hastaten.

Brit.

/ˈhasteɪt/, U.S.

/ˈhæˌsteɪt/

Inflections: Plural hastates, unchanged, hastati.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin hastātus.

Etymology: < classical Latin hastātus spearman, soldier in one of the units in the front line in battle, use as noun of hastātus armed with a spear or spears < hasta spear (see hastal adj.) + -ātus -ate suffix¹.The plural form hastati reflects the Latin plural.

Roman History.

A soldier occupying the front line of the ancient Roman army, and armed with a spear (or, in later times, a sword). Also: these soldiers collectively. Cf. hastary n., princeps n. 1a, triary n.

ΚΠ

a1460 Knyghthode & Bataile (Pembr. Cambr. 243) l. 1798 (MED) And as of old thei called hem hastate [L. hastatos] By cause of vse of spere & shaftis rounde, Of armure is noon of hem desolate.

1562 P. Whitehorne tr. N. Machiavelli Arte of Warre iii. f. xlii^v The Hastati..retired by a little and little, by the rarenesse of thorders betwene the Prencipi.

1593 M. Sutcliffe Pract., Proc., & Lawes of Armes xii. 165 The hastati were yongest and of least experience, first in place, but last in accompt.

1600 C. Edmondes Obseruations Fiue Bks. Caesars Comm. i. xvi. 43 The Centurions of the first orders, which I vnderstand to be the first Hastate, the first Princeps, and the first Pilum of euery legion.

1658 Sir T. Browne Garden of Cyrus ii, in Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall 114 The Elephants passing the vacuities of the Hastati, might have run upon them.

1783 T. Wilson Archæol. Dict. at Principes The Principes..probably before the institution of the Hastate, used to begin the fight.

1858 B. H. Kennedy Curriculum stili Latini 230 If the hastates could not rout the enemy, the principes received them between their ranks.

1883 Time July 95 The ‘hastate’, the youngest and least distinguished soldiers, carried two javelins, one to hurl and the other reserved as a defence against cavalry.

1904 T. A. Dodge Napoleon II. xxxi. 311 The work of the several classes of French troops was kept so nicely separated..they remind one of the old Roman division of the legionaries into Velites, Hastates, Principes, Triarii.

2014 J. R. Wileman Warfare in Northern Europe before Romans vii. 149 The hastate—young soldiers with body armour and a rectangular shield, with a sword and javelins.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

hastateadj.

Brit.

/ˈhasteɪt/, U.S.

/ˈhæˌsteɪt/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin hastatus.

Etymology: < scientific Latin hastatus (also hastata) formed like a spear, spear-shaped (from 1753 as a specific name or epithet) < classical Latin hasta spear (see hastal adj.) + -ātus -ate suffix². Compare classical Latin hastātus armed with a spear or spears (see hastate n.). Compare earlier hastated adj.

1. Botany. Of a leaf: triangular with the basal corners laterally projecting.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > [adjective] > having particular shape

creviced1558

bladed1578

curled1578

purled1578

rank-toothed1578

fingered1597

cultellated1657

pounced1681

reduced1682

cuspidate1693

frontated1719

cuspidated1731–7

subrotund1753

acerose1760

hastate1760

involute1760

oblique1760

acerousc1789

strap-spear-shaped1796

immarginate1800

submarginate1807

replicate1812

toothleted1812

angustate1826

palaceous1832

bicrenate1835

basisolute1847

replicative1852

frontate1855

hastile1857

1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. iii. v. 174 Hastate, Javelin-shaped; when they [sc. leaves] are triangular, the Base and Sides hollowed, and the Angles spreading.

1785 T. Martyn in tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xxvii. 428 Hastate leaves that are quite entire.

1852 E. Lees Bot. Looker-out (ed. 2) xvi. 303 Sheep's Sorrel..is a plant of hills and dry pastures.., its hastate foliage becoming of a rich red colour as the summer declines.

1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 313 Rumex acetosella; diœcious, lower leaves hastate.

1901 A. Lounsberry Southern Wild Flowers & Trees 150 Its large hastate leaves..at times..are known to occur almost heart-shaped.

1965 Times 18 Dec. 8/7 European arum leaves..are dark, shiny and hastate and at least a foot tall.

2013 Kew Bull. 68 652/1 Leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate or lanceolate to hastate or sagittate.

