单词 | housing |
释义 | housingn.1 1. a. Houses or buildings collectively; spec. (a) property consisting of houses or other dwellings; (b) buildings associated with or attached to a house (now more usually called outhousing).Formerly sometimes with plural agreement: see note in etymology. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > outhouse(s) > [noun] little houseOE outhouse1301 housingc1384 house of officec1405 officesa1422 easement?a1425 shed1457 outhousing1583 outbuilding1600 outroom1602 outoffice1630 office-house1632 out-hut1856 shedding1883 nushnik1945 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > [noun] > collectively housingc1384 house property1789 c1384 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 230 Also the seyd Richard Wyllesdon Schall..take don All maner of hosyng. c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 1284 Thise hende..Behelde þe howsynge full hye of hathen kynges. 1446 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) I. 339 Housyng sufficeant as wel for stables and hayhouses as for other of his beestis to be eased in. 1534 N. Udall Floures for Latine Spekynge gathered oute of Terence f. 78v Of a very certaynte a mans ground is the more frutefull and profitable for the housynge that is buylded vpon it. c1550 T. Lever in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) II. ii. xxiv. 449 It is the common Custom with covetous Landlords, to let their Housing so decay, that the Farmer shall be fain..to give up his Lease. 1640 in T. Lechford Note-bk. 15 May (1885) 245 The said Richard Parker shall & will finish the housing on the premises and build a new barne. 1682 A. Wood Life & Times (1894) III. 28 These housing belongs to Arthur Tyllyard by vertue of a lease from Oriel. 1716 B. Church Entertaining Passages Philip's War ii. 91 He..coming there found several Housing and small Fields of Corn. 1762 M. Foster Rep. Trial of Rebels in 1746 114 She would order the least Child she had who could carry a Coal of Fire, to burn the Housing down. 1803 R. Hodgkinson Jrnl. 14 Mar. in Lancashire Gentleman (1992) vi. 178 The Housing & Outhousing, taken altogether, is..the worst I ever saw upon so large a Farm. 1818 H. Hallam View Europe Middle Ages I. iii. 346 Our housing is valued at 7,000,000 ducats; its annual rental at 500,000. 1846 T. Skilling Sci. & Pract. Agric. vi. 53 He [sc. the farmer] shall pay a stipulated rent..keep the housing, fences, &c., in repair. 1957 R. Hoggart Uses of Literacy i. 20 They have..their own recognizable styles of housing—back-to-backs here or tunnel-backs there. 1980 Ethics 90 406 (note) ‘Urban gentrification’ refers to the rehabilitation and rehabitation of central city housing by middle-class individuals. 2004 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 11 Jan. xiv. 4/3 Cities like Chicago destroy[ed] still-useful older housing to make room for the projects. b. Accommodation in a house or the like, lodging; (in early use often) shelter of a house, or resembling that of a house; (now usually) living arrangements or space.Sometimes merging with concrete sense at 1a. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabiting a type of place > [noun] > a house housinga1400 pot-walling1455 pot-wobbling1796 householding1797 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > accommodation or lodging > [noun] harbourc1150 gesteningc1200 wickingc1275 guestinga1300 harbourya1300 harbergery1303 hostela1325 harbergagec1386 housinga1400 easement?a1425 lodging1454 hostryingec1470 harbourage1570 hospitage1611 accommodationa1616 commodation1725 lodgement1805 up-putting1815 hutmenta1857 up-put1866 mudhif1888 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > [noun] > shelter afforded by a house house-lewOE housinga1400 house-lewth?c1430 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 8591 Þai had husing nan to wale. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 10863 Plente of..wod & water, hay & gresse, of housyng & oþer esement. 1490 Caxton's Blanchardyn & Eglantine (1962) liii. 204 Noo housyng nor no retrayt was nyghe..where they myght be lodged. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie i. ix. 18 The shepheardes tente or pauillion, the best housing. 1646 J. Booker State of Army in Munster 25 Nov. 1 The Countrey is generally wett in winter, full of Rivers and Passages, and void of housing for horse or men upon their marches. 1690 J. Locke Two Treat. Govt. ii. xiii. 379 Scarce so much Housing as a Sheepcoat. 1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi iii. iii. iii. 191/2 Their housing is nothing but a few Mats ty'd about Poles fastened in the Earth. 1849 J. Ruskin Seven Lamps Archit. iv. 98 The soft housing of the bird's nest. 1887 Rep. Indian Affairs (U.S.) 213 In a climate so universally cold, damp, and changeable good housing is perhaps more essential than in any other section of the United States. 1912 Mother Earth Jan. 335 The peon's share for his toil upon these great estates is..wretched housing, wretched food, and wretched clothing. 1998 Big Issue 21 Sept. 16/1 For the first time since the introduction of free education in 1962, students will this year pay for their tuition as well as general keep and housing. c. A house or building. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > [noun] bottleeOE houseeOE boldOE building1297 builda1387 edificec1386 mansion1389 bigginga1400 housinga1400 edification1432 edifying1432 fabric1483 edify1555 structure1560 erection1609 framec1639 bastiment1679 drum1846 dump1899 gaff1932 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > [noun] houseeOE homeOE houseOE roofa1382 housinga1400 bike1508 dwelling-house1530 firehouse1530 standing house?1532 mansion house1533 maisonc1540 beinga1616 smoke-housea1687 drum1846 khazi1846 casa1859 shack1910 kipsie1916 machine for living (in)1927 a1400 in K. W. Engeroff Untersuchung ‘Usages of Winchester’ (1914) 94 And he habbe housynge. