graduateadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈɡradʒʊət/,

/ˈɡradjʊət/, U.S.

/ˈɡrædʒ(ə)wət/

Forms: Also Middle English–1600s graduat, 1500s graduatt, 1600s gradiate.

Etymology: < medieval Latin graduātus, past participle of graduāre to graduate v. < gradus step, degree.

A. adj. Equivalent to the later graduated adj.

1. Admitted to or holding a university degree. Obsolete except as an attributive use of the noun, e.g. ‘the graduate members of the university’.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > university administration > taking degree or graduation > [adjective] > having degree

graduatea1513

degreed1560

graduated1665

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. ciiii^v The Frenshe Kyng this yere put to deth one Maister Henry de Malestrete a graduat man.

?1566–7 G. Buchanan Opinion Reformation Univ. St. Andros in Vernacular Writings (1892) 13 The examinatouris salbe graduat, ane in theologie, ane that has red in philosophie.

1591 R. Turnbull Expos. Epist. St. Iames f. 95 For the word is the word, whether a Doctor of diuinitie preach it, or a man learned, yet not graduat.

1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies iii. iv. 73 Graduate men should under~stand better what they speake off.

1650 J. Row & J. Row Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1842) 447 Shortlie thereafter, he wes graduat in Padua, Doctor utriusque Juris.

1687 W. Sherwin in J. R. Bloxham Magdalen Coll. & James II (1886) (modernized text) 216 There was a Cloth laid in the Hall for the Undergraduate Fellow above the Graduate Demies.

1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea I. liv. 360 Dr. Cooke, now a graduate physician in Scotland.

2. Arranged by steps or degrees. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > [adjective] > of or relating to a system > arranged in gradations

gradual?1541

degreed1581

graduate1628

scalary1646

graduated1679

gradatory1793

gradationed1805

1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xcii. sig. Aa6^v From whom, all things, by a graduate Derivation, haue their light, life, and being.

1694 R. Franck Northern Mem. 170 Nor got our Ship the Mediums of Motion, but by Argument of Force..which forced her by graduate Means, till arriving in this Ness.

1789 E. Tatham Chart & Scale Truth (1790) I. 42 Beginning with the Genus, passing through all the graduate and subordinate stages.

1855 T. T. Lynch Rivulet xxx. 41 The starry ranks..In graduate scale of might They all are sons of light.

B. n.

1. One who has obtained a degree from a university, college or other authority conferring degrees. In the U.S. sometimes used for: A pupil who has completed a school course and passed the final examination.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > university administration > taking degree or graduation > [noun] > graduate

graduate1479

licentiate1489

alumnus1800

grad1871

1479 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 646 Master Edmund, that was my rewlere, at Oxforth..kan tell yow, or ellys any oder gradwat.

1509–10 Act 1 Hen. VIII c. 14 No manne undre the degree of a Gentilman excepte Graduates of the Universities.

?1566–7 G. Buchanan Opinion Reformation Univ. St. Andros in Vernacular Writings (1892) 15 Chosin be the hayl graduattis of the vniuersite.

1586 W. Webbe Disc. Eng. Poetrie (title) A discourse of English poetrie...By William Webbe. Graduate.

1615 T. Overbury et al. New & Choise Characters with Wife (6th impr.) sig. F2^v His Ambition is, that he eyther is, or shall be a Graduate.

a1657 R. Lovelace Poems (1864) 251 Fair Cam saw thee matriculate At once a tyro and a graduate.

1733 J. Bramston Man of Taste 17 Of Graduates I dislike the learned rout, And chuse a female Doctor for the gout.

1773 J. Adams Diary 16 July (1961) II. 84 Their Accademy [in Phila.] emits from 9 to 14 Graduates annually.

1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations II. v. i. 345 The privileges of graduates in arts, in law, in physic, and divinity.

1858 J. Doran Hist. Court Fools 124 He held the University graduates in very absolute contempt.

1861 New Amer. Cycl. XII. 396 The whole number of pupils who have been connected with the school is 3,408, of graduates 1,158.

1888 A. K. Green Behind Closed Doors iii. 33 He is a graduate of the Medical School.

1952 Manch. Guardian Weekly 18 Sept. 13/2 To an astonishing degree Groton graduates have made names for themselves in public life.

2. transferred. One who is advanced in any art, career, occupation, or profession; a proficient. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [noun] > skilful person > a master or mistress

masterc1430

mistressc1440

doctor1548

archemaster1570

graduate1582

pass-master1599

possessor1713

past master1840

past mistress1868

passed master1882

ustad1903

maestro1938

1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias xiv. 36 b The Maisters which teach them be graduats in the weapons which they teach.

c1600 Songs Costume (Percy Soc.) 120 None but graduates can proceede In sinne so far till this they neede.

a1640 J. Fletcher et al. Faire Maide of Inne iv. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Fffffff4/2 I would be a Graduate sir, no freshman.

