| 释义 |
Arcticadj.n. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French artique, arctique; Latin arcticus. Etymology: < (i) Middle French artique, later also arctique (French arctique ) (adjective) opposite to the Antarctic, relating to or occurring in the north polar region (1270 in Old French as artike ; in early use chiefly in pol artique pole arctic n.; 1522 as arctique ), (noun) north polar region (a1544), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin arcticus (in post-classical Latin also articus), adjective (2nd cent. a.d.) < ancient Greek ἀρκτικός of the Bear, northern < ἄρκτος bear, the constellation Ursa Major ( < the same Indo-European base as Sanskrit ṛkṣa , classical Latin ursa ) + -ικός -ic suffix. Compare Old Occitan artic (end of the 13th cent.), Catalan àrtic (15th cent.), Spanish ártico (c1250), Portuguese ártico (15th cent.), Italian artico (1282, earliest in polo artico pole arctic n.). Compare pole arctic n., and also Antarctic adj., and (with use as noun) earlier Antarctic n.With the now nonstandard pronunciation /ˈɑːtɪk/, compare discussion at Antarctic adj. and n. A. adj. 1. the world > the universe > celestial sphere > [adjective] > pole > north a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. vi. 457 Þis spere [of heuen] gooþ about apon twey poles, þe on þerof is by north..and hatte polus articus, þat is þe northe pole. Þe oþir is polus antarticus, þat is þe souþ polus.] c1400 ( G. Chaucer (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §22. 31 I proue it thus by the latitude of Oxenford..the heyhte of owre pool Artik fro owre north Orisonte is 51 degrees & 50 Minutes. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden (Harl. 2261) (1869) II. 207 The yle callede Tyle vnder that pole artike. 1616 J. Taylor Seuerall Sieges Ierusalem in sig. D6v If a Traueller had gone as farre As from the Artick to th' Antartick starre. 1670 P. Fletcher 104 Pilots fixt eyes observe the Artick Bear, With all her unwasht Starry trains In Heav'nly plains. the world > the earth > region of the earth > zone or belt > [adjective] > arctic c1540 J. Bellenden in tr. H. Boece sig. C.v Island, quhilk lyis..beyound the cirkill artik to the north pole. 1594 C. Marlowe sig. A2 What neede the artick people loue star-light, To whom the sunne shines both by day and night. 1619 H. Hutton sig. D6v Sometimes, in the Abysse of Loue I freeze, Like frigid places of the Artick clime. 1708 J. Philips ii. 64 Did not the Arctic Tract, spontaneous yield A cheering purple Berry. 1774 O. Goldsmith I. 314 In the cold arctic regions, animal substances, during their winter, are never known to putrefy. 1835 J. Ross vi. 85 To know what an arctic night can be. 1882 June 152/2 He..was the inventor of the ‘Deflector Dipping Needle’, which has since been advantageously used in all the arctic explorations. 1937 12 Apr. 23/1 An ice age was bringing Arctic mammoths and fur-bearing animals to southern Europe for warmth. 2010 (U.K. ed.) May 52/3 The recollections of Arctic residents in Alaska, Canada and Russia added support to the idea. 1770 T. Pennant (new ed.) IV. 25 Arctic Gull... The Faskidar of Martin. 1852 W. Macgillivray V. 365 Mormon arcticus. The Arctic Puffin. 1891 30 Sept. 1558/2 The Arctic bramble is remarkable for its fruit, which it only produces very sparing in England. 1934 May 129/1 The arctic bumble-bee was rendered inactive at 10°C. 1974 9 Nov. 16/2 Arctic poppies turn their golden heads towards the sun and sway in the wind. 2002 Summer 63/1 Probably the next most numerous animals we encountered, although no one bothered to run a tally, were arctic ground squirrels. a1475 (a1447) O. Bokenham Mappula Angliae in (1887) 10 31 The Meerces, þe which byn clepid mydlonde-ynglyssh..bettir vndirstondyn þe collateralle tounges, bothe the artyke þe which is þe northe, & þe antartyke þe which is þe sowthe. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden (Harl. 2261) (1869) II. 163 (MED) The langages collateralle, arthike and anthartike. 3. figurative and in figurative contexts. the mind > mental capacity > belief > expressed belief, opinion > extreme opinion, dogmatism > [adjective] 1593 B. Barnes 60 I list no such proude beggars at my gate: For almes he mongst cold Arctique folke doth wate. 1670 J. Eachard 54 Heathens and Unbelievers..are all Arctick and Antarctick Reprobates. 1821 W. Havergal in (1882) 31 The diocese is still in an Arctic sea, notwithstanding it has had a fine sun in its bishop for several years. 1877 E. R. Conder iii. 99 Truths within the arctic circle of doubt. 1932 Z. Fitzgerald in (1991) 105 Dickie and Miss Douglas leaning against the mantel suggested the weird arctic loneliness of totem poles. 2007 28 Oct. 11/4 Their ‘chat’ was arctic, the comedy chemistry non-existent. the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > coldness > [adjective] > very intensely cold 1876 6 May 8/3 The air was positively arctic in Saint Paul's churchyard, where there is always a breeze. 1884 5 Jan. 165/2 What a climate it is this side of the Park; how can you live here? It's arctic! 1936 23 Sept. 29/2 Air conditioning, it seems, is something quite different from air cooling—the sort of Arctic blasts that typhoon about you in the movies. 1940 ‘E. Queen’ 54 How about a fire, Keith? It's arctic in here. 2008 (Nexis) 2 June 16 The diligent softies..staying in the teacher's good books. It meant a desk closer to the single heater in the arctic classroom. 1843 H. C. Watson 34 Arctic region. 1864 1 569 The Zones of Watson's Arctic region are well represented in Aberdeenshire. 1898 H. C. Hart 54 They are those which range through all the Agrarian zones, since no English type plant extends higher, or into the Arctic region. 1903 Apr. 223 The highest point of the hills included in this map is 1900 feet, so that no portion of the area reaches up into Watson's ‘Arctic Region’. 1854 Mar. 441/1 (caption) Arctic hood. 1867 1 Mar. 1/1 The ‘arctic’ boots are taking the place of rubber over-shoes. 1896 Dec. 699/2 All the Arctic equipment bore evidence of having been severely tested in actual use. 1956 C. Willock ix. 119 One of those Government surplus Arctic cord vests. 1991 W. Fox xiv. 94 They told us to hand in all our Arctic kit, fur parkas, white camouflage, etc. 2001 T. Russ ii. 36 Winter visitors will need to bring extreme arctic gear to survive the experience. the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [adjective] > characteristic of particular region or period 1876 A. Blytt 67 We must presume that the arctic flora was here before all the others; that the subarctic came next; that the subboreal and the subatlantic..came later than the boreal and the atlantic. 1916 F. E. Clements xii. 379 Blytt distinguished the following periods:..2. Arctic period = Dryas period of Nathorst. Clay with arctic plants. 1947 37 109/1 Beginning with the initial retreat of the last ice sheet in Sweden, the first stage is a cold Arctic, followed by a cold to cool sub-Arctic. B. n. 1. the world > the earth > geodetic references > [noun] > pole ?a1425 (Egerton) (1889) 90 (MED) I hafe sene lxii degreez of Artyk and ten mynutes, and of Antartyk toward þe south I hafe sene xxxiii degreez. 1569 J. Sanford tr. H. C. Agrippa 14 b They..that affirme the frosen Sea to be under the Arcticke. 