graffn.¹

/ɡrɑːf/

/ɡraf/

Forms: α. Middle English–1500s graf(e, Middle English–1600s graffe, Middle English– graff. β. 1500s greffe, grefe. γ. Middle English–1500s gryf(fe, 1500s–1600s griff(e.

Etymology: < Old French grafe, greffe (modern French greffe), semi-popular < late Latin graphium, < Greek γραϕίον, γραϕεῖον stylus, < γράϕειν to write. The sense ‘stylus, pencil’ is common in Old French; the transferred sense of ‘scion, graft’ was suggested by the similarity of shape. The Old French word was adopted in Dutch both in the original and the transferred sense: Middle Dutch greffie , griffie , modern Dutch griffie , grif , whence perhaps the γ forms above. Dutch has also a form grift , with which compare English grift , graft n.¹

archaic; superseded in ordinary use by graft n.¹

1. A shoot or scion inserted in another stock: = graft n.¹ 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > by cuttings > cutting or slip > for grafting

imp1377

graffa1398

talionc1440

graft1483

slip1495

set1513

wedge?1523

scutcheon1572

shield1572

truncheon1572

breeder1601

scion1612

escutcheon1658

slit-graft1706

graffshoot1860

shield-bud1891

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. ii. 889 Among alle graffynge of trees þe best is whan þe graffe and þe stok beþ yliche.

c1440 J. Capgrave Life St. Katherine ii. 1247 Liche a gryf am I I-planted be God vp-on a old stok.

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xlv Thou must get thy graffes of the fayrest lances that thou can finde on the tre.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 227/2 Grefe, ente.

1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 58 in Sylva Gather Cyons for Graffs before the buds sprout.

1712 A. Pope tr. Ovid Fable Vertumnus & Pomona in Misc. Poems 130 Now the cleft Rind inserted Graffs receives.

1823 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 29 Mar. 827 Trees with very fine bloom coming from graffs imported the year before last.

1859 Ld. Tennyson Vivien in Idylls of King 118 A Gardener putting in a graff.

figurative.1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. ☞^v What commodity..is to be looked for, aswell of griff as stocke.1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. H2 This bastard graffe shall neuer come to growth. a1603 T. Cartwright Confut. Rhemists New Test. (1618) 85 Out of the griffe of transfiguration, it were strange to gather the fruite of Transubstantiation.1661 R. Boyle Some Considerations Style Script. 141 The Word, which Saint James pronounces able to save our Souls, he describes as a Graff.1826 E. Irving Babylon II. 329 With occasional allusions to the Gentile graff, which was graffed into that ancient and everlasting stock.

2. A twig, shoot, scion; gen. a branch, plant: = graft n.¹ 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > by cuttings > cutting or slip

planteOE

plantingeOE

quickwoodc1383

graffa1393

sarmenta1398

slivingc1400

springc1400

clavec1420

sleavingc1440

talionc1440

quick1456

quicking1469

graft1483

quickset1484

slip1495

setlingc1503

set1513

pitchset1519

slaving?1523

truncheon1572

stallon1587

crosset1600

marquot1600

sliver1604

secta1616

offset1629

slipping1638

side-slip1651

slift1657

cutting1691

pitcher1707

mallet-shoot1745

root cutting1784

stowing1788

stool1789

pitch1808

heel1822

cutling1834

piping1851

cutback1897

stump plant1953

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. xi. f. 162^v They wyll suffer owre corne, graffes, and frutes, to bee consumed of woormes.

15.. Robin Hood (Ritson) 128 I have a staff of another oke graff.

1567 G. Turberville Epitaphes, Epigrams f. 5^v How coulde so barraine soyle bring forth so good a Graffe?

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. L6^v If he can get a graffe of this tree loden with..apples.