2. Shaped like a spearhead, narrowly triangular.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > [adjective] > spear- or awl-shaped

hastal1672

hastated1751

subulated1752

subulate1757

hastate1777

subuliform1804

the world > space > shape > fact or condition of tapering > condition of tapering to a point > [adjective] > slender and

spear-like1567

styliform1578

styliformed1578

lance-like1579

arrowy1637

needle-like1672

needly1694

spiculated1745

lanceolated1752

subulated1752

subulate1757

lanceolate1760

toothpick1761

spear-shaped1763

lance-shaped1776

hastate1777

needle-formed1784

needled1786

needle-shaped1786

subuliform1804

aciform?a1808

needle-form1807

spicular1813

hastiformc1820

speary1821

splintery1836

aiguillesque1856

fleam-shaped1856

toothpick-shaped1905

1777 J. Lightfoot Flora Scotica II. 586 The scales of the female catkins are hastate, or lanceolate, with a lobe on each side at the base.

1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 117 Lingual teeth..elongate, subulate, or hastate.

1874 E. Coues Birds Northwest 665 The continuity of this color..is interrupted by numerous more or less distinct crescentic or hastate spots of dull brownish.

1885 A. Featherman Social Hist. Races Mankind I. 22 Their iron lance-points have the greatest variety of form, but are generally hastate in their outline.

1904 Entomologist 37 183 The second row of white spots more hastate in shape, and lined on the outer edge with blue.

1961 J. Stubblefield Davies's Introd. Palaeontol. (ed. 3) iv. 121 The two main shapes [among belemnite guards] are the lanceolate and the hastate.

2013 Jrnl. Parasitol. 99 501 Body spines smaller and lanceolate rather than longer and hastate.

Compounds

C1. Prefixed to adjectives forming adjectives with the sense ‘(of a leaf) partly hastate and partly of the form denoted by the second element’. Cf. hastato- comb. form. [In hastate-ovate (compare quot. 1818) after scientific Latin hastato-ovatus (1766 or earlier); in hastate-cordate (compare quot. 1882) after scientific Latin hastato-cordatus (1753 or earlier); in hastate-sagittate (compare quot. 2007) after scientific Latin hastato-sagittatus (see hastato- comb. form and compare hastato-sagittate in quot. 1850 at that entry).]

ΚΠ

1818 T. Nuttall Genera N. Amer. Plants I. 199 Lower leaves hastate-ovate, bidentate, acute, upper leaves sublanceolate.

1882 Harper's Mag. Nov. 856/2 I remember feeling as I read that, with its petioled, hastate-cordate leaf, and apetalous flower, with gynandrous stamen,..etc., the Virginia snakeroot ought to make considerable of a sensation in its neighborhood.

1917 L. H. Bailey Standard Cycl. Hort. (ed. 2) I. 255/1 Lvs. large, dark green with a silvery sheen, hastate-lanceolate.

1973 P. C. Standley & L. O. Williams Flora Guatemala ix. 304 Leaves conspicuously hastate-lobate at the base,..flowers blue or purple.

2007 Willdenowia 37 527 Plant with rhizome; leaf hastate-sagittate.

C2.

hastate-auricled adj. [after scientific Latin hastato-auriculatus (1804 or earlier)] now rare (of a leaf) having basal lobes or projections; cf. auriculate adj. 1.

ΚΠ

1829 A. Eaton Man. Bot. (ed. 5) 396 Leaves..hastate-auricled at the base.

1882 R. Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 4) i. iii. 167 When the lobes of such a leaf are separated from the blade..it is auriculate or hastate-auricled.

1990 J. L. Ellis Flora Nallamalais II. 274 Leaves about 1.3 cm long, linear or broadly obovate, acute, obtuse or trident at apices, obtuse or hastate-auricled at base, subsessile.

hastate-leaved adj. (chiefly in the names of plants) having hastate leaves (see sense 1). [Often translating scientific Latin hastata, specific epithet (see main etymology) in the taxonomic names of the individual plants.]

ΚΠ

1807 T. Martyn Miller's Gardener's & Botanist's Dict. (rev. ed.) II. i. at Pontederia Pontederia hastata. Hastate-leaved Pontederia.

1903 Bot. Gaz. 36 359 There appears to be no constant relation between the distribution of the linear and the hastate leaved forms and the environment.

1953 H. G. Belschner Sheep Managem. & Dis. (ed. 3) x. 247 The family Rhagodia contains the hastate-leaved saltbushes,..Rhagodia hastata and Rhagodia linifolia which have succulent fruits.

