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单词 hazardous
释义

hazardousadj.

Brit. /ˈhazədəs/, U.S. /ˈhæzərdəs/
Forms: see hazard n. and adj. and -ous suffix.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; perhaps modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: hazard n., -ous suffix.
Etymology: < hazard n. + -ous suffix, perhaps after Middle French, French hasardeux risky (1540), given to risk-taking, reckless (1552).
1. Fraught with hazards or risk; dangerous; risky.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > [adjective] > full of risk
adventurousa1375
jeopardous1451
jeopardious?1504
hazardous1549
venturous1570
hazardly1575
chanceful1591
unsafe1597
venturable1597
hazard1601
desperatea1616
hazardable1618
hazardful1626
discriminous1658
venturesome1661
precarious1727
riskful1793
risky1813
1549 in A. I. Cameron Sc. Corr. Mary of Lorraine (1927) 288 We find na pwrpos to pas fordwart, remembyryng the baittaill wes hasertws.
c1610 J. Melville Mem. Own Life (1735) 335 They durst not yet take such a hazardous Course.
1619 E. M. Bolton tr. Florus Rom. Hist. i. xvii. 77 A most hazzardous warre.
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iii. 228 The enterprize so hazardous and high. View more context for this quotation
1744 M. Bishop Life Matthew Bishop 255 The Edgar..was blown up..after wading through those hazardous Seas that we had just arrived from.
a1781 R. Watson Hist. Reign Philip III (1783) i. 60 The most hazardous enterprize in which he had ever been engaged.
1800 J. Cottle Markoff in Ann. Anthol. II. 228 The instances which have occurred of individuals and even companies being frozen to death, are insufficient to intimidate others from following the same hazardous occupation [sc. hunting sable].
1824 W. Irving Tales of Traveller III. 104 I could not expect that she would quit her home, and accompany me in my hazardous life among the mountains.
1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. v. 419 To attempt to analyse the motives of a double-minded man is always a hazardous experiment.
1900 A. I. Jones Chevalier de St. Denis xxvi. 297 He had been warned to arm himself to the teeth, for travel was hazardous in that robber-infested country.
1954 J. D. Horan Confederate Agent xxix. 261 Unshaven, and bone-tired from the hazardous journey north, he walked into a saloon..for a drink and some supper.
2016 Sun (Nexis) 15 Jan. 9 The Road Safety Authority is warning all motorists to slow down as the cold snap continues, with freezing fog making driving conditions hazardous.
2. Of a person: given to risk-taking; reckless; adventurous.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > [adjective] > full of risk > risk-taking
hazardous1560
outstretching1654
brinkmanlike1958
radical1964
1560 N. Throckmorton Let. 28 Nov. in State Papers, Foreign Ser. P.R.O. SP70/20 f. 56 A gloriouse, rash, and hazardous yonge man.
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) iii. xxviii. sig. Zz5v Who was in the disposition of his nature hazardouse.
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage viii. vii. 642 Hazardous Mariners.
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxiv. 129 Too hazardous in engaging the publique stock into a long, or costly war.
1745 George Faulkner Dublin Jrnl. 24–27 Aug. These hazardous Adventurers may find themselves mistaken.
1840 T. De Quincey On Essenes: Pt. III in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. May 643/1 A sect that proselytized was at any rate a hazardous sect in Judæa.
1864 G. Meredith Emilia in Eng. I. viii. 97 A strong barrier..of pen-points—must be raised against every newly minted word and hazardous coiner, or we shall be inundated.
1919 Economist 6 Sept. 401/1 Above this enormous crowd of petty smugglers quite a class of hazardous speculators has formed.
2016 L. Gell et al. What determines Harm from Addictive Substances & Behaviours? vi. 177 A hazardous gambler who stays away from the casino will not face the multiple cues that might touch off the hazardous behaviour.
3. Of the nature of the game of hazard; dependent on chance.In later use probably only a contextual use of sense 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > chance or causelessness > [adjective] > random or haphazard
uncertain1303
casualc1460
haphazard1576
roving1577
hazardous1585
chanceful1594
firmless1605
random1655
temerarious1660
aleatory1693
contingent1703
unlawed1789
by the way1846
chancy1860
fluky1880
hitty-missy1885
perchance1891
happenchance1905
happenstance1905
willy-nilly1933
1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie ii. xii. 47 b The adventure therof on the one side and the other was very hazardous [Fr. hazardeux] and variable.
