graphn.¹

Brit.

/ɡrɑːf/,

/ɡraf/, U.S.

/ɡræf/

Etymology: Originally an abbreviation of graphic formula: see graphic adj. and n.

1. A kind of symbolic diagram (used in Chemistry, Mathematics, etc.) in which a system of connections is expressed by spots or circles, some pairs of which are colligated by one or more lines. Also, occasionally the system expressed by one of these diagrams. In abstract terms: A finite, non-empty set of elements together with a set (empty or non-empty) of unordered pairs of these elements. ‘Graphs’ were first employed (under the name of ‘graphic formulæ’: see graphic adj. 5) in Chemistry for expressing the relations of the elements forming a compound. The application to Mathematics (apparently also the shortened name) is due to Sylvester.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [noun]

trope1582

graph1878

society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [noun] > diagram > graph

graph1878

chart1880

1878 J. J. Sylvester in Amer. Jrnl. Math. 1 65 The graph to nitric anhydride.

1878 J. J. Sylvester in Amer. Jrnl. Math. 1 79 Chemical graphs..are to be regarded as mere translations into geometrical forms of trains of priorities and sequences having their proper habitat in the sphere of order.

1878 J. J. Sylvester in Amer. Jrnl. Math. 1 126 (note) Whilst I was only able, in certain cases, to represent in terms of the roots of the parent quantic, the quantitative constitution of a form pictured by a graph..he [Clifford]..has found the universal pass key to the quantification of graphs.

1879 Proc. London Math. Soc. 11 2 On Clifford's Graphs..Dr. Spottiswoode.

1884 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 6 382 The Method of Graphs applied to Compound Partitions.

1931 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 17 122 Suppose we assign to each vertex of a graph a color in such a way that each pair of vertices joined by an arc are of different colors.

1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) VI. 255/2 If points represent people and lines their interrelationships, then a graph may be used to depict the structure of a social group.

1967 H. C. Sneyd tr. A. Kaufmann Graphs i. 10 The map of all the roads in a country..forms a graph.

1969 F. Harary Proof Techniques in Graph Theory i. 1 By far the most celebrated problem concerning graphs is the Four Color Conjecture.

1971 W. L. Price Graphs & Networks i. 1 Many problems of sequencing and scheduling can be looked upon as problems in graph and network theory.

1971 W. L. Price Graphs & Networks ii. 7 If the set A is empty and the graph consists only of nodes, the result is called a null graph.

2. Algebra. A graphical representation of the locus of a function; the traced curve of an equation. In wider use: A line or curve representing the variation of one quantity with another, each quantity being measured along one of a pair of axes at right angles.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [noun] > graph

curve1818

profile1860

plot1880

graph1886

curve plotting1891

trend line1912

subgraph1931

network1941

digraph1955

multigraph1966

1886 G. Chrystal Algebra I. i. 307 The representative point will therefore trace out a continuous curve..This curve we may call the graph of the function.

1886 G. Chrystal Algebra I. i. 380 Draw the graphs of the two functions 3x − 5 and 5x + 7.

1926 Encycl. Brit. III. 643 (caption) Graph showing consumption per head of tea and sugar in the United Kingdom in each year 1864–1913.

1951 Roberts & Miller Heat & Thermodynamics (ed. 4) v. 155 The graph of entropy as a function of magnetic temperature is obtained by plotting this temperature against the calculated change of entropy.

1962 A. R. W. Hayes Revision Physics i. 27 For a wire subjected to a stretching force four points on the load-extension graph can be distinguished.

1963 L. Nobles in H. M. Burlage et al. Physical & Techn. Pharmacy ii. 63 The plotting of a graph will establish quickly the meaning of a set of experimental data.

1971 Nature 24 Sept. 271/1 These data are easier to comprehend in the form of a graph (Fig. 1).

Compounds

Special combinations.

graph theory n. the mathematical theory of the properties and applications of graphs (sense 1).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [noun] > theory of

graph theory1953

1953 Harary & Norman Graph Theory as Math. Model in Social Sci. p. iv It soon became apparent that a whole cluster of substantive problems in psychology and sociology may be treated fruitfully by a branch of mathematics known as ‘graph theory’.

1964 Sci. Amer. Apr. 126/2 Today graph theory is a flourishing field. It is usually considered a branch of topology (because in most cases only the topological properties of graphs are considered).

