handworkn.

Brit.

/ˈhandwəːk/, U.S.

/ˈhæn(d)ˌwərk/

Forms:

α. Old English handweorc, Old English hondweorc, Middle English andwork, Middle English handwarc, Middle English handwerk, Middle English hendwerke (east midlands and northern), Middle English hondwerk, Middle English hondwerke, Middle English–1500s handwarke, Middle English–1500s handwerke, 1500s–1600s handworke, 1500s– handwork; also Scottish pre-1700 handwark, pre-1700 handwerk, pre-1700 handwork.

β. early Middle English handeweorc, early Middle English handewerrc ( Ormulum), Middle English handewark, Middle English handewerk, Middle English handewerke, Middle English handework, Middle English hondewarke, Middle English hondewerk, Middle English hondeworke; Scottish pre-1700 handewark, pre-1700 handewerk.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Middle Dutch hantwerc (Dutch handwerk ), Middle Low German hantwerk , Old High German hantwerc (Middle High German hantwerc , German Handwerk ) < the Germanic base of hand n. + the Germanic base of work n. Compare handiwork n., and also hand-wrought adj. at hand n. Compounds 5c.Some of the β. forms may represent forms of handiwork n., with weakening of the medial vowel. However, medial -e- could also have arisen in the compound in a number of other ways, e.g. as a connective vowel or through weakening of the inflectional ending of the first element in an original genitive compound (compare Old English handa weorc in sense ‘work done with the hands’ and Middle English handes werk in sense ‘product of creative labour, creation’). Especially in east midland and northern sources, β. forms could also show Scandinavian influence (compare Old Icelandic handaverk, Old Swedish handavärk).

1. The product of the manual or creative labour of a person or other agent; a thing or things collectively made by a person's hands; = handiwork n. 1. Later also (now usually) without possessive: a handmade object. Now archaic or nonstandard.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > work > product of work > [noun] > done by hand

handworkOE

craftworkc1425

manufacture1567

handiworka1680

handicraft1891

craft1911

handcraft1920

α.

OE Riddle 20 7 Þonne ic [sc. a sword] sinc wege þurh hlutterne dæg, hondweorc smiþa, gold ofer geardas.

OE Exodus 493 Garsecg wedde, up ateah, on sleap... Witrod gefeol heah of heofonum handweorc godes.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 929 (MED) A! gracious god..tak hede to þin hondwerk & help now vs tweyne!

a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) cxxxvii. 9 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 265 Þi hendwerke ne forsake for-þi.

a1425 (c1300) SS. Martin, Anthony & Machary (Cambr.) in J. Small Eng. Metrical Homilies (1862) 71 (MED) This Makary Come unto the cyte..To sell thar hys handwerke [c1390 Vernon hondewerk].

a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 3340 His handwerk and his creature.

1558 T. Paynell tr. C. Tunstall Certaine Godly & Deuout Prayers sig. C.i We ar thy hand worke.

1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia ii. sig. C.3 Thou heauens hand-work Faire Illium.

1613 G. Markham Second Pt. First Bk. Eng. Arcadia f. 35^v This was the hand-worke of the Nymph Apheleia.

1797 tr. in R. Townson Trav. Hungary iv. 88 I expected to have found here some remnants of Turkish arts; either in buildings, manufactures, or handworks; but there are no remains.

1895 W. Morris & A. J. Wyatt tr. Tale of Beowulf 16 The best of all war-shrouds, The hand-work of Weland.

1946 Pop. Mech. June 52/3 Native's handworks are dollar sellers.

2008 R. Effert Royal Cabinets & Auxiliary Branches i. 46 This Frenchman's laughter was especially for the little handworks made by industrious local craftsmen.

β. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5054 Mann iss godess hande werrc.a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xv. cxi. 790 It was noone vnresonable beeste þat wonyeþ þerynne but oneliche man, Goddis owne hondeworke.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 1155 Mi handewark als egges me.1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) ii. l. 186 Quhi will thow giff thi handewerk for nocht?a1505 R. Henryson Bludy Serk l. 114 in Poems (1981) 161 The saule is Godis dochtir deir, And eik his handewerk.

