hard-shelledadj.

Brit.

/ˈhɑːdʃɛld/, U.S.

/ˈhɑrdˌʃɛld/

Forms: see hard adj. and n. and shelled adj.¹

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: hard adj., shelled adj.¹

Etymology: < hard adj. + shelled adj.¹ Compare hardshell adj.

1. Having a hard shell or surface; = hardshell adj. 1a. Cf. soft-shelled adj. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > specific areas or structures > [adjective] > outer covering > having or like a shell

shellc1440

shelled1577

shelly1593

hard-shelled1599

soft-shelled1611

thick-shelleda1657

the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [adjective] > having a hard protective covering > having a shell > having a very hard shell

hard-shelled1599

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > nut > [adjective] > of or relating to a shell > having a shell > of a certain kind

hard-shelled1599

shelled1611

hardshell1670

softshell1670

paper-shelled1753

1599 T. Moffett Silkewormes 66 Yet seldome are they than a hundred lesse, Sometimes two hundred from their loynes do fall, Round, smooth, hard-shelld, and voide of brittlenes, Whited alike, and yellow yolked all.

1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum xxi. 771 The Citrull hath a thicke hard shelled black barcke and rounder then the Gourd.

1796 B. Hawkins Let. 28 Nov. in Georgia Hist. Soc. Coll. (1916) IX. 17 A grove of dwarf hard shelled hickory trees.

1865 Trans. Illinois State Agric. Soc. 1861–4 5 408 Beetles, or, as they are sometimes called, ‘hard-shelled bugs’.

1942 M. K. Rawlings Cross Creek Cookery xvii. 191 Why does a hard-shelled cooter lay a soft-shelled egg, and a soft-shelled cooter lay a hard-shelled egg?

2004 Nat. New Eng. Winter 64/3 Hard mast refers to hard-shelled seeds and nuts like acorns, beech and hickory nuts.

2. figurative.

a. Difficult to solve or penetrate; intractable. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > unintelligibility > [adjective]

uncouthc897

unnimlyc1225

incomprehensiblea1340

unsearchablec1384

unknowable?c1400

investigablea1425

uncomprehensiblea1425

unthinkablec1445

imperscrutablec1450

inscrutablec1450

inopinable?a1475

incomprenable1502

unspectable?1504

incogitablec1522

uncogitable1529

impenetrable1531

inimaginable1534

inexplicable1555

unsensible1555

unscrutable1562

unfashionable1563

unpenetrable1581

unexcogitable1592

ineffable1598

inexcogitable1599

indivinable1603

ininvestigable1604

incapable1605

searchless?1606

uncomprehensive1609

unconceivable1611

undivinable1611

unimaginable1611

unexplicable1615

unintelligible1616

unapprehensible?1617

unfathomable1617

imprehensible1622

ununderstandablea1631

indeprehensible1633

indiscernible1635

inscrute1639

inapprehensiblea1641

indiscoverable1640

unexaminable1641

impervestigable1643

fathomless1645

inconceivable1646

indeterminable1646

inexplorable1646

insearchable1647

incomprehended1652

comprehendlessa1654

incomprehensive1656

untraceable1661

uninvestigablea1677

unintelligent1683

incognoscible1691

thought-transcendinga1711

uncognizable1720

acataleptic1727

undescriptive1744

elusive1751

impalpable1781

inaccessible1796

unconjecturable1806

uncognoscible1821

unascertainable1827

unfixable1831

unguessable1832

unrealizable1832

unsurveyable1833

hard-shelled1835

unintellective1837

undeemed1845

graspless1849

unconjectured1850

incognizable1852

ungraspable1853

unreadable1853

super-cerebral1854

elusory1856

trans-conscious1865

intangible1880

uncatchable1892

unspelt1892

unplumbable1895

unknowledgeable1920

indiscutable1933

1835 H. Miller Scenes & Legends N. Scotl. xxiiii. 394 They could not break into the meanings of all the new, hard-shelled words they were meeting with,—words ending in acy and archy.

