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单词 heathen
释义

heathenn.2

= heath-stone n. at heath n. Compounds 2a.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online December 2019).

heathenadj.n.1

/ˈhiːð(ə)n/
Forms: Old English hǽðen, hǽþen, héðen, Middle English hæðen, heðen, Middle English heþen, Middle English–1500s hethen (Middle English heaðen, heaþen, eþen, Middle English haþen, hethene, Middle English heiþen, heiþin, heyþen, heȝthen, haiþen, haiþin, heþyn, heþin, heden, hedin, Middle English haythen, Middle English heþun, heþon(e, heþynne, 1500s Coverd. heithen), 1500s– heathen.
Etymology: Old English hǽðen = Old Frisian hêthin, -en, Old Saxon hêðin (Middle Dutch, Dutch heiden), Old High German heidan (Middle High German heiden, German heide), Old Norse heiðinn (Swedish, Danish heden); compare Gothic haiþnô Gentile or heathen woman. As this word is used in all the Germanic languages in the sense ‘non-Christian, pagan’, which could only have arisen after the introduction of Christianity, it is thought probable that, like some other terms of Christian origin (e.g. church ), it was first used in Gothic, and thence passed to the other tribes. This is supported by the use by Ulfilas, in Mark vii. 26, of the feminine form haiþnô (Vulgate mulier gentilis , all Old English versions hǽðen ). The word has generally been assumed to be a direct derivative of Gothic haiþi , heath n., as if ‘dweller on the heath’, taken as a kind of loose rendering of Latin pāgānus (originally ‘villager, rustic’, later, after Christianity became the religion of the towns, while the ancient deities were still retained in rural districts, ‘pagan, heathen’). But in this there are difficulties chronological and etymological, especially in reference to the form and use of the suffix; and Prof. S. Bugge ( Indog. Forsch. V. 178) includes this among several words which point to Armenian influence on the language of Ulfilas; he takes haiþnô as indicating a masculine haiþans, which he refers to Armenian het῾anos ‘heathen’, < Greek ἔθνος ‘nation’, (plural) ‘nations, Gentiles, heathens’. This would explain the Old High German form heidan, while in Old English, etc., the suffix was, as in cristen, levelled under the ordinary -in, -en, < -în. But even so, the stem-vowel has probably to be explained by assimilation to haiþi heath.
A. adj.
1. Of an individual or people: holding religious beliefs of a sort that are considered unenlightened, now esp. ones of a primitive or polytheistic nature; spec. not of the Christian, Jewish, or Muslim faiths.In early use applied also to Muslims.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > theism > paganism > [adjective]
heathenishc893
heathen971
misbelievedc1225
Barbarya1300
payenc1300
miscreantc1330
paynimc1330
uncircumcideda1382
uncircumciseda1400
gentilec1400
heathenly1415
paganismc1425
profanec1450
pagan1464
ethnical?a1475
payemec1480
miscredentc1500
heathenish1535
whorish1535
ethnic1542
ethnish1542
idolous1546
mammetrous1546
gentilish1550
idolatrous?1550
idololatrical1550
infidel1551
idolatrical1556
gentilical1573
paganical?1573
idolish1577
heatheny1580
irreligious1585
paganish1589
gentilic1603
idolaster1608
gentilitious1613
heathenous1613
idolatrizing1614
image-worshipping1621
misreligious1623
Mahounda1625
gentilizing1637
idololatrousa1641
infidelious1648
Baalitical1652
national1661
idolatric1669
paganic1676
gentilized1684
Baalish1690
idololatrica1711
infidelical1802
semi-fidel1834
Greekish1851
paganistic1853
unselect1882
goyish1888
971 Blickl. Hom. 15 He bið geseald hæþnum mannum.
c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 206 Se getigeda assa and his fola getacniað twa folc, þæt is Iudeisc and hæðen.
1154 Anglo-Saxon Chron. anno 1137 Næure hethen men werse ne diden þan hi.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7286 Þatt hæþenn follc. kalldisskenn follc. Wass warr off cristess come.