1977 B. Andrásfai Introd. Graph Theory v. 113 The degree of each vertex of G is k₁ + k₂ +..k_m and, similarly, the degree of the product of some polynomials is also equal to the sum of the degrees of the factors. This similarity illustrates a strong connection between algebra and graph theory.

graph-theoretic adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [adjective] > relating to graph theory

graph-theoretic1959

1959 Jrnl. Math & Physics 38 104 (heading) A graph theoretic method for the complete reduction of a matrix with a view toward finding its eigen values.

1973 Nature 6 July 60/1 In some papers..numerical analysis and operations research are investigated from a graph theoretic point view, whilst in others computing techniques are applied to graph-theoretic problems.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

graphn.²

Brit.

/ɡrɑːf/,

/ɡraf/, U.S.

/ɡræf/

Etymology: Abstracted < chromograph n., hectograph n., etc.

colloquial.

An apparatus of the nature of the chromograph, hectograph, etc., for taking copies of writing by pressing it on a gelatinous surface.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > duplicating processes > [noun] > copying-machine

rolling press1780

copying-press1785

copying-machine1803

letterpress1839

manifold letter writer1840

multigraph1878

chromograph1880

cyclostyle1883

graph1884

Roneo1901

jellygraph1919

Multilith1933

1884 Advt. The Cyclostyle. No press, no washing, no graph.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

graphn.³

Brit.

/ɡrɑːf/,

/ɡraf/, U.S.

/ɡræf/

Etymology: < Greek γραϕή writing; compare digraph n.¹

Philology.

A visual symbol representing a phoneme or a segment or feature of speech; esp., a letter, or one of its occurrent forms, or a combination of letters.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > written character > [noun]

printa1382

charactc1384

character1490

figure1597

symbolc1620

graph1933

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xvii. 294 For the writers, the gh was now a mere silent graph, indicative only of vowel-quantity.

1953 Medium Ævum XXII. 14 The Exeter Book has one example of a clear t-graph where a 3 would normally be expected.

1958 C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Linguistics lxii. 544 In Egypt certain graphs very early came to represent syllables rather than morphemes.

1968 Eng. Stud. 49 513 The graphs t and d in post-stress, intervocalic position can be ambiguous.

1970 A. Cameron et al. Computers & Old Eng. Concordances 49 In the final printout, a simple graphic accommodation was employed to designate..the Old English graphs, ash, eth, and thorn.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1972; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

graphv.¹

Brit.

/ɡrɑːf/,

/ɡraf/, U.S.

/ɡræf/

Etymology: < Greek γράϕ-ειν to write.

Mathematics.

transitive. To trace (a curve) from its equation; to trace the curve corresponding to (a given equation). Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > create a graph [verb (transitive)]

plot1859

graph1898

1898 Perry Applied Mechanics 21 Students will do well to graph on squared paper some curves like the following.

1898 Perry Applied Mechanics 2 Graph y = a + bx.

1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 79/1 When producers want to know what the public wants, they graph it as curves.

1964 Listener 20 Aug. 280/1 The book graphs and annotates the hostility between generations..and this is shaming to read.

1966 I. Jefferies House-surgeon iii. 31 Anybody graph the survival rates against the day of admission?

Derivatives

ˈgraphing n.

ΚΠ

1898 Perry Applied Mechanics 1 The graphing of functions on squared paper.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

graphv.²

Brit.

/ɡrɑːf/,

/ɡraf/, U.S.

/ɡræf/

Etymology: < graph n.²

colloquial.

transitive. To reproduce in a number of copies by means of a ‘graph’. Also absol.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > duplicating processes > [verb (transitive)] > duplicate by machine

graph1880

hectograph1887

chromograph1889

jellygraph1904

cyclostyle1928

1880 Stationer XXXV. 3 We graphed by the dozen.

1894 Westm. Gaz. 4 July 8/1 The Matabeleland News..is ‘graphed’ in manuscript.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