1642 E. Dering Coll. Speeches on Relig. xvi. 86 Your gradiate in the schoole of warre will tell you, that [etc.].

1658 T. Wall God's Revenge 34 To be a graduate in ungraciousness.

1883 E. Ingersoll in Harper's Mag. Jan. 206/2 The Americans employed are very often graduates of the Maine woods.

3. A graduated cup, tube, or flask; a measuring glass used by apothecaries and chemists; the quantity contained in such a glass.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measuring instrument > [noun] > for measuring volume > measuring vessels > graduated measuring vessel

burette1836

measuring glass1842

measure-glass1879

graduate1883

Knudsen burette1959

the world > relative properties > measurement > the scientific measurement of volume > measure(s) of capacity > amount defined by capacity > [noun] > amount which fills a measure > specific

bushelfulc1449

peckful1694

quartful1745

graduate1883

1883 R. Haldane Workshop Receipts 2nd Ser. 114 A graduate that has contained tincture of iron.

1895 Westm. Gaz. 6 July 1/3 Though his black eyes were starting out with pain he said nothing till a graduate of oil had been poured on.

4. attributive, as graduate course, graduate school, graduate student, etc.

ΚΠ

1871 L. H. Bagg Four Years at Yale 112 Delta Phi has also four alumni associations, or ‘graduate chapters’.

1880 Harvard Catal. 190 (heading) Graduate department.

1880 Harvard Catal. 190 Any Graduate course which is taken by less than three students may be withdrawn at the option of the Instructor.

1880 Harper's Mag. July 251/2 The solution of the difficulty lies in..putting the extra studies in the graduate courses.

1893 Bryn Mawr Program 34 The most distinguished place among graduate students will be held by the Fellows.

1895–6 Cal. Univ. Nebraska 37 The Graduate School provides for advanced University work on the basis of completed undergraduate studies.

1926 Encycl. Brit. II. 318/2 The period under review [1909–26] was marked by constant developments in the graduate schools of the university [sc. Harvard].

1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 43/2 The Harvard methods and pursuits differ little from those of any other graduate school.

1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 10 Oct. 578/2 Just another piece of graduate-student exhibitionism.

Draft additions January 2005

graduate tax n. chiefly British and Australian a (proposed) tax levied on graduates of higher education institutions in order to recoup some of the cost of publicly funded tuition.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > other taxes

gartie1533

quidrathe1570

primage1606

carriage tax1781

assessed taxes1796

imperialty1799

crime rate1857

primage1888

use tax1910

takeout1939

graduate tax1967

1967 Econ. Jrnl. 77 294 The graduate tax would be on gross income, and the income tax on income net of the graduate tax.

1988 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 5 May 1/7 Under the plan, tertiary students would have to pay the graduate tax from the time they start earning the average wage..until they paid back their fees.

2001 Times 19 Nov. 11/1 A second model proposes grants only for the poorest, with a different level of graduate tax.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

graduatev.

Brit.

/ˈɡradʒʊeɪt/,

/ˈɡradjʊeɪt/, U.S.

/ˈɡrædʒʊˌeɪt/

Etymology: < medieval Latin graduāt-, participial stem of graduāre (in sense 1), < gradus step, Compare French graduer.

I. In University phraseology.

1. transitive. To admit to a university degree. Also with complement, indicating the degree obtained. Cf. sense 3. Now rare exc. U.S.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > university administration > taking degree or graduation > take degree [verb (transitive)] > confer degree on

grade1563

commence1567

grace1573

graduate1588

manumise1619

laureate1637

manumita1662

degree1865

cap1881

1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza Hist. Kingdome of China xiv. 95 To commence or graduate such students as haue finished their course.

1602 R. Carew Surv. Cornwall i. f. 61 Iohn Tregonwel, who graduated a Doctor, and dubbed a Knight, did his Prince good seruice.

1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ i. i. 2 Transplanting me thence to Oxford, to be graduated.

1693 Apol. Clergy Scotl. 106 An insinuation that he was not graduated Doctor in the University.

1723 in B. Peirce Hist. Harvard Univ. (1833) 128 The Theses of the Batchelours to be graduated at Commencement.

1766 T. Clap Ann. Yale-Coll. 23 [He] upon his Return was graduated at this College 1724.

1844 R. W. Emerson New Eng. Reformers in Wks. (1906) I. 262 Some thousands of young men are graduated at our colleges in this country every year.

1884 Harper's Mag. Nov. 813/1 The class of '76 was graduated with six men.

figurative.1622 J. Mabbe tr. M. Alemán Rogue i. 75 With him I ranne over the whole course of my misfortunes, since the first time that I was graduated and tooke degree in them.a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Durh. 300 This Fresh-man Colledge lived not to be matriculated, much less (not lasting seven years) graduated, God in his wisdom seeing the contrary fitter.

†2. Of an acquirement, etc.: to qualify (a person) for a degree or as a proficient in an art, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > university administration > taking degree or graduation > take degree [verb (transitive)] > qualify one for degree

graduate1624

1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. 43 As if the very tearms of Architraues, and Frizes, and Cornices..were enough to graduate a Master of this Art.

1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 434 Among haire-braind Judgments, a hairelesse Chin graduateth him a hopefull, and gifted young man in their esteem.

