† hunkern.

Brit.

/ˈhʌŋkə/, U.S.

/ˈhəŋkər/

Etymology: apparently < hunks n. + -er suffix¹. Remembered by Mr. W. J. Stillman as familiarly used c1840 at Schenectady New York, ‘to designate a surly, crusty, or stingy old fellow, a curmudgeon’. But some would refer it to hunk n.² as ‘one who sticks to his post, or home’.

U.S. ? Obsolete.

In U.S. politics: A conservative, one opposed to innovation or change; a nickname first used in the State of New York about 1845.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > American politics > [noun] > principles or policies > adherents or supporters of

well-born1629

liberty boy1766

federalist1787

anti1788

Fed1788

monocrat1792

anti-federal1805

blue light1814

dough face1820

colonizationist1823

slavite1831

hunker1849

states' righter1861

slavist1889

Little American1899

New Frontiersman1923

America Firster1927

new federalist1969

angry white male1991

angry white man1993

AWM1994

1849 N.Y. Evening Post 11 July He is now the leader of the hunkers of Missouri.

1856 Househ. Words 9 Aug. 86/1 Hunker is derived from a popular nickname for a self-satisfied, surly rich man; a descendant of Old Hunks in fact.

1859 W. Phillips Speeches 268 Egypt, the hunker conservative of antiquity.

1864 Boston (Mass.) Commonw. 3 June The judge, a white-haired old man, well preserved, and a stickler for law and precedent and a ‘hunker’.

Derivatives

ˈhunkerism n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > American politics > [noun] > principles or policies

federalism1787

state rights1787

colonizationism1831

hunkerism1845

Reconstructionism1881

Little Americanism1898

Point Four1949

fairness doctrine1952

new frontier1961

Great Society1964

eleventh commandment1966

Nixon Doctrine1969

society > authority > rule or government > politics > party politics > groups or attitudes right to left > [noun] > the right > attitudes of

servilism1821

conservatism1832

conservativeness1832

conservativism1834

hunkerism1845

rightism1934

right-wingism1951

1845 R. Tyler Let. 19 Apr. in L. G. Tyler Lett. & Times Tylers (1896) III. 161 Every appointment made for New York or Pennsylvania or Maryland is a restoration of Hunkerism.

1848 C. A. Loomis Let. 23 Jan. in Michigan Hist. Mag. (1926) X. 216 Old Hunkerism is predominant, but it is hunkerism without brains.

1863 W. Phillips Speeches 365 All this fossil hunkerism is to linger thirty or forty years.

1863 W. Phillips Speeches 528 I resolve hunkerism into indolence and cowardice, too lazy to think, and too timid to think.

1906 Springfield (Mass.) Weekly Republican 6 Dec. 8 The old republican hunkerism.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

hunkerv.

Brit.

/ˈhʌŋkə/, U.S.

/ˈhəŋkər/, Scottish English

/ˈhʌŋkər/

Etymology: Origin obscure: it has the form of an iterative from a stem hunk-. Compare Middle Dutch hucken, huken (Verwijs and Verdam), Middle Low German hûken, Dutch huiken (Franck), Old Norse húka, modern German hocken (Kluge) to sit on the hams or heels, to squat. These words point to an original ablaut series heuk-, hûk, huk- (hok-); from this hunk-er, might perhaps be a nasalized derivative. Old Norse hok-ra to crouch may be a parallel form; Dutch hunkeren to hanker, is not connected.

Originally Scottish.

a. intransitive. To squat, with the haunches, knees, and ankles acutely bent, so as to bring the hams near the heels, and throw the whole weight upon the fore part of the feet.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > posture > action of crouching or squatting > crouch or squat [verb (intransitive)]

ruck?c1225

cowerc1300

crouchc1394

couch?a1400

hurklea1400

quatc1425

squat1573

squat1609

thigh1611

swat1615

hunker1720

lower1720

squattle1786

croodle1788

scrooch1844

1720 A. Pennecuik Streams from Helicon (ed. 2) i. 80 And hunk'ring down upon the cald Grass.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess ii. 81 Upo' the ground they hunker'd down a' three.