1616 W. Browne Britannia's Pastorals II. iv. 99 On a Cypresse graffe..they hung this Epitaph.

1831 T. L. Peacock Crotchet Castle xii. 205 We can no more [etc.], than we can..flourish the oaken graff of the Pindar of Wakefield.

figurative.a1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. ii. 201 Loue is..þe graffe of grace and grayþest wey to heuene.1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. lvii^v Rote out the gaffys of your olde offence.c1522 T. More Treat. Memorare Nouissima in Wks. (1557) I. 85 Litle meruail it is though enuy be an vngracious grafe. For it cometh of an vngracious stocke.

†3. An act of grafting. In quot. 1610 transferred. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1610 J. B. Besardo Observ. Lvte-playing in R. Dowland Var. Lvte-lessons sig. B2^v But if the letter that we doubt of, be placed not alone but with one or more other letters, which coniunction we for this time will call a griffe, then the difficultie is greater.

Compounds

graffshoot n. = sense 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > by cuttings > cutting or slip > for grafting

imp1377

graffa1398

talionc1440

graft1483

slip1495

set1513

wedge?1523

scutcheon1572

shield1572

truncheon1572

breeder1601

scion1612

escutcheon1658

slit-graft1706

graffshoot1860

shield-bud1891

1860 T. Martin tr. Horace Odes 226 The russet fig adorns the tree, that graffshoot never knew.

graff-stock n. a stock on which to graft.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > grafting > rootstock

graff-stockc1503

stub1587

graftlinga1618

gribblea1641

free stock1658

rootstock1867

understock1937

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxiiij^v/2 To haue frute without cores loke thou haue a sufficient graff stok and doo therwith as I said be fore.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

graffn.²

/ɡrɑːf/

/ɡraf/

Forms: Also 1600s–1800s graffe, 1700s grauff.

Etymology: probably < Middle Dutch grave weak masculine = grave n.¹

Obsolete exc. Historical.

A trench serving as a fortification; a dry or wet ditch; a foss or moat. Cf. graft n.²

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > earthwork or rampart > [noun] > ditch

dike847

ditch1045

graff1637

cuvette1678

cunette1688

coupure1710

van-fosse1728

1637 R. Monro Exped. Scots Regim. i. 69 The enemy forsaking our workes unconquered, the graffe filled with their dead bodies.

1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. viii. 363 The Walls [of Arundel Castle] were good, and the Graff broad, and deep.

1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. II. Cambridge 95 Two Graffs between the three Ramparts.

1791 Luckombe Beauties Eng. I. 286 Another very large camp and prodigious works, the graff being inwards and outwards.

1818 Hist. Picts in Miscellanea Scotica I. 61 It had a deep grauff and a draw-bridge.

1850 ‘E. Warburton’ Reginald Hastings I. 13 The Saxon palace had been..surrounded by a graff, or moat, in the reign of Rufus.

1898 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 518/2 A bristling monstrosity of sconces, graffes, fussies, stackets and crenelles.

in extended use.1637 R. Monro Exped. Scots Regim. i. 29 Retiring to one corner of his Kingdom, to prevent the losse of the whole, being naturally fortified with a broad graffe, as the isle of Britaine.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

graffn.³

/ɡrɑːf/

/ɡraf/

Forms: Also 1500s graffe, 1600s grafe, griffe.

Etymology: perhaps a variant of graft n.³

1. = graft n.³ 1: usually spade('s) graff. ? Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > [noun] > digging > digging to spade depth > spade's depth

spade-graft1252

spit1507

graff?1523

graft1620

spade1674

spit1677

spade-bit1790

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxxix Dygge vp the moldes a spade graffe depe.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 466 There was found in Dalmatia a vaine of gold ore within one spades griffe in the first turfe of the ground.

