graten.1
/ɡreɪt/, U.S. /ɡreɪt/ 1. A framework of bars or laths, parallel to or crossing each other, fixed in a door, window, or other opening, to permit communication while preventing ingress. Now somewhat rare; cf. grating n.2
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > [noun] > grille or grating
latticea1382
gratec1440
trellisc1500
locutorya1535
cataract1656
grille1686
reja1777
the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > small opening for communication
wicket1296
locutorya1535
grate1590
grille1686
guichet1839
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 207/2 Grate, or trelys wy(n)dowe..cancellus.
1523 [see sense 8]. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 227/1 Grate of a windowe, trelis de fer.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Kings i. 2 Ochosias fell thorow ye grate in his chamber at Samaria.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. viii. sig. H3 But in the same [doore] a little grate was pight, Through which he sent his voyce.
1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge ii. iii. sig. D4v (stage direct.) Antonio kisseth Mellida's hand: then Mellida goes from the grate.
1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant i. 190 At present there is no more but a Window with a Grate.
1697 W. Congreve Mourning Bride i. i. 2 While his Gaoler slept, I thro' the Grate Have softly whisper'd, and enquir'd his Health.
1716 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 1 Oct. (1965) I. 277 The young Count of Salmes came to the Grate..and the Abbesse gave him her Hand to kisse.
a1777 S. Foote Trip to Calais (1778) ii. 47 The father and mother of that amiable child are now at the grate.
1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel i. Introd. 5 The embattled portal-arch he passed, Whose ponderous grate, and massy bar, Had oft rolled back the tide of war.
1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. III. i. v. 45 The grate which led to our quarter opened anew.
2. A similar framework (or, sometimes, a perforated plate) for other purposes, esp. for closing an orifice without intercepting the passage of fluids; rarely, †a gridiron.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > fact or condition of being transverse > intersection > [noun] > grating or lattice
latticea1382
trellisa1400
grate1412
trail1485
tresance1510
cradle1561
craticle1657
grillade1727
grating1739
treillage1836
grid1839
gridiron1854
1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy ii. xi Voydyng fylthes lowe into the grounde Thorough grates made of yron perced round.
1718 R. Steele Fish-pool 168 Great advantage is effected by large grates at the head and stern..of the vessel.
1750 [see grate-iron n. at Compounds 2]. 1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. at Grill To broil on a grate or gridiron.
1825 T. Cosnett Footman's Direct. 62 If the spout of the tea-pot gets furred up, have a small piece of wire or wood to push up and down it, but be careful not to break the grate of it in so doing.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [noun] > that which encloses > an enclosing barrier > enclosing fence or paling
hurdisa1352
gratea1400
palis?a1400
palisade1588
palisado1589
ring hedge1607
impalement1611
ring fence1614
palisadoing1661
the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a fence > railing > types of
gratea1400
handrail1793
side rail1852
a1400 Stacyons of Rome 603 in Pol. Rel. & L. Poems 136 A-bowte that stoone a grate there is of Irne.
1519 in J. L. Glasscock Rec. St. Michael's, Bishop's Stortford (1882) 36 Item pd to Rase Thomas for dygyng of the holis for the grate iiijd.
1519 in J. L. Glasscock Rec. St. Michael's, Bishop's Stortford (1882) 36 Item to Jardefeld for tymber for the chirche grate..Item to Hothe the Carponter for makyng of the tymber werke at the south gate and grate of the chirche yerd.
a1645 Habington in Proc. Worc. Hist. Soc. ii. 223 The grate of iron inclosinge the tombe.
1872 O. Shipley Gloss. Eccl. Terms Grate, an ornamental iron screen around a monument.
4. A frame of metal bars for holding the fuel in a fireplace or furnace. Hence, the fireplace itself.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > that which or one who heats > [noun] > a device for heating or warming > devices for heating buildings, rooms, etc. > hearth or fireplace > grate
grate1605
fire grate1620
purgatory1707
stove-grate1730
stovea1756
ash-grate1833
basket-grate1889
well-fire1895
well grate1898
hob-grate1915
combination grate1940
1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pract. Chymicall & Hermeticall Physicke iii. 191 A grate shall be layed, wherein the coales of fire must lie.
1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum 614 The wood was laid in order vpon that grate, and so burned, which grate was all of brasse.
1611 Bible (King James) Exod. xxvii. 4.
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 308. ⁋2 An old-fashioned Grate consumes Coals, but gives no Heat.
1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1779 II. 301 Why, Sir, do people play this trick which I observe now, when I look at your grate, putting the shovel against it to make the fire burn?
1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange Man. Course Chem. I. 97 You must make it pass through the grate of the furnace.
1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) vi. 57 Throw those shoes under the grate.
