hardenedadj.

Brit.

/ˈhɑːdnd/, U.S.

/ˈhɑrd(ə)nd/

Forms: see harden v. and -ed suffix¹; also late Middle English hardind (northern); also Scottish pre-1700 hardint, pre-1700 hardnyt.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: harden v., -ed suffix¹.

Etymology: < harden v. + -ed suffix¹.

1. Made hard or harder in consistency or texture; firmed up, stiffened, solidified.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > [adjective] > hardened

yharded1297

hardeneda1425

hardedc1425

starkeda1500

enharded1523

indurate1531

stonied1590

over-hardened1612

obdured1619

immarbled1641

stockfished1654

obdurate1743

hard-set?1781

a1425 N. Homily Legendary (Harl. suppl.) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 143 (MED) And so als on a hardind hill Þai raised a rofe right at þaire will.

?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 618 Aspaltum is hardened scume þat is founden in þe Dede See.

1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes (new ed.) f. 83 Hardened oke that feareth no sworde so kene.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. xi. sig. L2 Vpon his crest the hardned yron fell.

1618 T. Adams Happines of Church i. 13 What are those sumptuous monuments wherein hee so glorieth, but monumentall witnesses of his folly, a little hewne tymber, some burnt and hardned earth?

1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe i. 11 The laborious Hind, Whose hardned hands did long in Tillage toil.

a1728 J. Woodward Attempt Nat. Hist. Fossils Eng. (1729) ii. 88 A white reticular Body, appearing to be part of a Sea-Fan, in a blackish hardened earthy Mass.

1773 W. Cribb Considerations on Use of Injections in Gonorrhoea 16 I never knew a gonorrhœa that was not attended with external ulcers, or hardened glands.

1813 J. M. Good et al. Pantologia at Smegma The hardened matter often found, in the morning, on the lachrymal caruncle.

1869 C. Boutell tr. J. P. Lacombe Arms & Armour ii. 38 Bronze or hardened brass.

1902 Geogr. Jrnl. 19 379 The plankton was drawn by a pump through a filter of hardened paper.

1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-offset 273 Irregular spots with white surrounding haloes, caused by dirt or hardened specks of ink.

2000 Building Design 11 Feb. 31/3 (advt.) When applied to the surface, it migrates through the pore structure of even the densest, hardened concrete.

2. Made unfeeling, callous, or cynical, (now) esp. by experience; hard-hearted; hard-bitten.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted

hard hearteOE

steelena1000

hardOE

hard-heartedc1225

stony?c1230

yhert1340

dure1412

hardedc1425

induratec1425

stonishc1450

hardenedc1480

steely1508

flinty1536

endured1540

stiff-stomached1540

heartless1556

indured1558

flint-hearted1560

iron1561

marble1565

stone-hearted?1569

stony-hearted1569

iron-hearted1570

steel-hearted1571

rocky?1578

brawned1582

flinted1582

padded1583

obdure?1590

brawny1596

flintful1596

flint-heart1596

steeled1600

cauterized1603

indurated1604

flinty-hearted1629

ahenean1630

dedolent1633

brawny-hearteda1639

hard-grained1643

callous1647

upsitten1682

seared1684

petrified1720

calloused1746

coreless1813

pebble-hearted1816

hard-shelled1848

hard-plucked1857

steel trap1921

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > obdurate

hardOE

induratec1425

hardenedc1480

obdureda1500

indured1558

obdurate1590

obfirmed1597

indurated1604

obduratious1672

case-hardened1836

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > inflexible > of a person

hardenedc1480

stout1586

ramrod1850

rawhide1883

hard-assed1954

stainless steel1963

c1480 (a1400) St. Matthias l. 455 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 235 He prechit fast the puple til; Bot sum sa hardnyt ware þat þai vald trew til hyme be na way.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. cxxvij The Cardinals, seyng the frostie hartes, and hardened myndes of bothe parties, determined not, to despute the titles.