2. dialect. = graft n.³ 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > spade > other spades

sap1566

didle1580

wasp-spade1623

trenching gouge1653

loy1763

hodding-spadea1825

graff1875

graft1893

1875 W. D. Parish Dict. Sussex Dial. Graff or Graffing Tool, a curved spade, generally made of wood shod with iron, used by drainers.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

graffv.¹

/ɡrɑːf/

/ɡraf/

Forms: in ordinary use superseded by graft v.¹ Forms: α. Middle English–1600s graffe, Middle English graffyn. β. 1500s greffe. γ. Middle English gryffe(n, -yn, 1600s griffe.

Etymology: < graff n.¹; recorded earlier than the equivalent Old French grafier, modern French greffer.

archaic.

a. transitive. To insert (a scion of one tree) into a different stock: = graft v.¹ 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > insert or put in [verb (transitive)] > so as to unite

imp1340

graff1377

engraffa1400

graft1562

complant1582

inoculate1615

engraft1793

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > propagate [verb (transitive)] > a cutting: graft

impc1000

graff1377

engraffc1420

seta1425

graft1483

engrafta1677

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. v. 137 I was sum tyme..the couentes gardyner..for to graffe ympes.

14.. Songs & Carols (Warton Club) 35 The fayrest mayde of this toun preyid me For to gryffyn here a gryf of myn pery tre.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Rom. xi. 19 The braunchis ben brokun, that Y be graffid in.

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xlv A peer or a warden wolde be graffed in a pyrre stocke.

1574 T. Hill Bk. Art of Planting (rev. ed.) 86 in Profitable Arte of Gardening (rev. ed.) Ye may graffe your graffes full as long as two or three trunchions.

1621 H. Ainsworth Annot. Five Bks. Moses, Bk. Psalmes & Song of Songs (1639) (Lev. xix. 19) 115 He..graffeth one tree in another.

1718 J. Gardiner tr. R. Rapin Of Gardens (ed. 2) iv. 167 Various the Methods..To graff [1706 graft] a fruitful Branch on barren Trees.

figurative.c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. cvi. 56 She hath be graffed bi subtile art and ioyned to this burdoun.1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. lxxx Graffe in our hartes the loue of thy name.a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) i. i. sig. A.iij In these twentie townes..Is not the like stocke, whereon to graffe a loute.1614 R. Carew Excellencie Eng. Tongue in W. Camden Remaines (rev. ed.) 41 We graffe vpon French words those buds, to which that soile affoordeth no growth.a1645 D. Featley in T. Fuller Abel Redevivus (1651) 542 Of all the fruitfull trees in our Paradise he chose to griffe his meditations upon the Apocalipse upon Abbot his stocke.1692 J. Locke Some Thoughts conc. Educ. §200 The proper Stock whereon afterwards to graff the true Principles of Morality and Religion.1695 E. Welchman Husbandm. Man. (1707) 43 A Man is by the Baptism of Repentance graffed into the body of Christs Church.1828 E. Irving Baptism ii, in Wks. (1864) II. 286 When God is visiting a people in his wrath..no new branches are graffed into Christ.1878 R. Browning Two Poets of Croisic in La Saisiaz & Two Poets of Croisic 139 Never hope to graff A second sprig of triumph there!1882 E. A. Freeman Reign William Rufus II. vii. 455 The old stock was neither cut down nor withered away; but a new stock was graffed upon it.

†b. transferred. To set or fix firmly. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > condition of being fast bound or firmly fixed > make fast [verb (transitive)] > fasten or fix

steek?c1335

stick1372

ficchec1374

plant1381

inficche1382

fix14..

graft1531

graff1536

stick1586

rivet1600

stay1627

rig1835

splice1847

fixate1885

1536 Lady Brian in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. II. 82 I trust to God & her teeth were well graft.

1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Feb. 242 So longe haue I listened to thy speche, That graffed to the ground is my breche.

1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. iv. 122 Twelue [Houses] in that rich Guirdle greft Which God gaue Nature for her New-yeares-guift.

1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum 685 They [the horns of the altar] were made out of the same matter and wood, not griffed in.

1624 J. Gee Foot out of Snare v. 38 [His] legs cut off at the knees..were, without the help of any Artist, graffed on again.