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 424 a/1 He must make his habytacyon or howsyng more spacious & gretter than hit was. 1588–9 Act 31 Eliz. c. 7 §1 Nor convert..anye Buyldinge or Howsinge..as a Cottage for habitacion. a1633 F. Godwin Man in Moone (1638) 16 There is a pretty Chappell... Neere unto this housing there is a pretty Brooke of excellent fresh water. 1831 W. S. Landor Misc. in Wks. (1846) II. 637 Above the housings of the village dames. 1915 Proc. 62nd Ann. Session Wisconsin Educ. Assoc. 238 Makeshift conditions,..dark and unhealthful housings, and..teachers not well trained to give..instruction. 2. The action of house v.1 (in various senses). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > [noun] > building or constructing houses housingc1400 housebuilding1560 homebuilding1757 c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. l. 76 (MED) Freres..folilich spenen In housyng, in haterynge, and in-to hiegh clergye shewynge. 1681 N. Resbury Serm. Funeral A. Broderick 6 Noah's housing in the Ark. 1698 J. Fryer in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 20 346 Their Constitutions, and Customs, Housing, Cloathing. b. Putting or enclosing in a house; (with of) accommodating of a person or animal in a house; placing or storage of a thing in a building. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > providing with dwelling > [noun] > in house housing1573 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry f. 25v The housing of cattle, while winter doth holde. 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §412 The Housing of Plants..will..Accelerate Germination. 1710 D. Hilman Tusser Rediv. Dec. (1744) 145 By this Stanza it seems as though he recommended the Housing of Weanlings. 1848 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1847 168 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (30th Congr., 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 54) VI The tobacco was hardly worth the housing. 1897 Cent. Mag. Mar. 777/1 The buildings of Girard strike the visitor as much too costly and elaborate for the housing of orphans. 1949 Sun (Baltimore) 29 Dec. 5/1 The balloon-like building..are ideal for the housing of large radar antennae. 1981 J. F. Gracey Thornton's Meat Hygiene (ed. 7) xi. 180/1 The continuous housing of animals without cleansing and disinfection of buildings. 2004 S. Stein in E. Cashmore Encycl. Race & Ethnic Stud. 46/2 The housing of refugees in centers in remote parts of the country. c. Planning and provision of houses or housing (sense 1a(a)), esp. by a government, local authority, etc.Frequently (and earliest) in attributive use (perhaps originally in sense 1b); cf. Compounds 1b. ΚΠ 1861 London Rev. & Weekly Jrnl. 20 July 68/1 The very foundation of the elevation of the masses lies in the housing question. 1891 Times 6 Mar. 14 [Houses which] the Council would be obliged to build and hold under Part III. of the Housing Act, 1890. 1911 Trans. Town Planning Conf. 1910 (Royal Institute Brit. Architects) 426 The question of housing must go with it [sc. town planning] hand in hand. 1930 A. P. Herbert Water Gipsies viii. 96 Honest John Raven worked hard and late at the office, and sometimes..he talked ‘housing’ or threw off little anecdotes about ‘National Insurance’. 1969 Times 22 Oct. (Ghana Suppl.) p. i/3 Not one Ewe among them, and only one Ga, the Minister for Housing. 2006 Big Issue 3 July 6/1 The challenge facing the administrators of the world's mega cities doesn't stop with water and housing. 3. Architecture. A canopied niche for a statue; †work consisting of these (obsolete). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > other elements > [noun] > niche > canopied habitaclec1384 tabernaclec1384 housing1463 hovel1463 1463 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 37 An ymage of our lady, sitting or stondyng, in an howsyng of free stoon. 1516 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 243 A Rodeloft..wyth Imagery and howsynge. 1521 in C. Welch Tower Bridge 66 [New statues] set in howsinges of frestone. 1656 W. Dugdale Antiq. Warwickshire 354 xiv Images embossed, of Lords and Ladyes in divers vestures, called Weepers, to stand in housings made about the Tombe. 1829 J. Britton Hist. Abbey & Cathedral Gloucester iv. 79 Surmounting the whole is a splendid canopy..with..pinnacles, buttresses, and housings for other statues. 1952 L. F. Salzman Building in Eng. 130 Similar stone was provided in 1329 for window tracery..and..carved housings for images. 2005 F. Cheetham Eng. Medieval Alabasters (new ed.) 29/1 A number of the surviving St. John's heads housings have the Yorkist emblems of the white rose. 4. Nautical. a. housing in: the curving or sloping inwards of the sides of a ship above the broadest part (cf. to house in at house v.1 Phrasal verbs); = tumbling home at tumbling n. 2. Now historical.Housing in was characteristic of wooden warships, where the decreased width of the upper works helped to compensate for the weight of the heavy gun decks, while the inward slope above the waterline made the ship more difficult to board by force. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > shipbuilding and repairing > [noun] > shipbuilding > methods of construction or working housing in1627 whole moulding1711 anchor stock fashion1780 bracket system1874 shadow-building1891 1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. xi. 52 The howsing in of a Ship is when shee is past the bredth of her bearing she is brought in narrow to her vpper workes. 1799 Vocab. Sea Phrases II. 222 Rentrée,..tumbling home of the top timbers, or housing in. