horizonn.

Brit.

/həˈrʌɪz(ə)n/, U.S.

/həˈraɪz(ə)n/

Forms: α. Middle English orisont(e, Middle English orizont(e, 1500s orizunt, 1500s–1600s horizont. β. Middle English orisoun, Middle English oryson, Middle English–1500s orizon(e, 1500s horyson, 1500s– horizon.

Etymology: < Old French orizonte (13th cent. in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter), orizon (14th cent.), modern French horizon (= Italian †orizonte, orizzonte, Spanish horizonte, Portuguese horizonte), < late Latin horīzont-em (horīzōn), < Greek ὁρίζων (sc. κύκλος) the bounding circle, horizon, present participle of ὁρίζειν to bound, < ὅρος boundary, limit. In later Old French and English, conformed to the Latin nominative; but at first stressed ˈhorĭzon (Gascoigne, Shakespeare, Sylvester); hoˈrīzon appears in Cowley, 1647. N.E.D. (1899) gives the pronunciation as (horəi·zən, -z'n) /hɒˈraɪz(ə)n/.

a. The boundary-line of that part of the earth's surface visible from a given point of view; the line at which the earth and sky appear to meet. In strict use, the circle bounding that part of the earth's surface which would be visible if no irregularities or obstructions were present (called the apparent horizon, natural horizon, sensible horizon, physical horizon, or visible horizon, as distinguished from 3), being the circle of contact with the earth's surface of a cone whose vertex is at the observer's eye. On the open sea or a great plain these coincide.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > region of the earth > horizon > [noun]

horizonc1374

horizontal1555

rim1712

weather-gleam1802

skyline1815

sea-horizon1822

verge1822

sea-line1880

sea-rima1881

α.

c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde v. 276 And whiten gan the Orisonte shene.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 108 By thorizont, as to us semeth.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 309 For thorisonte hath reft the Sonne his light.

1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 21 The Horizonte is a cyrcle whiche parteth that parte of the worlde that wee see, from that whiche wee see not.

1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 179 The other horizont, whiche I thinke moste aptlye to bee called the Earthly horizont, bycause it..reacheth not vnto the skie..his semidiameter excedeth not..22 myles and a halfe.

1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 149 Whan as the Mone shall shew her selfe above the Horizont.

β. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum viii. vi. (Tollem. MS.) The circle to þe whiche þe syȝte streccheþ and endeþ is calde Orizon, as it were þe ende of þe syȝte.1413 Pilgr. Sowle (1859) v. xiv. 81 The sonne..hastyd hym vpward toward the eest oryson, to bringe ageyne the day.c1550 Sheph. Kal. (1604) Contents xxxv Of the rising and descending of the signes in the horyson.1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Britain i. 631 Wilde Deere..feeding aloft..in the farthest Horizon or kenning of their sight.1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 52 Nights Hemisphere had veild the Horizon round. 1744 J. Thomson Spring in Seasons (new ed.) 41 Like far Clouds That skirt the blue Horizon.1810 S. Rogers Voy. Columbus i. 4 Stars rose and set; and new horizons glow'd.1887 C. Bowen tr. Virgil Æneid i, in tr. Virgil in Eng. Verse 79 Æneas explores meanwhile with his glance All the horizon of waters.

†b. transferred. The part of the earth's surface bounded by this line; the region visible from any point. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > region of the earth > horizon > [noun] > space enclosed by

horizon1559

1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 137 The townes, and Villagies, about you adjacent in your Horizont.

1771 E. Griffith tr. ‘P. Viaud’ Shipwreck 23 To open to us the horrid prospect of a boundless horizon and a devouring sea.

†c. The bounding limits, the compass. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > boundary > [noun] > enclosing boundary

closec1330

compassc1330

umgang1505

precinct1542

horizon1620

surroundry1621

1620 J. Melton Astrologaster 9 If the Man..lies eyther within the Horizon of England, Fraunce, Spaine, Italy, or the Low-Countries, I will undertake to shew you him.

2. figurative.

†a. A boundary, the frontier or dividing line between two regions of being. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition or fact of being interjacent > [noun] > that which is interjacent > and separates two things

horizona1387

divisionc1400

long divisionc1400

departinga1475

departure1523

separation1615

separatress1630

intercept1821

distancer1884

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 183 Mannis soule..is i-cleped orisoun, as it were þe next marche in kynde bytwene bodily and goostly þinges.

b. The boundary or limit of any ‘circle’ or ‘sphere’ of view, thought, action, etc. (often with direct reference to sense 1); that which bounds one's mental vision or perception; limit or range of one's knowledge, experience, or interest; formerly, sometimes = the region so bounded.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > quality of being restricted or limited > [noun] > limit > of sphere of action or thought

horizon1607

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes Ep. Ded. sig. A3^v The Right Noble..Earle of Surrey, long ago departed out of this earthly Horizon.

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 261 Now at the second seauen yeares the heate begins to gather strength..and to rule in the Horizon of the body.

1639 T. B. tr. J.-P. Camus Certain Moral Relations in S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events 179 Noe sooner did the new star appeare on the Horizon of Touraine, but her rayes strooke into the eyes of..divers Sutors.

1656 B. Harris tr. J. N. de Parival Hist. Iron Age i. iii. xiii. 92 The Minister, who then began to climb the Horizon of favour.

