| 释义 |
anviln. Origin: Apparently a word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Apparently cognate with Middle Dutch (Limburg) aenvilte , Old Saxon anafelti (German regional (Low German) (Westphalia) anefilt , (Rhineland) amfilt ), and (with different ablaut grade) Old High German anafalz < the Germanic base of on- prefix + the Germanic base of Old High German -falzan to strike, beat (only in compounds) < an extended form (with dental suffix) of the Indo-European base of classical Latin pellere to strike, beat (see pulse v.).Parallel formations in other languages. Compare (with different second element) Middle Low German anebōt , ambōt , Old High German anabōz , anapōz (Middle High German anebōz , German Amboss ) < the Germanic base of on- prefix + the Germanic base of beat v.1, and Old High German anabolz , Middle Low German anebolt , anebelte , ambult , Middle Dutch aenbilt < the Germanic base of on- prefix + an unattested verb meaning ‘to strike, beat’, perhaps < the same Germanic base as bolt n.1 (The current Dutch form aambeeld probably shows further alteration of the second element after beelden to form, fashion.) Compare also Old English onhēaw chopping block, Middle High German anehou anvil (both rare) < the Germanic base of on- prefix + the Germanic base of hew v. The Germanic words may have been formed after classical Latin incūs anvil (see incus n.), but since ironworking technology in northern Europe predates significant contact with the Roman world, independent formations are also possible. Compare also Old Church Slavonic nakovalo < the Slavonic base of na- on ( < the same Indo-European base as ana- prefix) + the Slavonic base of kovati to forge, hammer ( < the same Indo-European base as hew v.) + a Slavonic suffix forming nouns. Form history. In Old English apparently both as a strong neuter and as a strong feminine. Forms such as (neuter) anfilte show raising of the stem vowel e to i before -j- of the inflectional suffix (compare Old Saxon anafelti ). With the stem vowel and ablaut grade of Old English (feminine) anfealt compare Old High German (masculine) anafalz . The initial fricative of the second element was probably voiced already in Old English; compare early Middle English onuelt. Some details of the later development are difficult to trace, due to phonological reduction of the second element and analogical influences. Some of the Middle English and early modern English forms appear to show folk-etymological alteration, compare e.g. vnfelde and handuyle. Forms showing loss of the final dental (see β. forms) are first attested in Middle English. Semantic parallels for later senses in English. With sense 1b compare German Amboss anvil used as a musical instrument (1511 as ampos , or earlier). With on the anvil at sense 2b compare German auf den Amboss onto the anvil, used in a similar way (in e.g. auf den Amboss bringen , lit. ‘to bring onto the anvil’ (1582), auf den Amboss legen , lit. ‘to lay onto the anvil’ (1641)). With sense 3 compare incus n.; compare also French enclume one of the bones of the ear, lit. ‘anvil’ (1580 in Middle French in this sense in the passage translated in quot. 1594), German Amboss (1653 in this sense). 1. society > occupation and work > equipment > metalworking equipment > [noun] > forging equipment > anvil eOE (1890) 66/1 Incuda, onfilti. OE Aldhelm Glosses (Yale 401) in A. S. Napier (1900) 176/2 Scabrae incudis [commoditas] : anfealte onsmeðre. OE (2011) 82 Incus, anfilte. OE Ælfric 1st Let. to Wulfstan (Corpus Cambr. 190) in B. Fehr (1914) 128 Se smið him begyt slecge and anfylte and tangan and bylias and gehwylce tol. c1380 (1879) l. 1308 (MED) Anuylt, tange & slegge. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvi. iv. 828 Golde..bytwene þe anfelde [1495 de Worde andfelde] and þe hamour..streccheþ into golde foyle. a1425 (c1395) (Royal) (1850) Ecclus. xxxviii. 