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 702 In all old sea-books this narrowing of a ship from the extreme breadth upwards is called housing in. 2005 I. Dear & P. Kemp Oxf. Compan. Ships & Sea (ed. 2) at Tumble-home The amount by which the two sides of a ship are brought in towards the centreline after reaching their maximum beam... The older term, tumbling-home, had an even earlier one, housing-in. b. = houseline n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > ropes or chains other than rigging or cable > [noun] > rope collective or as material > specific types of rope ratline1358 marline1417 sinnet1611 caburn1626 knittle1627 housing1642 lashing1669 houseline1712 fox1769 sennit1769 hamber-line1793 seizing1804 grass line1828 stropping1850 lanyard1862 small stuff1867 1642 J. Bartlett Demand-note for Stores Feb. in Mariner's Mirror (1961) 47 50 Hamborrow lines, tarred lines, spun yarn and howsing. 1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine at word Housing or house line..is chiefly used to seize blocks into their strops, to bind the corners of the sails, or to fasten the bottom of a sail to its bolt-rope, &c. 1841 B. J. Totten Naval Text-bk. 343 Housing or house line, (Pro. Houslin.) A small line formed of three small strands (small rope-yarns); used for seizings. 2000 R. Mayne Lang. Sailing 149 Houseline (also called housing) is a small three-stranded line tarred and loosely made up for lashings, seizings, etc. c. A covering or roofing for a ship when laid up, esp. in bad weather or when wintering on ice. Cf. house v.1 5b. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > other equipment of vessel > [noun] > devices to protect ship from weather weather-works1776 housing1819 1819 A. Fisher Jrnl. 6 Oct. in Jrnl. Voy. Arctic Regions 1819–20 (1821) 142 We have now got the housing over the ships. 1853 E. K. Kane U.S. Grinnell Exped. xxviii. 232 A housing of thick felt was drawn completely over the deck. 1961 E. S. Dodge Northwest by Sea ii. xxii. 280 She was insulated by treading down..snow on the upper deck... The ship's sides were banked with snow to meet the housing. 2007 W. Barr Arctic Hell-ship vii. 130 The housing over the fo'c's'le was dismantled, although this may have seemed premature when there was a heavy fall of snow that afternoon. d. The part of a mast below the deck; (also) †the part of the bowsprit housed within the vessel (obsolete). ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > masts, rigging, or sails > spar > [noun] > parts of heel1602 heeling1794 heel piece1794 housingc1860 c1860 H. Stuart Novices or Young Seaman's Catech. (rev. ed.) 74 From the heel to the upper deck is called housing. From the step to the stem [of bowsprit] is called housing. 1877 S. J. P. Thearle Theoret. Naval Archit. I. 323 The portion of the bowsprit inside the ship is termed the housing of the bowsprit. 1932 T. E. Lawrence tr. Homer Odyssey xii Then have yourself lashed hand and foot into your ship against the housing of the mast. 1987 D. J. House Seamanship Techniques II. ix. 246 The wire from the towing vessel can be secured..about the aft mast housing, the deck house or the poop itself. 5. Building, Joinery, etc. A recess or groove in one piece of timber or the like for another to fit into; a socket, mortise. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > constructing or working with wood > [noun] > wooden structures or wooden parts of > means of fitting together > types of joint > groove or cavity rabbeta1382 rabbetinga1382 mortise1440 pulley mortise1733 chase1823 housing1823 stub mortise1846 dado1875 trench1923 1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder Gloss. 586 Housing, the space excavated out of one body for the insertion of some part of the extremity of another, in order to unite or fasten the same together. 1858 Skyring's Builders' Prices (ed. 48) 57 Housings under four inches girt. 1983 Old-house Jrnl. Mar. 40 The shim, a strip of wood set into the housing, acts as a stop to keep the new tread from moving side-to-side. 2002 Compl. Backyard Bk. 329 To make the housing for the arch, measure down 50 mm from the top of each post and square a line across one face. 6. Chiefly Mechanics. a. A case, cover, or other structure that encloses, protects, or (in some cases) supports a mechanism (esp. a bearing), apparatus, piece of equipment, etc. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > shaft > [noun] > parts of > journal > part which encloses or supports bushel1433 bush1566 plummer block1796 box1825 housing1829 journal-box1864 strap-head1864 1829 A. Jamieson Dict. Mech. Sci. I. 333/2 On each side of the rammer q are fixed a guard or housing, to prevent the liquid metal from being splashed over the operator. 1892 Railroad & Engin. Jrnl. May 235/2 The end thrust of the axle is provided against by receiving its impact upon a steel ball seated in a groove formed in the head of the journal-box or housing. 1916 J. E. Homans Automobile Handbk. xvi. 177 The housings of the oil pump, water pump, [etc.]. 1949 I. Frazee & E. L. Bedell Automotive Fund. viii. 458 In conventional automobiles and trucks, the rear-axle housing supports the rear-end load on the road wheels. In addition, the housing contains the driving mechanism and carries the rear-wheel bearings. 1958 Times 9 May 13/7 The safety housings on the toggle switches. 1992 RS Components: Electronic & Electr. Products July–Oct. 111/3 A full 102 key keyboard in a compact high quality plastic housing. 2009 Classic Tractor Sept. 93/2 The brakes don't work at all. This is due to a fairly common problem caused by the input shaft seizing up where it enters the housing. b. The framing holding a structure that supports and encloses the bearings at the end of an axle or shaft; esp. (a) a metal frame or pillar that supports one or both ends of a roll or set of rolls in an iron- or steel-rolling mill; (b) one of the plates or guards on a railway carriage or truck, which form a lateral support for the axle boxes. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > metalworking equipment > [noun] > rolling equipment > parts of rolling mill housing1839 roll-neck1863 housing screw1865 wobbler1895 society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > other parts > [noun] > support bearer1607 pedestal1665 stud1694 arbor1728 seat1805 pillar1833 housing1839 seating1844 bed-plate1850 bedding-plate1879 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 706/2 The powerful uprights or standards called housing frames, of cast iron, in which the gudgeons of the rolls are set to revolve. 