1681 J. Flavell Method of Grace vii. 148 I see no hope within the whole Horizon of sense.

1826 T. Jefferson Writings (1830) IV. 424 The present lowering aspect of our political horizon.

1849 J. Ruskin Seven Lamps Archit. Introd. 3 Their range necessarily includes the entire horizon of man's action.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 650 There is the general fallacy..of substituting the definite and intelligible tradition for the true but dim outline which is the horizon of human knowledge.

a. Astronomy. A great circle of the celestial sphere, the plane of which passes through the centre of the earth and is parallel to that of the sensible horizon of a given place: distinguished as the astronomical horizon, celestial horizon, mathematical horizon, rational horizon, real horizon, or true horizon.right horizon: see right adj. and int. Compounds 2. oblique horizon: see oblique adj. 2a. geographical horizon, the great circle on the earth's surface in the plane of the rational or astronomical horizon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > celestial sphere > circle of celestial sphere > [noun] > great circle > horizon

horizonc1400

finitor1594

rational horizon1599

c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) Prol. 1 A suffisaunt astralabie as for owre orizonte, compowned after the latitude of Oxenford.

c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §26. 37 This forseid rihte orisonte..diuideth the equinoxial in-to riht Angles.

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 39 There is tua sortis of orizons ane is callit the rycht orizon the tothir is callit the oblique orizone.

1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 39 The vj. great circles of the Sphere ar, as the Horizont, the Meridian, th' Equinoctiall, the Zodiake, the Equinoctiall and solsticiall Colures.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 8 For the Æquator is Horizon to both Poles.

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I. (at cited word) The Rational, Real or True Horizon, is a Circle which encompasses the Earth exactly in the Middle, and whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir.

b. transferred. The celestial hemisphere within the horizon of any place.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [noun]

roofeOE

welkinc825

heaveneOE

heightOE

heavenOE

liftOE

loftOE

welkin1122

skies?a1289

firmamentc1290

skewa1300

spherea1300

skewsc1320

hemispherec1374

cope of heavenc1380

clouda1400

skya1425

elementc1485

axle-treea1522

scrowc1540

pole1572

horizona1577

vaulta1586

round?1593

the cope1596

pend1599

floor1600

canopy1604

cope1609

expansion1611

concameration1625

convex1627

concave1635

expansum1635

blue1647

the expanse1667

blue blanket1726

empyrean1727

carry1788

span1803

overhead1865

a1577 G. Gascoigne Praise of Countesse in Hearbes v. 240 Dan Phœbus stands in dread, And shames to shine within our Horizon.

1600 L. Lewkenor tr. A. de Torquemada Spanish Mandeuile f. 122 Euery Prouince and Country hath an Orizon, which is that part of Heauen which they discouer in circling or compassing it about with theyr sight.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) iv. viii. 80 When the Morning Sunne shall rayse his Carre Aboue the Border of this Horizon .

1642 J. Milton Apol. Smectymnuus 46 I leave you and your fellow starres, as you terme them, of either horizon, meaning I suppose either hemisphere.

1650 J. Trapp Clavis to Bible (Num. xxiii. 10) 50 No more comfort of it, then a man doth of the Sun, when it shines not in his own Horizon.

1825 W. Scott Talisman i, in Tales Crusaders III. 3 The burning sun of Syria had not yet attained its highest point in the horizon.

a. The broad ring (usually of wood) in which an artificial globe is fixed, the upper surface of which represents the plane of the rational horizon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > representational device > [noun] > globe, sphere > part of

horizon1592

1592 J. Dee Autobiogr. Tracts vii. 28 in Chetham Misc. (1851) I The theorick of the eighth spheare, the nynth and tenth, with an horizon and meridian of copper, of Gerhardus Mercator his owne making.

1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iv. f. 207 To the Globe belongeth another Circle called the Horizon, which is a broad Circle of wood.

1674 J. Moxon Tutor to Astron. & Geogr. (ed. 3) i. i. §vi. 6 The use of the upper Plain of the Horizon is to distinguish the Day from the Night; the rising and setting of the Sun, Moon, or Stars, etc.

1796 C. Hutton Math. & Philos. Dict. Horizon of the Globe, a broad wooden circle.

b. false horizon n. a level reflecting surface, usually of mercury, used in taking altitudes; also called artificial horizon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > measuring altitude > [noun] > artificial horizon

artificial horizon1762

false horizon1812

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > navigational aids > [noun] > quadrant, sextant, etc. > part of

line of shadows1728

artificial horizon1762

horizon-glass1774

sunglass1801

false horizon1812

1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. xl. 393 A False Horizon..in its simplest state, is a bason either of water, or of quicksilver.

a. Geology. A plane or level of stratification assumed to have been once horizontal and continuous; a stratum or set of strata characterized by a particular fossil or group of fossils.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [noun] > stratum > plane or level

horizon1856

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [noun] > stratum > stratum by constitution > organic remains or fossils > horizon or assise

horizon1856

assise1882

index horizon1956

1856 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca iii. 411 Each [species] is most abundant in one horizon, and becomes gradually less frequent in the beds above and below.

1863 A. C. Ramsay Physical Geol. & Geogr. Great Brit. (1878) v. 65 The passage of species from lower to higher geological horizons.

