assartn.

Brit.

/əˈsɑːt/, U.S.

/əˈsɑrt/

Forms: late Middle English–1500s assarte, late Middle English– assart, 1600s assert.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin assartum; French assart, essart.

Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin assartum (from 12th cent. in British sources; also assertum (1438 in a British source)), and its etymon (ii) Anglo-Norman assart, asarte clearing in a forest (first quarter of the 12th cent.), piece of forest or pastureland converted into arable land (early 14th cent. or earlier), variant (with prefix substitution: see a- prefix⁵) of essart piece of forest or pastureland converted into arable land (1086 in plural essarz ; Old French, Middle French, French essart : see essart n.) < post-classical Latin exartum , exsartum action of clearing land of trees (6th cent.), cleared land (8th cent.; frequently from 1086 in British sources), use as noun (short for arvum exartum cleared land) of the neuter of the past participle of an unattested verb *exsarire , *exsarrire to clear < classical Latin ex- ex- prefix¹ + sārīre , sarrīre to hoe, weed (see sarrition n.). Compare Old Occitan eisart.Specific senses. With use in sense 2 compare post-classical Latin assartum facere (1217 in the Carta de Foresta, a document annexed to Magna Carta, in the passage translated in quot. 1534), Anglo-Norman faire assart de (c1245 or earlier). Earlier use in names. Attested earlier in a surname (Jord. del Assart', Durham, 1301–2), although it is unclear whether this should be taken as reflecting currency of the Middle English or the Anglo-Norman word.

Law. Chiefly historical in later use.

1. A piece of forest or waste land converted to arable use by clearing trees, bushes, etc.; a clearing in a forest.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [noun] > cleared land

fellingOE

sartc1290

assarta1450

thwaite1628

essart1656

beat-field1808

clearing1817

clearage1827

assartment1829

clearancea1839

burn1839

joom1855

swidden1868

screef1934

screef mark1950

a1450 Forest Laws in W. A. Baillie-Grohman & F. Baillie-Grohman Master of Game (1904) 241 (MED) Yf ther be ony assartes or purprestures made with in the forest mo than haue be graunted by the kynges chartours of olde tyme, ye shul do vs to wete.

a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 606 All hys londe the whyche is callid assart, with þe mede þe whyche is called suggemede.

?1592 J. Manwood Brefe Coll. Lawes Forest 195 The Regarders shall goe..to surueie all the assarts, wastes and purprestures of the Forest.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. i. i. f. 10 If an assart bee granted by the King.

1675 W. Dugdale Baronage Eng. I. 663/2 Having bestowed divers Assarts and Woods on the Canons of Wombrugge.

1738 Hist. View Court of Exchequer v. 87 The Profit of the County was likewise increased by Arentations of Assarts.

1766 D. Barrington Observ. Statutes 23 Robert de Parnslow..had procured large sums of money, under pretence of encroachments and assarts.

1832 O. Mosley Hist. Castle, Priory & Town Tutbury 34 Richard Verdon held the assart of Anslow.

1887 W. R. Fisher Forest of Essex vii. 326 There were in Chingford, Wanstead, and West Ham sixty acres of assarts.

1952 H. J. Massingham Southern Marches i. 17 The hamlet of the Western Marches is an assart or intake from mountain and forest.

1974 E. Pollard et al. Hedges (1977) ii. 32 Not all assarts of moor and forest came into enclosed cultivation by a single owner.

2000 Past & Present May 53 He went one day to harvest an assart which Roger had given to the lay steward of the monastery.

2. The action or process of converting forest or waste land to arable use by clearing trees, bushes, etc.; an instance of this.Usually regarded as an offence when carried out without permission: see quots. 1688, 1830, 1880.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > [noun] > clearing land

ridding1347

grubbingc1440

stubbing1445

stockingc1460

assart1534

clotting1601

extirpation1607

shrubbing1611

moling1617

averruncation1656

twitching1799

underbrushing1838

clearance1851

screefing1919

reslashing1934

underscrubbing1935

swidden1955

1534 G. Ferrers tr. Bk. Magna Carta f. 11 Those that from hensforth do..make waste or assarte in the same [L. qui..assartum..fecerint], shall aunswere vnto vs.

1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest ix. f. 48 An Assart, is the plucking vp of those woods by the rootes that are thickets or couerts of the Forest, to make the same a plaine or arrable land.

a1625 W. Cope Apol. R. Cecil in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 123 Lately revived by your Majesty's Commission of Assarts.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. iii. 75/2 An Assart, is a great Offence committed in the Forest, by grubbing up the Woods, Coverts and Thickets, and making them plain, as Arable Land, or the like.