1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 65 Some are..so hardened..that they care not for their countrie.

a1618 R. Rogers Samuels Encounter with Saul (1620) 50 The hardened heart cannot repent.

1675 S. Loveday Personal Reprobation Reprobated x. 184 The Apostle speaks of some, that are past feeling: a hardned soul is under the withdrawings of Gods spirit.

1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 42 The very buryers of the Dead, who were the hardnedest Creatures in Town.

1798 Correct Acct. Trials C. M'Manus & Others 131 Though all his schemes had hitherto been blasted, yet his hardened conscience was never touched with remorse.

1816 J. Austen Let. 23 Mar. (1892) lxxiv. 313 You are the oddest creature! Nervous enough in some respects, but in others perfectly without nerves! Quite unrepulsable, hardened, and impudent.

1867 ‘Ouida’ Under Two Flags II. ix. 253 Youth should have fled..and left in its stead that ribaldry-stained, drink-defiled, hardened,..cruel, terrible thing.

1904 Everybody's Mag. Apr. 521/1 He hesitated and shallied and turned away, as if he were a green-sickness girl and not a hardened politician of fifty-three.

1978 Jet 16 Feb. 60/2 A land of fast cash, luxurious cars and hardened hearts.

2000 White Dwarf May 60/3 My vision of him was of a..hardened, no-nonsense Guardsman who had perhaps murdered a colleague and been sentenced to death.

3. Chiefly modifying an agent noun or equivalent: obstinately set on performing the specified action; unshakeably established in the specified (typically undesirable) habit or way of life; confirmed; inveterate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [adjective] > that does something habitually > inveterate or confirmed

composed1483

wedded1578

fastened1596

dyed in the wool1597

sworna1616

hardeneda1618

engrained1630

steadfast1644

radicateda1661

inveterate1735

professional1814

confirmed1827

card-carrying1939

a1618 J. Sylvester tr. G. Fracastoro Maidens Blush (1620) sig. B3^v And then Remorselesse, on the Grasse hard by Made no more bones, but sate them down to dinner. O! the dull Conscience of a hardned sinner!

1660 R. Parr Christian Reformation xii. 278 As they found thee so they must leave thee, a wretched soul and hardened rebell.

1740 J. Wesley Jrnl. 22 Sept. in Extract Jrnl. (1744) 53 I was desired to pray with an old, hardened Sinner.

1777 J. Burgoyne Proclam. 29 June in London Mag. Aug. 421/1 I have but to give stretch to the Indian forces under my direction,..to overtake the hardened enemies of Great Britain.

1850 H. T. Cheever Whale & his Captors ix. 144 The most hardened grumbler.

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 101/1 The quantity of theine consumed by even the most hardened tea-drinker is exceedingly minute.

1920 Herald of Gospel Liberty 24 June 608/1 Too often we have waited till the child has become the hardened sinner.

1967 M. Procter Exercise Hoodwink xiii. 91 He was a hardened criminal... The days ‘in’ [i.e. in prison] were the price he paid.

1988 P. Pullman Shadow in North x. 110 Even hardened charmers, eligible young men about town, felt uneasy in her presence.

2009 New Yorker 22 June 33/1 A small number of hardened criminals commit a hugely disproportionate number of serious violent crimes.

4. Military. Of a missile, missile site, silo, etc.: made hard (hard adj. 11) as a defensive measure.

ΚΠ

1958 Foreign Affairs 36 283 Nowhere in the West have we created anything approaching the hardened and dispersed underground civilizations required for protection against thermonuclear weapons.

1984 G. H. Clarfield & W. M. Wiecek Nucl. Amer. ix. 240 There were the Minuteman and Titan missiles deployed in hardened silos.

2012 Wall St. Jrnl. 28 Jan. a1/6 The 30,000-pound ‘bunker-buster’ bomb..was specifically designed to take out the hardened fortifications built by Iran and North Korea to cloak their nuclear programs.