1890 Builder LVIII. 89/2 A horizon that may give a bad stone in one quarry may improve.

b. Soil Science. Any of several layers in the soil which lie roughly parallel to the surface and are distinguishable by differences in physical properties, as colour, texture, or structure, or in chemical reaction. A typical soil shows the following horizons (from the surface downwards): the A-horizon, generally the horizon of eluviation; the B-horizon, generally the horizon of illuviation; and the C-horizon, consisting of partly weathered parent material. Within the A-horizon and B-horizon further horizons may be distinguished (as B₁, B₂, B₃ horizons), though some writers refer to such horizons as zones or layers rather than as horizons.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > [noun] > horizon

horizon1896

soil horizon1923

1896 N. H. Darton Artesian Well Prospects (U.S. Geological Survey) 146 Probably the B and C horizons underlie all of the Locust Point region, and the A horizon in the basal beds may possibly occur at some localities to the southeastward of the Federal Hill region.

1923 Soil Sci. 16 97 The soil assumes added importance as a factor when the chemical and physical differences of the separate horizons are studied in relation to root development.

1927 C. F. Marbut tr. K. D. Glinka Great Soil Groups 9 Russian investigators use the word Horizon rather than stratum to designate the various layers in the soil profile.

1948 C. L. White & G. T. Renner Human Geogr. xxiv. 406 A marked zone of lime accumulation occurs at a moderate depth in the ‘B’ horizon. The ‘C’ horizon or sub~soil is brown.

1968 P. Buringh Introd. Study Soils Trop. & Subtrop. Regions v. 74 A much lighter reddish A₂ horizon, much lower in clay and much higher in sand, is clearly visible.

1971 E. A. Fitzpatrick Pedology i. 4/1 In some cases the contrast between horizons is dramatic and self-evident, while in others it is very subtle.

1993 Ecol. Applic. 3 413 The formerly ochric brown rendzina (AC profile) changed its color to greyish-blackish in the whole A horizon, but no soil micromorphological alterations were noted.

2000 A. J. Whitten et al. Ecol. Sumatra (new ed.) viii. 254 The ‘A-horizon’ soils have a very high percentage of sand and only about 1% of clay (Hardon 1937).

c. Archaeology. A level at which a particular group of remains is found, or which is taken as representing a particular culture or cultural period.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > age or period > stratigraphic units > [noun]

series1799

system1823

terrain1823

stage1859

group1865

section1882

horizon1926

cyclothem1932

succession1940

range zone1957

1926 D. A. E. Garrod Upper Palaeolithic Age i. 34 Thanks to his journal it is possible to attempt a reconstruction of the archeological horizons which existed at the time of excavation.

1935 Nature 6 Apr. 550/1 Mr. Harrod was able to indicate the horizon of discovery very closely. The spear-head was found at the base of the lowest draw of peat.

1959 J. D. Clark Prehist. Southern Afr. iv. 90 Nitrogen tests confirm that the remains are contemporary with the horizon in which they were found.

1962 R. Mason Prehist. Transvaal iv. 85 The Florisbad Peat 1 horizon has a radiocarbon age of more than 35,000 B.P. and may be associated with a Middle Stone Age industry...Four radiocarbon age estimations for Later Stone Age horizons in Matjes River Cave give ages varying from 11,250 ± 400 B.P. to 5,400 ± 250 B.P.

1973 N.Y. Times 15 July x. 1/1 Investigations have uncovered 15 distinct horizons (the archeological term for strata bearing traces of human habitation).

Categories »

6. Zoology and Anatomy. A level or horizontal line or surface, as the horizon of the teeth, the horizon of the diaphragm. retinal horizon, ‘Helmholtz's term for the horizontal plane which passes through the transverse axis of the globe of the eye’ ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon).

7. Embryology. One of a numbered sequence of stages in the development of the human embryo.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo development processes > [noun]

fetalization1819

segmentation1851

maceration1873

neurulation1878

blastulation1889

concrescence1890

cell lineage1892

myelination1892

spiral cleavage1892

medullation1893

myelinization1900

myelogenesis1901

induction1928

myelinogenesis1931

horizon1942

1942 G. L. Streeter in Contrib. Embryol. No. 197. 213 (heading) Developmental horizons in human embryos.

1942 G. L. Streeter in Contrib. Embryol. No. 197. 214 In searching for a suitable expression for the age groups under consideration..it was decided to follow the practice of other sciences and make use of the word ‘horizons’.

1956 G. H. Bourne Biochem. & Physiol. Bone xiii. 376 Each age group or ‘horizon’ is characterized by a certain degree of differentiation and organization of various tissues and organs.

1968 J. B. Thomas Introd. Human Embryol. vi. 55 He [sc. Streeter] initially proposed 25 ‘horizons’ for the human embryonal period, but this was later revised to 23.

1968 J. B. Thomas Introd. Human Embryol. viii. 80 With the appearance of these branching villi proposed horizon VII is reached.

8. Mining. In horizon mining, a system of approximately horizontal tunnels lying in the same horizontal plane; the plane containing these tunnels.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > passage > system of passages

minework1900

horizon1948

1948 Coal Nov. 6/3 A further upper horizon was..fixed at a depth of 115 yards in the South Pit.

1960 J. Sinclair Winning Coal iii. 51 The coal lying between a pair of horizons is worked in such a manner that the coal flows downwards to the lower level and ventilation is ascensional.

1966 B. M. Vorobjev & R. T. Deshmukh Advanced Coal Mining II. xxxvi. 871 In steep and inclined coal seams (25°–9°) level division of the mining area with main workings on each horizon is preferable.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

horizon-bounded adj.

ΚΠ

1812 Ld. Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II i. xxxi. 23 Immense horizon-bounded plains succeed.

horizon-girt n.

ΚΠ

1827 D. M. Moir To Dead Eagle iii, in Poet. Wks. (1852) Outstretched, horizon-girt, the maplike earth.

horizon-line n.