1875 J. Smith Temperance Reform. iii. 96 The cold and cheerless grate.
a. (See quot.) Cf. grating n.2 3.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > equipment for painting or drawing > [noun] > instrument composed of crossing lines
grate1598
1598 R. Haydocke tr. G. P. Lomazzo Tracte Artes Paintinge v. xxiv. 217 The third part is wrought with a Grate [margin. Which is an instrument made with crossing of lines], or insteede thereof with a glasse set betweene the eie of the Painter, and the thing seene.
b. Applied to the chequers on the doorpost of a tavern. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > drinking place > [noun] > tavern or public house > tavern sign
lion?a1366
ale stake1396
ivy14..
sunc1400
tokenc1440
eagle1449
chequerc1460
wisp?1507
Saracen's head1510
ale-pole1523
bush1532
wine garland1533
ivy-garland1553
tavern-bush1553
lattice1575
ivy-bush1576
alebush1599
red lattice1604
elephanta1616
sagittarya1616
grate1622
wine-bush1638
popinjay1687
1622 T. Dekker & P. Massinger Virgin Martir iii. sig. G3v I see then a Tauerne and a Bawdy-house haue faces much alike, the one has red grates next dore, the tother has peeping holes within doores.
6. Mining. A screen used when stamping ores.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for treating ores > [noun] > for separating or sorting ore by size or weight
grate1778
percussion table1839
classificator1856
classifier1856
grating1869
1778 W. Pryce Mineralogia Cornubiensis Gloss. 322 Grate, an iron plate punched full of small holes; which belongs to the stamping mill, and sizes the stampt Ore.
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 749 The grate..is a grid composed of square bars of iron..placed horizontally, and parallelly to each other, an inch apart.
1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) II. 736 Grate,..a metal plate pierced with small holes; it is fixed in front of the stamps in which ore is pounded, and through the holes the finely divided matter makes its escape.
1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 143 Grate..See Screen (as applied to stamps).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal enclosure or house general > [noun] > animal house > cage or hutch
cage?c1225
grate1552
hutch1607
weighing-cage1819
perchery1985
1552 in J. L. Glasscock Rec. St. Michael's, Bishop's Stortford (1882) 93 Of the Mayor and burges for the gaol called the grate pr am xijd.
1602 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor ii. ii. 10 Else you might a looked thorow a grate like a geminy of babones.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 220 Shut vp in an iron cage made like a grate, in such sort, as that he might on euerie side be seen.
1610 J. Healey tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xii. xxvi. 467 These gods..are but the forgers of our prisons..our iaylors, locking vs in those dolorous grates, and wretched fetters.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage iv. v. 365 Lions and Leopards in grates were carried before him.
1652 E. Benlowes Theophila xiii. lxxxiii. 247 The folded Flocks are pent In hurdled Grates.
1759 S. Johnson Prince of Abissinia I. v. 30 He was now impatient as an eagle in a grate.
1777 J. Howard State of Prisons (1780) 287 Every debtor that lies in the common grate.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > opening between bars of a grating
grate1523
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xxxix. 53 He Caused to be made without the towne, a barrers ouerthwart the strete lyke a grate, nat past half a fote wyde euery grate.
a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Richard II ccl, in Poems (1878) III. 199 As were his Cage too straite; Like wilder Birds, soe pent, prolls, till he find A hole, by Chance, or any wider Grate.
Compounds
C1. General attributive.
a.
grate-bar n.
ΚΠ
1832 Edinb. Rev. 56 124 The grate-bars which support the fuel.
grate-work n.
ΚΠ
1736 R. Ainsworth Thes. Linguæ Latinæ Transenna,..any grate-work, a lattice before a window.
b.
grate-fashion adv.
ΚΠ
1659 G. Torriano Florio's Vocabolario Italiano & Inglese Bastoncello,..a certain paste bak't in moulds, and grate-fashion contrived.
grate-wise adv.
ΚΠ
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage ix. v. 844 A grediron..with billets laid thereon, and other stickes on them grate-wise.
C2. † grate-iron n. Obsolete (a) = gridiron n.; (b) see quot. 1750.
grate-area n. = grate-surface n.
ΚΠ
1888 Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. (at cited word) Grate Area.
1896 Daily News 20 Apr. 5/2 In a Yarrow boiler..the total grate area is forty and a quarter square feet.
grate-fire n. a fire in an open grate.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [noun] > a kind of fire > in a grate
grate-fire1907
basket-fire1932
1907 Daily Chron. 30 Nov. 4/4 When other reformers insist on our abolishing grate fires altogether.
1909 E. Banks Myst. Frances Farrington 87 Your utterly useless, but expensive, grate-fire.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking vessel or pot > [noun] > gridiron
roasting-ironc1350
roast-iron1354
brandiron1381
gridiron1382
broiler1393
griddlea1425
branderc1450
grate-iron1577
chaplet1664
grill1685
grid1875
parrilla1964
parrillada1975
robata1975
charbroiler1982
the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > clearing of refuse matter > [noun] > clearing drain or sewer > device for
grate-iron1750
plunger1885
force cup1907
1577 H. I. tr. H. Bullinger 50 Godlie Serm. II. iii. iii. sig. Ee.ij/2 In his time was S. Laurence..broyled vpon a grateyron.