1727 W. Nelson Laws conc. Game 6 Assart is a Grubbing them [sc. Coverts] up by the Roots, by which they are utterly destroyed.

1830 W. Eagle Treat. Law of Tithes I. iii. 36 The assart was treated with much more severity by the forest laws than a purpresture.

1880 J. Williams Rights of Common 231 No person having lands within a forest could plough up any part of his lands which had not been ploughed up before, and to do so was considered a grievous offence and was called an assart.

1929 Eng. Hist. Rev. 44 616 Whitstable is probably a new formation due to the assart of Blean Forest.

2007 Agric. Hist. Rev. 55 180 The slow accretion by assart of further furlongs.

Compounds

C1. General attributive, as assart ground, assart land, etc.

ΚΠ

1538 in J. Throsby Thoroton's Hist. Notts. (1790) II. vii. 162 A certain Assart ground of Richard Savion.

?1609 in B. Schumer Oxfordshire Forests 1246–1609 (2004) 187 One other greate common assart field..belonging to Fawlar.

1778 in Archaeologia (1779) 5 342 Henry I...enfeoffed them with the tithes of the assart lands in the forest of Engelwood.

1863 J. R. Wise New Forest iv. 43 James I. granted no less than twenty assart lands.

1938 Eng. Hist. Rev. 53 670 The assart penalty is levied on the land at the rate of a shilling an acre of wheat.

1999 National Trust Mag. Autumn 71/1 That ancient plant often found at the base of assart hedges where woodland has been cleared.

C2.

assart rent n. a rent paid for the right to occupy an assart. [Compare Anglo-Norman assart arente (1377 or earlier), whose second element is probably a deverbal noun < arenter arrent v.]

ΚΠ

1671 Indenture 4 Aug. in F. Aungier State His Majesties Revenue Ireland (1673) 1 Assart-rents due for Purprestures arented.

1788 J. J. Powell Ess. Learning of Devises 658 Afterwards V. purchased several..assart rents, and lands and tenements.

1858 R. W. Eyton Antiq. Shropshire VI. 25 John de la Lythe owed 72s. for arrears of assart-rents.

1937 H. S. Bennett Life on Eng. Manor ii. 52 The comparative lowness of assart rents.

1993 Past & Present May 46 Customary tenants frequently held parcels of enclosed land..at low assart rents.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

assartv.

Brit.

/əˈsɑːt/, U.S.

/əˈsɑrt/

Forms: 1500s–1600s assert, 1500s– assart.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin assartare; French assarter, essarter.

Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin assartare to convert (forest or waste land) to arable use by clearing trees, bushes, etc. (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), and its etymon (ii) Anglo-Norman assarter, assartier, assartir (first half of the 13th cent. or earlier), variant (with prefix substitution: see a- prefix⁵) of Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French essarter to convert (forest or waste land) to arable use by clearing trees, bushes, etc. (1172 in Old French) < post-classical Latin exsartare , exartare to clear land (6th cent. in Burgundian Laws; 13th cent. in British sources) < exsartum assart n. Compare earlier assart n. and later essart v.

Law. Chiefly historical.

transitive. To convert (forest or waste land) to arable use by clearing trees, bushes, etc. Also occasionally intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > reclaim [verb (transitive)] > clear land > in forest

assart1523

rubbishc1602

glade1621

disforesta1668

essart1675

disafforest1842

de-afforest1848

deforest1880

1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng v. f. 4^v Demeyne woode..whiche at the lordes wyll may be asserted and plucked vp.

1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest ix. f. 48 Whereas woods or thickets or any other land is assarted, that land cannot grow againe to become couerts.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word) If a man sue out a Licence to assart his grounds in the Forest.., then it is no offence.

a1692 E. Ashmole Antiq. Berks. (1723) II. 425 The King granted to him..Power to assart his Lands.

a1754 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. (1755) IV. 22 Assart lands..had often been questioned, upon pretence that none can be assarted, but what have been formerly arrented.

1768 T. Nugent Trav. Germany II. 87 If there remain more thickets, these may be very profitably assarted and turned into pastures.

1838 W. Howitt Rural Life Eng. II. ii. i. 78 That none shall assart in the forest without being taken before the verderer.

1876 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. (ed. 2) iv. 180 Parks and demesne woods which the lord may assart and improve at his pleasure.

1937 H. S. Bennett Life on Eng. Manor iii. 66 These smaller tenants steadily grew in number as lords allowed more and more new land to be assarted.