ΚΠ

1877 W. Black Green Pastures & Piccadilly v, in Examiner 3 Feb. 140/2 At the far horizon-line.

C2.

horizon-blue n. [French bleu horizon] a light shade of blue, the colour of the uniform of the French Army during and after the war of 1914–18; such a uniform; also as adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > [noun] > light blue

watchetc1405

vessey colour1562

fesse1587

Venice blue1598

Turkey colour1661

powder blue1752

Eton blue1851

ice-blue1851

periwinkle blue1852

Cambridge blue1858

baby blue1861

starch blue1875

duck's egg1876

pervenche1876

opal blue1881

periwinkle1895

pervenche blue1898

harebell blue1909

horizon-blue1919

Nattier blue1923

zircon blue1928

Mary blue1943

1919 J. Buchan Mr. Standfast xiv. 248 There was very little khaki or horizon-blue about.

1926 ‘C. Barry’ Detective's Holiday i. 9 ‘It is thus,’ the man in horizon blue began... ‘This morning..a fisherman..discovered..the body of a man who had been murdered.’

1942 E. Paul Narrow Street xvii. 136 Monsieur Saint-Aulaire found himself over-stocked with horizon-blue material, the Chamber having agreed that French soldiers and officers should wear khaki in the future.

1954 W. Faulkner Fable (1955) 14 The whole ring of..faces was stained with a faint,..reflected horizon-blue.

1972 J. Williams Home Fronts viii. 137 Little girls decked out in ‘horizon-blue’ policemen's caps and cloaks.

horizon-glass n. a small mirror of plate-glass fixed on the frame of a quadrant or sextant, having one half unsilvered so that the horizon-line or other object can be observed directly through it, and the reflected image of a heavenly body brought into optical coincidence with such object.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > measuring altitude > [noun] > quadrant or sextant > part of quadrant or sextant

quadrat?c1400

geometrical square?a1560

plummet?a1560

limb1593

line of shadows1728

limbus1738

horizon-glass1774

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > navigational aids > [noun] > quadrant, sextant, etc. > part of

line of shadows1728

artificial horizon1762

horizon-glass1774

sunglass1801

false horizon1812

1774 M. Mackenzie Treat. Maritim Surv. iv. 35 How to adjust the Horizon-glass for Observation, by a horizontal Line.

1820 W. Scoresby Acct. Arctic Regions I. 388 Viewed through the horizon glass of a sextant.

horizon mining n. a method of working inclined seams from approximately horizontal tunnels driven through the various strata to intersect the seams, there being several systems or ‘horizons’ of tunnels, one below another, connected by vertical shafts.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > other specific types of mining

shoading1778

nuggeting1852

placer mining1852

reefing1859

hydraulic mining1873

stripping1874

drift mining1877

gouging1877

hydraulicking1880

open-working1881

strip mining1935

horizon mining1947

roadheading1969

1947 Coal Nov. 16/3 Horizon mining is planned to cut out heavy dip haulages, replacing them with locomotives.

1953 Times 15 Aug. 2/3 The site of the second modern horizon-mining development of the west Wales coalfield.

1963 J. Sinclair Planning & Mechanized Drifting at Collieries viii. 163 Probably the most important decision in planning a horizon-mining project is the position of the horizons and the vertical interval between them.

Derivatives

hoˈrizonless adj. having no definite horizon, visually boundless.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > region of the earth > horizon > [adjective] > lacking horizon

horizonlessa1839

unhorizoned1888

a1839 J. Galt Demon of Destiny (1840) vi. 38 I that horizonless scene surveyed.

1892 Chicago Advance 7 July The horizonless prairies of the West.

Draft additions September 2022

to broaden (also widen, expand) one's horizon(s) and variants: to extend one's range of interests, activities, knowledge, etc.; to explore other attitudes or ways of thinking.In quot. 1743 as part of an extended metaphor.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > inclination > divergence > diverge [verb (intransitive)] > ramify or branch > branch off or out

issuec1515

branchc1540

disbranch1622

to go off1728

to take off1831

outbranch1835

offset1853

rib1856

1743 E. Young Complaint: Night the Fifth 24 Truth bids me look on Men, as Autumn Leaves..; lighted by her Beams, I widen my Horizon, gain new Powers, See Things invisible.

1875 6th Ann. Rep. Mass. Bureau of Statistics of Labor 38 If it [sc. a knowledge of books]..broadens my horizon and gives me glimpses into realms of thought unsuspected before, it will do a similar work..for anyone else.

1886 J. H. Wright College in University & Classical Philol. in College 6 [A liberal education] widens his horizons, by leading him up to the heights of observation where..there is repose.

1976 L. Fleischer John Denver ii. 35/2 I'm trying to expand my horizons,..so I'll be doing a little dancing for the first time.

2006 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 24 Dec. (Sport section) 6 If you are going to be successful, you need to broaden your horizons. Don't forget that you are dealing with individuals and different ones have different needs.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online December 2022).

