hongn.

Brit.

/hɒŋ/, U.S.

/hɔŋ/,

/hɑŋ/

Forms: 1700s haung, 1700s– hong, 1800s– hang.

Origin: A borrowing from Chinese. Etymons: Chinese hòhng, háng.

Etymology: < Chinese (Cantonese) hòhng, (Mandarin) háng business, business premises.

1. In China: a complex of rooms or buildings used as a warehouse, commercial establishment, etc.; spec. any of thirteen of such complexes outside the city of Canton (Guangzhou) used as accommodation and trading posts for foreign merchants, constituting the only place where foreign trade was permitted in China from the late 17th cent. to the First Opium War (1839–42). Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > factory > [noun]

mill1403

work1581

factory1618

manufacture1623

manuary1625

manufactory1641

fabric1656

hong1726

plant1789

machinery1799

usine1858

oficina1889

officina1906

society > trade and finance > trading place > a centre of commerce > [noun] > establishment in China or Japan

hong1726

society > occupation and work > workplace > factory > [noun] > series of rooms used as factory

hong1888

1726 G. Shelvocke Voy. round World xvi. 458 The English have no settled Factory at Canton, and are only permitted to hire large Hongs, or Houses, near the water side.

1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. l. 228 When I arrived at Canton the Hapoa ordered me Lodgings..in a Haung or Inn belonging to one of his Merchants.

1847 Times 26 Apr. 8/6 The petitioners, apprehending that their Hongs will be ruined and their trade scattered, come unitedly to sue you.

1888 A. J. Little Through Yang-tse Gorges 210 A hong..consists of a series of lofty one-storied buildings, situated one behind the other, and separated by intervening courtyards.

1920 L. C. Ford & T. F. Ford Foreign Trade U.S. (1922) xi. 138 It [sc. tea] is taken to great ‘hongs’, or warehouses, where it is dried, cured, and prepared for market.

1981 L. M. Li China's Silk Trade v. 158 Eighty percent of their [silk] supply came from the hongs of surrounding localities.

2002 L. G. Knapp Stratford & Sea v. 188 (caption) Foreign merchants were restricted by the Chinese to a single district at Canton, where they built their hongs, or warehouses and offices. Here all business was conducted.

2. A Chinese merchant permitted to engage in foreign trade; spec. any of the Chinese merchants at Canton (Guangzhou) having the monopoly of trade with Europeans from the later 17th cent. to the First Opium War (1839–42). Also: a corporation of those merchants. Now historical.Recorded earliest in hong merchant at Compounds.The treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) in 1842 abolished the monopoly of the hongs and opened further ports to British trade.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trader > merchant > [noun] > group or body of > specific

Hanse1199

staple1423

the feat of merchandisec1503

corporation1530

Stilliardois1552

the Steads1557

galley-man1581

hong1769

1769 A. Dalrymple Plan for extending Commerce 14 The Hong merchants, with whom only the Europeans can trade, must pay large sums to preserve their privileges.

1785 Gentleman's & London Mag. Sept. 497/2 The avenues leading to the quay were barricaded, and filled with soldiers: the linguists and merchants fled; the Hongs totally disappeared.

1797 G. Staunton Authentic Acct. Embassy to China II. vii. 565 A Society of Hong, or united merchants, who are answerable for one another both to the Government and to foreign nations.

1841 Spectator 8 May 440/1 Howqua..is the principal and most wealthy man among the Hongs.

1845 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 I. viii. 512 The Chinese Government..confined the trade..to a certain number of native merchants of Canton incorporated under the designation of Hong.

1934 R. C. McKay South Street 263 There were about twelve Hongs at Canton.

2002 R. W. N. Lamas Everything in Style 312 The origin of the hong merchants dates back to the late Ming period, when thirty-six hongs were trading with foreign countries.

3. Originally: a foreign company trading in China, spec. one trading out of one of the thirteen hongs (sense 1); now chiefly historical. Later also: any successful East Asian company, esp. in Hong Kong.