1899 Cynthiana (Indiana) Argus 11 Nov. As brainy and philosophical a woman as any that ever bumped into numerous, hard-shelled problems of life.

1922 Ohio State Univ. Monthly May 31/1 [He] has had a hard-shelled problem in solving the backstop puzzle.

1972 Daily Jrnl. (Fergus Falls, Minnesota) 29 Sept. 1/3 A dispute over how many Northwest Airlines pilots will be called back to their jobs when the strike ends may be the toughest of four hard-shelled issues confronting negotiators.

b. Originally and chiefly U.S. Strongly or rigorously committed, uncompromising, esp. in one's adherence to religious or political principles; hard-line; conservative. Cf. hardshell adj. 2.With quot. 1842, cf. hardshell Baptist n. at hardshell adj. and n. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > orthodoxy > [adjective]

righteOE

orthodoxc1454

catholicc1500

sound1526

catholicala1530

orthodoxastical1570

orthodoxical1577

orthodoxal1607

symmetral1660

hardshell1836

hard-shelled1842

observant1902

bien pensant1923

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Baptists > [adjective] > strict

hardshell1836

hard-shelled1842

1842 J. S. Buckingham Slave States Amer. I. 197 The Baptists [in Macon, Georgia] are of the order called here ‘Hardshelled Baptists’.

1844 N.Y. Herald 18 Oct. That indominitable [sic]—hard fisted—hard shelled democrat, John Donohoo.

1904 N.Y. Herald 23 Oct. 16 There are a good many hard shelled Bryan men who intend to vote for Roosevelt.

1933 Times 30 June 16/2 Your really old-fashioned, hard-shelled Conservative has always been opposed to wide extensions of democratic government.

1941 J. Stuart Men of Mountains 331 If you could see all of us Republicans, Democrats, Methodists, Forty-Gallon Baptists, Hard shelled Baptists,..shaking hands and asking the other how he is after the long night o' sleep.

1994 A. Stump Cobb xv. 220 United States Senator Hoke Smith of Georgia, a hard-shelled states-rights Democrat and former secretary of the interior.

2007 D. L. Price First Marine captured in Vietnam viii. 109 They..took Bennett's pocket Bible; he was a hard-shelled Protestant and this angered him.

c. Hardened, insensitive, callous; not easily moved.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted

hard hearteOE

steelena1000

hardOE

hard-heartedc1225

stony?c1230

yhert1340

dure1412

hardedc1425

induratec1425

stonishc1450

hardenedc1480

steely1508

flinty1536

endured1540

stiff-stomached1540

heartless1556

indured1558

flint-hearted1560

iron1561

marble1565

stone-hearted?1569

stony-hearted1569

iron-hearted1570

steel-hearted1571

rocky?1578

brawned1582

flinted1582

padded1583

obdure?1590

brawny1596

flintful1596

flint-heart1596

steeled1600

cauterized1603

indurated1604

flinty-hearted1629

ahenean1630

dedolent1633

brawny-hearteda1639

hard-grained1643

callous1647

upsitten1682

seared1684

petrified1720

calloused1746

coreless1813

pebble-hearted1816

hard-shelled1848

hard-plucked1857

steel trap1921

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > shameless or thick-skinned

shamelessc897

hard-skinnedc1450

past shame1509

unblushing1595

steel-browed1600

thick-skinned1602

dead to shame1780

case-hardened1836

unsnubbable1847

hard-shelled1848

pachydermatous1849

hard-boiled1884

armour-plated1887

tough-minded1927

chalcenterous1946

chalcenteric1964

1848 G. G. Foster in N.-Y. Daily Tribune 29 Sept. 1/2 Slovenly, hard-shelled women and sinister looking men—..these are some of the leading ‘constituent principles’ of Chatham-street.

1872 W. Mathews Getting on in World xi. 153 There is no man so ‘hard-shelled’ that his soul cannot be reached by kindness.