单词	horizon
释义	horizonn. Brit. /həˈrʌɪz(ə)n/, U.S. /həˈraɪz(ə)n/ Forms: α. Middle English orisont(e, Middle English orizont(e, 1500s orizunt, 1500s–1600s horizont. β. Middle English orisoun, Middle English oryson, Middle English–1500s orizon(e, 1500s horyson, 1500s– horizon. Etymology: < Old French orizonte (13th cent. in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter), orizon (14th cent.), modern French horizon (= Italian †orizonte, orizzonte, Spanish horizonte, Portuguese horizonte), < late Latin horīzont-em (horīzōn), < Greek ὁρίζων (sc. κύκλος) the bounding circle, horizon, present participle of ὁρίζειν to bound, < ὅρος boundary, limit. In later Old French and English, conformed to the Latin nominative; but at first stressed ˈhorĭzon (Gascoigne, Shakespeare, Sylvester); hoˈrīzon appears in Cowley, 1647. N.E.D. (1899) gives the pronunciation as (horəi·zən, -z'n) /hɒˈraɪz(ə)n/. 1. a. The boundary-line of that part of the earth's surface visible from a given point of view; the line at which the earth and sky appear to meet. In strict use, the circle bounding that part of the earth's surface which would be visible if no irregularities or obstructions were present (called the apparent horizon, natural horizon, sensible horizon, physical horizon, or visible horizon, as distinguished from 3), being the circle of contact with the earth's surface of a cone whose vertex is at the observer's eye. On the open sea or a great plain these coincide. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > region of the earth > horizon > [noun] horizonc1374 horizontal1555 rim1712 weather-gleam1802 skyline1815 sea-horizon1822 verge1822 sea-line1880 sea-rima1881 α. c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde v. 276 And whiten gan the Orisonte shene. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 108 By thorizont, as to us semeth. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 309 For thorisonte hath reft the Sonne his light. 1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 21 The Horizonte is a cyrcle whiche parteth that parte of the worlde that wee see, from that whiche wee see not. 1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 179 The other horizont, whiche I thinke moste aptlye to bee called the Earthly horizont, bycause it..reacheth not vnto the skie..his semidiameter excedeth not..22 myles and a halfe. 1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 149 Whan as the Mone shall shew her selfe above the Horizont. β. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum viii. vi. (Tollem. MS.) The circle to þe whiche þe syȝte streccheþ and endeþ is calde Orizon, as it were þe ende of þe syȝte.1413 Pilgr. Sowle (1859) v. xiv. 81 The sonne..hastyd hym vpward toward the eest oryson, to bringe ageyne the day.c1550 Sheph. Kal. (1604) Contents xxxv Of the rising and descending of the signes in the horyson.1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Britain i. 631 Wilde Deere..feeding aloft..in the farthest Horizon or kenning of their sight.1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 52 Nights Hemisphere had veild the Horizon round. View more context for this quotation1744 J. Thomson Spring in Seasons (new ed.) 41 Like far Clouds That skirt the blue Horizon.1810 S. Rogers Voy. Columbus i. 4 Stars rose and set; and new horizons glow'd.1887 C. Bowen tr. Virgil Æneid i, in tr. Virgil in Eng. Verse 79 Æneas explores meanwhile with his glance All the horizon of waters. †b. transferred. The part of the earth's surface bounded by this line; the region visible from any point. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > region of the earth > horizon > [noun] > space enclosed by horizon1559 1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 137 The townes, and Villagies, about you adjacent in your Horizont. 1771 E. Griffith tr. ‘P. Viaud’ Shipwreck 23 To open to us the horrid prospect of a boundless horizon and a devouring sea. †c. The bounding limits, the compass. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > boundary > [noun] > enclosing boundary closec1330 compassc1330 umgang1505 precinct1542 horizon1620 surroundry1621 1620 J. Melton Astrologaster 9 If the Man..lies eyther within the Horizon of England, Fraunce, Spaine, Italy, or the Low-Countries, I will undertake to shew you him. 2. figurative. †a. A boundary, the frontier or dividing line between two regions of being. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition or fact of being interjacent > [noun] > that which is interjacent > and separates two things horizona1387 divisionc1400 long divisionc1400 departinga1475 departure1523 separation1615 separatress1630 intercept1821 distancer1884 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 183 Mannis soule..is i-cleped orisoun, as it were þe next marche in kynde bytwene bodily and goostly þinges. b. The boundary or limit of any ‘circle’ or ‘sphere’ of view, thought, action, etc. (often with direct reference to sense 1); that which bounds one's mental vision or perception; limit or range of one's knowledge, experience, or interest; formerly, sometimes = the region so bounded. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > quality of being restricted or limited > [noun] > limit > of sphere of action or thought horizon1607 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes Ep. Ded. sig. A3^v The Right Noble..Earle of Surrey, long ago departed out of this earthly Horizon. 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 261 Now at the second seauen yeares the heate begins to gather strength..and to rule in the Horizon of the body. 1639 T. B. tr. J.-P. Camus Certain Moral Relations in S. Du Verger tr. J.-P. Camus Admirable Events 179 Noe sooner did the new star appeare on the Horizon of Touraine, but her rayes strooke into the eyes of..divers Sutors. 1656 B. Harris tr. J. N. de Parival Hist. Iron Age i. iii. xiii. 92 The Minister, who then began to climb the Horizon of favour. 1681 J. Flavell Method of Grace vii. 148 I see no hope within the whole Horizon of sense. 