1653 H. More Antidote against Atheisme ii. ix. 81 In other Generations that are more hazardous,..[Nature] makes them [sc. the creatures] Male and Female.
1671 I. Barrow Duty & Reward of Bounty 8 He disperseth them [sc. his goods] to the poor, not dissipateth them among vain or lewd persons..in idle divertisements, in expensive curiosities, in hazardous gamings.
1713 E. Ward Hist. Grand Rebellion I. 35 Th'unhappy King, much streighten'd for Supplies, Was forc'd to take their hazardous Advice.
1791 E. Burke Appeal New to Old Whigs 112 They may indeed stop short of some hazardous and ambiguous excellence.
1816 S. W. Singer Researches Hist. Playing Cards i. 9 Hazardous betting or playing for stakes.
1880 Libr. Universal Knowl. IV. 285 Hazardous contracts, in which the performance depends upon some uncertain future event.
1929 F. L. Paxson When West is Gone (1930) iii. 98 The arid slopes where farming ceases to be an occupation and becomes a hazardous game of chance.
2012 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 15 Apr. At long last, his hazardous investment had paid a dividend.
4. That is or represents a hazard to human or animal health; that is damaging to the environment; (esp. of a substance) harmful, toxic.Cf. hazardous waste n. at Compounds.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [adjective] > harmful or injurious
litherc893
scathefulc900
orneOE
teenfulOE
atterlichc1050
evilc1175
wicka1250
scathela1300
deringa1325
unkindc1330
harmfula1340
ill1340
wicked1340
shrewdc1380
noisomea1382
venomed1382
noyfulc1384
damageousc1386
infectivea1398
unwholesomea1400
annoying?c1400
mischievous1414
damnablec1420
contagiousc1430
mischievable?a1439
damagefulc1449
damageable1474
unhappy1474
nuisable1483
nocible1490
nuisible1490
nuisant1494
noxiousa1500
nocent?c1500
hurtful1526
sinistral1534
nocive1538
offendent1547
offensivea1548
dangerous1548
naughtya1555
dispendious1557
offensible1575
wrackful1578
baneful1579
hindersome1580
scandalizing1593
damnifiable1604
taking1608
toadish1611
illful1613
nocivousc1616
mischieving1621
nocuous1627
obnoxious1638
nocumentous1644
vicious1656
nocumental1657
abnoxious1680
dungeonable1691
offending1694
hurtsomea1699
nociferous1706
sinister1726
damnific1727
hazardous1748
slaughtering1811
damaging1856
damnous1870
lethal1942
1748 J. Chandler Frauds Detected 15 The Patient, whose Bowels are racked and tore by the Vellications of this harsh and hazardous Medicine.
1784 M. Underwood Treat. Dis. Children 54 Nor is there any reason to think the bark in substance anywise hazardous, where the nature of the disease may demand the use of it.
1829 J. Rennie New Suppl. Pharmacopœias (ed. 2) 214 [The preparation] is useful in aphtha and syphilitic sore-throat, but is hazardous if any of it should be swallowed.
1866 Lees' Stalybridge Family Almanack p. xxxiii (advt.) Occupations involving..the use of machinery or hazardous substances, insured at an equitable addition.
1947 Instruments 20 712/1 The qualities which make radio-atoms..useful to science and industry make them hazardous to handle.
1969 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 64 743 Until we know what those [other predisposing] factors are,..it is inevitable that there will be disagreement whether smoking is hazardous to all persons.
1989 L. Nonnecke Veg. Production 108 Aircraft spraying is the most hazardous to bees, and use of granular materials is the least hazardous.
1999 Evening Standard (Palmerston North, N.Z.) (Nexis) 2 Aug. 13 Information on..presence of hazardous contaminants..is held in council's records.
2014 M. D. Delost Introd. to Diagnostic Microbiol. for Lab. Sci. ii. 20 Protective eyewear..must be worn in all laboratories using hazardous chemicals.

Compounds

hazardous insurance n. (a) a life, building, etc., assessed as exposed to more than average risk, for the purposes of insurance; (b) insurance, effected at a high premium, on such a life, building, etc.
ΚΠ
1719 N. Lechmere Let. 3 Mar. in Special Rep. Comm. Several Subscriptions Fisheries, Insurances, Annuities (1720) 41 It being always found necessary, in large or hazardous insurances, to obtain great Numbers of Persons to underwrite.