29 A smyth sittynge bisidis the anefelt. a1450 ( G. Chaucer (Tanner 346) (1871) l. 1165 All his brothers hamers ronge Vpon his anuelte [c1450 Fairf. anuelet, 1532 Thynne anuelt] vp and doun. 1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville (Caxton) iv. xxx. f. lxxvjv Harder than the hamour or the aneuelt. 1530 J. Palsgrave 740 To stryke with his hammer upon his anvelde. 1589 W. Warner (new ed.) vi. xxx. 130 Vulcan..lymping from the Anfeeld. 1609 S. Hieron 22 We be like the smiths dog, who, the harder the anuile is beaten on,..sleepes the sounder. 1676 in D. G. Vaisey (1969) 250 In the shopp Two bellowes, one andwell, hammers. 1747 R. Campbell xxxiv. 183 The Tin-Man receives it in Sheets; it is his Business, by beating it on a polished Anvil, to give it Smoothness and Lustre. 1792 Causes Failure Exped. against Indians, 1791 in (1832) I. 37 Two complete traveling forges were sent forward, and, upon examination, both of them were found to be without an anvil. 1847 A. Helps I. i. i. 4 The clang of an anvil..came faintly up to us when the wind was south. 1889 H. Lawson in 2 Mar. 12/3 From many a busy ‘pointing’ forge the sound of labour swells, The tinkling at the anvils is as clear as silver bells. 1921 Apr. 700/1 Over against him, anigh to the great hall, a smith worked at his anvil. 1981 61 i. 17 Beaks or becs, which are a characteristic feature of the modern blacksmith's or silversmith's anvil, occur on both beaked and complex Bronze Age anvils. 2011 (National ed.) 2 Jan. (Week in Review section) 7/1 I'm standing in the barnyard with the farrier... In all these years, the technology has hardly changed. Fire, steel, nails, rasp, hammer, anvil, [etc.]. 1853 28 Jan. 5/2 The principal novelties of the piece [sc. Verdi's Il Trovatore] were an anvil chorus, with an accompaniment of sledge hammers, and a miserere. 1893 H. T. Finck II. 326 The eighteen tuned anvils that are heard while Wotan and Loge are approaching the subterranean smithies of the Nibelung dwarfs. 1938 706/1 The anvil is generally found occupying the position of a stage property that happens to be capable of producing a musical note. 1984 A. Copland & V. Perlis xii. 291 To add to the excitement and help achieve the sound of a train and John Henry's hammer, the scoring calls for triangle, anvil, sandpaper blocks, train whistle and piano. 2003 56 455 Piercing blows to an anvil provide a strident accompaniment to the second theme. 2. the world > existence and causation > causation > basis or foundation > [noun] a1450 tr. (Bodl.) (1983) 102 Thilke tribulacions ben the hamers with whiche thy croune is forged vpon he anfelt of thin herte. a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara (1546) sig. E.ij My spyrite is betwene the harde anuielde and the importunate hammer. 1595 E. Spenser Amoretti xxxii, in sig. Cv The playnts and prayers with which I Doe beat on th' anduyle of her stubberne wit. a1625 J. Fletcher Womans Prize i. ii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher (1647) sig. Nnnnnv/2 Your modesty, and tendernesse of spirit, Make you continuall Anvile to his anger. 1677 R. Gilpin ii. v. 275 Our present posture doth furnish him [sc. Satan] with arguments, he forgeth his Javelings upon our Anvil. 1740 1 I am convinced that it was, like most of the other political foreign Letters,..forged upon the Ministerial Anvil set up in this Kingdom. 1791 J. Boswell anno 1773 I. 418 The scintillations of Johnson's genius flashed every time he [sc. Dr. Mayo] was struck, without his receiving any injury. Hence he obtained the epithet of The Literary Anvil. 1845 R. Ford I. i. 59 They have yet to learn that the stomach is the anvil whereon health is forged. 1864 J. H. Burton I. i. 34 Hardened on the anvil of a war for national freedom. 1941 A. M. Lindbergh Diary 18 Apr. in (1980) 173 He says my book has been made the anvil for people to hammer out their opinions on. 2005 (National ed.) 6 Feb. ix. 8/1 My relationship with Lynn..forged on an anvil of deep emotional connection. the world > action or operation > doing > a proceeding > in progress [phrase] 1645 J. Tombes Examen Serm. S. Marshal 123 in This I guesse is the businesse that is now upon the anvill. 