ΚΠ

1830 Times 12 Mar. 2/4 The debts of foreign Hongs, now bankrupt, must be paid by assessment on the amount of the whole import and export trade of each.

1887 St. Louis Globe-Democrat 29 May 18/5 The number of purchasers of tea for export is becoming fewer and only five foreign hongs purchase up to Ts. 1,000,000 in value.

1919 J. Hergesheimer Java Head v. 104 It would have been better, when he had been released by Heard and Company, to have taken the position open in the Dutch Hong.

1978 M. F. Higgins Security Regulations in Hong-Kong, 1972–7 iii. vi. 114 The merchant banks and securities investment subsidiaries of the major hongs expected exemption under this provision.

1994 C. Genzberger et al. Hong Kong Business i. 7/1 Many of the hongs have diversified their holdings and shifted their official headquarters offshore as a hedge against the pending Communist takeover in 1997.

2007 N. Ma Polit. Devel. in Hong Kong iv. 78 In the early colonial era, the British hongs that dominated political power were a relatively closely knit group.

Compounds

General attributive and appositive, esp. in hong merchant.

ΚΠ

1769Hong merchants [see sense 2].

1836 J. F. Davis Chinese I. iii. 87 Some Hong merchants.

1865 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1862–4 9 140 The cube..may have been employed as a Hong seal.

1900 N. Amer. Rev. Sept. 416 Commercial relations..were immensely profitable both to the European factors and to the hong merchants of Canton.

1940 C. Crow Foreign Devils in Flowery Kingdom xxi. 305 Sports were organized along hong lines.

1984 P. D. Curtin Cross-Cultural Trade in World Hist. xi. 251 The abolition of the hong monopoly also made way for new institutions, and the existing compradors were able to take advantage of the opening.