1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. Concl. 184 It has been held accomplishment enough to graduate a Student, if he could but stiffly wrangle out a vexatious dispute of some odd Peripatetick qualities.

1829 R. Southey Sir Thomas More II. 53 The course of life there was better adapted to graduate young men in the brutalizing habits of the society wherewith they were soon to mingle.

a. intransitive. To take a university degree. Also (U.S.): to complete a high school course and receive a diploma.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > university administration > taking degree or graduation > take degree [verb (intransitive)]

commencea1387

proceed1455

to pass master?1566

graduate1807

incept1852

to go out in the poll1889

to pass out1916

1807 R. Southey Lett. from Eng. II. 76 Four years are then to be passed at college before the student can graduate.

1808 Monthly Mag. Oct. 224/1 He [Mandeville] graduated at Leyden in 1691.

1839 F. Marryat Diary in Amer. III. 304 I married her a month after she had graduated.

1866 W. Odling Lect. Animal Chem. Pref. 6 Among students, especially those about to graduate.

1882 I. M. Rittenhouse Jrnl. in Maud (1939) 77 The very minute that she found out she was too far behind the class to graduate she stopped school.

1892 Times 8 Mar. 10/1 In 1837 he graduated from Yale College.

1935 H. Nicolson Dwight Morrow i. 14 Dwight was..able to graduate from High School at the premature age of fourteen.

b. transferred. To qualify (as); (also) to pass through a course of education or training in order to qualify.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > be capable of [verb (transitive)] > enable or capacitate > make or pronounce competent > qualify as

graduate1829

1829 R. Southey Sir Thomas More II. 11 One who was preparing to graduate as a Saint.

1850 A. T. de Vere Pict. Sketches I. 201 It is only when it has graduated as a nation, that a race completes its being.

1867 J. Hatton Tallants viii Richard Tallant was graduating very successfully in the Blackguard school.

1871 M. Collins Marquis & Merchant I. x. 308 Their sisters..have graduated in the saloons of western London.

II. gen.

a. transitive. To divide into degrees; to mark out into portions according to a certain scale.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measuring instrument > measure by or as an instrument [verb (transitive)] > measure by means of instruments > mark off in graduations

graduate1594

1594 T. Blundeville Exercises vii. xii. f. 313^v To graduate the first side of your staffe..you must lay the ruler to the centre A.

1665 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 1 31 An Instrument for Graduating Thermometers to make them Standards of Heat and Cold.

a1691 R. Boyle Gen. Hist. Air (1692) 79 I have not seen any cylinder that hath been well graduated, 12 or 16 degrees being the most that are set upon the common weather-glass.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. v. 182 The thermometer..graduated according to the method of Farenheit.

1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 266 Sometimes the wire o q is graduated.

1834 J. S. Macaulay Treat. Field Fortification 283 Graduate that tangent, and place the crest of the traverse on a parallel plane ten feet above it.

1881 Anderson in Nature No. 626. 618 One of the frames is graduated.

b. To arrange in gradations; to adapt to (something) by graduating; to apportion the incidence of (a tax) according to a certain scale.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > put in (proper) order [verb (transitive)] > reduce to order > arrange in gradations

graduate1610

gradate1869

scale1934

1610 J. Healey tr. J. L. Vives in tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xii. xix. 460 They..begin to graduate the ages past.

1644 K. Digby Two Treat. ii. xi. 436 The pure soule would apply it selfe therevnto, according to the proportion of her iudgements, and as they are graduated and qualifyed.

1761 Descr. S. Carolina 28 Those superior and general Laws of Nature whereby Heat and Cold in every Climate are commonly understood to be chiefly governed and graduated.

1815 J. Scott Visit to Paris ix. 154 There are editions of the works of all the established authors, graduated for every description of taste.

1832 W. Irving Alhambra (1875) 121 The Alhambra possesses retreats graduated to the heat of the weather.

1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iv. §50. 434 A scale of ranks in society graduated according to the natural ascent of gifts and powers and moral attainments.

1860 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth II. 334 I called little Kate's hand a Kardiometer, or heart-measurer, because it graduated emotion, and pinched by scale.

1876 H. Fawcett Man. Polit. Econ. (ed. 5) iv. ii. 543 The proposal to graduate the income-tax seems to sanction the principle that it is desirable to impose a penalty upon the accumulation of wealth.

c. intransitive for reflexive. To adapt oneself to a certain scale; to fall into grades or degrees.

ΚΠ

1794 [see graduating n. at Derivatives].

1832 H. Martineau For Each & All iv. 61 Our affections graduate according to a truer scale then that of hereditary rank.

†d. transitive. To carry up through a series of ascending degrees. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1694 T. Rogers Loyal & Impartial Satyrist Ep. Ded. sig. A2^v We shall be graduated up, through all the dectnt [read: decent] forms of Ingenious Cruelty..to a more Solemn and Ceremonious Death.

†5.

a. To improve the grade or quality of; (Alchemy) to transmute (a metal, an essence) into one of a higher grade. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > alchemy > alchemical processes > [verb (transitive)] > refining

exalt1471

exaltate1471

graduate1646

glorify1658

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vi. xii 338 Dyars..advance and graduate their colours with Salts.