1859 U.S. Patent 24,245 1/2 The piece b steadying and guiding the vertical motions of the box in its housings. 1884 W. H. Greenwood Steel & Iron (ed. 2) 321 The necks or bearings of the rolls are supported upon brasses, in massive cast-iron housings or standards. 1897 Electr. Engineer 21 Apr. 436/1 A lower framework provided with housings and car axle boxes mounted in the housings. 1905 R. H. Smith Electric Traction 98 This bolster is..confined between two deep parallel vertical transverse plates bolted to the side-bars, these plates forming a ‘housing’ or guide for its vertical and transverse oscillation. 1919 A. O. Backert ABC Iron & Steel (ed. 3) xiii. 160/1 Each stand consists of at least two rolls set between and carried by frames called housings. 1965 M. H. T. Alford tr. A. I. Tselikov & V. V. Smirnov Rolling Mills v. 135 The weight of housings is taken by their feet which bear on the foundations through girders. 2010 V. Boljanovic Metal Shaping Processes vi. 147 The top roll can be raised and lowered in the housing by power-operated screws. c. One (or both) of the uprights supporting the cross-slide of a metal planing machine. ΚΠ 1869 Rep. Comm. (House of Representatives, 40th Congress, 3rd Sess.) I. iv. 31 The planers offered by Bement & Dougherty and Sellers & Son admit six feet between the housings. 1898 Cassier's Mag. Dec. 133/1 It is in the housings or uprights of planers that the fancy of the designer has made its wildest flights. 1915 W. J. Kaup Machine Shop Pract. (ed. 2) 61 Beside the ordinary side of planer..there is the ‘open-side’ planer. In this machine there is a housing on only one side. 1961 U.S. Census of Manufactures, 1958 (U.S. Bureau of Census) II. ii. 35 c-14 Planers... double housing. 2003 K. G. Swift & J. D. Booker Process Select. (ed. 2) iv. 139 Process variations... double housing planer: closed gantry carrying several tool heads. Compounds C1. a. attributive, with the sense ‘of, relating to, or concerned with (the provision of) housing’, as housing need, housing shortage, etc. Cf. sense 2c. ΚΠ 1899 Sheffield & Rotherham Independent 10 Nov. 8/5 The growth of the population had been so rapid that private enterprise had not kept pace with the housing requirements of the people. 1900 Birmingham Daily Post 1 Aug. 7/5 With a fair assessment of unused or half-used land there would be no difficulty in private enterprise meeting all the housing needs of our populous centres. 1915 Manch. Guardian 20 Oct. 8/3 The housing shortage in Coventry. 1950 Land Econ. 26 288/1 What brought this Committee into being was a common concern over the housing surplus—amounting to something like 69,000 dwelling units. 2001 Toronto Star 2 June n1/2 A cross-section of housing types, from starter to move-ups to retirees, would allow people to stay within the same neighbourhood even as their housing needs changed. 2010 Countryfile Feb. 29/5 Up to 14 affordable homes are to be built in the Peak District National Park, as part of moves to address housing shortages in the area. b. housing act n. ΚΠ 1890 Glasgow Herald 19 Nov. He felt under a debt of gratitude..for what they [sc. the Conservative Party] had done for the working classes,..the Housing Act, the Friendly Society Act,..and other legislation. 1955 Statutes at Large U.S.A. LXVIII. i. 622 The heading of..the Housing Act of 1949..is hereby amended to read..Slum Clearance and Urban Renewal. 1996 P. Wilde Which? Guide to Renting & Letting (rev. ed.) i. 12 Tenants have substantial statutory protection (e.g. under the Rent Acts and Housing Acts). 2006 Independent 19 June 27/6 The Housing Act 2004 was passed without any great difficulty. housing problem n. ΚΠ 1883 Northern Echo 29 Oct. (heading) The housing problem. 1890 New Rev. July 11 The first remedy that should be tried in connection with the housing problem is to enable..towns and districts..to solve the problem for themselves. 1911 G. B. Shaw Getting Married Pref. in Doctor's Dilemma 117 They were content to have the whole national housing problem treated on a basis of one room for two people. 2005 Washington Post (Nexis) 14 Apr. c4 A misdiagnosis..that homelessness in America was a housing problem. housing question n. ΚΠ 1861housing question [see sense 2c]. 1899 Daily News 19 July 5/5 Milner had charge of the Housing Question after the boom was launched. 1984 M. Edel et al. Shaky Palaces ii. vi. 193 He thought that..the housing question would have to be tackled by subdividing the mansions of the ruling class. 2005 Yorkshire Evening Post (Nexis) 2 Nov. The housing question is a fundamental problem hanging over Leeds. housing reform n. ΚΠ 1892 W. Saunders Hist. First London County Council p. xlvii The result is a direct money loss of over a million sterling,..and a paralysis of Housing reform. 1936 T. S. Eliot Ess. Anc. & Mod. 132 We recognize that possibility in every work of slum-clearance and housing reform. 2006 Guardian (Nexis) 23 Jan. 23 Sao Paulo, like many of Brazil's large urban centres, is a city crying out for housing reform. housing site n. ΚΠ 1899 Times 17 Oct. 2/5 The recoupment by sale of surplus land and value of the housing sites is estimated at £30,700. 1926 Daily Chron. 13 May 2/7 Work on a Bristol housing site has stopped owing to transport difficulties. 1994 M. Brinkley Housebuilder's Bible (ed. 5) i. 11/1 The bulk of the profit in a greenfield housing site tends to go to the landowner. C2. housing association n. now chiefly British a non-profit-making society or cooperative established for the purpose of providing housing at relatively low cost. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > other types of association, society, or organization invisible college1647 rota1660 working party1744 free association1761 working committee1821 Ethical Society1822 bar association1824 league1846 congress1870 tiger1874 cult1875 Daughters of the American Revolution1890 community group1892 housing association1898 working party1902 development agency1910 affinity group1915 propaganda machine1916 funding body1922 collective1925 Ku-Klux1930 network1946 NGO1946 production brigade1950 umbrella organization1950 plantation1956 think-tank1958 think group1961 team1990 1898 Econ. Rel. Life Insurance to Soc. & State (Amer. Acad. Political & Social Sci.) 8 Feb. 22 Improved housing associations, labor exchanges, and every other cooperative educational and benevolent means would be benefited. 1900 Houses for People (Fabian Soc.) (ed. 3) 12 Liverpool has an active Housing Association which publishes excellent leaflets. 1971 P. Gresswell Environment 131 The main object of Housing Associations is to provide houses to let for local people. 2007 Independent 27 Feb. 30/5 Access to decent housing must sit alongside employment, training and other opportunities, as many housing associations already offer. ΚΠ 1870 C. Rumpf et al. Technologisches Wörterbuch (ed. 2) II. 366/1 Housing-bearers.., Housing-pillars.., Housing-posts.., the standards of the frames, between which the rolls are placed. housing-bolt n. Nautical (now historical) a bolt used in housing a gun on deck. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > naval weapons and equipment > [noun] > ship's guns collectively > support or fixing for gun gun-stock1495 breeching1627 train tackle1769 housing-bolt1807 housing-ring1820 1807 Repertory of Arts 2nd Ser. 11 5 I is the housing bolt which passes through the aft-hole of the bottom plate G, and plates C; this bolt is only to be used when the gun is to be housed. 1859 F. A. Griffiths Artillerist's Man. (1862) 236 No. 1..sees the gun laid square between the housing-bolts. 1984 J. Harland Seamanship in Age of Sail xv. 210/1 The train-tackle was hooked to its bolt, on the rear of the carriage, and to a housing-bolt in the clamp, and hauled taut. housing box n. now rare = journal-box n. at journal adj. and n. Compounds 2c. ΚΠ 1868 U.S. Patent 80,858 1 The housing-boxes or journals for the axle-ends. 1904 Ann. Rep. Railroad Commissioners State New Hampsh. 289 The conductor..found the body of a boy, apparently twelve years old caught under the housing-box of the rear truck of a car about midway of the train. housing development n. the action or process of planning and building a group of houses and associated services on a site; (concrete) the result of this, a housing estate. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > [noun] > town-planning or development development1874 urbanism1884 town planning1906 city planning1907 urban planning1907 redevelopment1908 housing development1912 structure planning1969 1912 Proc. Acad. Polit. Sci. City N.Y. 2 134 It was the consensus of opinion of this committee that the zone system would be bad for the housing development of the city. 1939 Illinois: Descriptive & Hist. Guide (Federal Writers' Project) i. 108 The Public Works Administration has built several large open housing developments in run-down neighbourhoods. 2005 D. Cruickshank Around World in 80 Treasures 197 We pass sprawling modern housing developments,..humdrum and ugly. housing estate n. British a residential area in which the houses, streets, etc., have all been planned and built at the same time.In quot. 1901: the planning and development of such an area. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town or city > part of town or city > [noun] > housing estate housing scheme1891 housing project1900 housing estate1901 estate1915 council estate1939 scheme1968 1901 Jrnl. Royal Statisti. Soc. 64 262 In London the housing estate was regarded as a separate piece of financial administration. 1905 Times 9 Nov. 6/3 The laying out of new housing estates so as to secure adequate provision for open spaces and good gardens. 1939 ‘G. Orwell’ Coming up for Air iv. i. 219 Several acres of bright red rooves all exactly alike. A big Council housing estate, by the look of it. 2000 Art Rev. Dec. 68/1 The ominously empty streetscapes of a housing estate. housing frame n. a frame in which a revolving element such as an axle or roller is set; spec. that holding the rollers of an iron-rolling mill. ΚΠ 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 706/2 The powerful uprights or standards called housing frames, of cast iron, in which the gudgeons of the rolls are set to revolve. 1921 Sugar 23 The edges of the upper or active run of the belt are supported upon the horizontal legs of [the] angle irons, running longitudinally of the housing frame and rigidly attached to the spacing brackets. 2009 T. Farley in V. B. Ginzburg Flat-rolled Steel Processes xxiii. 258 (caption) The lines represent the central axes of the rolls and housing frames in a four-high mill. housing insecure adj. (of a person) without stable or adequate living arrangements; esp. at risk of eviction, or living in unsafe or unsuitable conditions; (also of a place) having a large proportion of residents at risk of being made homeless, usually due to a lack of affordable housing.While housing insecurity is often distinguished from homelessness, homelessness is also sometimes considered to be a form of housing insecurity; cf. quot. 2017. ΚΠ 2004 D. Raphael Social Determinants of Health iii. 172 Data is provided on the increasing number of housing insecure and homeless Canadians. 2017 R. E. Hallett & R. Crutchfield Homelessness & Housing Insecurity in Higher Educ. (e-book, accessed 30 Sept. 2021) 25 [Many students] identified as homeless or housing insecure, which included couch surfing, living in cars, or residing in shelters. 