1826 T. Jefferson Writings (1830) IV. 424 The present lowering aspect of our political horizon. 1849 J. Ruskin Seven Lamps Archit. Introd. 3 Their range necessarily includes the entire horizon of man's action. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues I. 650 There is the general fallacy..of substituting the definite and intelligible tradition for the true but dim outline which is the horizon of human knowledge. 3. a. Astronomy. A great circle of the celestial sphere, the plane of which passes through the centre of the earth and is parallel to that of the sensible horizon of a given place: distinguished as the astronomical horizon, celestial horizon, mathematical horizon, rational horizon, real horizon, or true horizon.right horizon: see right adj. and int. Compounds 2. oblique horizon: see oblique adj. 2a. geographical horizon, the great circle on the earth's surface in the plane of the rational or astronomical horizon. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > celestial sphere > circle of celestial sphere > [noun] > great circle > horizon horizonc1400 finitor1594 rational horizon1599 c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) Prol. 1 A suffisaunt astralabie as for owre orizonte, compowned after the latitude of Oxenford. c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §26. 37 This forseid rihte orisonte..diuideth the equinoxial in-to riht Angles. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 39 There is tua sortis of orizons ane is callit the rycht orizon the tothir is callit the oblique orizone. 1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 39 The vj. great circles of the Sphere ar, as the Horizont, the Meridian, th' Equinoctiall, the Zodiake, the Equinoctiall and solsticiall Colures. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 8 For the Æquator is Horizon to both Poles. 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I. (at cited word) The Rational, Real or True Horizon, is a Circle which encompasses the Earth exactly in the Middle, and whose Poles are the Zenith and Nadir. b. transferred. The celestial hemisphere within the horizon of any place. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sky, heavens > [noun] roofeOE welkinc825 heaveneOE heightOE heavenOE liftOE loftOE welkin1122 skies?a1289 firmamentc1290 skewa1300 spherea1300 skewsc1320 hemispherec1374 cope of heavenc1380 clouda1400 skya1425 elementc1485 axle-treea1522 scrowc1540 pole1572 horizona1577 vaulta1586 round?1593 the cope1596 pend1599 floor1600 canopy1604 cope1609 expansion1611 concameration1625 convex1627 concave1635 expansum1635 blue1647 the expanse1667 blue blanket1726 empyrean1727 carry1788 span1803 overhead1865 a1577 G. Gascoigne Praise of Countesse in Hearbes v. 240 Dan Phœbus stands in dread, And shames to shine within our Horizon. 1600 L. Lewkenor tr. A. de Torquemada Spanish Mandeuile f. 122 Euery Prouince and Country hath an Orizon, which is that part of Heauen which they discouer in circling or compassing it about with theyr sight. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) iv. viii. 80 When the Morning Sunne shall rayse his Carre Aboue the Border of this Horizon . View more context for this quotation 1642 J. Milton Apol. Smectymnuus 46 I leave you and your fellow starres, as you terme them, of either horizon, meaning I suppose either hemisphere. 1650 J. Trapp Clavis to Bible (Num. xxiii. 10) 50 No more comfort of it, then a man doth of the Sun, when it shines not in his own Horizon. 1825 W. Scott Talisman i, in Tales Crusaders III. 3 The burning sun of Syria had not yet attained its highest point in the horizon. 4. a. The broad ring (usually of wood) in which an artificial globe is fixed, the upper surface of which represents the plane of the rational horizon. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > representational device > [noun] > globe, sphere > part of horizon1592 1592 J. Dee Autobiogr. Tracts vii. 28 in Chetham Misc. (1851) I The theorick of the eighth spheare, the nynth and tenth, with an horizon and meridian of copper, of Gerhardus Mercator his owne making. 1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iv. f. 207 To the Globe belongeth another Circle called the Horizon, which is a broad Circle of wood. 1674 J. Moxon Tutor to Astron. & Geogr. (ed. 3) i. i. §vi. 6 The use of the upper Plain of the Horizon is to distinguish the Day from the Night; the rising and setting of the Sun, Moon, or Stars, etc. 1796 C. Hutton Math. & Philos. Dict. Horizon of the Globe, a broad wooden circle. b. false horizon n. a level reflecting surface, usually of mercury, used in taking altitudes; also called artificial horizon. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > measuring altitude > [noun] > artificial horizon artificial horizon1762 false horizon1812 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > navigational aids > [noun] > quadrant, sextant, etc. > part of line of shadows1728 artificial horizon1762 horizon-glass1774 sunglass1801 false horizon1812 1812 R. Woodhouse Elem. Treat. Astron. xl. 393 A False Horizon..in its simplest state, is a bason either of water, or of quicksilver. 5. a. Geology. A plane or level of stratification assumed to have been once horizontal and continuous; a stratum or set of strata characterized by a particular fossil or group of fossils. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [noun] > stratum > plane or level horizon1856 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > sedimentary formation > [noun] > stratum > stratum by constitution > organic remains or fossils > horizon or assise horizon1856 assise1882 index horizon1956 1856 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca iii. 411 Each [species] is most abundant in one horizon, and becomes gradually less frequent in the beds above and below. 1863 A. C. Ramsay Physical Geol. & Geogr. Great Brit. (1878) v. 65 The passage of species from lower to higher geological horizons. 1890 Builder LVIII. 