1648 T. Gage Eng.-Amer. xii. 54 In the walls whereof was graffed betwixt stone and stone a skull with the teeth outwards.

2. absol. and intransitive. To insert a graft or grafts.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [verb (intransitive)] > graft

graff1483

imbranch1577

inoculate1601

graft1626

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 251 b/2 Ypolyte took his legge..and tooke and set it in his place like as on graffyth in a tree.

?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xliiii^v It is conuenyent to lerne howe thou shalt graffe.

1572 L. Mascall Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees Exhort. sig. C.ij Before ye do intend to plant or graffe, it shal be meete to haue good experience in thinges meete for thys Arte.

1658 tr. G. della Porta Nat. Magick iii. v. 68 Nature, saith he [Pliny], hath taught how to graffe with a seed.

1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. v. xiii. 106 We might Graff in the Cleft, during the Months of November [etc.].

figurative.1676 J. Dryden in G. Etherege Man of Mode Epil. 96 So brisk, so gay, so travail'd, so refined! As he took pains to graff upon his kind.

3. transitive. To insert a graft in (a stock). Also vaguely (= graft v.¹ 3).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > propagate [verb (transitive)] > a cutting: graft > a stock: graft upon

stock1528

graff1564

work1606

graft1624

engrafta1677

1564 A. Golding tr. Justinus Hist. Trogus Pompeius xliii. f. 163 They lerned to plant and graffe their olyues.

1575 G. Gascoigne Posies 190 To griffe a pippine stocke, when sappe begins to swell.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage iii. vii. 227 Date trees, amongst which there are two growing out of one stock exceeding high, which their Prophet forsooth graffed with his owne hande.

1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. v. xiii. 107 April is likewise Convenient to Graff Vines.

1820 W. Scott Abbot III. xi. 352 I scarce remember the pear-mains which I graffed here with my own hands some fifty years since.

†4. To implant. literal and figurative = graft v.¹ 4.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > introduction or bringing in > introduce or bring something in [verb (transitive)] > implant

insowc1340

pitch1340

graffc1420

fixa1533

instincta1538

implanta1541

engraft1585

enrace1590

inoculate1604

place1621

haft1755

c1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 115 Seedis newe eschewe To sowe or graffe.

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xlii. l. 108 Ouer the Se Cowndyed scholen ȝe be Into the lond that is to ȝow behote, there-Inne to Gryffen Many A Rote.

1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 18 God hath graffed & geuen man power therunto, wherof these are deriued.

1574 J. Baret Aluearie G 419 There is a sober thriftinesse graffed in thy race and kinred naturally.

Compounds

† graff-horn n. Obsolete (see quot. 1611).

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > fornication, adultery, or incest > [noun] > adultery > dishonour by wife's adultery > man who causes

cuckold-maker1574

horner1598

graff-horn1611

horn-makera1616

cornutora1675

hornifier1693

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Cuco cocuant, a cuckold-maker, a Graffe~horne.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

graffv.²

Etymology: variant of grave v.¹

Obsolete exc. dialect.

intransitive. To dig.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > earth-moving, etc. > [verb (intransitive)] > dig or excavate

gravea1000

delvec1000

wrootc1325

minec1330

gruba1350

sinkc1358

undermine1382

diga1387

spit1393

to pick upc1400

holk1513

graff1532

pion1643

excavate1843

throw1843

crow1853

spade1869

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer Prol. f. cccxxv Dul wytte and a thoughtful soule, so sore haue myned and graffed in my spyrites.