2006 R. W. N. Lamas Everything in Style 312 The origin of the hong merchants dates back to the late Ming period, when thirty-six hongs were trading with foreign countries.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	hong
释义	hongn. Brit. /hɒŋ/, U.S. /hɔŋ/, /hɑŋ/ Forms: 1700s haung, 1700s– hong, 1800s– hang. Origin: A borrowing from Chinese. Etymons: Chinese hòhng, háng. Etymology: < Chinese (Cantonese) hòhng, (Mandarin) háng business, business premises. 1. In China: a complex of rooms or buildings used as a warehouse, commercial establishment, etc.; spec. any of thirteen of such complexes outside the city of Canton (Guangzhou) used as accommodation and trading posts for foreign merchants, constituting the only place where foreign trade was permitted in China from the late 17th cent. to the First Opium War (1839–42). Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > factory > [noun] mill1403 work1581 factory1618 manufacture1623 manuary1625 manufactory1641 fabric1656 hong1726 plant1789 machinery1799 usine1858 oficina1889 officina1906 society > trade and finance > trading place > a centre of commerce > [noun] > establishment in China or Japan hong1726 society > occupation and work > workplace > factory > [noun] > series of rooms used as factory hong1888 1726 G. Shelvocke Voy. round World xvi. 458 The English have no settled Factory at Canton, and are only permitted to hire large Hongs, or Houses, near the water side. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. l. 228 When I arrived at Canton the Hapoa ordered me Lodgings..in a Haung or Inn belonging to one of his Merchants. 1847 Times 26 Apr. 8/6 The petitioners, apprehending that their Hongs will be ruined and their trade scattered, come unitedly to sue you. 1888 A. J. Little Through Yang-tse Gorges 210 A hong..consists of a series of lofty one-storied buildings, situated one behind the other, and separated by intervening courtyards. 1920 L. C. Ford & T. F. Ford Foreign Trade U.S. (1922) xi. 138 It [sc. tea] is taken to great ‘hongs’, or warehouses, where it is dried, cured, and prepared for market. 1981 L. M. Li China's Silk Trade v. 158 Eighty percent of their [silk] supply came from the hongs of surrounding localities. 2002 L. G. Knapp Stratford & Sea v. 188 (caption) Foreign merchants were restricted by the Chinese to a single district at Canton, where they built their hongs, or warehouses and offices. Here all business was conducted. 2. A Chinese merchant permitted to engage in foreign trade; spec. any of the Chinese merchants at Canton (Guangzhou) having the monopoly of trade with Europeans from the later 17th cent. to the First Opium War (1839–42). Also: a corporation of those merchants. Now historical.Recorded earliest in hong merchant at Compounds.The treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) in 1842 abolished the monopoly of the hongs and opened further ports to British trade. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trader > merchant > [noun] > group or body of > specific Hanse1199 staple1423 the feat of merchandisec1503 corporation1530 Stilliardois1552 the Steads1557 galley-man1581 hong1769 1769 A. Dalrymple Plan for extending Commerce 14 The Hong merchants, with whom only the Europeans can trade, must pay large sums to preserve their privileges. 1785 Gentleman's & London Mag. Sept. 497/2 The avenues leading to the quay were barricaded, and filled with soldiers: the linguists and merchants fled; the Hongs totally disappeared. 1797 G. Staunton Authentic Acct. Embassy to China II. vii. 565 A Society of Hong, or united merchants, who are answerable for one another both to the Government and to foreign nations. 1841 Spectator 8 May 440/1 Howqua..is the principal and most wealthy man among the Hongs. 1845 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 I. viii. 512 The Chinese Government..confined the trade..to a certain number of native merchants of Canton incorporated under the designation of Hong. 1934 R. C. McKay South Street 263 There were about twelve Hongs at Canton. 2002 R. W. N. Lamas Everything in Style 312 The origin of the hong merchants dates back to the late Ming period, when thirty-six hongs were trading with foreign countries. 3. Originally: a foreign company trading in China, spec. one trading out of one of the thirteen hongs (sense 1); now chiefly historical. Later also: any successful East Asian company, esp. in Hong Kong. ΚΠ 1830 Times 12 Mar. 2/4 The debts of foreign Hongs, now bankrupt, must be paid by assessment on the amount of the whole import and export trade of each. 1887 St. Louis Globe-Democrat 29 May 18/5 The number of purchasers of tea for export is becoming fewer and only five foreign hongs purchase up to Ts. 1,000,000 in value. 1919 J. Hergesheimer Java Head v. 104 It would have been better, when he had been released by Heard and Company, to have taken the position open in the Dutch Hong. 1978 M. F. Higgins Security Regulations in Hong-Kong, 1972–7 iii. vi. 114 The merchant banks and securities investment subsidiaries of the major hongs expected exemption under this provision. 1994 C. Genzberger et al. Hong Kong Business i. 7/1 Many of the hongs have diversified their holdings and shifted their official headquarters offshore as a hedge against the pending Communist takeover in 1997. 2007 N. Ma Polit. Devel. in Hong Kong iv. 78 In the early colonial era, the British hongs that dominated political power were a relatively closely knit group. Compounds General attributive and appositive, esp. in hong merchant. ΚΠ 1769Hong merchants [see sense 2]. 1836 J. F. Davis Chinese I. iii. 87 Some Hong merchants. 1865 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1862–4 9 140 The cube..may have been employed as a Hong seal. 1900 N. Amer. Rev. Sept. 416 Commercial relations..were immensely profitable both to the European factors and to the hong merchants of Canton. 1940 C. Crow Foreign Devils in Flowery Kingdom xxi. 305 Sports were organized along hong lines. 1984 P. D. Curtin Cross-Cultural Trade in World Hist. xi. 251 The abolition of the hong monopoly also made way for new institutions, and the existing compradors were able to take advantage of the opening. 2006 R. W. N. Lamas Everything in Style 312 The origin of the hong merchants dates back to the late Ming period, when thirty-six hongs were trading with foreign countries. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1726
随便看	fable-lesynge fable-maker fable-making fable-monger fable-mongering exteriorisation exteriorisations exteriorise exteriorised exteriorises exteriorising exteriorities exteriority exteriorization exteriorizations exteriorize exteriorized exteriorizes exteriorizing exteriorly exteriors exterminable exterminate exterminated exterminates