89/2 A horizon that may give a bad stone in one quarry may improve. b. Soil Science. Any of several layers in the soil which lie roughly parallel to the surface and are distinguishable by differences in physical properties, as colour, texture, or structure, or in chemical reaction. A typical soil shows the following horizons (from the surface downwards): the A-horizon, generally the horizon of eluviation; the B-horizon, generally the horizon of illuviation; and the C-horizon, consisting of partly weathered parent material. Within the A-horizon and B-horizon further horizons may be distinguished (as B₁, B₂, B₃ horizons), though some writers refer to such horizons as zones or layers rather than as horizons. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > [noun] > horizon horizon1896 soil horizon1923 1896 N. H. Darton Artesian Well Prospects (U.S. Geological Survey) 146 Probably the B and C horizons underlie all of the Locust Point region, and the A horizon in the basal beds may possibly occur at some localities to the southeastward of the Federal Hill region. 1923 Soil Sci. 16 97 The soil assumes added importance as a factor when the chemical and physical differences of the separate horizons are studied in relation to root development. 1927 C. F. Marbut tr. K. D. Glinka Great Soil Groups 9 Russian investigators use the word Horizon rather than stratum to designate the various layers in the soil profile. 1948 C. L. White & G. T. Renner Human Geogr. xxiv. 406 A marked zone of lime accumulation occurs at a moderate depth in the ‘B’ horizon. The ‘C’ horizon or sub~soil is brown. 1968 P. Buringh Introd. Study Soils Trop. & Subtrop. Regions v. 74 A much lighter reddish A₂ horizon, much lower in clay and much higher in sand, is clearly visible. 1971 E. A. Fitzpatrick Pedology i. 4/1 In some cases the contrast between horizons is dramatic and self-evident, while in others it is very subtle. 1993 Ecol. Applic. 3 413 The formerly ochric brown rendzina (AC profile) changed its color to greyish-blackish in the whole A horizon, but no soil micromorphological alterations were noted. 2000 A. J. Whitten et al. Ecol. Sumatra (new ed.) viii. 254 The ‘A-horizon’ soils have a very high percentage of sand and only about 1% of clay (Hardon 1937). c. Archaeology. A level at which a particular group of remains is found, or which is taken as representing a particular culture or cultural period. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > age or period > stratigraphic units > [noun] series1799 system1823 terrain1823 stage1859 group1865 section1882 horizon1926 cyclothem1932 succession1940 range zone1957 1926 D. A. E. Garrod Upper Palaeolithic Age i. 34 Thanks to his journal it is possible to attempt a reconstruction of the archeological horizons which existed at the time of excavation. 1935 Nature 6 Apr. 550/1 Mr. Harrod was able to indicate the horizon of discovery very closely. The spear-head was found at the base of the lowest draw of peat. 1959 J. D. Clark Prehist. Southern Afr. iv. 90 Nitrogen tests confirm that the remains are contemporary with the horizon in which they were found. 1962 R. Mason Prehist. Transvaal iv. 85 The Florisbad Peat 1 horizon has a radiocarbon age of more than 35,000 B.P. and may be associated with a Middle Stone Age industry...Four radiocarbon age estimations for Later Stone Age horizons in Matjes River Cave give ages varying from 11,250 ± 400 B.P. to 5,400 ± 250 B.P. 1973 N.Y. Times 15 July x. 1/1 Investigations have uncovered 15 distinct horizons (the archeological term for strata bearing traces of human habitation). Categories » 6. Zoology and Anatomy. A level or horizontal line or surface, as the horizon of the teeth, the horizon of the diaphragm. retinal horizon, ‘Helmholtz's term for the horizontal plane which passes through the transverse axis of the globe of the eye’ ( New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon). 7. Embryology. One of a numbered sequence of stages in the development of the human embryo. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > embryo development processes > [noun] fetalization1819 segmentation1851 maceration1873 neurulation1878 blastulation1889 concrescence1890 cell lineage1892 myelination1892 spiral cleavage1892 medullation1893 myelinization1900 myelogenesis1901 induction1928 myelinogenesis1931 horizon1942 1942 G. L. Streeter in Contrib. Embryol. No. 197. 213 (heading) Developmental horizons in human embryos. 1942 G. L. Streeter in Contrib. Embryol. No. 197. 214 In searching for a suitable expression for the age groups under consideration..it was decided to follow the practice of other sciences and make use of the word ‘horizons’. 1956 G. H. Bourne Biochem. & Physiol. Bone xiii. 376 Each age group or ‘horizon’ is characterized by a certain degree of differentiation and organization of various tissues and organs. 1968 J. B. Thomas Introd. Human Embryol. vi. 55 He [sc. Streeter] initially proposed 25 ‘horizons’ for the human embryonal period, but this was later revised to 23. 1968 J. B. Thomas Introd. Human Embryol. viii. 80 With the appearance of these branching villi proposed horizon VII is reached. 8. Mining. In horizon mining, a system of approximately horizontal tunnels lying in the same horizontal plane; the plane containing these tunnels. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > places where raw materials are extracted > mine > [noun] > passage > system of passages minework1900 horizon1948 1948 Coal Nov. 6/3 A further upper horizon was..fixed at a depth of 115 yards in the South Pit. 1960 J. Sinclair Winning Coal iii. 51 The coal lying between a pair of horizons is worked in such a manner that the coal flows downwards to the lower level and ventilation is ascensional. 1966 B. M. Vorobjev & R. T. Deshmukh Advanced Coal Mining II. xxxvi. 871 In steep and inclined coal seams (25°–9°) level division of the mining area with main workings on each horizon is preferable. Compounds C1. General attributive. horizon-bounded adj. ΚΠ 1812 Ld. Byron Childe Harold: Cantos I & II i. xxxi. 23 Immense horizon-bounded plains succeed. horizon-girt n. ΚΠ 1827 D. M. Moir To Dead Eagle iii, in Poet. Wks. (1852) Outstretched, horizon-girt, the maplike earth. horizon-line n. ΚΠ 1877 W. Black Green Pastures & Piccadilly v, in Examiner 3 Feb. 140/2 At the far horizon-line. C2. horizon-blue n. [French bleu horizon] a light shade of blue, the colour of the uniform of the French Army during and after the war of 1914–18; such a uniform; also as adj. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > blue or blueness > [noun] > light blue watchetc1405 vessey colour1562 fesse1587 Venice blue1598 Turkey colour1661 powder blue1752 Eton blue1851 ice-blue1851 periwinkle blue1852 Cambridge blue1858 baby blue1861 starch blue1875 duck's egg1876 pervenche1876 opal blue1881 periwinkle1895 pervenche blue1898 harebell blue1909 horizon-blue1919 Nattier blue1923 zircon blue1928 Mary blue1943 1919 J. Buchan Mr. Standfast xiv. 248 There was very little khaki or horizon-blue about. 1926 ‘C. Barry’ Detective's Holiday i. 9 ‘It is thus,’ the man in horizon blue began... ‘This morning..a fisherman..discovered..the body of a man who had been murdered.’ 1942 E. Paul Narrow Street xvii. 136 Monsieur Saint-Aulaire found himself over-stocked with horizon-blue material, the Chamber having agreed that French soldiers and officers should wear khaki in the future. 1954 W. Faulkner Fable (1955) 14 The whole ring of..faces was stained with a faint,..reflected horizon-blue. 1972 J. Williams Home Fronts viii. 137 Little girls decked out in ‘horizon-blue’ policemen's caps and cloaks. horizon-glass n. a small mirror of plate-glass fixed on the frame of a quadrant or sextant, having one half unsilvered so that the horizon-line or other object can be observed directly through it, and the reflected image of a heavenly body brought into optical coincidence with such object. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > measuring altitude > [noun] > quadrant or sextant > part of quadrant or sextant quadrat?c1400 geometrical square?a1560 plummet?a1560 limb1593 line of shadows1728 limbus1738 horizon-glass1774 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > navigational aids > [noun] > quadrant, sextant, etc. > part of line of shadows1728 artificial horizon1762 horizon-glass1774 sunglass1801 false horizon1812 1774 M. Mackenzie Treat. Maritim Surv. iv. 35 How to adjust the Horizon-glass for Observation, by a horizontal Line. 1820 W. Scoresby Acct. Arctic Regions I. 388 Viewed through the horizon glass of a sextant. horizon mining n. a method of working inclined seams from approximately horizontal tunnels driven through the various strata to intersect the seams, there being several systems or ‘horizons’ of tunnels, one below another, connected by vertical shafts. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > mining > [noun] > other specific types of mining shoading1778 nuggeting1852 placer mining1852 reefing1859 hydraulic mining1873 stripping1874 drift mining1877 gouging1877 hydraulicking1880 open-working1881 strip mining1935 horizon mining1947 roadheading1969 1947 Coal Nov. 16/3 Horizon mining is planned to cut out heavy dip haulages, replacing them with locomotives. 1953 Times 15 Aug. 2/3 The site of the second modern horizon-mining development of the west Wales coalfield. 1963 J. Sinclair Planning & Mechanized Drifting at Collieries viii. 163 Probably the most important decision in planning a horizon-mining project is the position of the horizons and the vertical interval between them. Derivatives hoˈrizonless adj. having no definite horizon, visually boundless. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > region of the earth > horizon > [adjective] > lacking horizon horizonlessa1839 unhorizoned1888 a1839 J. Galt Demon of Destiny (1840) vi. 38 I that horizonless scene surveyed. 1892 Chicago Advance 7 July The horizonless prairies of the West. Draft additions September 2022 to broaden (also widen, expand) one's horizon(s) and variants: to extend one's range of interests, activities, knowledge, etc.; to explore other attitudes or ways of thinking.In quot. 1743 as part of an extended metaphor. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > inclination > divergence > diverge [verb (intransitive)] > ramify or branch > branch off or out issuec1515 branchc1540 disbranch1622 to go off1728 to take off1831 outbranch1835 offset1853 rib1856 1743 E. Young Complaint: Night the Fifth 24 Truth bids me look on Men, as Autumn Leaves..; lighted by her Beams, I widen my Horizon, gain new Powers, See Things invisible. 1875 6th Ann. Rep. Mass. Bureau of Statistics of Labor 38 If it [sc. a knowledge of books]..broadens my horizon and gives me glimpses into realms of thought unsuspected before, it will do a similar work..for anyone else. 1886 J. H. Wright College in University & Classical Philol. in College 6 [A liberal education] widens his horizons, by leading him up to the heights of observation where..there is repose. 1976 L. Fleischer John Denver ii. 35/2 I'm trying to expand my horizons,..so I'll be doing a little dancing for the first time. 2006 Mail on Sunday (Nexis) 24 Dec. (Sport section) 6 If you are going to be successful, you need to broaden your horizons. Don't forget that you are dealing with individuals and different ones have different needs. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online December 2022). horizonv. Etymology: < horizon n.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: hoˈrizon. transitive. To furnish or bound with a horizon: chiefly in past participle hoˈrizoned adj. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > boundary > bound or form boundary of [verb (transitive)] > fix boundary of > with a horizon horizon1791 1791 E. Darwin Bot. Garden: Pt. I i. 124 A thousand realms, horizon'd in his arms. 1859 K. Cornwallis Panorama New World I. 108 Far away to the west and north..the view was horizoned by a chain of rolling hills. 1863 A. D. T. Whitney Faith Gartney's Girlhood xxvi. 245 Her eyes away off over the lake, and..thoughts horizoned yet more distantly. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online June 2019). < n.c1374v.1791
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horizonn.

Compounds

Derivatives

Draft additions September 2022

horizonv.