1750 T. R. Blanckley Naval Expositor Grate-irons are to loosen the Mud and Sullage of the Docks, which lodge in the Grates of the Drains.
grate-room n. in some furnaces, a chamber with a grate beneath it.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > furnace or kiln > furnace > parts of furnace > [noun] > grate > chamber
grate-room1883
1883 Chance in Powell Princ. Glass-making 111 These grate-rooms are sunk several feet below the level of the bed of the furnace.
grate-shavings n. shavings of wood or curled strips of paper for filling fireplaces in summer.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > floor-covering > [noun] > shavings or curled strips for filling fireplaces
grate-shavings1899
1899 Longman's Mag. Aug. 331 Statia gazed at the fireplace, decorated with what are known as grate-shavings and silver paper.
grate-surface n. the area in square feet covered by the fire-bars of a furnace or boiler.
ΚΠ
1854 E. Ronalds & T. Richardson Knapp's Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) I. 255 The usual dimensions..are 1 square foot of grate surface for a consumption of 20 lbs. of coal per hour.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
† graten.2
Obsolete.
= grater n.1
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > equipment > other specific types of equipment > [noun] > scraper
scrapple1354
grate14..
scraper1552
grater1580
slick1883
duck-bill1911
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > [noun] > grater
myour1316
grater1390
grate14..
bread grate1452
ginger grate1530
nutmeg-grater1623
bread grater1624
cheese grater1848
14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 596/8 Micatorium, a grate.
14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 609/44 Scalprum, a grate, or a shaue.
1472 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1898) I. 246 Item j grate pro zinzebr'.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 227/1 Grate for bredde, gragevr a payn.
1609 W. M. Man in Moone sig. C4v When you lie like a nutmegge in a grate.
1674 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Words 121 An iron-plate perforated with small holes like a grate.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2021).
† graten.3
Obsolete. rare.
The backbone of a fish.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > fish > parts of fish > [noun] > bones (various types of)
grate1481
pharyngeal1791
suboperculum1818
supratemporal1834
shackle-joint1837
mastoid1840
wrist1840
mastoid bone1841
subopercular1841
mesotympanic1846
suprascapula1846
hypobranchials1848
hypotympanic1848
urohyal1848
radius1854
epicentral1866
pterotic1866
mesocoracoid1868
supraclavicle1868
precoracoid1869
symplectic1870
hypural1871
mesopterygoid1871
post-temporal1871
postclavicle1872
brachial1873
urostyle1875
hypercoracoid1876
admaxillary1885
intercalarium1887
palatopterygoquadrate1888
subtectal1888
Weberian apparatus1889
Weberian ossicles1889
radial1890
supracleithrum1903
1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 9 Ye ete the good plays allone, and gaf hym nomore than the grate or bones.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
† graten.4
Obsolete. rare.
Collision (of weapons). Cf. grate v.1 6.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > armed encounter > [noun]
fightc893
coursec1325
stourc1325
acounterc1330
meetingc1330
setc1330
showera1375
brusha1400
semblya1400
hosting1422
poynyec1425
conflictc1440
militancea1460
grate1460
rencounter1471
chaplea1500
flitea1513
concourse?1520
concursion1533
rescounter1543
spurnc1560
rencontrea1572
discourse1573
action1579
combat1582
opposition1598
do1915
1460 Lybeaus Disc. (Kaluza) 1675 He smitte his schaft in grate.
1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure xxxiv. xx Ye shall not nede to feare The stroke of swerde or yet the grate of spere.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2021).
† grateadj.
Obsolete.