2. Work done with the hands; manual labour; craftwork. Frequently as distinguished from intellectual work or study, or (in later use) from work done by or with machinery. Cf. handiwork n. 2, 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > manual work

handcraftOE

craftworkOE

handworkOE

manual labour?1406

handworking?a1425

manoeuvre1479

hand labour1517

handiwork1525

handicrafta1535

manuary1581

mechanic1605

manufacture1625

arm labour1677

mechanics1726

hag1797

hag-work1841

OE tr. Theodulf of Orleans Capitula (Corpus Cambr.) iii. 309 Ðurh þæt handweorc ge magon eowerne lichoman gewyldan þæt he þy lætra bið to uncystum.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 403 After þat þey gooþ to þe hondwerk [L. opera] þat þey doon by day..þey goon nevere out of cloystre but by cause of handwerk [L. operis manualis].

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 6683 Of his hondwerk wolde he gete Clothes to wryne hym.

a1555 H. Latimer 27 Serm. (1562) ii. f. 127^v They thynke they gette theyr liuinges wyth theyr owne hand worke.

1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. diij The Architect..directeth, the Mechanicien, to handworke.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 531 One brasen image he had of Mentors hand-worke.

1642 J. Goodwin Anti-Cavalierisme 4 Head-worke is every whit as necessary in such a time and exigent, as hand-work is.

1733 J. Tull Horse-hoing Husbandry Pref. p. v His Ground is better than mine, and he bestows more Hand-Work upon it.

1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits x. 169 The incessant repetition of the same hand-work dwarfs the man.

1870 Trans. North of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers 19 50 It is generally admitted that machine rivetting is superior to handwork.

1897 Chiswick Press 4 The reputation for Handwork which they have acquired.

1916 E. V. Dobbs & J. Zeitz Handwork in Grades One to Six 4 The suggestions for handwork in the grades offered in this bulletin are..distinguished as technical and expressional.

1946 Pop. Sci. Monthly Jan. 113 As Jefferson was not himself adept at handwork, he drew up meticulous plans for others to follow.