a1200 Moral Ode 295 in Trin. Coll. Hom. 229 Þar beð þe haðene men þe waren laȝe-lease.
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (1724) 397 Wyllam..an eþene kyng com to.
1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 5508 Haythen men..Þat never baptem ne right trouthe tuke.
1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xv. 450 A barne..Til it be crystened in crystes name and confermed of þe bisshop, It is hethene as to heueneward..Hethene is to mene after heth and vntiled erthe.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 19740 Baþe to haiþin [Vesp. heþen, Fairf. heþin, Gött. heiþen] folc and iues.
?a1400 Arthur 435 Lat not þe heþone Men Destroye þe puple crystien.
1563 W. Fulke Goodle Gallerye Causes Meteors ii. f. 13 Helena was of the Heathen men, taken as a Goddesse the daughter of Iupiter and Leda.
1627 R. Sanderson Serm. I. 263 Abimelech, an heathen-man, who had not the knowledge of the true God of heaven to direct him.
1706 M. Tindal Rights Christian Church 96 Made familiar to such Practices by the Heathen Priests.
1825 W. Scott Talisman vi, in Tales Crusaders III. 144 I did the heathen Soldan injustice.
1870 B. Harte Heathen Chinee 17 He went for that heathen Chinee.
2. Of things: relating to such an individual or people, or to their religion and customs.
ΚΠ
826 Charter of Ecgberht in Cod. Dipl. V. 83 Andlang dic to ðem heðenum birigelsum.
c1000 Ælfric Homilies I. 98 On hæðenum dagum.
a1225 Leg. Kath. 53 Þe temple..of hise heaðene godes.
a1400 Sir Beues (A.) 547 Me ȝhe solde in to heþenlonde.
a1400–50 Alexander 5673 Out of haythen Spayn.
1485 W. Caxton in Malory's Morte Darthur Pref. sig. ijv In al places crysten and hethen.
1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ i. ii. §1 Having already shewed a generall defect in the ancient Heathen Histories.
1722 W. Wollaston Relig. of Nature ix. 208 Even the Heathen world believed that the souls of men survived their bodies.
a1745 J. Swift Remarks upon Bk. in Wks. (1762) X. 104 The same Authority..may abolish Christianity, and set up the Jewish, Mahometan, and heathen religion.
1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul I. i. i. 4 The victorious enemy of heathen philosophy and heathen worship had passed his boyhood amid the heathen surroundings of a philosophic city.
3. transferred. Religiously or otherwise on a level with heathens.
ΚΠ
1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits iv. 57 A country of extremes,—dukes and chartists, Bishops of Durham and naked heathen colliers.
B. n.1 (or adjective used substantively)
1.
a. One who holds a religious belief which is neither Christian, Jewish, nor Muslim; a pagan.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > theism > paganism > [noun] > person
heathenc1000
Saracenc1250
payenc1275
paynimc1300
wanbody1303
payemec1330
idolaterc1380
gentilea1382
idolasterc1386
miscreantc1400
mammeter?a1425
paganc1440
infidel1470
ethnic?a1475
image server1531
serve-image1531
heathenista1556
image-worshipper1563
Kaffir1577
giaour1589
Baalista1603
idolant1605
idolatress1613
idolist1614
idololatera1641
iconolater1654
Baalite1656
iconodulist1716
irreligionista1779
neopagan1868
iconodule1893
witch1958
c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Mark (Corpus Cambr.) vii. 26 Soðlice þæt wif wæs hæðen sirofenisces cynnes.
a1400 Coer de L. 6297 He..slowgh ther many a hethene.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1682 (1955) IV. 269 The Russian Ambassador..behaved himselfe like a Clowne, compar'd to this Civil Heathen [sc. the Moroccan Ambassador].
1720 I. Watts Divine & Moral Songs vi That I was born of Christian race, And not a Heathan or a Jew.
1726 J. Swift Gulliver II. iii. i. 6 I was sorry to find more Mercy in a Heathen, than in a Brother Christian.
1873 E. Thompson Hist. Eng. iii. §1 Though himself a heathen, he [Æthelbert] had agreed to allow his wife, as being a Christian, free exercise of her religion.