1907 R. W. Chambers Younger Set ix. 351 But the pity of it; that tight, hard-shelled woman of the world—to do such a thing—to a young girl.

1953 Life 5 Jan. 50/1 The hard-shelled, table-thumping tycoon, the supersalesman, the merciless bargainer, the money-minded tough guy, is on the way out.

1997 New Yorker 28 July 74/1 She is a modern woman, a self-disgusted alcoholic and demimondaine hoping for love from a hard-shelled guy.

2012 Columbian (Vancouver) (Nexis) 31 Jan. a1 Police officers..often seem so hard-shelled in public.

3. Of a book: hardbacked. Somewhat rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > kind of book > book of specific form or colour > [adjective] > having specific type of cover > hard

hard-covered1820

boarded1842

casebound1890

hardback1904

hardbacked1906

hardbound1906

hard-shelled1907

hardcover1939

hard-cased1951

1907 Printers' Ink 23 Jan. 27/1 An excellent novelty from the State Street Trust Company..is a hard-shelled book on ‘State Street’ itself.

1985 Whig-Standard (Kingston, Ont.) 14 Dec. (Mag.) 20/1 It is possible to buy four or five ‘quality’ paperbacks for the price of one hard-shelled best seller.

Compounds

hard-shelled clam n. the quahog or hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria.

ΚΠ

1782 J. H. St. J. de Crèvecoeur Lett. from Amer. Farmer iv. 135 The shores of this island [sc. Nantucket] abound with the soft-shelled, the hard-shelled, and the great sea clams.