1. Pleasing, agreeable, acceptable.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > pleasure > quality of being pleasant or pleasurable > [adjective]
winsomea900
sweetc900
likingeOE
i-quemec950
lieflyOE
winlyOE
hereOE
thankfulc1000
merryOE
queemc1175
beina1200
willea1200
leesomec1200
savouryc1225
estea1250
i-wilc1275
winc1275
welcomea1300
doucea1350
well-pleasingc1350
acceptablea1382
pleasablea1382
pleasanta1382
pleaseda1382
acceptedc1384
amiablec1384
well-likinga1387
queemfulc1390
flattering1393
pleasinga1398
well-queeminga1400
comelyc1400
farrandc1400
greable1401
goodlyc1405
amicable?a1425
placablec1429
amene1433
winful1438
listyc1440
dulcet1445
agreeablec1450
favourousc1485
sweetly?a1500
pleasureful?c1502
dulcea1513
grate1523
prettya1529
plausible1541
jolly1549
dulcoratec1550
toothsome1551
pleasurable1557
tickling1558
suavec1560
amenous1567
odoriferous?1575
perfumed1580
glada1586
tickle1593
pleasurous1595
favoursome1601
dulcean1606
gratifying1611
Hyblaean1614
gratulatea1616
arrident1616
solacefula1618
pleasantable1619
placid1628
contentsome1632
sapid1640
canny1643
gustful1647
peramene1657
pergrateful1657
tastefula1659
complacent1660
placentiousa1661
gratifactorya1665
bland1667
suavious1669
palatable1683
placent1683
complaisant1710
nice1747
tasty1796
sweetsome1799
titbit1820
connate1836
cunning1843
mooi1850
gemütlich1852
sympathique1859
congenial1878
sympathetic1900
sipid1908
onkus1910
sympathisch1911
1523 Queen Margaret in State Papers Henry VIII (1836) IV. 56 For it vold be ryght gret to me, gyf I myght do it.
1542 T. Becon Pleasaunt Newe Nosegaye sig. C.j v Nothynge can be gyuen to vs more grate, acceptable & pleasaunt, than this your gyfte nowe promised.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 130 Quhen the name of king was maist grate and thankful to thame al.
1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 311 Coho or Coffee..however ingrate or insapory it seems at first, it becomes grate and delicious enough by custom.
2. Thankful, grateful.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adjective]
thankful971
kinda1475
grateful1552
grate1565
responsorya1643
resentive1648
appreciate1823
1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Gratus..That remembreth or recompenseth a good turne: grate: thankeful.
1567 R. Mulcaster tr. J. Fortescue Learned Commendation Lawes Eng. f. 108v He that is once made free, be he grate or ingrate, is aiudged to enioy his freedome still.
1573 J. Davidson Breif Commendatioun Vprichtnes xl. Ded. 277 As..I wald let my gude will and grate mynd..appeir towardis ȝow.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 190 He labouris how to find the way to mak sum significatione of his grate mynd, for the benefites..quhilkes afortymes frome the King of Scottis he had receiuet.
Derivatives
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adverb]
to thankOE
thankfullyc1000
in (on) thankc1400
grately1533
gratefully1548
thankly1605
1533 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VII. 410 His Majestie toke all the same very grately and acceptablie.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2021).
gratev.1
/ɡreɪt/, U.S. /ɡreɪt/ a. transitive. To scrape, file, abrade; to rub harshly, scarify, excoriate. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > rubbing or friction > rub [verb (transitive)] > scrape
shavec725
shrapec1000
claw1377
screeve?1440
scartc1480
gratec1530
rape1533
ruffle1615
corrade1646
comb1654
rasp1707
scrape1731
skin1795
scuff1897
14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 610/2 Scarifacio, to grate.
c1530 A. Barclay Egloges iii. sig. N v All the nyght longe shall he his sydys grate.
1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares 76 a Some of them haue grated and sawed theyr smooth tender skinnes, with hayre shirts.
1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 33 b/2 We muste then grate the bone with a peculiare Raspatorye.
1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Gratuggiare, to shaue as curriers leather, to grate.
1649 Bp. J. Hall Resol. & Decisions ii. iv. 140 Why may he not unrivet, or grate an iron wherewith he is fettered?
1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine iii. 343 The edges of the Cross grating his late whip-furrowed back.
1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 333 'Tis sharp and grates the throat of those that are not used to it.
b. with complement: To wear away, down, to nothing, etc. by abrasion. Chiefly figurative. archaic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > condition of matter > bad condition of matter > cause bad condition in [verb (transitive)] > cause to waste away > wear away or down > (as) by rubbing
grate1555
fray1710
fridge1761
rub1791
file1837
scuff1909
1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. vi. G j b They gather a kynde of great shelle fysshe, whose shelles they grate open with stones.
1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida iii. sig. E4 Thou wouldst euen grate away thy soule to dust.
1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iii. ii. 184 When..mighty states character-les are grated, To dusty nothing. View more context for this quotation
1859 Ld. Tennyson Vivien in Idylls of King 126 Who..Read but one book, and ever reading grew So grated down and filed away with thought.