Compounds

hardened steel n. Metallurgy steel that has been hardened; spec. high-carbon steel that has been subjected to very high temperature followed by quenching and tempering; (also) case-hardened steel.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > steel > [noun] > other types of steel

hardened steel1557

shear steel1815

blister-steel1831

mild steel1850

carbon steel1856

Bessemer steel1864

soft centre1865

silicon steel1882

weld-steel1884

rimmed steel1920

1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes (new ed.) f. 111^v Farewell thou frosen hart and eares of hardned stele, Thou lackest yeres to vnderstand the grefe that I did fele.

1590 T. Lodge Rosalynde: Euphues Golden Legacie sig. K4 The hardned steele by fire is brought in frame.

a1703 R. Hooke in W. Derham Philos. Exper. R. Hooke & Other Virtuoso's (1726) 165 Gudgeons of hardened Steel, running in bell-Metal Sockets.

2011 Independent 31 Mar. (Viewspaper section) 10/3 It can take up to a day to sharpen the hardened steel blades of the ‘gravers’ to the precise angles that will..dictate the shape of the cuts.

Derivatives

ˈhardenedness n. rare

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [noun] > callousness or hard-heartedness

induration1493

indurateness1537

induritness1558

hardenedness1571

stoniness1571

hard-heartedness1577

apathy1603

indolence1603

dedolence1606

flintiness1607

dedolencya1617

searedness1620

callosity1628

indolencya1631

brawnedness1631

calluma1640

atrocity1641

dead-heartedness1642

brawninessa1645

callousness1653

stony-heartedness1673

petrification1678

unsolicitousnessa1683

callus1683

heartlessness1701

petrifaction1722

unreckingness1873

Gradgrindery1920

1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (xxxii. 3) The hardenednesse of our flesh.