1875 W. D. Parish Dict. Sussex Dial. Graff or Graffing Tool, a curved spade, generally made of wood shod with iron, used by drainers.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2018).

n.¹a1393

n.²1637

n.³?1523

v.¹1377

v.²1532

单词	graff
释义	graffn.¹ /ɡrɑːf//ɡraf/ Forms: α. Middle English–1500s graf(e, Middle English–1600s graffe, Middle English– graff. β. 1500s greffe, grefe. γ. Middle English–1500s gryf(fe, 1500s–1600s griff(e. Etymology: < Old French grafe, greffe (modern French greffe), semi-popular < late Latin graphium, < Greek γραϕίον, γραϕεῖον stylus, < γράϕειν to write. The sense ‘stylus, pencil’ is common in Old French; the transferred sense of ‘scion, graft’ was suggested by the similarity of shape. The Old French word was adopted in Dutch both in the original and the transferred sense: Middle Dutch greffie , griffie , modern Dutch griffie , grif , whence perhaps the γ forms above. Dutch has also a form grift , with which compare English grift , graft n.¹ archaic; superseded in ordinary use by graft n.¹ 1. A shoot or scion inserted in another stock: = graft n.¹ 1. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > by cuttings > cutting or slip > for grafting imp1377 graffa1398 talionc1440 graft1483 slip1495 set1513 wedge?1523 scutcheon1572 shield1572 truncheon1572 breeder1601 scion1612 escutcheon1658 slit-graft1706 graffshoot1860 shield-bud1891 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. ii. 889 Among alle graffynge of trees þe best is whan þe graffe and þe stok beþ yliche. c1440 J. Capgrave Life St. Katherine ii. 1247 Liche a gryf am I I-planted be God vp-on a old stok. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xlv Thou must get thy graffes of the fayrest lances that thou can finde on the tre. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 227/2 Grefe, ente. 1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 58 in Sylva Gather Cyons for Graffs before the buds sprout. 1712 A. Pope tr. Ovid Fable Vertumnus & Pomona in Misc. Poems 130 Now the cleft Rind inserted Graffs receives. 1823 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 29 Mar. 827 Trees with very fine bloom coming from graffs imported the year before last. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Vivien in Idylls of King 118 A Gardener putting in a graff. figurative.1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. ☞^v What commodity..is to be looked for, aswell of griff as stocke.1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. H2 This bastard graffe shall neuer come to growth. View more context for this quotationa1603 T. Cartwright Confut. Rhemists New Test. (1618) 85 Out of the griffe of transfiguration, it were strange to gather the fruite of Transubstantiation.1661 R. Boyle Some Considerations Style Script. 141 The Word, which Saint James pronounces able to save our Souls, he describes as a Graff.1826 E. Irving Babylon II. 329 With occasional allusions to the Gentile graff, which was graffed into that ancient and everlasting stock. 2. A twig, shoot, scion; gen. a branch, plant: = graft n.¹ 2. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > by cuttings > cutting or slip planteOE plantingeOE quickwoodc1383 graffa1393 sarmenta1398 slivingc1400 springc1400 clavec1420 sleavingc1440 talionc1440 quick1456 quicking1469 graft1483 quickset1484 slip1495 setlingc1503 set1513 pitchset1519 slaving?1523 truncheon1572 stallon1587 crosset1600 marquot1600 sliver1604 secta1616 offset1629 slipping1638 side-slip1651 slift1657 cutting1691 pitcher1707 mallet-shoot1745 root cutting1784 stowing1788 stool1789 pitch1808 heel1822 cutling1834 piping1851 cutback1897 stump plant1953 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. xi. f. 162^v They wyll suffer owre corne, graffes, and frutes, to bee consumed of woormes. 15.. Robin Hood (Ritson) 128 I have a staff of another oke graff. 1567 G. Turberville Epitaphes, Epigrams f. 5^v How coulde so barraine soyle bring forth so good a Graffe? 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. L6^v If he can get a graffe of this tree loden with..apples. 1616 W. Browne Britannia's Pastorals II. iv. 99 On a Cypresse graffe..they hung this Epitaph. 