2. † b. figurative. To examine rigorously. Obsolete.
a. In culinary and pharmaceutical use: To reduce to small particles by rasping or rubbing against a rough or indented surface; to pulverize by means of a grater. Often with prep.: To grate and allow the powder to fall in, into, over something. to grate off: to grind down.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > grinding or pounding > grind or pound [verb (transitive)]
grindc1000
i-ponec1000
britOE
poundOE
stampc1200
to-pounec1290
bruisea1382
minisha1382
bray1382
to-grind1393
beatc1420
gratec1430
mull1440
pestle1483
hatter1508
pounce1519
contuse1552
pounder1570
undergrind1605
dispulverate1609
peal1611
comminute1626
atom1648
comminuate1666
porphyrize1747
stub1765
kibble1790
smush1825
crack1833
pun1888
micronize1968
c1430 Two Cookery-bks. i. 6 Þanne grate fayre brede and cast þer-to.
c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 207/2 Grate gynger..frictico.
a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 40 Take rawe chese anone And grate hit in disshes mony on.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 574/1 I grate breed or spyce.
1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. xlvii. 384 Like vertue hath the roote if it be scrapte or grated very small.
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §458 Artichoakes will bee lesse prickly, and more tender, if the Seeds haue their Tops dulled or grated off vpon a Stone.
1639 J. Woodall Treat. Plague in Surgeons Mate (rev. ed.) 355 Take Bayberries..dry them..then powder then, or for a need grate them.
1733 Philos. Trans. 1731–2 (Royal Soc.) 37 432 His Tongue [was] dry enough to grate a Nutmeg.
1769 E. Raffald Experienced Eng. House-keeper xiv. 287 Grate the Crumbs of a Penny Loaf very fine.
1853 A. Soyer Pantropheon 92 The Indians grate this root [ginger] in their broth or ragoût.
1871 G. H. Napheys Prevention & Cure Dis. ii. i. 405 A little nutmeg grated over the surface.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > interrogation > question, interrogate [verb (transitive)] > question intensively
apposec1315
opposec1380
demand1526
grate?1538
pump1611
sweat1764
probe1804
draw1854
grill1894
third-degree1928
to put through the wringer1942
?1538 H. Latimer Let. 18 Oct. in Serm. & Remains (1845) (modernized text) II. 405 After such sort, much grating of him, and yet finding no other thing in him, we thought best to dispatch him.
3. † b. intransitive for reflexive. To be affected unpleasantly, fret. Obsolete.
a. figurative. To affect painfully, as if by abrasion; to fret, harass, irritate. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > be annoyed or vexed by [verb (transitive)] > annoy or vex
gremec893
dretchc900
awhenec1000
teenOE
fretc1290
annoyc1300
atrayc1320
encumberc1330
diseasec1340
grindc1350
distemperc1386
offenda1387
arra1400
avexa1400
derea1400
miscomforta1400
angerc1400
engrievec1400
vex1418
molesta1425
entrouble?1435
destroublea1450
poina1450
rubc1450
to wring (a person) on the mailsc1450
disprofit1483
agrea1492
trouble1515
grig1553
mis-set?1553
nip?1553
grate1555
gripe1559
spitec1563
fike?1572
gall1573
corsie1574
corrosive1581
touch1581
disaccommodate1586
macerate1588
perplex1590
thorn1592
exulcerate1593
plague1595
incommode1598
affret1600
brier1601
to gall or tread on (one's) kibes1603
discommodate1606
incommodate1611
to grate on or upon1631
disincommodate1635
shog1636
ulcerate1647
incommodiate1650
to put (a person) out of his (her, etc.) way1653
discommodiate1654
discommode1657
ruffle1659
regrate1661
disoblige1668
torment1718
pesta1729
chagrin1734
pingle1740
bothera1745
potter1747
wherrit1762
to tweak the nose of1784
to play up1803
tout1808
rasp1810
outrage1818
worrit1818
werrit1825
buggerlug1850
taigle1865
get1867
to give a person the pip1881
to get across ——1888
nark1888
eat1893
to twist the tail1895
dudgeon1906
to tweak the tail of1909
sore1929
to put up1930
wouldn't it rip you!1941
sheg1943
to dick around1944
cheese1946
to pee off1946
to honk off1970
to fuck off1973
to tweak (a person's or thing's) tail1977
to tweak (a person's or thing's) nose1983
to wind up1984
to dick about1996
to-teen-
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. ii. f. 96v It grated the bowels of suche as harde hym.
1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in Complaints 1334 Grinding his teeth, and grating his great heart.
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. i. 3 Grating so harshly all his dayes of quiet With turbulent and dangerous lunacie? View more context for this quotation
1613 F. Robartes Revenue of Gospel 136 What they doe now is to grate and oppresse the poore minister.
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iii. 19 Others..could not endure to be so..frequently grated with the shame of the sin they had committed.
1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng (1725) 110 Untruths..wherewith at present he grateth your Ears.
1748 S. Richardson Clarissa VII. xxx. 126 The matter begins to grate me most confoundedly.
1755 W. Blackstone Lawyer's Farew. to Muse in R. Dodsley Coll. Poems IV. 230 With sounds uncouth and accents dry, That grate the soul of harmony.