1647 J. Howell 56 Matters while they are in agitation and upon the anvill. 1702 I. ii. 110 The Earl of Strafford..whose destruction was then upon the anvil. a1753 P. Drake (1755) II. iii. 154 There was Rumours of a Peace being on the Anvil. 1785 E. Burke 8 He has now on the anvil another scheme. 1818 Ld. Byron 28 June (1976) VI. 56 I shall positively offer my next year to Longman—& I have lots upon the anvil. 1871 Dec. 159/1 Longfellow and Holmes have each a new book on the anvil, to appear some time next year. 1917 J. Morley II. v. iv. 241 (heading) Reforms on the anvil. 1986 22 June 49/3 A new Rs 400-crore debenture issue was reportedly on the anvil. 2005 28 Sept. 13/2 Important initiatives to support the growth of the sector have already been taken by the policy makers and we believe several more are on the anvil. the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > skull > parts of skull > [noun] > bones of ear > incus 1594 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye II. 82 Three very small bones, whereof the one is called an anuile [Fr. l'enclume], the other the hammer, because they are made almost of the same fashion. 1683 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis i. xiv. 72 The other shank of the Anvil is joyned by the Cartilage to a third Bone, called the Stirrop. 1709 J. Reynolds iii. 5 When the Perceptive Hammer shall not..Consign Prescribed Blow Unto the Wonted Anvil. 1825 H. Mayo iii. 178 The incus, or anvil bone,..has one long crus directed vertically downwards, and incurvated inwards at its extremity. 1879 H. Calderwood 71 The head of the hammer rests on the central bone known as the anvil. 1966 3 Dec. 477/2 The three little bones of hearing..are the malleus, or hammer; the incus, or anvil; and the stapes, or stirrup. 2012 (Nexis) 14 May The umbo—where the eardrum connects to the hammer or malleus—produced the greatest sound vibration, particularly if the incus or anvil bone first was removed surgically. 4. society > occupation and work > equipment > metalworking equipment > [noun] > forging equipment > other forging equipment 1632 F. Quarles iii. xliv. 132 Our very Blood is cold; Our trembling knees Are mutuall Andvils. 1678 S. Butler iii. i. 20 When less Delinquent have been scourg'd And Hemp on wooden Anvils forg'd. 1771 A. Young I. viii. 406 A wooden anvil stands by it, upon which they [sc. oil cakes] are broken with much ease when warm. 1807 T. Young II. 206/2 Resingue is an elastic anvil, which rebounds, and acts as a hammer in the inside of a vessel. 1861 J. C. Atkinson 34 Shattered snail shells, which, when whole, had been brought there by the knowing Thrush and hammered against the well-fixed anvil until they gave way. 1931 C. E. Munroe & J. E. Tiffany 72 Resting on the iron base is a case-hardened steel anvil. 1953 K. J. Hume & G. H. Sharp (1965) ii. xxx. 150 The contact point may be centralised by eye on the micrometer anvil. 1991 11 May 20/2 To reach a new kernel, an animal must realign the nut on the anvil. 2009 (Hawaiian Airlines) Feb. 69 Then the wauke is subjected to a second pounding, this time using i'e kuku ho' ōki—flat-sided hardwood beaters—on a wooden anvil. 1831 A. Demondion (1854) 7 The hammer spring..causes the hammer..to strike a sharp quick blow on the copper priming tube.., the bottom of the touch pan..having the effect of an anvil.] 1837 10 210 An upstriking hammer..strikes the side of the detonating cap with sufficient force to crush it against the anvil. 1881 W. W. Greener 294 The anvil is shaped like an escutcheon, and is inserted in the cup of the cap, with the point against the detonating powder. 1964 H. L. Peterson 79 Colonel Hiram Bardan patented a reloadable center-fire cartridge, which..incorporated its anvil in the metal forming the primer pocket. 2004 Mar. (Start Shooting! Suppl.) 