2016 T. Elliman Wildflowers New Eng. 373 Atriplex prostrata Amaranthaceae Hastate-leaved orache, triangle orache.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	hastate
释义	hastaten. Brit. /ˈhasteɪt/, U.S. /ˈhæˌsteɪt/ Inflections: Plural hastates, unchanged, hastati. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin hastātus. Etymology: < classical Latin hastātus spearman, soldier in one of the units in the front line in battle, use as noun of hastātus armed with a spear or spears < hasta spear (see hastal adj.) + -ātus -ate suffix¹.The plural form hastati reflects the Latin plural. Roman History. A soldier occupying the front line of the ancient Roman army, and armed with a spear (or, in later times, a sword). Also: these soldiers collectively. Cf. hastary n., princeps n. 1a, triary n. ΚΠ a1460 Knyghthode & Bataile (Pembr. Cambr. 243) l. 1798 (MED) And as of old thei called hem hastate [L. hastatos] By cause of vse of spere & shaftis rounde, Of armure is noon of hem desolate. 1562 P. Whitehorne tr. N. Machiavelli Arte of Warre iii. f. xlii^v The Hastati..retired by a little and little, by the rarenesse of thorders betwene the Prencipi. 1593 M. Sutcliffe Pract., Proc., & Lawes of Armes xii. 165 The hastati were yongest and of least experience, first in place, but last in accompt. 1600 C. Edmondes Obseruations Fiue Bks. Caesars Comm. i. xvi. 43 The Centurions of the first orders, which I vnderstand to be the first Hastate, the first Princeps, and the first Pilum of euery legion. 1658 Sir T. Browne Garden of Cyrus ii, in Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall 114 The Elephants passing the vacuities of the Hastati, might have run upon them. 1783 T. Wilson Archæol. Dict. at Principes The Principes..probably before the institution of the Hastate, used to begin the fight. 1858 B. H. Kennedy Curriculum stili Latini 230 If the hastates could not rout the enemy, the principes received them between their ranks. 1883 Time July 95 The ‘hastate’, the youngest and least distinguished soldiers, carried two javelins, one to hurl and the other reserved as a defence against cavalry. 1904 T. A. Dodge Napoleon II. xxxi. 311 The work of the several classes of French troops was kept so nicely separated..they remind one of the old Roman division of the legionaries into Velites, Hastates, Principes, Triarii. 2014 J. R. Wileman Warfare in Northern Europe before Romans vii. 149 The hastate—young soldiers with body armour and a rectangular shield, with a sword and javelins. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). hastateadj. Brit. /ˈhasteɪt/, U.S. /ˈhæˌsteɪt/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin hastatus. Etymology: < scientific Latin hastatus (also hastata) formed like a spear, spear-shaped (from 1753 as a specific name or epithet) < classical Latin hasta spear (see hastal adj.) + -ātus -ate suffix². Compare classical Latin hastātus armed with a spear or spears (see hastate n.). Compare earlier hastated adj. 1. Botany. Of a leaf: triangular with the basal corners laterally projecting. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > leaf > [adjective] > having particular shape creviced1558 bladed1578 curled1578 purled1578 rank-toothed1578 fingered1597 cultellated1657 pounced1681 reduced1682 cuspidate1693 frontated1719 cuspidated1731–7 subrotund1753 acerose1760 hastate1760 involute1760 oblique1760 acerousc1789 strap-spear-shaped1796 immarginate1800 submarginate1807 replicate1812 toothleted1812 angustate1826 palaceous1832 bicrenate1835 basisolute1847 replicative1852 frontate1855 hastile1857 1760 J. Lee Introd. Bot. iii. v. 174 Hastate, Javelin-shaped; when they [sc. leaves] are triangular, the Base and Sides hollowed, and the Angles spreading. 1785 T. Martyn in tr. J.-J. Rousseau Lett. Elements Bot. xxvii. 428 Hastate leaves that are quite entire. 1852 E. Lees Bot. Looker-out (ed. 2) xvi. 303 Sheep's Sorrel..is a plant of hills and dry pastures.., its hastate foliage becoming of a rich red colour as the summer declines. 1870 J. D. Hooker Student's Flora Brit. Islands 313 Rumex acetosella; diœcious, lower leaves hastate. 1901 A. Lounsberry Southern Wild Flowers & Trees 150 Its large hastate leaves..at times..are known to occur almost heart-shaped. 1965 Times 18 Dec. 8/7 European arum leaves..are dark, shiny and hastate and at least a foot tall. 2013 Kew Bull. 68 652/1 Leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate or lanceolate to hastate or sagittate. 