1655 G. S. in S. Hartlib Reformed Common-wealth Bees 25 The tincture of the Concrete whence it was produced, which then being graduated beyond its own nature, leaveth its dye in grain.

1661 R. Boyle Two Ess. Unsuccessfulness Exper. ii, in Certain Physiol. Ess. 68 The Tincture was capable to transmute or graduate as much Silver as equall'd in weight that Gold from whence the Tincture was drawn.

1662 J. Sparrow tr. J. Boehme Consid. Stiefel in Remainder Bks. 7 Which..reneweth the Essences, viz. the Forms of the Dark-world to the Fire-Life, and highly graduates or Exalts them and transmutes them into another thing.

b. To concentrate (a solution) by evaporation. So French graduer (Littré). (Cf. gradate v. 3, graduator n. c.)

ΚΠ

1828–32 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Graduate,..8 In chimistry, to bring fluids to a certain degree of consistency.

6. intransitive. To pass by degrees or gradations; to change gradually; spec. in Geology, Botany, and Zoology, said of a species or variety, or a kind of tissue passing gradually into another. Const. into, also with away.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > gradual change > change gradually [verb (intransitive)]

waxc1175

interchange1626

graduate1786

1786 W. Gilpin Observ. Picturesque Beauty I. p. xxxi To make lights graduate as they ought.

1792 Minstrel (1793) II. 232 This tender sympathy of sorrow, imperceptibly to themselves, graduated to a still more tender sympathy of affection.

1799 R. Kirwan Geol. Ess. i. 209 The sandstone in the vicinity of Prague graduates into hornstone, and even into granite.

1831 H. T. De la Beche Geol. Man. vii. 392 This sandstone graduates into the inferior conglomerates.

1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 362 In Shetland a granite composed of hornblende, mica, felspar, and quartz, graduates in an equally perfect manner into basalt.

1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species vi. 175 Climate and height or depth graduate away insensibly.

1868 C. Darwin Variation Animals & Plants I. v. 139 Carriers..graduate through foreign breeds into the rock-pigeon.

1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 127 The elements bordering on the thin-walled tissue may graduate into the latter.

7. transitive. = grade v.² 4. U.S.

ΚΠ

1815 D. Drake Nat. & Statist. View Cincinnati ii. 62 When the streets shall be graduated from the Hill to the river shore.

1827 Western Monthly Rev. 1 78 In graduating a street,..a piece of iron was dug up at a depth of twenty-five feet below the surface.

1829 R. C. Sands Writings II. 182 She proceeded to the capitol..to hear a debate on graduating and paving Tennessee Avenue.

1832 Louisville Directory 116 In addition to these general expenses, are to be considered those of graduating and paving streets.

Derivatives

ˈgraduating n. (also attributive and as adj.)

ΚΠ

1786 W. Gilpin Observ. Picturesque Beauty II. Expl. p. ix A graduating light, a graduating shade, or a graduating distance, are all beautiful.

1794 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) I. 455 The whole graduating series must be of the same origin.

1838 Southern Lit. Messenger 4 576/1 Expressing the hope that the graduating class of that day might realize the wish of the reverend ex-president.

1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxviii. 96 The full account of the exercises at the graduating of my own class.

1887 Spectator 15 Oct. 1389 The highest distinction that could be conferred on a graduating student.

1893 A. C. Gunter Miss Dividends 19 She is in the habit of going to West Point, to graduating exercises.

1898 Westm. Gaz. 20 Jan. 5/1 Lines of ribbon velvet in graduating widths trimmed it up to the waist.

Draft additions 1993

To move on to a more advanced or exalted level, to rise in rank or grade; spec. in drug abuse, to progress to a more powerful drug.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [verb (intransitive)] > improve or grow better

betterOE

goodOE

risec1175

mend1546

meliorize1598

to mend one's hand1611

improve1642

meliorate1655

brighten1659

ameliorate1728

to look up1806

to tone up1881

raise1898

graduate1916

to shape up1938

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > take drugs [verb (intransitive)] > progress to more powerful drug

graduate1968

1916 G. B. Shaw Pygmalion Epilogue 199 She discovered that this exquisite apparition had graduated from the gutter in a few months time.

1938 F. S. Fitzgerald Let. Mar. (1964) 26 Either you accept responsibilities and let me graduate from this unwelcome role of stern father or you stay another year in jail with the children.