1825 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xxiii, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 751 This outrageous merriment grates my spirits.
1892 H. H. Furness in W. Shakespeare Tempest (New Variorum ed.) 21 Such a mere bare iteration grates me as somewhat un-Shakespearian.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > displeasure > discontent or dissatisfaction > be discontented [verb (intransitive)]
ruea1400
grate1555
alamort?1705
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. ii. f. 7 He shall feele his bowelles grate with a certen horroure.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A5v That when he heard, in great perplexitie His gall did grate for griefe and high disdaine.
4. intransitive. to grate on or upon:† a. To oppress or harass with exactions or importunities; to make burdensome demands upon. Obsolete.† c. To offend against, be derogatory to. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > harass [verb (transitive)]
tawc893
ermec897
swencheOE
besetOE
bestandc1000
teenOE
baitc1175
grieve?c1225
war?c1225
noyc1300
pursuec1300
travailc1300
to work (also do) annoyc1300
tribula1325
worka1325
to hold wakenc1330
chase1340
twistc1374
wrap1380
cumbera1400
harrya1400
vexc1410
encumber1413
inquiet1413
molest?a1425
course1466
persecutec1475
trouble1489
sturt1513
hare1523
hag1525
hale1530
exercise1531
to grate on or upon1532
to hold or keep waking1533
infest1533
scourge1540
molestate1543
pinch1548
trounce1551
to shake upa1556
tire1558
moila1560
pester1566
importune1578
hunt1583
moider1587
bebait1589
commacerate1596
bepester1600
ferret1600
harsell1603
hurry1611
gall1614
betoil1622
weary1633
tribulatea1637
harass1656
dun1659
overharry1665
worry1671
haul1678
to plague the life out of1746
badger1782
hatchel1800
worry1811
bedevil1823
devil1823
victimize1830
frab1848
mither1848
to pester the life out of1848
haik1855
beplague1870
chevy1872
obsede1876
to get on ——1880
to load up with1880
tail-twist1898
hassle1901
heckle1920
snooter1923
hassle1945
to breathe down (the back of) (someone's) neck1946
to bust (a person's) chops1953
noodge1960
monster1967
the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict > oppress or afflict
heavyc897
narroweOE
overlayOE
overseamOE
twingea1300
to weigh downa1340
grieve1340
besit1377
oppressc1384
foila1400
thringa1400
empressc1400
enpressc1400
aska1425
press?a1425
peisea1450
straita1464
constraina1500
overhale1531
to grate on or upon1532
wrack1562
surcharge1592
to lie heavy uponc1595
to weigh back, on one side, to the earth1595
to sit on ——1607
to sit upon ——1607
gall1614
bear1645
weight1647
obsess1648
aggrieve1670
swinge1681
lean1736
gravitate1754
weigh1794
1532 in State Papers Henry VIII (1834) II. 159 His Graces Counsaile here..verelie hath so sore gratid uppon my litle substaunce that I had, that [etc.].
1544 in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) IX. 578 His Highnes thought Him a Prince of so grete and noble a courage, that He wold not grate any further upon Him, until [etc.].
1602 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor ii. ii. 7 I haue grated vpon my good friends for 3. repriues, for you.
1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. viii. 502/1 His Prelates greedily grating on him to empouerish his meanes.
a1625 J. Fletcher Monsieur Thomas (1639) i. ii. sig. C2 I know your nature's sweet enough, and tender, Not grated on, nor curb'd.
1633 Bp. J. Hall Plaine Explic. Hard Texts ii. 75 Doe not grate on the subject, in exacting more tribute..than the law hath appointed for you.
a1656 J. Hales Golden Remains (1673) i. 205 God..permitted not the Jews to grate too much upon the bordering Nations.
?1706 E. Hickeringill Priest-craft: 2nd Pt. iii. 33 The Law..prohibiting Marriages..contributes accidently..to fill the Register's Purses,..and grates hard upon the People, especially the Poor.