1612 H. Peacham i. 72 You are that Arctick; most I doe desire, Whereon my hope, hath wholly set her rest. 1659 H. M. 9 'Tis an excellent thing so to dissimulate piety, that when we act strongly against it, in that very artick of wickednesse the people Saint us. the world > the earth > region of the earth > zone or belt > [noun] > one of five > arctic 1678 T. Jordan Triumphs of London in J. B. Heath (1869) 535 Th' antartick and artick we visit by turn, In one we are frozen, in t'other we burn. 1797 P. Howard 409 The ice is accumulating in the arctic and melting in the antarctic. 1857 Jan. 51/1 On moved this strange ship of the arctic, plowing up the furrows of that icy sea. 1881 30 The labyrinthal ice mazes of the Arctic. 1926 24 Jan. 6/4 Amundsen's experience in the Arctic has been on shipboard, on land, and on landfast polar ice. 1974 E. Pollard et al. (1977) xv. 180 The fluctuations in populations of voles and lemmings in the Arctic are well known. 2010 15 July 57/1 The Himalayan glaciers are different from other glaciers (like in the Arctic) mainly because of their snout being at least three thousand meters above sea level. the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > shoe or boot > shoe > [noun] > types of > overshoe > types of > shoes 1867 1 Mar. 1/1 The ‘arctic’ boots are taking the place of rubber over-shoes,..and are more serviceable.] 1868 Mar. 424/2 He wore a long tailed dress-coat under a short overcoat, and his feet gloried in a pair of solid ‘Arctics’. 1883 M. Arnold (1895) II. 279 I have bought a pair of arctics, the lined waterproof boots which everybody here [sc. in Boston] wears in winter. 1926 Feb. 43/2 The best prevention is warm arctics and wool stockings that will keep the feet as dry and warm as possible. 2003 E. Aswad & S. M. Meredith 84 (caption) The advertisements also reminded patrons that no ration stamps were needed for rubbers and arctics. 1927 J. A. Comstock 76 The Great Arctic (Oeneis nevadensis F. & F.) is an inhabitant of the northern counties of the state. 1965 J. W. Tilden 28 Iduna Arctic (Oeneis nevadensis iduna). 1984 R. M. Pyle xi. 133 Some butterflies, like the arctics, bask with their wings closed and tilted to the sun. 2005 T. J. Allen et al. 110 Like Alpines, arctics inhabit the far north or high elevations. Compounds C1. 1821 H. E. Lloyd tr. O. von Kotzebue III. 300 The Flora of this bay is adorned by..several species, which we saw only there, of every genuine arctic Alpine genus. 1875 J. G. Baker xii. 109 Very few of these arctic-alpines..extend to the tropics or the southern hemisphere. 1905 June 167 He..spent his leisure moments making by far the largest and best collection yet made of the insects of the Arctic-Alpine zone in the Rocky Mountains. 1975 R. G. H. Bunce in (1979) iii. 33 Fewer arctic-alpines and..many more mosses, liverworts and ferns. 2010 Feb. 61/2 These calcareous schists are the ones on which arctic-alpine plants thrive best. 1853 W. Kennedy iv. 101 We had already in our eagerness, aided by the marvellously refractive powers of an Arctic haze, mistaken..a stranded packing-case, that lay on the beach. 1881 R. M. Ballantyne 14 An Arctic haze, dry and sunny, seemed to float over all like golden gauze. 1933 H. C. Willett i. 14 The specific humidity has been reduced..by the formation of Arctic haze or frost smoke. 1957 J. M. Mitchell in Suppl. i. 195 Poleward of 70° and at altitudes from ground level to more than 30,000 feet (9000 m) pilots very commonly encounter ‘Arctic haze’ in which..slant visual ranges are restricted to an estimated 2–5 miles. 2007 J. M. Snyder & B. Stonehouse iii. 38 A further man-made change of environmental significance is Arctic haze—a persistent form of atmospheric pollution that occurs over much of the Arctic basin. 1819 J. Ross vii. 164 There is a still greater difference between the dialect of the Arctic Highlanders and the Humooke. 