1966 G. Greene Comedians i. i. 13 I had already graduated into the position of the old friend.

1968 Wall St. Jrnl. 25 Mar. 14/3 Some students do ‘graduate’ from marijuana to heroin, or other drugs.

1984 J. Morgan Agatha Christie ii. 20 She started with pencil and by the time she was seven graduated to ink and an italic nib.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	graduate
释义	graduateadj.n. Brit. /ˈɡradʒʊət/, /ˈɡradjʊət/, U.S. /ˈɡrædʒ(ə)wət/ Forms: Also Middle English–1600s graduat, 1500s graduatt, 1600s gradiate. Etymology: < medieval Latin graduātus, past participle of graduāre to graduate v. < gradus step, degree. A. adj. Equivalent to the later graduated adj. 1. Admitted to or holding a university degree. Obsolete except as an attributive use of the noun, e.g. ‘the graduate members of the university’. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > university administration > taking degree or graduation > [adjective] > having degree graduatea1513 degreed1560 graduated1665 a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. ciiii^v The Frenshe Kyng this yere put to deth one Maister Henry de Malestrete a graduat man. ?1566–7 G. Buchanan Opinion Reformation Univ. St. Andros in Vernacular Writings (1892) 13 The examinatouris salbe graduat, ane in theologie, ane that has red in philosophie. 1591 R. Turnbull Expos. Epist. St. Iames f. 95 For the word is the word, whether a Doctor of diuinitie preach it, or a man learned, yet not graduat. 1637 G. Gillespie Dispute against Eng.-Popish Ceremonies iii. iv. 73 Graduate men should under~stand better what they speake off. 1650 J. Row & J. Row Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1842) 447 Shortlie thereafter, he wes graduat in Padua, Doctor utriusque Juris. 1687 W. Sherwin in J. R. Bloxham Magdalen Coll. & James II (1886) (modernized text) 216 There was a Cloth laid in the Hall for the Undergraduate Fellow above the Graduate Demies. 1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea I. liv. 360 Dr. Cooke, now a graduate physician in Scotland. 2. Arranged by steps or degrees. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > [adjective] > of or relating to a system > arranged in gradations gradual?1541 degreed1581 graduate1628 scalary1646 graduated1679 gradatory1793 gradationed1805 1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xcii. sig. Aa6^v From whom, all things, by a graduate Derivation, haue their light, life, and being. 1694 R. Franck Northern Mem. 170 Nor got our Ship the Mediums of Motion, but by Argument of Force..which forced her by graduate Means, till arriving in this Ness. 1789 E. Tatham Chart & Scale Truth (1790) I. 42 Beginning with the Genus, passing through all the graduate and subordinate stages. 1855 T. T. Lynch Rivulet xxx. 41 The starry ranks..In graduate scale of might They all are sons of light. B. n. 1. One who has obtained a degree from a university, college or other authority conferring degrees. In the U.S. sometimes used for: A pupil who has completed a school course and passed the final examination. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > university administration > taking degree or graduation > [noun] > graduate graduate1479 licentiate1489 alumnus1800 grad1871 1479 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 646 Master Edmund, that was my rewlere, at Oxforth..kan tell yow, or ellys any oder gradwat. 1509–10 Act 1 Hen. VIII c. 14 No manne undre the degree of a Gentilman excepte Graduates of the Universities. ?1566–7 G. Buchanan Opinion Reformation Univ. St. Andros in Vernacular Writings (1892) 15 Chosin be the hayl graduattis of the vniuersite. 1586 W. Webbe Disc. Eng. Poetrie (title) A discourse of English poetrie...By William Webbe. Graduate. 1615 T. Overbury et al. New & Choise Characters with Wife (6th impr.) sig. F2^v His Ambition is, that he eyther is, or shall be a Graduate. a1657 R. Lovelace Poems (1864) 251 Fair Cam saw thee matriculate At once a tyro and a graduate. 1733 J. Bramston Man of Taste 17 Of Graduates I dislike the learned rout, And chuse a female Doctor for the gout. 1773 J. Adams Diary 16 July (1961) II. 84 Their Accademy [in Phila.] emits from 9 to 14 Graduates annually. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations II. v. i. 345 The privileges of graduates in arts, in law, in physic, and divinity. 1858 J. Doran Hist. Court Fools 124 He held the University graduates in very absolute contempt. 1861 New Amer. Cycl. XII. 396 The whole number of pupils who have been connected with the school is 3,408, of graduates 1,158. 1888 A. K. Green Behind Closed Doors iii. 33 He is a graduate of the Medical School. 1952 Manch. Guardian Weekly 18 Sept. 13/2 To an astonishing degree Groton graduates have made names for themselves in public life. 2. transferred. One who is advanced in any art, career, occupation, or profession; a proficient. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > [noun] > skilful person > a master or mistress masterc1430 mistressc1440 doctor1548 archemaster1570 graduate1582 pass-master1599 possessor1713 past master1840 past mistress1868 passed master1882 ustad1903 maestro1938 1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias xiv. 36 b The Maisters which teach them be graduats in the weapons which they teach. c1600 Songs Costume (Percy Soc.) 120 None but graduates can proceede In sinne so far till this they neede. a1640 J. Fletcher et al. Faire Maide of Inne iv. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Fffffff4/2 I would be a Graduate sir, no freshman. 1642 E. Dering Coll. Speeches on Relig. xvi. 86 Your gradiate in the schoole of warre will tell you, that [etc.]