17/2 The primer in a cartridge is made up of what is called a cap and anvil. the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > cloud > [noun] > a cloud > nimbus > cumulo-nimbus > specific 1857 W. S. Jevons in 14 34 Cumulostratus (sometimes called, I think, the anvil-shaped cloud) is a cumulus extending at top into a stratous projection.] 1873 S. Barber in 11 359 I distinguish four main varieties of cumulus, from which I select two forms, the most striking and the most valuable as weather prognostics, to illustrate the use of observing outlines. The first is the Electric Cumulus, and the second the Anvil Cloud of Sir J. Herschell [sic]. 1896 (Internat. Meteorol. Committee) 15 Heavy masses of clouds rising in the form of mountains, turrets.., or anvils. 1920 G. A. Clarke iii. 39 The edges of this ‘anvil’ are frayed out into the fibrous form associated with the cirrus clouds. 1942 27 June 8/1 On the starboard hand, 10/10th cloud (from which the flattened tips of anvil clouds protruded, glistening in the moonlight like an alpine range). 1998 May 22/2 The anvil was now extended up to the stratosphere and menacing tendrils of cloud kept reaching out forward like the tentacles of an octopus. 2003 11 6/3 The model is showing an evolving supercell thunderstorm, including the..anvil cloud extending to the northeast. Compounds C1. General attributive and objective. 1876 G. M. Hopkins Wreck of Deutschland x, in (1967) 54 With an anvil-ding And with fire in him forge thy will. 2009 79 78 They tinkle with anvil-ding ‘like iron’ the blacksmith struck when first he forged the skaters' skates in a Lakeland smithy. 1723 13 Smiths, Anvil-makers, Edge-Tool-makers, Naylors and several thousands of other Manufacturers in Iron not incorporated. 1871 11 Oct. 1/8 The anvil-makers work in gangs, consisting usually of four men and a stout lad. 1998 (Nexis) 15 June b1 He located Florence Budden Sage, the granddaughter of anvil maker Frederick C. Budden. C2. society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > workers with specific materials > metalworker > [noun] > forger or smith 1677 J. Lake & S. Drake in J. Cleveland Ep. Ded. sig. A3v Venus is again unequally yoaked with a sooty Anvile-beater. 1757 J. Hackett II. 242 This Anvil-beater became enamoured of a Painter's Daughter. 1887 3 Mar. 8/5 Some one gave the anvil-beater to understand that the beacon-tender was hunting him with a breech-loading rifle. 1909 E. Sue i. viii. 104 He will not forget that I am a captain, and will not treat me as a simple anvil-beater. 1699 tr. H. de Blancourt ix. cciv. 273 You must grind Scales of Iron from the Smith's Anvil-Block. 1797 XV. 694 A piece of hard wood in the form of an anvil block. 1888 II. 96 This bed of masonry extends not only under the anvil-block, but under the whole area occupied by the hammer. 1928 Mar. 123/1 The anvil block should be held to the floor with heavy angle irons. 1981 (Nexis) June 551 The vibration unit..is connected to the percussion hammer mechanism which impacts an anvil block. 2008 J. DeLaRonde iii. 32 You will be barking your shins on anything on the back side of the anvil block. 1859 O. W. Holmes in 4 Feb. 20/1 Whose ringing lay of friendship blends With Labor's anvil chorus? 1951 E. Kefauver i. 8 Already critics were playing the anvil chorus—some on the floor of the Senate and some in the public press—to the tune that our investigation would be a ‘whitewash’. 2010 R. R. M. Verchick iv. 74 Soon after a draft of the Comprehensive Plan was released, it was met with an anvil chorus of criticism. 1796 J. Lawrence I. viii. 352 These break-neck hazards..are incurred..purely to humour the delectable prejudices of an anvil-headed farrier. 1798 G. Vancouver I. ii. iii. 194 We passed within a few yards of about twenty whales of the anvil-headed or spermaceti kind. 1851 H. Melville lvii. 303 The anvil-headed whale. 1943 13 Sept. 92 The maritime air has exploded upward into towering anvil-headed cumulonimbus clouds. 