1912 Nov. 621 For moving his family and belongings the Arctic Highlander uses a large boat called an umyak. 1998 F. Fleming iii. 45 The Arctic Highlanders were so isolated that they had even lost their mythology. the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [noun] > hysteria > arctic hysteria 1890 D. H. Cullimore (ed. 2) vii. 153 In the extreme north [of Russia in Europe] the most common diseases are hæmorrhoids, bone and skin diseases, eruptive fevers and ophthalmia... Arctic hysteria is also often observed. 1924 5 113 Travellers passing through the snowy deserts of extreme northeastern Siberia have more than once come across a nervous disorder, now most commonly known as Arctic Hysteria. 2005 10 Nov. 67/4 A catalog essay reveals he's an actor feigning a bout of ‘arctic hysteria’, seizures known in Inuit as pibloktok. 1780 W. Tooke tr. J. G. Georgi III. 315 Filling the Arctic ocean with isles and breakers. 1853 E. K. Kane i. 13 The Arctic Ocean is inclosed between the northern shores of Asia, Europe, and America. 1939 E. D. Laborde tr. E. de Martonne (rev. ed.) vi. 97 (caption) The Arctic Ocean, showing the variations in the extent of ocean surface covered by ice. 2008 May 235 Russia..has six major rivers that feed the Arctic Ocean. 1998 D. W. J. Thompson & J. M. Wallace in 25 1297 Coupled to strong fluctuations at the 50‐hPa level on the intraseasonal, interannual, and interdecadal time scales, this ‘Arctic Oscillation’ (AO) can be interpreted as the surface signature of modulations in the strength of the polar vortex aloft. 2001 6 July i. 13/6 Mild winters in Britain during the past two decades have been caused by natural variations in a climate system known as the Arctic Oscillation, rather than by global warming. 2005 25 Apr. 2/2 During this same period, an atmospheric circulation pattern known as the Arctic Oscillation has mostly been in what climatologists call a ‘positive’ mode. 2011 (Nexis) 11 Mar. A2 Now, there is a fairly complex new scientific theory to explain why climate change can mean more winter, not less, involving the Arctic Oscillation effect. 1960 4 May 545/2 Arctic Roll... Frozen confections in the form of cylindrical rolls consisting of ice cream covered with sponge cake. The Times Food Products Company Limited... 14th September, 1959. 1977 9 Feb. (Cakes & Biscuits Special Rep.) p. iii/4 The bulk of these exports have been dairy cream sponges and Arctic rolls. 1998 (Nexis) 26 Feb. 33 In the supermarkets this retro-trend has seen a resurgence in popularity of the arctic roll—stores sold £8.7m worth of the kids' favourite tea-time treat last year. 2002 S. Mason iv. 51 The closest I have been to an Arctic Expedition is getting an Arctic Roll out of the freezer. 1763 Jan. 34/1 No such rivers flow out of Greenland into the Arctic Sea. 1818 D. Adams (ed. 3) ii. 20 There are usually reckoned four oceans; viz. the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic Sea, or Frozen Ocean. 1883 F. R. Kjellman 4 In defining the limits of the Arctic Sea there generally prevail two different points of view, the one a purely geographical one, when by the Arctic Sea there is meant the sea north of the north Polar circle, the other a more hydrographical one, when the Arctic Sea denotes the cold glacial sea round the North Pole. 1927 Oct. 598/2 It was not possible to have such up-to-the-minute weather news of the Arctic Sea north of Spitsbergen as you do of the Atlantic east of Newfoundland. 2003 (National ed.) 16 Dec. d2/2 There will be a major melting of Arctic Sea ice, and therefore a megathreat to life there. the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cloud > mist > [noun] > thick mist or fog > sea-fog > in high latitudes 1929 56 444/1 (heading) Arctic Sea smoke (Calwagen's Sjörök). 