1789 D. Davidson Thoughts Seasons 179 Tir'd wi' the steep, an' something dizzy, I hunker'd down.

a1801 R. Gall Tint Quey 177 Then hunkering down upo' her knees, Poor Hornie o' her milk to ease.

1897 S. R. Crockett Lads' Love iii. 29 He appeared..with his hands on his knees, ‘hunkering’ a little.

1902 Dial. Notes 2 237 (Pioneer dialect of S. Illinois.) Hunker down. 1. To crouch in sitting. 2. To kneel.

1907 R. Kipling Actions & Reactions (1909) 187 We heard Imam Din hunker down on the floor. One gets little out of the East at attention.

1928 J. M. Barrie Peter Pan ii, in Plays 39 Hunkering on the ground..the six are not unlike village gossips gathered round the pump.

1945 J. Steinbeck Cannery Row vii. 26 Mack and the boys sat on the floor, played cards hunkered down.

1946 K. Tennant Lost Haven (1947) ix. 129 Kelly got up, came out, and hunkered down by the sunny office wall. George hunkered down beside him.

1962 Coast to Coast 1961–2 85 The old woman had hunkered down, poking intently at an hibachi, some embers glowing darkly beneath.

1973 N.Y. Times 14 Aug. 34/3 One 14-year-old boy sat on a hornet when he hunkered down to get a better view of the green.

b. transferred. To cower or squat in a lowly manner.

ΚΠ

1790 A. Wilson Poems 210 A wee bit Cot, Bare, hunkerin' on some lanely spot.

Draft additions 1993

c. figurative. With down. To concentrate one's resources, esp. in unfavourable circumstances; to dig in, buckle down; spec. (frequently in Military contexts) to shelter or take cover, lie low. Originally and chiefly U.S.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > working > [verb (intransitive)] > work hard or toil

workeOE

swingc1000

to the boneOE

labourc1390

toilc1400

drevyll?1518

drudge1548

droy1576

droil1591

to tug at the (an) oar1612

to stand to it1632

rudge1676

slave1707

to work like a beaver1741

to hold (also keep, bring, put) one's nose to the grindstone1828

to feague it away1829

to work like a nigger1836

delve1838

slave1852

leather1863

to sweat one's guts out1890

hunker1903

to sweat (also work) one's guts out1932

to eat (also work) like a horse1937

beaver1946

to work like a drover's dog1952

to get one's nose down (to)1962

the world > action or operation > undertaking > beginning action or activity > begin action or activity [verb (intransitive)] > resolutely or energetically

to go to it1490

busklea1535

settle1576

to lay on1587

to put in (also get into) one's gearsa1658

to put (occasionally lay, set) one's shoulder to the wheel1678

yark1721

to get going1822

to pitch in1835

to roll up one's sleeves1838

square1849

to clap on1850

to wire in (also away)1864

to dig in1884

hunker1903

tie into1904

to get cracking1937

to get stuck in1938

to get weaving1942

to get it on1954

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > shelter or screen > take shelter [verb (intransitive)]

hunker1975

1903 Dial. Notes 2 317 Hunker or hunker down, v.i...to get down to one's work.

1975 Chem. Week 8 Jan. 31/2 There comes a time..when you should hunker down and ride out the storm.

1984 N. Giovanni in M. Evans Black Women Writers 207 We must hunker down into that love of the spirit of Black Americans that allowed a janitor to be a deacon in a church.