1790 G. Walker Serm. Var. Subj. II. xxix. 309 A kind of brutality and hardendness.

1880 R. Tuck Age Great Patriarchs xxi. 180 The hardenedness of heart against all moral influences.

2004 P. D. Janz God, Mind's Desire 184 The unfortunate connotations of hardenedness, obstinacy and ossification of the misleading English translation ‘concrete’.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	hardened
释义	hardenedadj. Brit. /ˈhɑːdnd/, U.S. /ˈhɑrd(ə)nd/ Forms: see harden v. and -ed suffix¹; also late Middle English hardind (northern); also Scottish pre-1700 hardint, pre-1700 hardnyt. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: harden v., -ed suffix¹. Etymology: < harden v. + -ed suffix¹. 1. Made hard or harder in consistency or texture; firmed up, stiffened, solidified. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > [adjective] > hardened yharded1297 hardeneda1425 hardedc1425 starkeda1500 enharded1523 indurate1531 stonied1590 over-hardened1612 obdured1619 immarbled1641 stockfished1654 obdurate1743 hard-set?1781 a1425 N. Homily Legendary (Harl. suppl.) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 143 (MED) And so als on a hardind hill Þai raised a rofe right at þaire will. ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 618 Aspaltum is hardened scume þat is founden in þe Dede See. 1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes (new ed.) f. 83 Hardened oke that feareth no sworde so kene. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. xi. sig. L2 Vpon his crest the hardned yron fell. 1618 T. Adams Happines of Church i. 13 What are those sumptuous monuments wherein hee so glorieth, but monumentall witnesses of his folly, a little hewne tymber, some burnt and hardned earth? 1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe i. 11 The laborious Hind, Whose hardned hands did long in Tillage toil. a1728 J. Woodward Attempt Nat. Hist. Fossils Eng. (1729) ii. 88 A white reticular Body, appearing to be part of a Sea-Fan, in a blackish hardened earthy Mass. 1773 W. Cribb Considerations on Use of Injections in Gonorrhoea 16 I never knew a gonorrhœa that was not attended with external ulcers, or hardened glands. 1813 J. M. Good et al. Pantologia at Smegma The hardened matter often found, in the morning, on the lachrymal caruncle. 1869 C. Boutell tr. J. P. Lacombe Arms & Armour ii. 38 Bronze or hardened brass. 1902 Geogr. Jrnl. 19 379 The plankton was drawn by a pump through a filter of hardened paper. 1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-offset 273 Irregular spots with white surrounding haloes, caused by dirt or hardened specks of ink. 2000 Building Design 11 Feb. 31/3 (advt.) When applied to the surface, it migrates through the pore structure of even the densest, hardened concrete. 2. Made unfeeling, callous, or cynical, (now) esp. by experience; hard-hearted; hard-bitten. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted hard hearteOE steelena1000 hardOE hard-heartedc1225 stony?c1230 yhert1340 dure1412 hardedc1425 induratec1425 stonishc1450 hardenedc1480 steely1508 flinty1536 endured1540 stiff-stomached1540 heartless1556 indured1558 flint-hearted1560 iron1561 marble1565 stone-hearted?1569 stony-hearted1569 iron-hearted1570 steel-hearted1571 rocky?1578 brawned1582 flinted1582 padded1583 obdure?1590 brawny1596 flintful1596 flint-heart1596 steeled1600 cauterized1603 indurated1604 flinty-hearted1629 ahenean1630 dedolent1633 brawny-hearteda1639 hard-grained1643 callous1647 upsitten1682 seared1684 petrified1720 calloused1746 coreless1813 pebble-hearted1816 hard-shelled1848 hard-plucked1857 steel trap1921 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > obdurate hardOE induratec1425 hardenedc1480 obdureda1500 indured1558 obdurate1590 obfirmed1597 indurated1604 obduratious1672 case-hardened1836 the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > inflexible > of a person hardenedc1480 stout1586 ramrod1850 rawhide1883 hard-assed1954 stainless steel1963 c1480 (a1400) St. Matthias l. 455 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 235 He prechit fast the puple til; Bot sum sa hardnyt ware þat þai vald trew til hyme be na way. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. cxxvij The Cardinals, seyng the frostie hartes, and hardened myndes of bothe parties, determined not, to despute the titles. 1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 65 Some are..so hardened..that they care not for their countrie. a1618 R. Rogers Samuels Encounter with Saul (1620) 50 The hardened heart cannot repent. 1675 S. Loveday Personal Reprobation Reprobated x. 184 The Apostle speaks of some, that are past feeling: a hardned soul is under the withdrawings of Gods spirit. 1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 42 The very buryers of the Dead, who were the hardnedest Creatures in Town. 1798 Correct Acct. Trials C. M'Manus & Others 131 Though all his schemes had hitherto been blasted, yet his hardened conscience was never touched with remorse. 1816 J. Austen Let. 23 Mar. (1892) lxxiv. 313 You are the oddest creature! Nervous enough in some respects, but in others perfectly without nerves! Quite unrepulsable, hardened, and impudent. 