abbot-like with cushions cockred ease? 1838 29 Sept. 371/1 Our king was great above his cole, A broad hat on his crown, Right reverendly and abbot-like, He rode towards the town. 1874 T. D. Forsyth Let. 10 Apr. in 19 441 He..has a most jovial abbot-like countenance and manner. 1968 22 Oct. 14/1 Short-lived sunshine glinted on Lock's abbot-like dome. 2014 (Nexis) 9 Mar. (Sport section) 11 The monastic calm that, abbot-like, Stuart Lancaster has brought to the preamble. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021). <  n.eOE |