. 1658 T. Wall God's Revenge 34 To be a graduate in ungraciousness. 1883 E. Ingersoll in Harper's Mag. Jan. 206/2 The Americans employed are very often graduates of the Maine woods. 3. A graduated cup, tube, or flask; a measuring glass used by apothecaries and chemists; the quantity contained in such a glass. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measuring instrument > [noun] > for measuring volume > measuring vessels > graduated measuring vessel burette1836 measuring glass1842 measure-glass1879 graduate1883 Knudsen burette1959 the world > relative properties > measurement > the scientific measurement of volume > measure(s) of capacity > amount defined by capacity > [noun] > amount which fills a measure > specific bushelfulc1449 peckful1694 quartful1745 graduate1883 1883 R. Haldane Workshop Receipts 2nd Ser. 114 A graduate that has contained tincture of iron. 1895 Westm. Gaz. 6 July 1/3 Though his black eyes were starting out with pain he said nothing till a graduate of oil had been poured on. 4. attributive, as graduate course, graduate school, graduate student, etc. ΚΠ 1871 L. H. Bagg Four Years at Yale 112 Delta Phi has also four alumni associations, or ‘graduate chapters’. 1880 Harvard Catal. 190 (heading) Graduate department. 1880 Harvard Catal. 190 Any Graduate course which is taken by less than three students may be withdrawn at the option of the Instructor. 1880 Harper's Mag. July 251/2 The solution of the difficulty lies in..putting the extra studies in the graduate courses. 1893 Bryn Mawr Program 34 The most distinguished place among graduate students will be held by the Fellows. 1895–6 Cal. Univ. Nebraska 37 The Graduate School provides for advanced University work on the basis of completed undergraduate studies. 1926 Encycl. Brit. II. 318/2 The period under review [1909–26] was marked by constant developments in the graduate schools of the university [sc. Harvard]. 1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 43/2 The Harvard methods and pursuits differ little from those of any other graduate school. 1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 10 Oct. 578/2 Just another piece of graduate-student exhibitionism. Draft additions January 2005 graduate tax n. chiefly British and Australian a (proposed) tax levied on graduates of higher education institutions in order to recoup some of the cost of publicly funded tuition. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > other taxes gartie1533 quidrathe1570 primage1606 carriage tax1781 assessed taxes1796 imperialty1799 crime rate1857 primage1888 use tax1910 takeout1939 graduate tax1967 1967 Econ. Jrnl. 77 294 The graduate tax would be on gross income, and the income tax on income net of the graduate tax. 1988 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) 5 May 1/7 Under the plan, tertiary students would have to pay the graduate tax from the time they start earning the average wage..until they paid back their fees. 2001 Times 19 Nov. 11/1 A second model proposes grants only for the poorest, with a different level of graduate tax. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). graduatev. Brit. /ˈɡradʒʊeɪt/, /ˈɡradjʊeɪt/, U.S. /ˈɡrædʒʊˌeɪt/ Etymology: < medieval Latin graduāt-, participial stem of graduāre (in sense 1), < gradus step, Compare French graduer. I. In University phraseology. 1. transitive. To admit to a university degree. Also with complement, indicating the degree obtained. Cf. sense 3. Now rare exc. U.S. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > university administration > taking degree or graduation > take degree [verb (transitive)] > confer degree on grade1563 commence1567 grace1573 graduate1588 manumise1619 laureate1637 manumita1662 degree1865 cap1881 1588 R. Parke tr. J. G. de Mendoza Hist. Kingdome of China xiv. 95 To commence or graduate such students as haue finished their course. 1602 R. Carew Surv. Cornwall i. f. 61 Iohn Tregonwel, who graduated a Doctor, and dubbed a Knight, did his Prince good seruice. 1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ i. i. 2 Transplanting me thence to Oxford, to be graduated. 1693 Apol. Clergy Scotl. 106 An insinuation that he was not graduated Doctor in the University. 1723 in B. Peirce Hist. Harvard Univ. (1833) 128 The Theses of the Batchelours to be graduated at Commencement. 1766 T. Clap Ann. Yale-Coll. 23 [He] upon his Return was graduated at this College 1724. 1844 R. W. Emerson New Eng. Reformers in Wks. (1906) I. 262 Some thousands of young men are graduated at our colleges in this country every year. 1884 Harper's Mag. Nov. 813/1 The class of '76 was graduated with six men. figurative.1622 J. Mabbe tr. M. Alemán Rogue i. 75 With him I ranne over the whole course of my misfortunes, since the first time that I was graduated and tooke degree in them.a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Durh. 300 This Fresh-man Colledge lived not to be matriculated, much less (not lasting seven years) graduated, God in his wisdom seeing the contrary fitter. †2. Of an acquirement, etc.: to qualify (a person) for a degree or as a proficient in an art, etc. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > university administration > taking degree or graduation > take degree [verb (transitive)] > qualify one for degree graduate1624 1624 H. Wotton Elements Archit. 43 As if the very tearms of Architraues, and Frizes, and Cornices..were enough to graduate a Master of this Art. 1654 R. Whitlock Ζωοτομία 434 Among haire-braind Judgments, a hairelesse Chin graduateth him a hopefull, and gifted young man in their esteem. 