1839 C. F. Briggs Adventures Harry Franco II. i. 2 Close by, was a negro opening hard-shelled clams.

1920 Amer. Naturalist 54 421 Hard-shelled clams..are also an easy prey for this ravener.

2001 Trop. Fish Hobbyist Apr. 136/1 The American hard-shelled clam or northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria, will delight you with its antics.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	hard-shelled
释义	hard-shelledadj. Brit. /ˈhɑːdʃɛld/, U.S. /ˈhɑrdˌʃɛld/ Forms: see hard adj. and n. and shelled adj.¹ Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: hard adj., shelled adj.¹ Etymology: < hard adj. + shelled adj.¹ Compare hardshell adj. 1. Having a hard shell or surface; = hardshell adj. 1a. Cf. soft-shelled adj. 1. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > specific areas or structures > [adjective] > outer covering > having or like a shell shellc1440 shelled1577 shelly1593 hard-shelled1599 soft-shelled1611 thick-shelleda1657 the world > animals > animal body > general parts > covering or skin > [adjective] > having a hard protective covering > having a shell > having a very hard shell hard-shelled1599 the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > nut > [adjective] > of or relating to a shell > having a shell > of a certain kind hard-shelled1599 shelled1611 hardshell1670 softshell1670 paper-shelled1753 1599 T. Moffett Silkewormes 66 Yet seldome are they than a hundred lesse, Sometimes two hundred from their loynes do fall, Round, smooth, hard-shelld, and voide of brittlenes, Whited alike, and yellow yolked all. 1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum xxi. 771 The Citrull hath a thicke hard shelled black barcke and rounder then the Gourd. 1796 B. Hawkins Let. 28 Nov. in Georgia Hist. Soc. Coll. (1916) IX. 17 A grove of dwarf hard shelled hickory trees. 1865 Trans. Illinois State Agric. Soc. 1861–4 5 408 Beetles, or, as they are sometimes called, ‘hard-shelled bugs’. 1942 M. K. Rawlings Cross Creek Cookery xvii. 191 Why does a hard-shelled cooter lay a soft-shelled egg, and a soft-shelled cooter lay a hard-shelled egg? 2004 Nat. New Eng. Winter 64/3 Hard mast refers to hard-shelled seeds and nuts like acorns, beech and hickory nuts. 2. figurative. a. Difficult to solve or penetrate; intractable. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > unintelligibility > [adjective] uncouthc897 unnimlyc1225 incomprehensiblea1340 unsearchablec1384 unknowable?c1400 investigablea1425 uncomprehensiblea1425 unthinkablec1445 imperscrutablec1450 inscrutablec1450 inopinable?a1475 incomprenable1502 unspectable?1504 incogitablec1522 uncogitable1529 impenetrable1531 inimaginable1534 inexplicable1555 unsensible1555 unscrutable1562 unfashionable1563 unpenetrable1581 unexcogitable1592 ineffable1598 inexcogitable1599 indivinable1603 ininvestigable1604 incapable1605 searchless?1606 uncomprehensive1609 unconceivable1611 undivinable1611 unimaginable1611 unexplicable1615 unintelligible1616 unapprehensible?1617 unfathomable1617 imprehensible1622 ununderstandablea1631 indeprehensible1633 indiscernible1635 inscrute1639 inapprehensiblea1641 indiscoverable1640 unexaminable1641 impervestigable1643 fathomless1645 inconceivable1646 indeterminable1646 inexplorable1646 insearchable1647 incomprehended1652 comprehendlessa1654 incomprehensive1656 untraceable1661 uninvestigablea1677 unintelligent1683 incognoscible1691 thought-transcendinga1711 uncognizable1720 acataleptic1727 undescriptive1744 elusive1751 impalpable1781 inaccessible1796 unconjecturable1806 uncognoscible1821 unascertainable1827 unfixable1831 unguessable1832 unrealizable1832 unsurveyable1833 hard-shelled1835 unintellective1837 undeemed1845 graspless1849 unconjectured1850 incognizable1852 ungraspable1853 unreadable1853 super-cerebral1854 elusory1856 trans-conscious1865 intangible1880 uncatchable1892 unspelt1892 unplumbable1895 unknowledgeable1920 indiscutable1933 1835 H. Miller Scenes & Legends N. Scotl. xxiiii. 394 They could not break into the meanings of all the new, hard-shelled words they were meeting with,—words ending in acy and archy. 1899 Cynthiana (Indiana) Argus 11 Nov. As brainy and philosophical a woman as any that ever bumped into numerous, hard-shelled problems of life. 1922 Ohio State Univ. Monthly May 31/1 [He] has had a hard-shelled problem in solving the backstop puzzle. 1972 Daily Jrnl. (Fergus Falls, Minnesota) 29 Sept. 1/3 A dispute over how many Northwest Airlines pilots will be called back to their jobs when the strike ends may be the toughest of four hard-shelled issues confronting negotiators. b. Originally and chiefly U.S. Strongly or rigorously committed, uncompromising, esp. in one's adherence to religious or political principles; hard-line; conservative. Cf. hardshell adj. 2.With quot. 1842, cf. hardshell Baptist n. at hardshell adj. and n. Compounds. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > orthodoxy > [adjective] righteOE orthodoxc1454 catholicc1500 sound1526 catholicala1530 orthodoxastical1570 orthodoxical1577 orthodoxal1607 symmetral1660 hardshell1836 hard-shelled1842 observant1902 bien pensant1923 society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Baptists > [adjective] > strict hardshell1836 hard-shelled1842 1842 J. S. Buckingham Slave States Amer. I. 197 The Baptists [in Macon, Georgia] are of the order called here ‘Hardshelled Baptists’. 1844 N.Y. Herald 18 Oct. That indominitable [sic]—hard fisted—hard shelled democrat, John Donohoo. 1904 N.Y. Herald 23 Oct. 16 There are a good many hard shelled Bryan men who intend to vote for Roosevelt. 1933 Times 30 June 16/2 Your really old-fashioned, hard-shelled Conservative has always been opposed to wide extensions of democratic government. 1941 J. Stuart Men of Mountains 331 If you could see all of us Republicans, Democrats, Methodists, Forty-Gallon Baptists, Hard shelled Baptists,..shaking hands and asking the other how he is after the long night o' sleep. 1994 A. Stump Cobb xv. 220 United States Senator Hoke Smith of Georgia, a hard-shelled states-rights Democrat and former secretary of the interior. 2007 D. L. Price First Marine captured in Vietnam viii. 109 They..took Bennett's pocket Bible; he was a hard-shelled Protestant and this angered him. c. Hardened, insensitive, callous; not easily moved. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted hard hearteOE steelena1000 hardOE hard-heartedc1225 stony?c1230 yhert1340 dure1412 hardedc1425 induratec1425 stonishc1450 hardenedc1480 steely1508 flinty1536 endured1540 stiff-stomached1540 heartless1556 indured1558 flint-hearted1560 iron1561 marble1565 stone-hearted?1569 stony-hearted1569 iron-hearted1570 steel-hearted1571 rocky?1578 brawned1582 flinted1582 padded1583 obdure?1590 brawny1596 flintful1596 flint-heart1596 steeled1600 cauterized1603 indurated1604 flinty-hearted1629 ahenean1630 dedolent1633 brawny-hearteda1639 hard-grained1643 callous1647 upsitten1682 seared1684 petrified1720 calloused1746 coreless1813 pebble-hearted1816 hard-shelled1848 hard-plucked1857 steel trap1921 the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > shameless or thick-skinned shamelessc897 hard-skinnedc1450 past shame1509 unblushing1595 steel-browed1600 thick-skinned1602 dead to shame1780 case-hardened1836 unsnubbable1847 hard-shelled1848 pachydermatous1849 hard-boiled1884 armour-plated1887 tough-minded1927 chalcenterous1946 chalcenteric1964 1848 G. G. Foster in N.-Y. Daily Tribune 29 Sept. 1/2 Slovenly, hard-shelled women and sinister looking men—..these are some of the leading ‘constituent principles’ of Chatham-street. 1872 W. Mathews Getting on in World xi. 153 There is no man so ‘hard-shelled’ that his soul cannot be reached by kindness. 1907 R. W. Chambers Younger Set ix. 351 But the pity of it; that tight, hard-shelled woman of the world—to do such a thing—to a young girl. 1953 Life 5 Jan. 50/1 The hard-shelled, table-thumping tycoon, the supersalesman, the merciless bargainer, the money-minded tough guy, is on the way out. 1997 New Yorker 28 July 74/1 She is a modern woman, a self-disgusted alcoholic and demimondaine hoping for love from a hard-shelled guy. 2012 Columbian (Vancouver) (Nexis) 31 Jan. a1 Police officers..often seem so hard-shelled in public. 3. Of a book: hardbacked. Somewhat rare. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > kind of book > book of specific form or colour > [adjective] > having specific type of cover > hard hard-covered1820 boarded1842 casebound1890 hardback1904 hardbacked1906 hardbound1906 hard-shelled1907 hardcover1939 hard-cased1951 1907 Printers' Ink 23 Jan. 27/1 An excellent novelty from the State Street Trust Company..is a hard-shelled book on ‘State Street’ itself. 1985 Whig-Standard (Kingston, Ont.) 14 Dec. (Mag.) 20/1 It is possible to buy four or five ‘quality’ paperbacks for the price of one hard-shelled best seller. Compounds hard-shelled clam n. the quahog or hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. ΚΠ 1782 J. H. St. J. de Crèvecoeur Lett. from Amer. Farmer iv. 135 The shores of this island [sc. Nantucket] abound with the soft-shelled, the hard-shelled, and the great sea clams. 1839 C. F. Briggs Adventures Harry Franco II. i. 2 Close by, was a negro opening hard-shelled clams. 1920 Amer. Naturalist 54 421 Hard-shelled clams..are also an easy prey for this ravener. 2001 Trop. Fish Hobbyist Apr. 136/1 The American hard-shelled clam or northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria, will delight you with its antics. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1599
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