2020 @CityMonitorAI 22 Oct. in twitter.com (accessed 30 Sept. 2021) London is by far the least affordable city to rent in and the most housing-insecure. Residents there spend, on average, 56% of their monthly income on rent. housing insecurity n. the state or condition of not having stable or adequate living arrangements, esp. due to risk of eviction or living in unsafe or uncomfortable conditions. ΚΠ 1946 Honolulu Star Bull. 10 Apr. 9/3 (advt.) Buy a home and rental worries and housing insecurity vanish! 1947 Jrnl. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico July 16 The fact that laborers live in houses which are the property of the landlord without paying rent, results in a status of housing insecurity. 1980 Relig. S. Afr. 1 27 Much of the poor performance [of the students]..is ascribed to factors such as housing insecurity. 2015 H. R. Barnes Hijacked Brains vi. 142 Today she is sober and active in AA, but there have been costs of inadequate income, housing insecurity, [and] alcohol-related health problems. housing ladder n. a notional series of ascending levels or standards of residential accommodation, in terms of quality, size, facilities, etc.; (in later use) esp. (chiefly British) = property ladder n. at property n. Compounds 3.Chiefly as part of an extended metaphor. ΚΠ 1904 Surveyor & Munic. & County Engineer 23 Sept. 360/2 Competition would right matters as regards this, the lowest rung of the housing ladder, as in the highest, so that there would always be some slum-dwellers. 1948 Study & Investig. Housing: Hearings before Joint Comm. Housing (80th U.S. Congr. 1st Sess.) 534 Every time a family moves into a new dwelling, several other families move up the housing ladder. 1985 Times (Nexis) 26 Sept. A greater number of would-be first-time buyers have succeeded in moving on to the housing ladder in London. 2012 Royston Crow (Nexis) 2 Aug. It's a low risk way of providing much needed help to people who are trying hard to get their feet on the housing ladder. housing list n. a list of people awaiting or supplied with accommodation; spec. (British) a waiting list for council houses. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > providing with dwelling > [noun] > in house > waiting list or point housing list1913 1913 Student World Jan. 130 The housing problem..does not touch the..Anglo-Saxons as it does the Eastern Europeans... The housing list of the University has done something to help foreigners. 1925 Times 21 Aug. 7/7 For the first time in two years the Manchester municipal housing lists will open on Monday. 1952 M. Laski Village xiii. 181 Roy had put his name down on the housing-list at the Town Hall. 1999 J. Cassidy Street Life 94 I got referred to the hostel I am in at the moment but I'm also on the housing list, waiting for a home of my own. housing management n. the management of tenanted property by a landlord, agency, etc. ΚΠ 1915 Amer. City Aug. 99/1 In England there is much to interest the American student not merely in the developments I have mentioned, but also in many special features of English housing management. 1957 Times 28 Jan. 9/5 The Rent Acts have bedevilled housing management for years. 1999 Resid. Renting (National Federation Resid. Landlords) Dec. 29/3 Consistency, joined-up enforcement, good housing management, multi-agency and partnership working will all be important in making licensing truly effective. housing project n. now chiefly North American a housing development or scheme, typically a government-subsidized one with relatively low rents.Cf. project n. 2d. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town or city > part of town or city > [noun] > housing estate housing scheme1891 housing project1900 housing estate1901 estate1915 council estate1939 scheme1968 1900 Parl. Deb. 4th Ser. 82 1310 Hon. Members who do not want the interference of the municipalities in housing projects. 1967 S. Sontag Death Kit (1968) 10 All the housing projects are unadorned boxes built of brick. 1970 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 25 Sept. B7/5 A $1,644,512 loan for a 139-unit apartment house in a Hamilton low rental housing project. 2008 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 3 July a21/2 Even the housing project across the street, a low-rise village named Hope Gardens, does not have much in the way of stoop life. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > hostilities at sea > naval weapons and equipment > [noun] > ship's guns collectively > support or fixing for gun gun-stock1495 breeching1627 train tackle1769 housing-bolt1807 housing-ring1820 1820 H. Douglas Treat. Naval Gunnery iii. 185 The muzzle of the gun is strongly secured to the housing-ring by the chace-rope-band; the bight of a strong rope is then thrown round the neck of the cascable. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Housing-rings, ring-bolts over the lower deck-ports, through the beam-clamps, to which the muzzle-lashings of the guns are passed when housed. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > other equipment of vessel > [noun] > devices to protect ship from weather > covering of canvas or tarpaulin > sail used as covering of boat housing-sail1856 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. iii. 42 The housing-sails have been blown off by the storm. housing scheme n. a scheme to house, or rehouse, a community or group; (concrete) the result of this; a housing estate, development, or project. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town or city > part of town or city > [noun] > housing estate housing scheme1891 housing project1900 housing estate1901 estate1915 council estate1939 scheme1968 1891 Times 5 June 10/1 The cost per head of the people rehoused by housing schemes. 1903 W. Thompson Housing Handbk. p. v The past twelve years, spent in..the promotion of a number of housing schemes. 1966 J. Betjeman High & Low 22 We pounded through a housing scheme. 2001 J. Boyle Galloway Street 125 He comes from this housing scheme near St James's:..they're dead rough there, even the weans. housing screw n. a screw by means of which a housing is fixed or adjusted; spec. that used to adjust the rollers in a rolling mill so that the thickness of the metal is controlled. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > metalworking equipment > [noun] > rolling equipment > parts of rolling mill housing1839 roll-neck1863 housing screw1865 wobbler1895 1865 U.S. Patent 48,868 2/1 The housing-screws E are raised until the distance..is equal to the extreme height to which the upper roll is to be allowed to rise. 1916 Handbk. 3-inch Gun Matériel (U.S. Army Ordnance Dept.) 52 Unscrew the four housing screws and remove the housing and the range-ring worm wheel. 2004 European Patent 1,400,289 A1 5 The coarse adjustment of a clearance between rolls is effected by a housing screw. housing unit n. originally and chiefly U.S. a self-contained section or unit intended for separate occupation in a building or group of buildings. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > a dwelling > a house > types of house > [noun] > flat or apartment mansion?c1400 tenement1593 apartmenta1645 basement storey1743 flat1824 house1885 basement flat1894 apt.1901 home unit1929 triplex1932 housing unit1935 1935 Crisis Oct. 295/3 It must be remembered that every one of these housing units is on land owned by the federal government. 1941 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 36 362 The traditional multiline sheet with a line assigned to each person or each housing unit. 1960 U.S. Census Housing: Michigan p. xiv Usually a housing unit is a house, apartment, or flat. However, it may be a trailer or a room in a hotel. 2000 Building Design 18 Feb. 18/4 Its Coin Street housing scheme—a project of 59 housing units on the South Ban. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). housingn.2 1. Frequently in plural. A covering, esp. of cloth or the like. Now rare in general sense. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > [noun] > a covering wrielsc825 coverc1320 hillingc1325 eyelida1382 covering1382 casea1398 coverta1400 tegumentc1440 hacklea1450 coverturec1450 housingc1450 deck1466 heeler1495 housera1522 coverlet1551 shrouda1561 kever1570 vele1580 periwig1589 hap1593 opercle1598 integument?1611 blanketa1616 cask1646 operiment1650 coverlid1654 tegment1656 shell?1677 muff1687 operculum1738 tegmen1807 c1450 (?a1400) Duke Rowland & Sir Otuell (1880) l. 749 (MED) Ryalle howssynges þay by-gan Of pauylyouns proudly pighte. 1483 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 89074) (1881) 193/2 An Husynge of a nutte, folliculus..theca. ?1720 Husbandman's Jewel 14 Be sure you cover them with warm Housings of Staw [sic]. 1748 T. Smollett Roderick Random II. xliv. 79 A pair of silver mounted pistols with rich housings. 1858 J. G. Holland Titcomb's Lett. i. 92 [They] will see you, and not your housings and trappings. 1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems lxiv. 234 See that on each straight yard down droop their funeral housings. 1890 W. H. St. J. Hope in Archæol. 52 692 Interesting from preserving entire its original case or howsing. 1914 H. G. Wells Wife Isaac Harman vii. 216 The man who goes out for them into business..and returns so comfortably loaded with housings and..trappings and toys. 1987 E. Einberg Manners & Morals 63 The deeply fringed pistol housings in front of his saddle are embroidered with silver. 2. a. Usually in plural. Covering, or a covering, put on a horse, etc., for warmth, protection, or ornament, typically extending from the saddle to cover the back, sides, and flanks; caparison, trappings. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > armour for horse > [noun] trappera1400 habiliment1470 bard1520 bardingc1540 barb1566 cooperison1586 caparison1598 housing1698 barbing1799 the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > trappings, housing, or caparison steed shrouda1300 coverturec1300 trap13.. horse-house1316 attiringa1375 trapping1398 trappera1400 saddlecloth1415 house1463 foot-cloth1480 summock1506 reparelling1513 base1548 furniture1553 coperture1555 housing-cloth1569 caparison1602 footmantlec1610 bear gear1613 horse-furniture1613 bearing gear1616 housing1698 pad-cloth1795 rumbler1849 1698 J. Savage Hist. Poland II. v. 206 The Corps having been put into the Coffin, it is plac'd in a Herse or Chariot with six Horses, all cover'd with black Housings. 1738 S. Whatley tr. K. L. von Pöllnitz Mem. IV. 29 After this Litter there follow'd 24 Mules, cover'd with yellow Cloth Housings..embroider'd with the Royal Arms. 1808 W. Scott Marmion iv. vii. 193 From his steed's shoulder, loin, and breast, Silk housings swept the ground. 1889 Harper's Mag. Aug. 376/2 The car was drawn by five great coursers half hidden in black velvet housings. 1976 J. Forbis Classic Arabian Horse vi. 94 The housing of the royal stallion's neck was yellow silk embroidered with gold. 2004 S. Redford in D. H. Weiss & L. J. Mahoney France & Holy Land vi. 308 (note) The horse is draped in starred ‘housings’, with..an ornamental strap over the hindquarters. b. Originally and chiefly Military. A shorter form of this; an (esp. ornamental) saddlecloth or (plural) saddle trappings. Now historical. ΚΠ 1726 J. Barker Lining of Patch-work Screen 6 Shewing our fine Saddles, Holsters and Housing, were more my Concern, than teaching..my Soldiers their Duty. 1782 J. Adams Diary 14 Sept. (1961) III. 7 He was mounted upon a noble English Horse, with an embroidered Housing and a white silk net. 1786 Acts & Laws State Connecticut 150 That every Light-Dragoon shall..be provided with a good serviceable Horse..with a good Saddle, with Housing and other proper Furniture. 1853 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1852: Arts & Manuf. 436 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (32nd Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 65, Pt. 1) IX In England, the use of the leopard's skin as housing for the saddle is forbidden to officers below a certain rank. 1892 R. L. Stevenson Across Plains ii. 92 A horse or two..making a fine figure with their Mexican housings. 