b. To have an irritating effect on or upon.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > be annoyed or vexed by [verb (transitive)] > annoy or vex
gremec893
dretchc900
awhenec1000
teenOE
fretc1290
annoyc1300
atrayc1320
encumberc1330
diseasec1340
grindc1350
distemperc1386
offenda1387
arra1400
avexa1400
derea1400
miscomforta1400
angerc1400
engrievec1400
vex1418
molesta1425
entrouble?1435
destroublea1450
poina1450
rubc1450
to wring (a person) on the mailsc1450
disprofit1483
agrea1492
trouble1515
grig1553
mis-set?1553
nip?1553
grate1555
gripe1559
spitec1563
fike?1572
gall1573
corsie1574
corrosive1581
touch1581
disaccommodate1586
macerate1588
perplex1590
thorn1592
exulcerate1593
plague1595
incommode1598
affret1600
brier1601
to gall or tread on (one's) kibes1603
discommodate1606
incommodate1611
to grate on or upon1631
disincommodate1635
shog1636
ulcerate1647
incommodiate1650
to put (a person) out of his (her, etc.) way1653
discommodiate1654
discommode1657
ruffle1659
regrate1661
disoblige1668
torment1718
pesta1729
chagrin1734
pingle1740
bothera1745
potter1747
wherrit1762
to tweak the nose of1784
to play up1803
tout1808
rasp1810
outrage1818
worrit1818
werrit1825
buggerlug1850
taigle1865
get1867
to give a person the pip1881
to get across ——1888
nark1888
eat1893
to twist the tail1895
dudgeon1906
to tweak the tail of1909
sore1929
to put up1930
wouldn't it rip you!1941
sheg1943
to dick around1944
cheese1946
to pee off1946
to honk off1970
to fuck off1973
to tweak (a person's or thing's) tail1977
to tweak (a person's or thing's) nose1983
to wind up1984
to dick about1996
to-teen-
1631 R. Bolton Instr. Right Comf. Affl. Consciences 20 Of all other passions of the Soule, sadnesse, and griefe grates most upon the vitall spirits.
1677 tr. A.-N. Amelot de La Houssaie Hist. Govt. Venice 48 These sort of reflections..grate upon their Equality.
1744 J. Swift 3 Serm. i. 10 Although this Doctrine of subjecting ourselves to one another may seem to grate upon the Pride and Vanity of Mankind,..yet[etc.].
1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. viii. 547 All mention, therefore, of calling parliament grated on his ear.
1847 B. Disraeli Tancred I. ii. xvi. 324 She..never grated for an instant on his high ideal.
1878 ‘G. Eliot’ College Breakfast Party in Macmillan's Mag. July 168 Your itch to choose What grates upon the sense.
ΚΠ
1676 J. Glanvill Ess. Ep. Ded. sig. a Being cautious to abstain from all expressions, that grate on the Honour of God, as you are free from any that can give just offence unto Men.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > acquisition > obtain or acquire [verb (transitive)] > obtain or acquire in a certain way > by oppression or importunity
grate1540
1540 King Henry VIII in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VIII. 410 Ye shal not..entre any further with him in the twoo poyntes, wherby he grate more of youe, wherby to chalenge the same.
1541 King Henry VIII in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VIII. 644 They seame..to grate a further pryvileage by a graunte of our progenitour King Edwarde the Thirde, thenne before was alledged.
1542 W. Paget in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) IX. 51 For great store of money they have not,..and [he] hath alredy grated asmuch as He can get.
a. transitive. To make (a weapon) strike or ‘bite’. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > use or wield (a weapon) [verb (transitive)] > make weapon strike or bite
grate1412
1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy iii. xxii On Meneste he gan his spere grate.
a1700 Ballad Geo. Barnwell 152 Ere I would want, were I a man..On father, friends and all my kin I would my talons grate.
b. intransitive. Of a weapon: To strike or bite. Const. on. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > stroke with weapon > strike (of weapon) [verb (intransitive)]
glidec1275
acoupc1380
lightc1400
grate1525
to strike home1891
1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. clxviii. 190 b Their speres grated nat, if they had, by moost lykelhod they had taken hurte.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 574/1 I grate, as a weapen dothe upon harnesse or any sharpe thynge and harde upon a nother, je amors.
a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 255 Whence comes it, that Bullets or Arrowes often grate on us, and yet hurt us not?
7. transitive.
a. To rub harshly together, ‘grind’ (the teeth).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > anger > manifestation of anger > show anger [verb (transitive)] > gnash or grind the teeth
gnasta1300
grunta1400
grate1555
gnash1590
beat1597
grit1797
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (transitive)] > grate > grind or gnash (teeth)
grind1340
grunta1400
crashc1440
graislea1522
grate1555
jar1568
beat1597
champ1775
grit1797
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde i. iv. f. 20v Fretinge and gratinge his teethe as it had bin a lyon of Libia.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. S6 Thereat the feend his gnashing teeth did grate.
b. Of a thing: To rub against (another thing) harshly, producing a jarring sound.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (transitive)] > grate
grate1594
gride1820
grit1851
1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. C4 The threshold grates the doore to haue him heard. View more context for this quotation
1604 T. Middleton Blacke Bk. in Wks. (1885) VIII. 8 They grate with their hard naily soles The stones in Fleet-street.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 697 Then champeth he with his mouth, grateth and gnasheth his teeth one against another.
1633 T. James Strange Voy. 15 The..corners of the Ice did grate vs with that violence, as I..thought it would haue grated the plankes from the Ships sides.