1929 56 459/1 When this saturation takes place sufficiently rapidly there occurs the visible steaming which in the arctic regions is called Arctic Sea smoke. 1945 R. W. Mudge vi. 106 Land and river steam fog, at times known as arctic sea smoke or convection fog, is the result of cold air flowing over a much warmer water surface. 2006 G. Pretor-Pinney iii. 85 This type of fog is at its most dramatic in polar regions, where it is known as ‘Arctic sea smoke’. society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [noun] > specific stone-age culture 1881 P. B. Du Chaillu I. xxix. 346 In a few instances the spear-points and knives of slate peculiar to the arctic stone age have been found in Svealand. 1926 R. A. Smith (Brit. Mus.) (ed. 3) 159 The Arctic Stone Age..is represented by slate lance- and arrow-heads, celts..and pottery. 1937 E. V. Gordon tr. H. Shetelig & H. S. Falk vi. 73 A conspicuous and attractive feature of the Arctic stone age in the north of Scandinavia is a distinctive naturalistic art..in rock-carvings and rock-paintings in Norway and Sweden. 2007 M. Roslund ii. 113 According to the advocates of this hypothesis they were descendants of the Arctic Stone Age culture, pushed by a group coming from the south. C2. Animals and plants native to Arctic regions. 1781 R. Pulteney 357 Rubus arcticus,..Arctic Bramble. 1861 F. Metcalfe xx. 305 The arctic bramble with its bright scarlet fruit comes in for a share of my notice, both of eye and tongue. 1905 J. A. Harvie-Brown II. 386 Owing to the continuation of cold winds this summer it is predicted that we shall have few Arctic brambles, and the show of blossom is certainly very small. 2010 (Nexis) 15 Apr. (Features section) 38 Once a year I go and work in Lapland and there is the best fruit on Earth there called the Arctic bramble. the world > animals > fish > class Osteichthyes or Teleostomi > order Salmoniformes (salmon or trout) > family Salmonidae (salmon) > [noun] > genus Salvelinus > salvelinus alpinus 1849 H. W. Herbert 18 The Arctic Charr (Salmo Hoodii). 1937 E. Shackleton 289 I went to look at a little stream and saw many Arctic charr cruising about at the mouth. 2006 16 Nov. 45/2 Arctic char with apple gnocchi or scallops with sherry-hazelnut vinaigrette. 1884 18 Apr. 479/2 The sea gave us only the arctic cod and small hair seal. 1970 D. Wilkinson iii. viii. 80 Diving beneath the sea for its food is a king eider duck, sharing the underwater domain with Arctic char and Arctic cod. 2006 Nov. 65/2 The arctic cod can tolerate seawater temperatures of −1.8°C. the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > [noun] > genus Alopex (arctic fox) 1771 T. Pennant Pl. XVII (caption) Arctic fox. 1840 C. H. Smith (Naturalist's Libr.: Mammalia X) II. 237 The Arctic fox is smaller than the common, measuring only one foot eleven inches. 1910 V. 371/2 The Arctic fox..of which there is a blue and a white phase, has the tail very full and bushy. 2001 J. Waterman ii. 123 Arctic foxes cock their heads from nearby eskers. 1849 H. W. Herbert 296 The delicious Arctic Grayling, Back's Charr, and the Common Trout, afford their principal subsistence to the Esquimaux. 1988 R. Turnbull 128 The principal angling species are northern pike, walleye, enormous lake trout and Arctic grayling. 2005 J. Diamond (2006) i. 54 Montana originally supported valuable fisheries based on native Cutthroat Trout (Montana's state fish), Bull Trout, Arctic Grayling, and Whitefish. the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > order Lagomorpha (rabbits and hares) > [noun] > family Leporidae > genus Lepus (hares) > lepus timidus (arctic hare) 1821 20 Nov. 155/1 The arctic hares change their colour from the change of temperature. 