b. The adjective plural, the heathen (cf. the faithful), is now collective; in the Old Testament = the Gentiles, or people who did not worship Jehovah, the God of the Jews.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > theism > paganism > [noun] > person > plural and collective
heathenessec900
heathenc1000
paynimc1275
Barbarya1300
Saracen1303
payenyc1330
nationsa1382
paynimryc1384
ginga1400
heathenheada1400
payemy?a1400
paynimy1481
paganyc1515
gentility1546
paganism1605
gentilisma1638
pagandom1691
heathendom1860
heathenrya1890
c1000 Ælfric Lives Saints (E.E.T.S.) II. 322 Þa hæþenan swa dydon.
a1131 OE. Chron. anno 1128 Betwenen ða cristene and þa heðene.
c1200 Vices & Virtues (1888) 51 And beuall þo haðene mid his leðre meneȝinges.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 21254 Þen come þe heiþen wiþ mikel wrange þat cristen men to pine was prest.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Psalms lxxviii[i]. 1 O God, ye Heithen are fallen in to thine heretage.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Esdras ii. 7 Scatred abrode amonge the Heithen.
1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1430 Spread his name Great among the Heathen round. View more context for this quotation
1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin II. xxviii. 139 It would certainly be a greater self-denial to receive heathen among us, than to send missionaries to them.
c. The noun plural, heathens, is mostly individual.
ΚΠ
1629 W. Prynne Church of Englands Old Antithesis 86 Heathens..want the knowledge of Christ.
1736 J. Wesley Wks. (1872) I. 25 My brother and I..went to pay our first visit in America to the poor Heathens.
a1832 R. Jebb Gen. Princ. Law in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) II. 692/1 Among the speculations of the more enlightened heathens we find the love of mankind at large highly commended.
1857 F. D. Maurice Epist. St. John iii. 38 Showing you how both Heathens and Jews were taught.
2. transferred. One that has no more religion, enlightenment, or culture than a pagan.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > want of knowledge, ignorance > cultural ignorance > [noun] > uncultured person
runt1602
home-bred1609
pork1645
Huna1744
savage1762
heathen1817
Philistine1825
stringy-bark1833
roughneck1834
yahoo1861
yapc1894
lowbrow1901
meatball1937
primitive1967
society > faith > aspects of faith > theism > paganism > [noun] > person > one who is like a pagan
heathen1817
1817 W. Scott Rob Roy II. ii. 39 Puir frightened heathens that they are.
1870 C. Dickens Edwin Drood viii. 48 My ideas of civility were formed among Heathens.
3. Applied humorously to persons belonging to places bearing the name ‘Heath’, as Blackheath.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > English nation > [noun] > native or inhabitant of England > London > parts of London
cocknel1605
Wappineer1690
Savoyard1699
Wappingera1734
West Endian1817
East Ender1821
Belgravian1848
west end1882
Kensingtonian1889
heathen1891
Bloomsburian1902
1891 Pall Mall Gaz. 16 Nov. 1/2 Blackheath crossed over with a goal to love..The Oxonians..got two goals, while the Heathens were unable to score.
1894 Westm. Gaz. 15 Jan. 6/2 Blackheath v. London Scottish..a victory for the Heathens.

Compounds

heathen-heroic adj.
ΚΠ
1889 R. B. Anderson tr. V. Rydberg Teutonic Mythol. 104 Heathen-heroic songs.
heathen-like adj. and adv.
ΚΠ
1565 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. (1611) 21 Thus prophanelie and Heathen-like he writeth.
heathen-minded adj.
ΚΠ
1895 Dublin Rev. Oct. 318 A society of heathen-minded Humanists.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1898; most recently modified version published online September 2021).
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n.2adj.n.1826
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