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. Concl. 184 It has been held accomplishment enough to graduate a Student, if he could but stiffly wrangle out a vexatious dispute of some odd Peripatetick qualities. 1829 R. Southey Sir Thomas More II. 53 The course of life there was better adapted to graduate young men in the brutalizing habits of the society wherewith they were soon to mingle. 3. a. intransitive. To take a university degree. Also (U.S.): to complete a high school course and receive a diploma. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > university administration > taking degree or graduation > take degree [verb (intransitive)] commencea1387 proceed1455 to pass master?1566 graduate1807 incept1852 to go out in the poll1889 to pass out1916 1807 R. Southey Lett. from Eng. II. 76 Four years are then to be passed at college before the student can graduate. 1808 Monthly Mag. Oct. 224/1 He [Mandeville] graduated at Leyden in 1691. 1839 F. Marryat Diary in Amer. III. 304 I married her a month after she had graduated. 1866 W. Odling Lect. Animal Chem. Pref. 6 Among students, especially those about to graduate. 1882 I. M. Rittenhouse Jrnl. in Maud (1939) 77 The very minute that she found out she was too far behind the class to graduate she stopped school. 1892 Times 8 Mar. 10/1 In 1837 he graduated from Yale College. 1935 H. Nicolson Dwight Morrow i. 14 Dwight was..able to graduate from High School at the premature age of fourteen. b. transferred. To qualify (as); (also) to pass through a course of education or training in order to qualify. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > be capable of [verb (transitive)] > enable or capacitate > make or pronounce competent > qualify as graduate1829 1829 R. Southey Sir Thomas More II. 11 One who was preparing to graduate as a Saint. 1850 A. T. de Vere Pict. Sketches I. 201 It is only when it has graduated as a nation, that a race completes its being. 1867 J. Hatton Tallants viii Richard Tallant was graduating very successfully in the Blackguard school. 1871 M. Collins Marquis & Merchant I. x. 308 Their sisters..have graduated in the saloons of western London. II. gen. 4. a. transitive. To divide into degrees; to mark out into portions according to a certain scale. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measuring instrument > measure by or as an instrument [verb (transitive)] > measure by means of instruments > mark off in graduations graduate1594 1594 T. Blundeville Exercises vii. xii. f. 313^v To graduate the first side of your staffe..you must lay the ruler to the centre A. 1665 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 1 31 An Instrument for Graduating Thermometers to make them Standards of Heat and Cold. a1691 R. Boyle Gen. Hist. Air (1692) 79 I have not seen any cylinder that hath been well graduated, 12 or 16 degrees being the most that are set upon the common weather-glass. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. v. 182 The thermometer..graduated according to the method of Farenheit. 1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 266 Sometimes the wire o q is graduated. 1834 J. S. Macaulay Treat. Field Fortification 283 Graduate that tangent, and place the crest of the traverse on a parallel plane ten feet above it. 1881 Anderson in Nature No. 626. 618 One of the frames is graduated. b. To arrange in gradations; to adapt to (something) by graduating; to apportion the incidence of (a tax) according to a certain scale. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > put in (proper) order [verb (transitive)] > reduce to order > arrange in gradations graduate1610 gradate1869 scale1934 1610 J. Healey tr. J. L. Vives in tr. St. Augustine Citie of God xii. xix. 460 They..begin to graduate the ages past. 1644 K. Digby Two Treat. ii. xi. 436 The pure soule would apply it selfe therevnto, according to the proportion of her iudgements, and as they are graduated and qualifyed. 1761 Descr. S. Carolina 28 Those superior and general Laws of Nature whereby Heat and Cold in every Climate are commonly understood to be chiefly governed and graduated. 1815 J. Scott Visit to Paris ix. 154 There are editions of the works of all the established authors, graduated for every description of taste. 1832 W. Irving Alhambra (1875) 121 The Alhambra possesses retreats graduated to the heat of the weather. 1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iv. §50. 434 A scale of ranks in society graduated according to the natural ascent of gifts and powers and moral attainments. 1860 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth II. 334 I called little Kate's hand a Kardiometer, or heart-measurer, because it graduated emotion, and pinched by scale. 1876 H. Fawcett Man. Polit. Econ. (ed. 5) iv. ii. 543 The proposal to graduate the income-tax seems to sanction the principle that it is desirable to impose a penalty upon the accumulation of wealth. c. intransitive for reflexive. To adapt oneself to a certain scale; to fall into grades or degrees. ΚΠ 1794 [see graduating n. at Derivatives]. 1832 H. Martineau For Each & All iv. 61 Our affections graduate according to a truer scale then that of hereditary rank. †d. transitive. To carry up through a series of ascending degrees. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1694 T. Rogers Loyal & Impartial Satyrist Ep. Ded. sig. A2^v We shall be graduated up, through all the dectnt [read: decent] forms of Ingenious Cruelty..to a more Solemn and Ceremonious Death. †5. a. To improve the grade or quality of; (Alchemy) to transmute (a metal, an essence) into one of a higher grade. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > alchemy > alchemical processes > [verb (transitive)] > refining exalt1471 exaltate1471 graduate1646 glorify1658 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vi. xii 338 Dyars..advance and graduate their colours with Salts. View more context for this quotation 1655 G. S. in S. Hartlib Reformed Common-wealth Bees 25 The tincture of the Concrete whence it was produced, which then being graduated beyond its own nature, leaveth its dye in grain. 1661 R. Boyle Two Ess. Unsuccessfulness Exper. ii, in Certain Physiol. Ess. 68 The Tincture was capable to transmute or graduate as much Silver as equall'd in weight that Gold from whence the Tincture was drawn. 1662 J. Sparrow tr. J. Boehme Consid. Stiefel in Remainder Bks. 7 Which..reneweth the Essences, viz. the Forms of the Dark-world to the Fire-Life, and highly graduates or Exalts them and transmutes them into another thing. b. To concentrate (a solution) by evaporation. So French graduer (Littré). (Cf. gradate v. 3, graduator n. c.) ΚΠ 1828–32 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Graduate,..8 In chimistry, to bring fluids to a certain degree of consistency. 6. intransitive. To pass by degrees or gradations; to change gradually; spec. in Geology, Botany, and Zoology, said of a species or variety, or a kind of tissue passing gradually into another. Const. into, also with away. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > gradual change > change gradually [verb (intransitive)] waxc1175 interchange1626 graduate1786 1786 W. Gilpin Observ. Picturesque Beauty I. p. xxxi To make lights graduate as they ought. 1792 Minstrel (1793) II. 232 This tender sympathy of sorrow, imperceptibly to themselves, graduated to a still more tender sympathy of affection. 1799 R. Kirwan Geol. Ess. i. 209 The sandstone in the vicinity of Prague graduates into hornstone, and even into granite. 1831 H. T. De la Beche Geol. Man. vii. 392 This sandstone graduates into the inferior conglomerates. 1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 362 In Shetland a granite composed of hornblende, mica, felspar, and quartz, graduates in an equally perfect manner into basalt. 1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species vi. 175 Climate and height or depth graduate away insensibly. 1868 C. Darwin Variation Animals & Plants I. v. 139 Carriers..graduate through foreign breeds into the rock-pigeon. 1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 127 The elements bordering on the thin-walled tissue may graduate into the latter. 7. transitive. = grade v.² 4. U.S. ΚΠ 1815 D. Drake Nat. & Statist. View Cincinnati ii. 62 When the streets shall be graduated from the Hill to the river shore. 1827 Western Monthly Rev. 1 78 In graduating a street,..a piece of iron was dug up at a depth of twenty-five feet below the surface. 1829 R. C. Sands Writings II. 182 She proceeded to the capitol..to hear a debate on graduating and paving Tennessee Avenue. 1832 Louisville Directory 116 In addition to these general expenses, are to be considered those of graduating and paving streets. Derivatives ˈgraduating n. (also attributive and as adj.) ΚΠ 1786 W. Gilpin Observ. Picturesque Beauty II. Expl. p. ix A graduating light, a graduating shade, or a graduating distance, are all beautiful. 1794 R. Kirwan Elements Mineral. (ed. 2) I. 455 The whole graduating series must be of the same origin. 1838 Southern Lit. Messenger 4 576/1 Expressing the hope that the graduating class of that day might realize the wish of the reverend ex-president. 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxviii. 96 The full account of the exercises at the graduating of my own class. 1887 Spectator 15 Oct. 1389 The highest distinction that could be conferred on a graduating student. 1893 A. C. Gunter Miss Dividends 19 She is in the habit of going to West Point, to graduating exercises. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 20 Jan. 5/1 Lines of ribbon velvet in graduating widths trimmed it up to the waist. Draft additions 1993 To move on to a more advanced or exalted level, to rise in rank or grade; spec. in drug abuse, to progress to a more powerful drug. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [verb (intransitive)] > improve or grow better betterOE goodOE risec1175 mend1546 meliorize1598 to mend one's hand1611 improve1642 meliorate1655 brighten1659 ameliorate1728 to look up1806 to tone up1881 raise1898 graduate1916 to shape up1938 the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > take drugs [verb (intransitive)] > progress to more powerful drug graduate1968 1916 G. B. Shaw Pygmalion Epilogue 199 She discovered that this exquisite apparition had graduated from the gutter in a few months time. 1938 F. S. Fitzgerald Let. Mar. (1964) 26 Either you accept responsibilities and let me graduate from this unwelcome role of stern father or you stay another year in jail with the children. 1966 G. Greene Comedians i. i. 13 I had already graduated into the position of the old friend. 1968 Wall St. Jrnl. 25 Mar. 14/3 Some students do ‘graduate’ from marijuana to heroin, or other drugs. 1984 J. Morgan Agatha Christie ii. 20 She started with pencil and by the time she was seven graduated to ink and an italic nib. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1479v.1588
随便看	banneour banner banner ad banner advertisement banner cloud banner county banner headline banner page banner petal banner state banner title banner-bearer banner-cloth banner-cry banner-fashioned banner-flying banner-like banner-pole banner-rag banner-screen banner-shaped banner-staff banner-towing banner-waving bannerbearer