?1740 Proposals Dublin Insurance Company (single sheet) Such Trades carried on, or such Goods deposited in Brick or Stone Buildings..are to pay the annual Premium set down under the Head of Hazardous Insurance.
1786 J. Trusler London Adviser & Guide 11 If there is any part of the building wood or plaster on the outside, hazardous insurance must be paid.
1840 Hand-bk. Trade & Commerce 161 Hazardous insurances include timber buildings, thatched barns and outhouses.
1876 Whitaker's Almanack 217/1 Hazardous Insurances.—At 2s.6d to 3s. per cent. per annum, with certain exceptions.
1953 A. E. Bulau Footpr. Assurance I. 39/1 For the first time fire insurance risks were classified somewhat after the old English system, they being listed and rated as Common Insurances, Hazardous Insurances, Doubly Hazardous Insurances, and Special or Extraordinary Risks.
2001 North Adams (Mass.) Transcript 19 June a5 (advt.) Hazardous insurance is required.
hazardous material n. any of various substances considered to be especially dangerous to humans, the environment, etc., if not handled, used, or stored in a particular way; esp. (in later use) a substance classified as such by a governmental or official body.
ΚΠ
1827 New Times 21 July The fact of the plaintiff's having given orders to make a fire in the building for the purpose of heating tar..did not come within the meaning of the condition, which prohibited the carrying on any hazardous trade, or the depositing of hazardous materials, upon premises not insured at the rate of 2s. 9d. per cent.
1939 Sci. News Let. 22 July 61 It is much better to learn how to use safely a hazardous material than to discard it for a..substance..of unknown toxicity.
2017 Morning Star 13 Feb. 6/5 Firefighters evacuated hundreds of passengers from Hamburg airport yesterday after dozens were injured by a mysterious hazardous material that is thought to have been spread through the airport's air conditioning system.
hazardous occupation n. Insurance, Law, etc. an employment recognized as posing more than average risks to those engaged in it or to premises used for it; also attributive, as hazardous occupation table.
ΚΠ
1795 Proposals (Mass. Fire & Marine Insurance Company) (single sheet) Household furniture, not contained in buildings used for hazardous occupations.
1850 Chambers's Edinb. Jrnl. 9 Nov. 299/1 The hazardous occupations are such as builders, carpenters, sawyers, masons, house-painters, coopers, millers, printers, labourers, porters, carriers, policemen, and all persons such as ostlers, coachmen, postilions, guards, &c. employed about horses; likewise persons employed in the construction of large engineering works, as docks, tunnels, &c.
1880 Amer. Decisions 21 686 A Provision that the Policy should Cease and be of no force so long as the building should be used for any one of specified extra hazardous occupations, will not release the insurers for a loss by fire after such hazardous occupation has been discontinued.
1897 Daily News 9 June 8/4 A recommendation was adopted..making it compulsory for members following those occupations to pay the increased contributions required by the hazardous occupation table.
?1901 A. Landis Friendly Societies & Fraternal Orders 36 In a large majority of the cases..excessive sickness cost has been noted as one of the causes of deficiency, and wherever such excess has been attributed to occupation causes the adoption of a hazardous occupation table has been advised.
1941 Southern Reporter 2nd Ser. 3 605/1 This court has decided that farming is not a hazardous occupation, per se, or in the ordinary understanding of men.
2000 A. Griffith et al. Managem. Syst. for Constr. v. 149 In the period 1990 to 1996 the average number of fatalities each year still exceeded 80... There can be no doubt, therefore, that construction remains a hazardous occupation.
hazardous waste n. waste, esp. industrial waste, that is potentially harmful to human health or to the environment and which requires special facilities for its disposal; also occasionally as a count noun; cf. toxic waste n. at toxic adj. and n. Additions.Cf. earlier non-hazardous waste n. at non-hazardous adj. Compounds.
ΚΠ
1945 Alton (Illinois) Evening Tel. 23 Aug. 1/3 The men had been assigned to dumping hazardous waste as the factory reconverted from war production to wall paper manufacture.
1980 Blair & Ketchum's Country Jrnl. Oct. 127/2 He recommends..complete disposal of hazardous wastes by means of disassemblage or direct destruction.
2011 P. E. Rosenfeld & L. G. H. Feng Risks Hazardous Wastes i. 8 Unlike other types of hazardous waste, there is no way to neutralize radioactive waste.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.1549
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