1831 T. L. Peacock Crotchet Castle xii. 205 We can no more [etc.], than we can..flourish the oaken graff of the Pindar of Wakefield. figurative.a1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. ii. 201 Loue is..þe graffe of grace and grayþest wey to heuene.1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. lvii^v Rote out the gaffys of your olde offence.c1522 T. More Treat. Memorare Nouissima in Wks. (1557) I. 85 Litle meruail it is though enuy be an vngracious grafe. For it cometh of an vngracious stocke. †3. An act of grafting. In quot. 1610 transferred. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1610 J. B. Besardo Observ. Lvte-playing in R. Dowland Var. Lvte-lessons sig. B2^v But if the letter that we doubt of, be placed not alone but with one or more other letters, which coniunction we for this time will call a griffe, then the difficultie is greater. Compounds graffshoot n. = sense 1. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > by cuttings > cutting or slip > for grafting imp1377 graffa1398 talionc1440 graft1483 slip1495 set1513 wedge?1523 scutcheon1572 shield1572 truncheon1572 breeder1601 scion1612 escutcheon1658 slit-graft1706 graffshoot1860 shield-bud1891 1860 T. Martin tr. Horace Odes 226 The russet fig adorns the tree, that graffshoot never knew. graff-stock n. a stock on which to graft. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [noun] > grafting > rootstock graff-stockc1503 stub1587 graftlinga1618 gribblea1641 free stock1658 rootstock1867 understock1937 c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxiiij^v/2 To haue frute without cores loke thou haue a sufficient graff stok and doo therwith as I said be fore. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2021). graffn.² /ɡrɑːf//ɡraf/ Forms: Also 1600s–1800s graffe, 1700s grauff. Etymology: probably < Middle Dutch grave weak masculine = grave n.¹ Obsolete exc. Historical. A trench serving as a fortification; a dry or wet ditch; a foss or moat. Cf. graft n.² ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > earthwork or rampart > [noun] > ditch dike847 ditch1045 graff1637 cuvette1678 cunette1688 coupure1710 van-fosse1728 1637 R. Monro Exped. Scots Regim. i. 69 The enemy forsaking our workes unconquered, the graffe filled with their dead bodies. 1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. viii. 363 The Walls [of Arundel Castle] were good, and the Graff broad, and deep. 1759 B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. II. Cambridge 95 Two Graffs between the three Ramparts. 1791 Luckombe Beauties Eng. I. 286 Another very large camp and prodigious works, the graff being inwards and outwards. 1818 Hist. Picts in Miscellanea Scotica I. 61 It had a deep grauff and a draw-bridge. 1850 ‘E. Warburton’ Reginald Hastings I. 13 The Saxon palace had been..surrounded by a graff, or moat, in the reign of Rufus. 1898 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 518/2 A bristling monstrosity of sconces, graffes, fussies, stackets and crenelles. in extended use.1637 R. Monro Exped. Scots Regim. i. 29 Retiring to one corner of his Kingdom, to prevent the losse of the whole, being naturally fortified with a broad graffe, as the isle of Britaine. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online December 2020). graffn.³ /ɡrɑːf//ɡraf/ Forms: Also 1500s graffe, 1600s grafe, griffe. Etymology: perhaps a variant of graft n.³ 1. = graft n.³ 1: usually spade('s) graff. ? Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > breaking up land > [noun] > digging > digging to spade depth > spade's depth spade-graft1252 spit1507 graff?1523 graft1620 spade1674 spit1677 spade-bit1790 ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xxxix Dygge vp the moldes a spade graffe depe. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 466 There was found in Dalmatia a vaine of gold ore within one spades griffe in the first turfe of the ground. 2. dialect. = graft n.³ 2. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > tools and implements > [noun] > spade > other spades sap1566 didle1580 wasp-spade1623 trenching gouge1653 loy1763 hodding-spadea1825 graff1875 graft1893 1875 W. D. Parish Dict. Sussex Dial. Graff or Graffing Tool, a curved spade, generally made of wood shod with iron, used by drainers. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online December 2020). graffv.¹ /ɡrɑːf//ɡraf/ Forms: in ordinary use superseded by graft v.¹ Forms: α. Middle English–1600s graffe, Middle English graffyn. β. 1500s greffe. γ. Middle English gryffe(n, -yn, 1600s griffe. Etymology: < graff n.¹; recorded earlier than the equivalent Old French grafier, modern French greffer. archaic. 1. a. transitive. To insert (a scion of one tree) into a different stock: = graft v.¹ 1. ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > placing or fact of being placed in (a) position > insertion or putting in > insert or put in [verb (transitive)] > so as to unite imp1340 graff1377 engraffa1400 graft1562 complant1582 inoculate1615 engraft1793 the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > propagate [verb (transitive)] > a cutting: graft impc1000 graff1377 engraffc1420 seta1425 graft1483 engrafta1677 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. v. 137 I was sum tyme..the couentes gardyner..for to graffe ympes. 14.. Songs & Carols (Warton Club) 35 The fayrest mayde of this toun preyid me For to gryffyn here a gryf of myn pery tre. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Rom. xi. 19 The braunchis ben brokun, that Y be graffid in. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xlv A peer or a warden wolde be graffed in a pyrre stocke. 1574 T. Hill Bk. Art of Planting (rev. ed.) 86 in Profitable Arte of Gardening (rev. ed.) Ye may graffe your graffes full as long as two or three trunchions. 1621 H. Ainsworth Annot. Five Bks. Moses, Bk. Psalmes & Song of Songs (1639) (Lev. xix. 19) 115 He..graffeth one tree in another. 1718 J. Gardiner tr. R. Rapin Of Gardens (ed. 2) iv. 167 Various the Methods..To graff [1706 graft] a fruitful Branch on barren Trees. figurative.c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. cvi. 56 She hath be graffed bi subtile art and ioyned to this burdoun.1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. lxxx Graffe in our hartes the loue of thy name.a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) i. i. sig. A.iij In these twentie townes..Is not the like stocke, whereon to graffe a loute.1614 R. Carew Excellencie Eng. Tongue in W. Camden Remaines (rev. ed.) 41 We graffe vpon French words those buds, to which that soile affoordeth no growth.a1645 D. Featley in T. Fuller Abel Redevivus (1651) 542 Of all the fruitfull trees in our Paradise he chose to griffe his meditations upon the Apocalipse upon Abbot his stocke.1692 J. Locke Some Thoughts conc. Educ. §200 The proper Stock whereon afterwards to graff the true Principles of Morality and Religion.1695 E. Welchman Husbandm. Man. (1707) 43 A Man is by the Baptism of Repentance graffed into the body of Christs Church.1828 E. Irving Baptism ii, in Wks. (1864) II. 286 When God is visiting a people in his wrath..no new branches are graffed into Christ.1878 R. Browning Two Poets of Croisic in La Saisiaz & Two Poets of Croisic 139 Never hope to graff A second sprig of triumph there!1882 E. A. Freeman Reign William Rufus II. vii. 455 The old stock was neither cut down nor withered away; but a new stock was graffed upon it. †b. transferred. To set or fix firmly. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fastening > condition of being fast bound or firmly fixed > make fast [verb (transitive)] > fasten or fix steek?c1335 stick1372 ficchec1374 plant1381 inficche1382 fix14.. graft1531 graff1536 stick1586 rivet1600 stay1627 rig1835 splice1847 fixate1885 1536 Lady Brian in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. II. 82 I trust to God & her teeth were well graft. 1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Feb. 242 So longe haue I listened to thy speche, That graffed to the ground is my breche. 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. iv. 122 Twelue [Houses] in that rich Guirdle greft Which God gaue Nature for her New-yeares-guift. 1608 A. Willet Hexapla in Exodum 685 They [the horns of the altar] were made out of the same matter and wood, not griffed in. 1624 J. Gee Foot out of Snare v. 38 [His] legs cut off at the knees..were, without the help of any Artist, graffed on again. 