1986 O. Rackham Hist. Countryside xiv. 314 They undoubtedly assarted land from moorland and pushed up the frontier of tillage.

2013 T. Partida et al. Atlas Northamptonshire v. 120/2 Both Biggin and Monksbarn were created out of land assarted by others.

Derivatives

aˈssarting n.

ΚΠ

?1592 J. Manwood Brefe Coll. Lawes Forest 172 The punushment of such offenders for assarting and wasting of their landes within the Forest.

1675 W. Dugdale Baronage Eng. I. 266/2 Acquitted for the assarting of eighty Acres of Land within the Forest of Roteland.

1770 S. Pegge in Archaeologia (1775) 3 56 Assarting of lands and cutting down timber occasioned barrenness in respect of fruit at Bermudas.

1887 S. R. Scargill-Bird Custumals Battle Abbey p. vii Such portions as were..acquired by the assarting or reclamation of waste lands.

1973 J. A. Sheppard in A. R. H. Baker & R. A. Butlin Stud. Field Syst. Brit. Isles iv. 163 Other closes originated by the assarting of woodland and waste.

2003 Oxoniensia 67 171 The rate of assarting increased over the ensuing centuries.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	assart
释义	assartn. Brit. /əˈsɑːt/, U.S. /əˈsɑrt/ Forms: late Middle English–1500s assarte, late Middle English– assart, 1600s assert. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin assartum; French assart, essart. Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin assartum (from 12th cent. in British sources; also assertum (1438 in a British source)), and its etymon (ii) Anglo-Norman assart, asarte clearing in a forest (first quarter of the 12th cent.), piece of forest or pastureland converted into arable land (early 14th cent. or earlier), variant (with prefix substitution: see a- prefix⁵) of essart piece of forest or pastureland converted into arable land (1086 in plural essarz ; Old French, Middle French, French essart : see essart n.) < post-classical Latin exartum , exsartum action of clearing land of trees (6th cent.), cleared land (8th cent.; frequently from 1086 in British sources), use as noun (short for arvum exartum cleared land) of the neuter of the past participle of an unattested verb exsarire , exsarrire to clear < classical Latin ex- ex- prefix¹ + sārīre , sarrīre to hoe, weed (see sarrition n.). Compare Old Occitan eisart.Specific senses. With use in sense 2 compare post-classical Latin assartum facere (1217 in the Carta de Foresta, a document annexed to Magna Carta, in the passage translated in quot. 1534), Anglo-Norman faire assart de (c1245 or earlier). Earlier use in names. Attested earlier in a surname (Jord. del Assart', Durham, 1301–2), although it is unclear whether this should be taken as reflecting currency of the Middle English or the Anglo-Norman word. Law. Chiefly historical in later use. 1. A piece of forest or waste land converted to arable use by clearing trees, bushes, etc.; a clearing in a forest. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > land suitable for cultivation > [noun] > cleared land fellingOE sartc1290 assarta1450 thwaite1628 essart1656 beat-field1808 clearing1817 clearage1827 assartment1829 clearancea1839 burn1839 joom1855 swidden1868 screef1934 screef mark1950 a1450 Forest Laws in W. A. Baillie-Grohman & F. Baillie-Grohman Master of Game (1904) 241 (MED) Yf ther be ony assartes or purprestures made with in the forest mo than haue be graunted by the kynges chartours of olde tyme, ye shul do vs to wete. a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1906) ii. 606 All hys londe the whyche is callid assart, with þe mede þe whyche is called suggemede. ?1592 J. Manwood Brefe Coll. Lawes Forest 195 The Regarders shall goe..to surueie all the assarts, wastes and purprestures of the Forest. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. i. i. f. 10 If an assart bee granted by the King. 1675 W. Dugdale Baronage Eng. I. 663/2 Having bestowed divers Assarts and Woods on the Canons of Wombrugge. 1738 Hist. View Court of Exchequer v. 87 The Profit of the County was likewise increased by Arentations of Assarts. 1766 D. Barrington Observ. Statutes 23 Robert de Parnslow..had procured large sums of money, under pretence of encroachments and assarts. 1832 O. Mosley Hist. Castle, Priory & Town Tutbury 34 Richard Verdon held the assart of Anslow. 1887 W. R. Fisher Forest of Essex vii. 326 There were in Chingford, Wanstead, and West Ham sixty acres of assarts. 1952 H. J. Massingham Southern Marches i. 17 The hamlet of the Western Marches is an assart or intake from mountain and forest. 