1996 S. Reid & P. Chappell King George's Army 22 (caption) He wears a scarlet coat faced with very dark blue and lavish quantities of gold braid. The saddle housings are also red and gold. c. A pad positioned on a horse or other draught animal's back, to which the straps of the harness may be attached. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > general equipment > [noun] > harness of draught animal > cart-saddle saddle1537 cart-saddle1692 housing1795 pad1795 1795 W. Felton Treat. Carriages II. 153 The Housin or Pad, a small saddle cut in different shapes, but mostly of a long square. 1801 W. Felton Treat. Carriages II. 132 (caption) The housing or pad, a small saddle..made of two thicknesses of leather for the top;..at the bottom is a soft pad, or cushion, to lie easy on the horse's back, in the top of which the sockets are fixed. 1907 in Eight Hours Laborers Govt. Work (U.S. House of Representatives, Comm. on Labor) (1908) 377 Harness leather housing 4½ by 16 inches between pad and skirt. 2006 N. Faires Deliberate Life 101 [The] cheek rein... goes from the bit over the housing to the other side. d. A piece of leather fastened to the collar of a harness, which serves to protect the horse against sun or rain. Now rare (regional in later use). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > other gear trainel1283 forelock1467 trannet1504 lungec1721 allonge1773 long rein1775 housing1809 bandage1828 ankle boot1835 setting muzzle1835 nosebag1839 foot rope1854 breast-cord1861 safe1875 snubbing-post1875 toggery1877 crib-muzzlea1884 1809 T. Batchelor Orthoëpical Anal. Dial. Bedfordshire v, in Orthoëpical Anal. Eng. Lang. 135 Hewzn... The leather which is placed on the top of a horse's collar: tassels and bells are sometimes fixed to it. 1884 Internat. Exhib., 1876 (U.S. Centennial Comm.) X. 875 The collar opens below; above it carries a folded housing as a protection against rain. 1984 J. Seymour Forgotten Arts (1985) 128 (caption) The largest collars have a raised leather shield..called the housen. Folded back, it stops rain trickling down a horse's withers. Compounds C1. attributive, chiefly in sense 2, as housing leather, housing pad, etc. ΚΠ 1540 in W. Fraser Mem. Maxwells of Pollok (1863) I. 408 Item, ane howssing gyrt. 1795 W. Felton Treat. Carriages II. 156 The Newmarket Straps, are straps with buckles and loops, by which the collar is hung to the housin, at a proper distance; it is placed round the collar buckle and housin bridge. 1795 W. Felton Treat. Carriages II. Gloss. 224 Housin Cushion, the soft stuffed under part of the housin. 1849 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 16 114 The combination of the housing plate and pads. 1872 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1871 II. 958/2 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (42nd Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 86) VIII ... The base leather B [of the harness-pad]..folded around the sides and doubled over the edges of the housing-leather. C2. housing-cloth n. [in later use the first element was perhaps sometimes apprehended as housing n.1] now rare (historical in later use) a cloth or rug used to cover a horse; a housing (sense 2a). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > trappings, housing, or caparison steed shrouda1300 coverturec1300 trap13.. horse-house1316 attiringa1375 trapping1398 trappera1400 saddlecloth1415 house1463 foot-cloth1480 summock1506 reparelling1513 base1548 furniture1553 coperture1555 housing-cloth1569 caparison1602 footmantlec1610 bear gear1613 horse-furniture1613 bearing gear1616 housing1698 pad-cloth1795 rumbler1849 1569 in J. Raine Wills & Inventories Archdeaconry Richmond (1853) 219 In his owen stable..hackney sadles with stiripes..brest garthes..iiij housing clothes. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 369 Lay a howsing cloath vpon the same to keepe his backe as warme as may be. 1735 Sportsman's Dict. I. at Groom The next thing requisite to a groom is neatness, as to keeping his stable clean swept and in order; saddles, housing cloths, stirrups, leathers and girths clean. 1869 W. Gilbert Lucrezia Borgia I. v. 186 One of the mules had a housing-cloth of mulberry velvet ornamented with silver embroidery. 1913 F. S. Delmer tr. G. Frenssen Jörn Uhl (new ed.) xiv. 215 Another horse that is galloping riderless;..Jorn Uhl helps him to catch it; and in a moment he is sitting on the red housing-cloth. housing strap n. now rare a strap which pulls together the sides of a horse's collar. ΚΠ 1848 G. F. Duckett Technol. Mil. Dict. (rev. ed.) 178/2 Kissendeckelriemen, the housing strap. 1908 Animal Managem. (War Office) 204 The ‘housing strap’ which brings the sides together, often stretches to such an extent that the collar is not properly closed. 1920 Iowa Homestead (Des Moines) 4 Mar. 39/2 The housing strap should be very strong and buckled very tightly. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † housingadj. Obsolete. rare. That houses (in various senses of house v.1); spec. that builds or lives in a house.With quot. 1703 cf. house v.1 4.Later examples with the sense ‘engaged in the building or provision of houses’ are now usually perceived as attributive uses of housing n.1 ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > brick > [adjective] > type of brick sun-dried1600 housing1703 shuffy1850 Fletton1908 sand-lime1910 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabiting a type of place > [adjective] > inhabiting house housedOE domestic1521 householding1797 housing1810 house-dwelling1854 1703 R. Neve City & Countrey Purchaser 182 Housing, a term used by Bricklayers, when a Tile, or Brick is warped, or cast crooked or hollow in burning, they then say such a Brick, or Tile is Housing. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake vi. 289 Hum of housing bee. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1c1384n.2c1450adj.1703 |
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