1648 T. Gage Eng.-Amer. xii. 54 In the walls whereof was graffed betwixt stone and stone a skull with the teeth outwards. 2. absol. and intransitive. To insert a graft or grafts. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > [verb (intransitive)] > graft graff1483 imbranch1577 inoculate1601 graft1626 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 251 b/2 Ypolyte took his legge..and tooke and set it in his place like as on graffyth in a tree. ?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xliiii^v It is conuenyent to lerne howe thou shalt graffe. 1572 L. Mascall Bk. Plant & Graffe Trees Exhort. sig. C.ij Before ye do intend to plant or graffe, it shal be meete to haue good experience in thinges meete for thys Arte. 1658 tr. G. della Porta Nat. Magick iii. v. 68 Nature, saith he [Pliny], hath taught how to graffe with a seed. 1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. v. xiii. 106 We might Graff in the Cleft, during the Months of November [etc.]. figurative.1676 J. Dryden in G. Etherege Man of Mode Epil. 96 So brisk, so gay, so travail'd, so refined! As he took pains to graff upon his kind. 3. transitive. To insert a graft in (a stock). Also vaguely (= graft v.¹ 3). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > management of plants > propagation of plants > propagate [verb (transitive)] > a cutting: graft > a stock: graft upon stock1528 graff1564 work1606 graft1624 engrafta1677 1564 A. Golding tr. Justinus Hist. Trogus Pompeius xliii. f. 163 They lerned to plant and graffe their olyues. 1575 G. Gascoigne Posies 190 To griffe a pippine stocke, when sappe begins to swell. 1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage iii. vii. 227 Date trees, amongst which there are two growing out of one stock exceeding high, which their Prophet forsooth graffed with his owne hande. 1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. v. xiii. 107 April is likewise Convenient to Graff Vines. 1820 W. Scott Abbot III. xi. 352 I scarce remember the pear-mains which I graffed here with my own hands some fifty years since. †4. To implant. literal and figurative = graft v.¹ 4. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > introduction or bringing in > introduce or bring something in [verb (transitive)] > implant insowc1340 pitch1340 graffc1420 fixa1533 instincta1538 implanta1541 engraft1585 enrace1590 inoculate1604 place1621 haft1755 c1420 Pallad. on Husb. i. 115 Seedis newe eschewe To sowe or graffe. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xlii. l. 108 Ouer the Se Cowndyed scholen ȝe be Into the lond that is to ȝow behote, there-Inne to Gryffen Many A Rote. 1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 18 God hath graffed & geuen man power therunto, wherof these are deriued. 1574 J. Baret Aluearie G 419 There is a sober thriftinesse graffed in thy race and kinred naturally. Compounds † graff-horn n. Obsolete (see quot. 1611). ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > fornication, adultery, or incest > [noun] > adultery > dishonour by wife's adultery > man who causes cuckold-maker1574 horner1598 graff-horn1611 horn-makera1616 cornutora1675 hornifier1693 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Cuco cocuant, a cuckold-maker, a Graffe~horne. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2021). graffv.² Etymology: variant of grave v.¹ Obsolete exc. dialect. intransitive. To dig. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > earth-moving, etc. > [verb (intransitive)] > dig or excavate gravea1000 delvec1000 wrootc1325 minec1330 gruba1350 sinkc1358 undermine1382 diga1387 spit1393 to pick upc1400 holk1513 graff1532 pion1643 excavate1843 throw1843 crow1853 spade1869 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer Prol. f. cccxxv Dul wytte and a thoughtful soule, so sore haue myned and graffed in my spyrites. 1875 W. D. Parish Dict. Sussex Dial. Graff or Graffing Tool, a curved spade, generally made of wood shod with iron, used by drainers. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online September 2018). < n.¹a1393n.²1637n.³?1523v.¹1377v.²1532
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