2003 J. Manuel 130 Boaters are immersed in a fairy land of anvil-headed cypress trees and drooping Spanish moss. the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > [noun] > specific standard of hardness a1630 (1975) ii. iii. 1468 Tho there scull caps be of anvill proofe this blade shall hammer some of em. 1856 D. D. Owen 45 The Lower Coal Measures are separated from these Upper Coal Measures by a massive sandstone formation, which is universally known in South-western Kentucky by the name of the ‘Anvil Rock’. 1873 J. Macfarlane xx. 440 The Anvil rock-sandstone, of Kentucky, proves to be the same as that which was there called the Mahoning sandstone. 1963 71 458/2 In this mine a small channel of the Pennsylvanian Anvil Rock Sandstone can be mapped. 2003 S. F. Greb et al. in M. A. Chan & A. W. Archer 132/2 The Anvil Rock Sandstone..truncates the coal along an elongate belt in southern Illinois. society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > makers of other articles > [noun] > of tools > of specific tools or equipment 1747 R. Campbell xxxiii. 181 The Anvil-Smith is he who makes Anvils, Hammers &c. for all manner of Workers in Metal. 1786 J. C. Hornblower Let. 21 Nov. in (1792) xxxviii. 309 They were annealed and..twisted with a hand-hook, such as the anvil-smiths use. 1831 J. Holland I. 90 Some anvil-smiths..forge the upper part..out of one piece of iron. 1990 (U.S. Bureau of Census) o4/3 Anvilsmith. 1391 in J. L. Fisher (1968) 2/1 Anevelstok. 1399 in R. R. Sharpe (1890) II. 340 [Two best] belyes [and two] anfelstokkes. 1677 G. Miege at Enclume Souche d'enclume, le bois qui porte l'enclume, the anvil stock. 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad in I. xviii. l. 506 He [sc. Vulcan] spake, and..Rose limping from beside his anvil-stock. 1854 24 494 The side standards for carrying the cylinder..can be placed in any position so as to allow of clear access to the anvil-stock. 1928 E. B. Morse 8 (table) Anvils, two-beaked anvils, anvil stocks, and bosses. 1963 2 The jolting piston..is allowed to fall back simultaneously as the anvil stock is allowed to move upwards. 1973 J. Lofthouse i. 22 In 1952..the oldest natives..told me..of the old smithy with its anvil stock made from an oak tree stump around which its walls had been built. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). anvilv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: anvil n. the world > space > shape > shape or give shape to [verb (transitive)] > by or as by hammering 1596 T. Nashe sig. V4 There is nothing I haue bragd of my writing in all humors,..but shall be anuilde for true steele on his standish. 1624 T. T. in J. Smith sig. )( 4 Smith is here to Anvile out a peece To after Ages. 1660 (single sheet) Mulciber Blacksmith..Anvell'd thee out of my horrid, Black, and putrifi'd, Excrements. 1707 W. Darrell viii. 140 You are now anvilling out some petty Revenge. 1748 S. Richardson VII. xcii. 341 A roguery..ready anvilled and hammered for execution. 1779 H. H. Brackenridge 9 Not a bayonet was anvilled out, not a fire-arm manufactured. 1830 6 Nov. 4/3 That measure has been anvilled in the forge of treachery. 1882 6 Jan. 7 All at once, though anvilled for some time in scholarly seclusion, comes forth..the weighty contribution of Dr Pusey on Baptism. 1905 M. J. Cawein 1 A hundred strands..of sonorous silver, struck by bands, Anviled within the earth. 1967 1 May 29/3 Felipe Alou..grew strong anvilling horse-shoes in his father's blacksmith's shop. 2011 (Nexis) 16 Feb. The merit was anvilled on the altar of mediocrity. society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (intransitive)] > work at anvil 1685 W. Clark iii. xix. 147 Still anvilling on one poor common place; As if't were meritorious to assert. 1861 G. W. Thornbury I. 111 Countess's footmen will cease beating and anvilling at that clever scamp's knocker. 1882 7 June Thomas anvilled away at burning horse-shoes. 1915 1 June 11/5 All the fans a-knocking,..And sport writers anvilling. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2021). <  n.eOE v.1596 |