2008 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 29 May 27/1 In ancient Greece,..a single word, techne, described every kind of handwork from painting to weaving to blacksmithing.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	handwork
释义	handworkn. Brit. /ˈhandwəːk/, U.S. /ˈhæn(d)ˌwərk/ Forms: α. Old English handweorc, Old English hondweorc, Middle English andwork, Middle English handwarc, Middle English handwerk, Middle English hendwerke (east midlands and northern), Middle English hondwerk, Middle English hondwerke, Middle English–1500s handwarke, Middle English–1500s handwerke, 1500s–1600s handworke, 1500s– handwork; also Scottish pre-1700 handwark, pre-1700 handwerk, pre-1700 handwork. β. early Middle English handeweorc, early Middle English handewerrc ( Ormulum), Middle English handewark, Middle English handewerk, Middle English handewerke, Middle English handework, Middle English hondewarke, Middle English hondewerk, Middle English hondeworke; Scottish pre-1700 handewark, pre-1700 handewerk. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Middle Dutch hantwerc (Dutch handwerk ), Middle Low German hantwerk , Old High German hantwerc (Middle High German hantwerc , German Handwerk ) < the Germanic base of hand n. + the Germanic base of work n. Compare handiwork n., and also hand-wrought adj. at hand n. Compounds 5c.Some of the β. forms may represent forms of handiwork n., with weakening of the medial vowel. However, medial -e- could also have arisen in the compound in a number of other ways, e.g. as a connective vowel or through weakening of the inflectional ending of the first element in an original genitive compound (compare Old English handa weorc in sense ‘work done with the hands’ and Middle English handes werk in sense ‘product of creative labour, creation’). Especially in east midland and northern sources, β. forms could also show Scandinavian influence (compare Old Icelandic handaverk, Old Swedish handavärk). 1. The product of the manual or creative labour of a person or other agent; a thing or things collectively made by a person's hands; = handiwork n. 1. Later also (now usually) without possessive: a handmade object. Now archaic or nonstandard. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > product of work > [noun] > done by hand handworkOE craftworkc1425 manufacture1567 handiworka1680 handicraft1891 craft1911 handcraft1920 α. OE Riddle 20 7 Þonne ic [sc. a sword] sinc wege þurh hlutterne dæg, hondweorc smiþa, gold ofer geardas. OE Exodus 493 Garsecg wedde, up ateah, on sleap... Witrod gefeol heah of heofonum handweorc godes. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 929 (MED) A! gracious god..tak hede to þin hondwerk & help now vs tweyne! a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) cxxxvii. 9 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 265 Þi hendwerke ne forsake for-þi. a1425 (c1300) SS. Martin, Anthony & Machary (Cambr.) in J. Small Eng. Metrical Homilies (1862) 71 (MED) This Makary Come unto the cyte..To sell thar hys handwerke [c1390 Vernon hondewerk]. a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) l. 3340 His handwerk and his creature. 1558 T. Paynell tr. C. Tunstall Certaine Godly & Deuout Prayers sig. C.i We ar thy hand worke. 1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia ii. sig. C.3 Thou heauens hand-work Faire Illium. 1613 G. Markham Second Pt. First Bk. Eng. Arcadia f. 35^v This was the hand-worke of the Nymph Apheleia. 1797 tr. in R. Townson Trav. Hungary iv. 88 I expected to have found here some remnants of Turkish arts; either in buildings, manufactures, or handworks; but there are no remains. 1895 W. Morris & A. J. Wyatt tr. Tale of Beowulf 16 The best of all war-shrouds, The hand-work of Weland. 1946 Pop. Mech. June 52/3 Native's handworks are dollar sellers. 2008 R. Effert Royal Cabinets & Auxiliary Branches i. 46 This Frenchman's laughter was especially for the little handworks made by industrious local craftsmen. β. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5054 Mann iss godess hande werrc.a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xv. cxi. 790 It was noone vnresonable beeste þat wonyeþ þerynne but oneliche man, Goddis owne hondeworke.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 1155 Mi handewark als egges me.1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) ii. l. 186 Quhi will thow giff thi handewerk for nocht?a1505 R. Henryson Bludy Serk l. 114 in Poems (1981) 161 The saule is Godis dochtir deir, And eik his handewerk. 2. Work done with the hands; manual labour; craftwork. Frequently as distinguished from intellectual work or study, or (in later use) from work done by or with machinery. Cf. handiwork n. 2, 3. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > work > [noun] > manual work handcraftOE craftworkOE handworkOE manual labour?1406 handworking?a1425 manoeuvre1479 hand labour1517 handiwork1525 handicrafta1535 manuary1581 mechanic1605 manufacture1625 arm labour1677 mechanics1726 hag1797 hag-work1841 OE tr. Theodulf of Orleans Capitula (Corpus Cambr.) iii. 309 Ðurh þæt handweorc ge magon eowerne lichoman gewyldan þæt he þy lætra bið to uncystum. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1879) VII. 403 After þat þey gooþ to þe hondwerk [L. opera] þat þey doon by day..þey goon nevere out of cloystre but by cause of handwerk [L. operis manualis]. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 6683 Of his hondwerk wolde he gete Clothes to wryne hym. a1555 H. Latimer 27 Serm. (1562) ii. f. 127^v They thynke they gette theyr liuinges wyth theyr owne hand worke. 1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. diij The Architect..directeth, the Mechanicien, to handworke. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 531 One brasen image he had of Mentors hand-worke. 1642 J. Goodwin Anti-Cavalierisme 4 Head-worke is every whit as necessary in such a time and exigent, as hand-work is. 1733 J. Tull Horse-hoing Husbandry Pref. p. v His Ground is better than mine, and he bestows more Hand-Work upon it. 1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits x. 169 The incessant repetition of the same hand-work dwarfs the man. 1870 Trans. North of Eng. Inst. Mining Engineers 19 50 It is generally admitted that machine rivetting is superior to handwork. 1897 Chiswick Press 4 The reputation for Handwork which they have acquired. 1916 E. V. Dobbs & J. Zeitz Handwork in Grades One to Six 4 The suggestions for handwork in the grades offered in this bulletin are..distinguished as technical and expressional. 1946 Pop. Sci. Monthly Jan. 113 As Jefferson was not himself adept at handwork, he drew up meticulous plans for others to follow. 2008 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 29 May 27/1 In ancient Greece,..a single word, techne, described every kind of handwork from painting to weaving to blacksmithing. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.OE
随便看	θ174180 θ174181 θ174182 θ174183 θ174184 θ174185 θ174186 θ174187 θ174188 θ174189 θ17419 θ174190 θ174191 θ174192 θ174193 θ174194 θ174195 θ177863 θ177864 θ177865 θ177866 θ177867 θ177868 θ177869 θ17787