> see also

also refers to : -graphcomb. form

n.¹1878

n.²1884

n.³1933

v.¹1898

v.²1880

单词	graph
释义	graphn.¹ Brit. /ɡrɑːf/, /ɡraf/, U.S. /ɡræf/ Etymology: Originally an abbreviation of graphic formula: see graphic adj. and n. 1. A kind of symbolic diagram (used in Chemistry, Mathematics, etc.) in which a system of connections is expressed by spots or circles, some pairs of which are colligated by one or more lines. Also, occasionally the system expressed by one of these diagrams. In abstract terms: A finite, non-empty set of elements together with a set (empty or non-empty) of unordered pairs of these elements. ‘Graphs’ were first employed (under the name of ‘graphic formulæ’: see graphic adj. 5) in Chemistry for expressing the relations of the elements forming a compound. The application to Mathematics (apparently also the shortened name) is due to Sylvester. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [noun] trope1582 graph1878 society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [noun] > diagram > graph graph1878 chart1880 1878 J. J. Sylvester in Amer. Jrnl. Math. 1 65 The graph to nitric anhydride. 1878 J. J. Sylvester in Amer. Jrnl. Math. 1 79 Chemical graphs..are to be regarded as mere translations into geometrical forms of trains of priorities and sequences having their proper habitat in the sphere of order. 1878 J. J. Sylvester in Amer. Jrnl. Math. 1 126 (note) Whilst I was only able, in certain cases, to represent in terms of the roots of the parent quantic, the quantitative constitution of a form pictured by a graph..he [Clifford]..has found the universal pass key to the quantification of graphs. 1879 Proc. London Math. Soc. 11 2 On Clifford's Graphs..Dr. Spottiswoode. 1884 Amer. Jrnl. Math. 6 382 The Method of Graphs applied to Compound Partitions. 1931 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 17 122 Suppose we assign to each vertex of a graph a color in such a way that each pair of vertices joined by an arc are of different colors. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) VI. 255/2 If points represent people and lines their interrelationships, then a graph may be used to depict the structure of a social group. 1967 H. C. Sneyd tr. A. Kaufmann Graphs i. 10 The map of all the roads in a country..forms a graph. 1969 F. Harary Proof Techniques in Graph Theory i. 1 By far the most celebrated problem concerning graphs is the Four Color Conjecture. 1971 W. L. Price Graphs & Networks i. 1 Many problems of sequencing and scheduling can be looked upon as problems in graph and network theory. 1971 W. L. Price Graphs & Networks ii. 7 If the set A is empty and the graph consists only of nodes, the result is called a null graph. 2. Algebra. A graphical representation of the locus of a function; the traced curve of an equation. In wider use: A line or curve representing the variation of one quantity with another, each quantity being measured along one of a pair of axes at right angles. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [noun] > graph curve1818 profile1860 plot1880 graph1886 curve plotting1891 trend line1912 subgraph1931 network1941 digraph1955 multigraph1966 1886 G. Chrystal Algebra I. i. 307 The representative point will therefore trace out a continuous curve..This curve we may call the graph of the function. 1886 G. Chrystal Algebra I. i. 380 Draw the graphs of the two functions 3x − 5 and 5x + 7. 1926 Encycl. Brit. III. 643 (caption) Graph showing consumption per head of tea and sugar in the United Kingdom in each year 1864–1913. 1951 Roberts & Miller Heat & Thermodynamics (ed. 4) v. 155 The graph of entropy as a function of magnetic temperature is obtained by plotting this temperature against the calculated change of entropy. 1962 A. R. W. Hayes Revision Physics i. 27 For a wire subjected to a stretching force four points on the load-extension graph can be distinguished. 1963 L. Nobles in H. M. Burlage et al. Physical & Techn. Pharmacy ii. 63 The plotting of a graph will establish quickly the meaning of a set of experimental data. 1971 Nature 24 Sept. 271/1 These data are easier to comprehend in the form of a graph (Fig. 1). Compounds Special combinations. graph theory n. the mathematical theory of the properties and applications of graphs (sense 1). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [noun] > theory of graph theory1953 1953 Harary & Norman Graph Theory as Math. Model in Social Sci. p. iv It soon became apparent that a whole cluster of substantive problems in psychology and sociology may be treated fruitfully by a branch of mathematics known as ‘graph theory’. 1964 Sci. Amer. Apr. 126/2 Today graph theory is a flourishing field. It is usually considered a branch of topology (because in most cases only the topological properties of graphs are considered). 