1820 J. Keats Lamia i, in Lamia & Other Poems 16 His galley now Grated the quaystones.
1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales I. 57 When it [the dingy] grates the sand.
8.
a. intransitive. To rub against with a harsh, grinding noise; to move creakingly; to sound harshly.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > unpleasant quality > harsh or discordant quality > harsh or discordant [verb (intransitive)] > grate
grindOE
grutch1493
frais1513
grate1597
grit1762
rasp1868
grinch1892
crunkle1900
1597 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie v. xxxvi. 74 We are not so nice as to cast away a sharp knife because the edge of it may sometimes grate.
1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. i. 128 I had rather heare a..drie wheele grate on the exle tree. View more context for this quotation
1638 J. Milton Lycidas in Obsequies 23 in Justa Edouardo King Their lean and flashie songs Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw.
1759 A. Smith Theory Moral Sentiments vi. iii. i. 493 The vile rust, which makes them [wheels] jarr and grate upon one another.
1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho III. i. 5 The great doors of the hall, which grate so heavily.
1797 A. Radcliffe Italian II. i. 17 A key already grated in the lock.
1814 Ld. Byron Corsair i. iv. 6 Till grates her keel upon the shallow sand.
1853 C. Kingsley Hypatia II. vii. 171 At last his cell-door grated on its hinges.
1864 Ld. Tennyson Enoch Arden in Enoch Arden, etc. 42 Turning softly like a thief, Lest the harsh shingle should grate underfoot.
b. transitive. In poetical nonce-uses: To produce (discordant sound) by jarring movement; to proclaim by a grating cry.
ΚΠ
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 881 Th' infernal dores..on thir hinges great Harsh Thunder. View more context for this quotation
1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess iv. 71 Marsh-divers,..Shall croak thee sister, or the meadow-crake Grate her harsh kindred in the grass.
c. transitive. To utter (words) in a harsh tone.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > manner of speaking > say in a particular manner [verb (transitive)] > throatily or harshly
jangle1377
brayc1400
out-braya1561
yawp1567
throttle1582
swoop1605
throat?1611
caw1616
gargle1635
snarl1693
growl1759
croak1791
rasp1877
to grind out1889
grate1921
1921 J. Galsworthy To Let ii. v. 165 Gradman grated: ‘Rather extreme at your age, sir; you lose control.’
1969 J. Ross Dead at First Hand i. 8 ‘I'm a gambler, Rogers,’ he grated.
ΚΠ
1542 W. Paget in State Papers Henry VIII (1849) VIII. 686 It pleased Him to devise with me of the mariage now in treaty for Your Majesties doughter, albeit He did grate sumwhat at the furst upon this terme, bastarde.
1550 J. Heywood Hundred Epigrammes l. sig. Bviii Cha so grated on the new, cha forgot thold.
1567 Triall of Treasure sig. Bivv Gredy gutte maketh them continually to grate On ye mock of this world which he thiketh permanent.
1573 G. Harvey Let.-bk. (1884) 48 Here wuld be matter gud plenti, both for them to grate uppon and to brute abroad in the town.
1625 W. Pemble Justification (1629) 197 Who are very ready, when it fits their humour, to grate sore vpon the bare words and letter of a text.
1698 F. B. Free but Modest Censure 17 Mr. Boyle..grates on the Doctor's breeding.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
gratev.2
/ɡreɪt/, U.S. /ɡreɪt/ΘΚΠ
society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > confine [verb (transitive)] > confine in specific type of place
pit1454
grate1529
van1897
1529 T. More Dyaloge Dyuers Maters i. xiiii. f. xviiiv/2 Aftere she was gratid within iren grates aboue in ye rood loft where it was byleued yt she liued without any mete or drynke only by angels fode.
2. To fit or furnish with a grate or grating.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > fact or condition of being transverse > intersection > intersect [verb (transitive)] > form into a lattice > furnish with lattice or grating
trellisa1400
lattice1428
gratea1549
a1549 A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (1870) 220 The sepulcre is grated rounde aboute wyth yrone.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iv. f. 172v Be sure that you haue them well grated, that the Fishe can by no meanes passe through.
1630 P. Massinger Picture sig. K4 The windows grated with Iron.
c1660 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1644 (1955) II. 245 A Well..grated over with yron.
1766 O. Goldsmith Vicar of Wakefield II. vi. 92 One large apartment, strongly grated.
1776 G. Semple Treat. Building in Water 106 You are to grate the Bottom with two Courses of six Inch Plank, crossing one another.
1821 Ld. Byron Sardanapalus ii. i. 68 The gates That grate the palace, which is now our prison.
ΚΠ
1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Gratellare, to grate, to broyle vpon a grid-iron.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1a1400
n.214..n.31481n.41460adj.1523
v.114..v.21529