horizontaladj.n.

1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 158 The Horyzontall plaine which is..discovered from thirty rising Turrets there, yeelds most pleasure [to look on].

1665 R. Hooke Micrographia 151 The bended part or Index of it lay horizontal.

1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Horizontal Projection, a Projection of the Sphere in Arches of Circles, called Stereographic, wherein the Sphere is pressd into the plain of the Horizon and the Meridians and Parallels of the Sphere projected thereon.

1705 F. Fuller Medicina Gymnastica 31 Changing..from an Horizontal to an Erect Position.

1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) Horizontal Range (in Gunnery), the Level-range of a piece of Ordnance, being the Line it describes parallel to the Horizon.

1834 T. Medwin Angler in Wales II. 210 The head is..circular in its horizontal section.

1886 R. C. Leslie Sea-painter's Log 192 That strange family of fish which, commencing life on edge..change that position at an early age for a horizontal one.

1889 G. W. Usill Pract. Surveying x. 199 The known difference of height thereof are [sic] called the vertical intervals, and their distance apart upon the survey are termed the horizontal equivalents.

1906 Nature 26 Apr. 608/2 (heading) A horizontal rainbow.

1916 Monthly Weather Rev. (U.S.) 44 66/1 In general these horizontal rainbows are confined to the early hours of the day.

1952 F. J. Monkhouse & H. R. Wilkinson Maps & Diagrams ii. 74 If two points on a hill-side are projected on to a horizontal plane, as they are on a map, the distance between them is known as the Horizontal Equivalent (H.E.).

1957 G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. vi. 419 The horizontal rainbow, or iris, is a relatively rare phenomenon, though it has been observed on a number of lakes in many parts of the world.

1674 J. Moxon Tutor to Astron. & Geogr. (ed. 3) v. Prob. iii. 150 I would make an Horizontal Dyal for Londons Latitude.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 372/2 A Horizontal Dial..is a Dial for a Pillar or top of a Post.

1755 Bosley Specif. Patent 698 The scapemt. of the ballance of these my horizontal watches.

1782 T. Tyrer Specif. Patent 1311 [For a] Horizontal scapement for a Watch.

1794 W. Felton Treat. Carriages I. 62 When the carriage is intended for a whole or horizontal wheel, the perch has no hooping piece, but is bolted by the plates at each end to the inside of the transoms.

1794 W. Felton Treat. Carriages I. 63 Extending to the out-circumference of the horizontal half wheel.

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 139 Horizontal and vertical windmills.

1827 G. Hamilton Elem. Gymnastics 55 The performer, taking hold of the horizontal bar, swings backward and forward.

1843 Lancet 27 May 302/1 [I] made her exercise twice a day on a horizontal bar erected for the purpose.

1875 T. Frost Circus Life ix. 161 The rising school of young gymnasts..began to practise on..the horizontal bar, and the flying rings.

1875 Aëronaut. Soc. Great Brit. 9th Ann. Rep. 1874 56 This problem M. Renaud has solved by means of his automatic rudder... The idea occurred to him of placing a small horizontal rudder behind the sustaining planes.

1878 M. Jewry Warne's Model Cookery Inside front cover (advt.) Practical Instructions on the Horizontal Bar, Parallel Bars.

1884 Punch 8 Mar. 117/1 Let the Ladies learn gymnastics..They'll improve too pale complexions..After practice on the ladders and the horizontal bars.

1895 W. Maclaren A. Maclaren's Physical Educ. 254 It is important that every gymnasium should contain two forms of horizontal bar.

1903 A. Bennett Truth about Author ii. 16 He..taught us to fence, and to do the lesser circle on the horizontal bar.

1909 C. C. Turner Aerial Navigation viii. 121 The aviator must further correct this instability by control of the horizontal rudder.

1913 A. E. Berriman Aviation vii. 71 Originally the elevator was often called the horizontal rudder.

1964 G. C. Kunzle Parallel Bars i. 36 In this case it is very similar to position 2 (c)..on the Horizontal Bar.

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Leaf Patent Leaf..when it forms perfectly right angles, it is called horizontal.

1880 A. Gray Struct. Bot. vi. §8. 277 Ovules are..horizontal, when borne on one or more sides of the cell and not directed either upward or downward.

1881 St. G. Mivart Cat 77 The rest is named the horizontal ramus.

1842 Congress. Globe 17 Mar. 331 Was it expected that this committee would send in a horizontal tariff?

1872 Congress. Globe 28 Mar. 2016/2 The horizontal reduction of duties would do incalculable injury.

1890 Congress. Globe 9 May 4392/2 The Democratic bill made a horizontal cut of 20 per cent.

1907 Daily Chron. 23 Sept. 5/3 The ‘Journal of Commerce’ [N.Y.] says that the North German Lloyd Company announced yesterday a practically horizontal cut of 25 dols. on the eastward and westward passages.

1963 Times 22 May (Margarine Suppl.) p. viii The Council of the European Community has already issued a directive in connexion with the use of colour additives. This follows what is known as the ‘horizontal’ system, meaning that it is of application to all food products.

1927 Observer 27 Mar. 5 Looking with a benevolent eye on horizontal combines.

1930 M. Clark Home Trade 204 There have been the combinations of one business with one or more of the same type. To this type the term ‘horizontal combine’ is usually applied.

1930 Economist 29 Mar. 710/2 Horizontal integration took place in the alcohol and solvents industry.

1959 Listener 9 July 46/2 The cotton industry is what is called a horizontal industry... As a rule the processing is done in stages in which the goods pass from one producer to another.

1960 L. C. Nanassy & W. H. Selden Business Dict. 96 Horizontal combination, formation of a business by combining two or more concerns engaged in the same kind of business.

1962 H. O. Beecheno Introd. Business Stud. v. 40 When business units of the same type combine..it is called horizontal integration.

1967 Economist 15 Apr. 253/3 He also held that all mergers must be judged by the same standards, whether they be vertical, horizontal or conglomerate.

1968 J. Ironside Fashion Alphabet 232 The textile and fashion industry works in two ways—horizontal or vertical... The ‘horizontal’ system means that in each stage of its manufacture..the textile goes through different hands... In the ‘vertical’ system, everything from weaving..to making up the garments..is done under one organisation.

1931 H. G. Wells Work, Wealth & Happiness Mankind (1932) xi. 540 The only remaining physical differences between man and woman are becoming horizontal, i.e., differences between individuals in the same class, and not vertical differences, in which all women are put below all men, or vice versa.

1949 A. Koestler Promise & Fulfilm. iii. i. 289 The trend of social migrations is a ‘horizontal’ drift from village and agriculture to town and industry, and a ‘vertical’ drift from working-class to middle-class occupations.

1959 Listener 12 Feb. 280/2 When the children's interests turn outwards, when they develop loyalties of a horizontal sort.

1959 N. Mailer Advts. for Myself (1961) 374 The old exploitation was vertical—the poor supported the rich. To this vertical exploitation must now be added the horizontal exploitation of the mass by the State and by Monopoly.

1967 Listener 13 July 62/2 This horizontal integration of Saudi-Arabian Arab with Egyptian Arab ultimately gave way to the vertical integration of Egyptian peasant with Egyptian professional man.

1937 H. Feldman Probl. Labor Relations iv. 255 Shall the mass production industries..be organized on a ‘horizontal’ (craft union) basis, or in ‘vertical’ (industrial) unions?

1950 W. Theimer & P. Campbell Encycl. World Politics 425/1 Unions may be craft unions, also known as horizontal unions, or industrial unions, also known as vertical unions.