1977 B. Andrásfai Introd. Graph Theory v. 113 The degree of each vertex of G is k₁ + k₂ +..k_m and, similarly, the degree of the product of some polynomials is also equal to the sum of the degrees of the factors. This similarity illustrates a strong connection between algebra and graph theory. graph-theoretic adj. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > [adjective] > relating to graph theory graph-theoretic1959 1959 Jrnl. Math & Physics 38 104 (heading) A graph theoretic method for the complete reduction of a matrix with a view toward finding its eigen values. 1973 Nature 6 July 60/1 In some papers..numerical analysis and operations research are investigated from a graph theoretic point view, whilst in others computing techniques are applied to graph-theoretic problems. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). graphn.² Brit. /ɡrɑːf/, /ɡraf/, U.S. /ɡræf/ Etymology: Abstracted < chromograph n., hectograph n., etc. colloquial. An apparatus of the nature of the chromograph, hectograph, etc., for taking copies of writing by pressing it on a gelatinous surface. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > duplicating processes > [noun] > copying-machine rolling press1780 copying-press1785 copying-machine1803 letterpress1839 manifold letter writer1840 multigraph1878 chromograph1880 cyclostyle1883 graph1884 Roneo1901 jellygraph1919 Multilith1933 1884 Advt. The Cyclostyle. No press, no washing, no graph. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). graphn.³ Brit. /ɡrɑːf/, /ɡraf/, U.S. /ɡræf/ Etymology: < Greek γραϕή writing; compare digraph n.¹ Philology. A visual symbol representing a phoneme or a segment or feature of speech; esp., a letter, or one of its occurrent forms, or a combination of letters. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written character > [noun] printa1382 charactc1384 character1490 figure1597 symbolc1620 graph1933 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xvii. 294 For the writers, the gh was now a mere silent graph, indicative only of vowel-quantity. 1953 Medium Ævum XXII. 14 The Exeter Book has one example of a clear t-graph where a 3 would normally be expected. 1958 C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Linguistics lxii. 544 In Egypt certain graphs very early came to represent syllables rather than morphemes. 1968 Eng. Stud. 49 513 The graphs t and d in post-stress, intervocalic position can be ambiguous. 1970 A. Cameron et al. Computers & Old Eng. Concordances 49 In the final printout, a simple graphic accommodation was employed to designate..the Old English graphs, ash, eth, and thorn. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1972; most recently modified version published online March 2022). graphv.¹ Brit. /ɡrɑːf/, /ɡraf/, U.S. /ɡræf/ Etymology: < Greek γράϕ-ειν to write. Mathematics. transitive. To trace (a curve) from its equation; to trace the curve corresponding to (a given equation). Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > graph or diagram > create a graph [verb (transitive)] plot1859 graph1898 1898 Perry Applied Mechanics 21 Students will do well to graph on squared paper some curves like the following. 1898 Perry Applied Mechanics 2 Graph y = a + bx. 1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 79/1 When producers want to know what the public wants, they graph it as curves. 1964 Listener 20 Aug. 280/1 The book graphs and annotates the hostility between generations..and this is shaming to read. 1966 I. Jefferies House-surgeon iii. 31 Anybody graph the survival rates against the day of admission? Derivatives ˈgraphing n. ΚΠ 1898 Perry Applied Mechanics 1 The graphing of functions on squared paper. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). graphv.² Brit. /ɡrɑːf/, /ɡraf/, U.S. /ɡræf/ Etymology: < graph n.² colloquial. transitive. To reproduce in a number of copies by means of a ‘graph’. Also absol. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > duplicating processes > [verb (transitive)] > duplicate by machine graph1880 hectograph1887 chromograph1889 jellygraph1904 cyclostyle1928 1880 Stationer XXXV. 3 We graphed by the dozen. 1894 Westm. Gaz. 4 July 8/1 The Matabeleland News..is ‘graphed’ in manuscript. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online March 2022). > see also also refers to : -graphcomb. form < n.¹1878n.²1884n.³1933v.¹1898v.²1880 see also
随便看	estrone estrones estropiated estrous estrouser estrousest estrousser estroussest estrual estruation estrum estrums estrus estruses estuance estuarial estuarian estuaries estuarine estuary estuary english estuate estuating estuation estudiant

graphn.1

Compounds

graphn.2

graphn.3

graphv.1

Derivatives

graphv.2

> see also

graphn.¹

graphn.²

graphn.³

graphv.¹

graphv.²