1867 ‘Ouida’ Under Two Flags II. ix. 253 Youth should have fled..and left in its stead that ribaldry-stained, drink-defiled, hardened,..cruel, terrible thing. 1904 Everybody's Mag. Apr. 521/1 He hesitated and shallied and turned away, as if he were a green-sickness girl and not a hardened politician of fifty-three. 1978 Jet 16 Feb. 60/2 A land of fast cash, luxurious cars and hardened hearts. 2000 White Dwarf May 60/3 My vision of him was of a..hardened, no-nonsense Guardsman who had perhaps murdered a colleague and been sentenced to death. 3. Chiefly modifying an agent noun or equivalent: obstinately set on performing the specified action; unshakeably established in the specified (typically undesirable) habit or way of life; confirmed; inveterate. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [adjective] > that does something habitually > inveterate or confirmed composed1483 wedded1578 fastened1596 dyed in the wool1597 sworna1616 hardeneda1618 engrained1630 steadfast1644 radicateda1661 inveterate1735 professional1814 confirmed1827 card-carrying1939 a1618 J. Sylvester tr. G. Fracastoro Maidens Blush (1620) sig. B3^v And then Remorselesse, on the Grasse hard by Made no more bones, but sate them down to dinner. O! the dull Conscience of a hardned sinner! 1660 R. Parr Christian Reformation xii. 278 As they found thee so they must leave thee, a wretched soul and hardened rebell. 1740 J. Wesley Jrnl. 22 Sept. in Extract Jrnl. (1744) 53 I was desired to pray with an old, hardened Sinner. 1777 J. Burgoyne Proclam. 29 June in London Mag. Aug. 421/1 I have but to give stretch to the Indian forces under my direction,..to overtake the hardened enemies of Great Britain. 1850 H. T. Cheever Whale & his Captors ix. 144 The most hardened grumbler. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 101/1 The quantity of theine consumed by even the most hardened tea-drinker is exceedingly minute. 1920 Herald of Gospel Liberty 24 June 608/1 Too often we have waited till the child has become the hardened sinner. 1967 M. Procter Exercise Hoodwink xiii. 91 He was a hardened criminal... The days ‘in’ [i.e. in prison] were the price he paid. 1988 P. Pullman Shadow in North x. 110 Even hardened charmers, eligible young men about town, felt uneasy in her presence. 2009 New Yorker 22 June 33/1 A small number of hardened criminals commit a hugely disproportionate number of serious violent crimes. 4. Military. Of a missile, missile site, silo, etc.: made hard (hard adj. 11) as a defensive measure. ΚΠ 1958 Foreign Affairs 36 283 Nowhere in the West have we created anything approaching the hardened and dispersed underground civilizations required for protection against thermonuclear weapons. 1984 G. H. Clarfield & W. M. Wiecek Nucl. Amer. ix. 240 There were the Minuteman and Titan missiles deployed in hardened silos. 2012 Wall St. Jrnl. 28 Jan. a1/6 The 30,000-pound ‘bunker-buster’ bomb..was specifically designed to take out the hardened fortifications built by Iran and North Korea to cloak their nuclear programs. Compounds hardened steel n. Metallurgy steel that has been hardened; spec. high-carbon steel that has been subjected to very high temperature followed by quenching and tempering; (also) case-hardened steel. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > metal > steel > [noun] > other types of steel hardened steel1557 shear steel1815 blister-steel1831 mild steel1850 carbon steel1856 Bessemer steel1864 soft centre1865 silicon steel1882 weld-steel1884 rimmed steel1920 1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes (new ed.) f. 111^v Farewell thou frosen hart and eares of hardned stele, Thou lackest yeres to vnderstand the grefe that I did fele. 1590 T. Lodge Rosalynde: Euphues Golden Legacie sig. K4 The hardned steele by fire is brought in frame. a1703 R. Hooke in W. Derham Philos. Exper. R. Hooke & Other Virtuoso's (1726) 165 Gudgeons of hardened Steel, running in bell-Metal Sockets. 2011 Independent 31 Mar. (Viewspaper section) 10/3 It can take up to a day to sharpen the hardened steel blades of the ‘gravers’ to the precise angles that will..dictate the shape of the cuts. Derivatives ˈhardenedness n. rare ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [noun] > callousness or hard-heartedness induration1493 indurateness1537 induritness1558 hardenedness1571 stoniness1571 hard-heartedness1577 apathy1603 indolence1603 dedolence1606 flintiness1607 dedolencya1617 searedness1620 callosity1628 indolencya1631 brawnedness1631 calluma1640 atrocity1641 dead-heartedness1642 brawninessa1645 callousness1653 stony-heartedness1673 petrification1678 unsolicitousnessa1683 callus1683 heartlessness1701 petrifaction1722 unreckingness1873 Gradgrindery1920 1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (xxxii. 3) The hardenednesse of our flesh. 1790 G. Walker Serm. Var. Subj. II. xxix. 309 A kind of brutality and hardendness. 1880 R. Tuck Age Great Patriarchs xxi. 180 The hardenedness of heart against all moral influences. 2004 P. D. Janz God, Mind's Desire 184 The unfortunate connotations of hardenedness, obstinacy and ossification of the misleading English translation ‘concrete’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.a1425
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