1988 Truck & Driver Oct. 49/2 I left the down-change too late and missed the gear. But the Fiat was kindly and just hunkered down and powered on from low revs once a lower gear was pushed in.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	hunker
释义	† hunkern. Brit. /ˈhʌŋkə/, U.S. /ˈhəŋkər/ Etymology: apparently < hunks n. + -er suffix¹. Remembered by Mr. W. J. Stillman as familiarly used c1840 at Schenectady New York, ‘to designate a surly, crusty, or stingy old fellow, a curmudgeon’. But some would refer it to hunk n.² as ‘one who sticks to his post, or home’. U.S. ? Obsolete. In U.S. politics: A conservative, one opposed to innovation or change; a nickname first used in the State of New York about 1845. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > American politics > [noun] > principles or policies > adherents or supporters of well-born1629 liberty boy1766 federalist1787 anti1788 Fed1788 monocrat1792 anti-federal1805 blue light1814 dough face1820 colonizationist1823 slavite1831 hunker1849 states' righter1861 slavist1889 Little American1899 New Frontiersman1923 America Firster1927 new federalist1969 angry white male1991 angry white man1993 AWM1994 1849 N.Y. Evening Post 11 July He is now the leader of the hunkers of Missouri. 1856 Househ. Words 9 Aug. 86/1 Hunker is derived from a popular nickname for a self-satisfied, surly rich man; a descendant of Old Hunks in fact. 1859 W. Phillips Speeches 268 Egypt, the hunker conservative of antiquity. 1864 Boston (Mass.) Commonw. 3 June The judge, a white-haired old man, well preserved, and a stickler for law and precedent and a ‘hunker’. Derivatives ˈhunkerism n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > American politics > [noun] > principles or policies federalism1787 state rights1787 colonizationism1831 hunkerism1845 Reconstructionism1881 Little Americanism1898 Point Four1949 fairness doctrine1952 new frontier1961 Great Society1964 eleventh commandment1966 Nixon Doctrine1969 society > authority > rule or government > politics > party politics > groups or attitudes right to left > [noun] > the right > attitudes of servilism1821 conservatism1832 conservativeness1832 conservativism1834 hunkerism1845 rightism1934 right-wingism1951 1845 R. Tyler Let. 19 Apr. in L. G. Tyler Lett. & Times Tylers (1896) III. 161 Every appointment made for New York or Pennsylvania or Maryland is a restoration of Hunkerism. 1848 C. A. Loomis Let. 23 Jan. in Michigan Hist. Mag. (1926) X. 216 Old Hunkerism is predominant, but it is hunkerism without brains. 1863 W. Phillips Speeches 365 All this fossil hunkerism is to linger thirty or forty years. 1863 W. Phillips Speeches 528 I resolve hunkerism into indolence and cowardice, too lazy to think, and too timid to think. 1906 Springfield (Mass.) Weekly Republican 6 Dec. 8 The old republican hunkerism. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online March 2022). hunkerv. Brit. /ˈhʌŋkə/, U.S. /ˈhəŋkər/, Scottish English /ˈhʌŋkər/ Etymology: Origin obscure: it has the form of an iterative from a stem hunk-. Compare Middle Dutch hucken, huken (Verwijs and Verdam), Middle Low German hûken, Dutch huiken (Franck), Old Norse húka, modern German hocken (Kluge) to sit on the hams or heels, to squat. These words point to an original ablaut series heuk-, hûk, huk- (hok-); from this hunk-er, might perhaps be a nasalized derivative. Old Norse hok-ra to crouch may be a parallel form; Dutch hunkeren to hanker, is not connected. Originally Scottish. a. intransitive. To squat, with the haunches, knees, and ankles acutely bent, so as to bring the hams near the heels, and throw the whole weight upon the fore part of the feet. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > posture > action of crouching or squatting > crouch or squat [verb (intransitive)] ruck?c1225 cowerc1300 crouchc1394 couch?a1400 hurklea1400 quatc1425 squat1573 squat1609 thigh1611 swat1615 hunker1720 lower1720 squattle1786 croodle1788 scrooch1844 1720 A. Pennecuik Streams from Helicon (ed. 2) i. 80 And hunk'ring down upon the cald Grass. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess ii. 81 Upo' the ground they hunker'd down a' three. 1789 D. Davidson Thoughts Seasons 179 Tir'd wi' the steep, an' something dizzy, I hunker'd down. a1801 R. Gall Tint Quey 177 Then hunkering down upo' her knees, Poor Hornie o' her milk to ease. 1897 S. R. Crockett Lads' Love iii. 29 He appeared..with his hands on his knees, ‘hunkering’ a little. 1902 Dial. Notes 2 237 (Pioneer dialect of S. Illinois.) Hunker down. 1. To crouch in sitting. 2. To kneel. 1907 R. Kipling Actions & Reactions (1909) 187 We heard Imam Din hunker down on the floor. One gets little out of the East at attention. 1928 J. M. Barrie Peter Pan ii, in Plays 39 Hunkering on the ground..the six are not unlike village gossips gathered round the pump. 1945 J. Steinbeck Cannery Row vii. 26 Mack and the boys sat on the floor, played cards hunkered down. 1946 K. Tennant Lost Haven (1947) ix. 129 Kelly got up, came out, and hunkered down by the sunny office wall. George hunkered down beside him. 1962 Coast to Coast 1961–2 85 The old woman had hunkered down, poking intently at an hibachi, some embers glowing darkly beneath. 1973 N.Y. Times 14 Aug. 34/3 One 14-year-old boy sat on a hornet when he hunkered down to get a better view of the green. b. transferred. To cower or squat in a lowly manner. ΚΠ 1790 A. Wilson Poems 210 A wee bit Cot, Bare, hunkerin' on some lanely spot. Draft additions 1993 c. figurative. With down. To concentrate one's resources, esp. in unfavourable circumstances; to dig in, buckle down; spec. (frequently in Military contexts) to shelter or take cover, lie low. Originally and chiefly U.S. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > working > [verb (intransitive)] > work hard or toil workeOE swingc1000 to the boneOE labourc1390 toilc1400 drevyll?1518 drudge1548 droy1576 droil1591 to tug at the (an) oar1612 to stand to it1632 rudge1676 slave1707 to work like a beaver1741 to hold (also keep, bring, put) one's nose to the grindstone1828 to feague it away1829 to work like a nigger1836 delve1838 slave1852 leather1863 to sweat one's guts out1890 hunker1903 to sweat (also work) one's guts out1932 to eat (also work) like a horse1937 beaver1946 to work like a drover's dog1952 to get one's nose down (to)1962 the world > action or operation > undertaking > beginning action or activity > begin action or activity [verb (intransitive)] > resolutely or energetically to go to it1490 busklea1535 settle1576 to lay on1587 to put in (also get into) one's gearsa1658 to put (occasionally lay, set) one's shoulder to the wheel1678 yark1721 to get going1822 to pitch in1835 to roll up one's sleeves1838 square1849 to clap on1850 to wire in (also away)1864 to dig in1884 hunker1903 tie into1904 to get cracking1937 to get stuck in1938 to get weaving1942 to get it on1954 society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > shelter or screen > take shelter [verb (intransitive)] hunker1975 1903 Dial. Notes 2 317 Hunker or hunker down, v.i...to get down to one's work. 1975 Chem. Week 8 Jan. 31/2 There comes a time..when you should hunker down and ride out the storm. 1984 N. Giovanni in M. Evans Black Women Writers 207 We must hunker down into that love of the spirit of Black Americans that allowed a janitor to be a deacon in a church. 1988 Truck & Driver Oct. 49/2 I left the down-change too late and missed the gear. But the Fiat was kindly and just hunkered down and powered on from low revs once a lower gear was pushed in. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1899; most recently modified version published online March 2022). > as lemmas hunker hunker n. a cutter of hunks.Apparently an isolated use. Π 1864 G. A. Sala in Daily Tel. 27 Sept. The butchers..seem to have been taking lessons from the live-collop hunkers of Abyssinia. extracted from hunkn.¹ < n.1845v.1720 as lemmas
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† hunkern.

Derivatives

hunkerv.

Draft additions 1993

> as lemmas