2. Shaped like a spearhead, narrowly triangular. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > [adjective] > spear- or awl-shaped hastal1672 hastated1751 subulated1752 subulate1757 hastate1777 subuliform1804 the world > space > shape > fact or condition of tapering > condition of tapering to a point > [adjective] > slender and spear-like1567 styliform1578 styliformed1578 lance-like1579 arrowy1637 needle-like1672 needly1694 spiculated1745 lanceolated1752 subulated1752 subulate1757 lanceolate1760 toothpick1761 spear-shaped1763 lance-shaped1776 hastate1777 needle-formed1784 needled1786 needle-shaped1786 subuliform1804 aciform?a1808 needle-form1807 spicular1813 hastiformc1820 speary1821 splintery1836 aiguillesque1856 fleam-shaped1856 toothpick-shaped1905 1777 J. Lightfoot Flora Scotica II. 586 The scales of the female catkins are hastate, or lanceolate, with a lobe on each side at the base. 1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 117 Lingual teeth..elongate, subulate, or hastate. 1874 E. Coues Birds Northwest 665 The continuity of this color..is interrupted by numerous more or less distinct crescentic or hastate spots of dull brownish. 1885 A. Featherman Social Hist. Races Mankind I. 22 Their iron lance-points have the greatest variety of form, but are generally hastate in their outline. 1904 Entomologist 37 183 The second row of white spots more hastate in shape, and lined on the outer edge with blue. 1961 J. Stubblefield Davies's Introd. Palaeontol. (ed. 3) iv. 121 The two main shapes [among belemnite guards] are the lanceolate and the hastate. 2013 Jrnl. Parasitol. 99 501 Body spines smaller and lanceolate rather than longer and hastate. Compounds C1. Prefixed to adjectives forming adjectives with the sense ‘(of a leaf) partly hastate and partly of the form denoted by the second element’. Cf. hastato- comb. form. [In hastate-ovate (compare quot. 1818) after scientific Latin hastato-ovatus (1766 or earlier); in hastate-cordate (compare quot. 1882) after scientific Latin hastato-cordatus (1753 or earlier); in hastate-sagittate (compare quot. 2007) after scientific Latin hastato-sagittatus (see hastato- comb. form and compare hastato-sagittate in quot. 1850 at that entry).] ΚΠ 1818 T. Nuttall Genera N. Amer. Plants I. 199 Lower leaves hastate-ovate, bidentate, acute, upper leaves sublanceolate. 1882 Harper's Mag. Nov. 856/2 I remember feeling as I read that, with its petioled, hastate-cordate leaf, and apetalous flower, with gynandrous stamen,..etc., the Virginia snakeroot ought to make considerable of a sensation in its neighborhood. 1917 L. H. Bailey Standard Cycl. Hort. (ed. 2) I. 255/1 Lvs. large, dark green with a silvery sheen, hastate-lanceolate. 1973 P. C. Standley & L. O. Williams Flora Guatemala ix. 304 Leaves conspicuously hastate-lobate at the base,..flowers blue or purple. 2007 Willdenowia 37 527 Plant with rhizome; leaf hastate-sagittate. C2. hastate-auricled adj. [after scientific Latin hastato-auriculatus (1804 or earlier)] now rare (of a leaf) having basal lobes or projections; cf. auriculate adj. 1. ΚΠ 1829 A. Eaton Man. Bot. (ed. 5) 396 Leaves..hastate-auricled at the base. 1882 R. Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 4) i. iii. 167 When the lobes of such a leaf are separated from the blade..it is auriculate or hastate-auricled. 1990 J. L. Ellis Flora Nallamalais II. 274 Leaves about 1.3 cm long, linear or broadly obovate, acute, obtuse or trident at apices, obtuse or hastate-auricled at base, subsessile. hastate-leaved adj. (chiefly in the names of plants) having hastate leaves (see sense 1). [Often translating scientific Latin hastata, specific epithet (see main etymology) in the taxonomic names of the individual plants.] ΚΠ 1807 T. Martyn Miller's Gardener's & Botanist's Dict. (rev. ed.) II. i. at Pontederia Pontederia hastata. Hastate-leaved Pontederia. 1903 Bot. Gaz. 36 359 There appears to be no constant relation between the distribution of the linear and the hastate leaved forms and the environment. 1953 H. G. Belschner Sheep Managem. & Dis. (ed. 3) x. 247 The family Rhagodia contains the hastate-leaved saltbushes,..Rhagodia hastata and Rhagodia linifolia which have succulent fruits. 2016 T. Elliman Wildflowers New Eng. 373 Atriplex prostrata Amaranthaceae Hastate-leaved orache, triangle orache. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1460adj.1760
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