1910 XII. 546/1 The other land mammals, the polar bear, the polar fox, the Arctic hare..are perfectly circumpolar forms. 2004 May 109/2 Arctic hares and voles can both be spotted on the scree slopes below. 1895 R. Ridgway II. i. 255 Black-throated loon. Popular synonyms. Arctic Loon or Diver; Black-throated Diver. 1945 62 131 It was a surprise to find the Arctic Loon's eggs within a few feet of the pegs that staked out the photographic blind of the previous trip. 2006 P. Dunne 88 Pacific Loon may favor or tolerate rougher water than Arctic Loon, which (like Common Loon) seems partial to back bays. ?a1808 VIII. 94 The Arctic Owl.—Body rusty-brown, above spotted with black, beneath streaked with narrow brown lines... Inhabits northern Sweden; eighteen inches long. 1879 Nov. 94/1 An Arctic owl will perceive a hare upon the snow..three times as far as the keenest-eyed Chippewa. 1930 Mar. 146 The beautiful snowy or arctic owl, Nyctea nyctea, of circumpolar range, is another friend who suffers unduly at the hands of man. 2002 B. McNab xi. 346/1 Arctic owls, such as the snowy (Nyctea scandiaca), hawk (Surnia ulula), and great gray owls (Strix nebulosa), are facultatively diurnal in summer. 1852 P. C. Sutherland I. vii. 240 There was a whole array of Arctic plants. The well-known yellow Arctic poppy (Papaver nudicaule), one or two varieties of creeping willows, [etc.]. 1919 19 290 The golden Arctic poppy (Papaver radicatum) for a few weeks in summer greets the botanist with good cheer wherever he may wander. 2008 D. Desonie 30 Some flowers, such as the Arctic poppy (Papaver nudicaule), are solartropic. 1819 1 104 Observing the Arctic Skua. 1885 H. Seebohm III. 354 Richardson's Skua has inappropriately been called the Arctic Skua. 1970 J. S. Huxley (1972) x. 124 We saw arctic skuas pecking at the putrid remains of a whale carcass. 2006 Aug. 111/2 There were two Pomarine Skuas, nine Common Scoters and a Fulmar, an Arctic Skua and a late Red-throated Diver. 1824 p. ccii. (heading) Sterna Arctica. Arctic Tern. 1842 W. MacGillivray II. 232 The Arctic Tern..may easily be distinguished from the Common Tern, even on wing, as well as by its cry. 1973 M. Herbert iv. 24 A few Arctic Terns..hovered balletically before swooping in a graceful arc to snatch some morsel from the sea. 2003 Mar. 44/1 Cheeky Arctic terns hover over the kayak or gang up on bat-like parasitic jaegers. the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > willow and allies > [noun] > other types of willow 1818 31 Jan. 68/3 No tree rears its head; the dwarf birch, and the arctic willows..creep with difficulty, seeking protection from the wind and cold between broken fragments of stone. 1904 I. C. Russell ii. 67 The only representative of arboreal vegetation is usually the slim osier-like arctic willow which grows in sheltered localities and attains a height of 3 to 5 feet. 2010 R. Sale & E. Potapov i. 16 In the tents..the only available heating would have been from gathered twigs of Arctic willow. 1781 P. S. Pallas Let. 8 Oct. in T. Pennant I. (1784) 42 Some of the [hybrid] whelps are greyish, rusty, or even of the whitish hue of the Arctic wolves. 1824 9 Oct. 651/1 The Arctic Wolf is about the size of a Newfoundland dog, but having a longer head and stronger limbs. 1854 5 242/2 It is curious to observe that the Arctic wolf has a reasonable advantage of 9 degrees [Fahrenheit in body temperature] over the wolf of our own latitude. 1959 May 53/2 From the air, an Arctic wolf in flight looks like a whirlwind of ice crystals skimming over the snow-covered tundra. 2002 D. F. Lott & H. W. Greene v. 245 In the 1930s arctic wolves were exposed to casually managed husky sled dogs. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  adj.n.c1400 |