1974 E. Pollard et al. Hedges (1977) ii. 32 Not all assarts of moor and forest came into enclosed cultivation by a single owner. 2000 Past & Present May 53 He went one day to harvest an assart which Roger had given to the lay steward of the monastery. 2. The action or process of converting forest or waste land to arable use by clearing trees, bushes, etc.; an instance of this.Usually regarded as an offence when carried out without permission: see quots. 1688, 1830, 1880. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > [noun] > clearing land ridding1347 grubbingc1440 stubbing1445 stockingc1460 assart1534 clotting1601 extirpation1607 shrubbing1611 moling1617 averruncation1656 twitching1799 underbrushing1838 clearance1851 screefing1919 reslashing1934 underscrubbing1935 swidden1955 1534 G. Ferrers tr. Bk. Magna Carta f. 11 Those that from hensforth do..make waste or assarte in the same [L. qui..assartum..fecerint], shall aunswere vnto vs. 1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest ix. f. 48 An Assart, is the plucking vp of those woods by the rootes that are thickets or couerts of the Forest, to make the same a plaine or arrable land. a1625 W. Cope Apol. R. Cecil in J. Gutch Collectanea Curiosa (1781) I. 123 Lately revived by your Majesty's Commission of Assarts. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. iii. 75/2 An Assart, is a great Offence committed in the Forest, by grubbing up the Woods, Coverts and Thickets, and making them plain, as Arable Land, or the like. 1727 W. Nelson Laws conc. Game 6 Assart is a Grubbing them [sc. Coverts] up by the Roots, by which they are utterly destroyed. 1830 W. Eagle Treat. Law of Tithes I. iii. 36 The assart was treated with much more severity by the forest laws than a purpresture. 1880 J. Williams Rights of Common 231 No person having lands within a forest could plough up any part of his lands which had not been ploughed up before, and to do so was considered a grievous offence and was called an assart. 1929 Eng. Hist. Rev. 44 616 Whitstable is probably a new formation due to the assart of Blean Forest. 2007 Agric. Hist. Rev. 55 180 The slow accretion by assart of further furlongs. Compounds C1. General attributive, as assart ground, assart land, etc. ΚΠ 1538 in J. Throsby Thoroton's Hist. Notts. (1790) II. vii. 162 A certain Assart ground of Richard Savion. ?1609 in B. Schumer Oxfordshire Forests 1246–1609 (2004) 187 One other greate common assart field..belonging to Fawlar. 1778 in Archaeologia (1779) 5 342 Henry I...enfeoffed them with the tithes of the assart lands in the forest of Engelwood. 1863 J. R. Wise New Forest iv. 43 James I. granted no less than twenty assart lands. 1938 Eng. Hist. Rev. 53 670 The assart penalty is levied on the land at the rate of a shilling an acre of wheat. 1999 National Trust Mag. Autumn 71/1 That ancient plant often found at the base of assart hedges where woodland has been cleared. C2. assart rent n. a rent paid for the right to occupy an assart. [Compare Anglo-Norman assart arente (1377 or earlier), whose second element is probably a deverbal noun < arenter arrent v.] ΚΠ 1671 Indenture 4 Aug. in F. Aungier State His Majesties Revenue Ireland (1673) 1 Assart-rents due for Purprestures arented. 1788 J. J. Powell Ess. Learning of Devises 658 Afterwards V. purchased several..assart rents, and lands and tenements. 1858 R. W. Eyton Antiq. Shropshire VI. 25 John de la Lythe owed 72s. for arrears of assart-rents. 1937 H. S. Bennett Life on Eng. Manor ii. 52 The comparative lowness of assart rents. 1993 Past & Present May 46 Customary tenants frequently held parcels of enclosed land..at low assart rents. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2021). assartv. Brit. /əˈsɑːt/, U.S. /əˈsɑrt/ Forms: 1500s–1600s assert, 1500s– assart. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin assartare; French assarter, essarter. Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin assartare to convert (forest or waste land) to arable use by clearing trees, bushes, etc. (frequently from 13th cent. in British sources), and its etymon (ii) Anglo-Norman assarter, assartier, assartir (first half of the 13th cent. or earlier), variant (with prefix substitution: see a- prefix⁵) of Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French essarter to convert (forest or waste land) to arable use by clearing trees, bushes, etc. (1172 in Old French) < post-classical Latin exsartare , exartare to clear land (6th cent. in Burgundian Laws; 13th cent. in British sources) < exsartum assart n. Compare earlier assart n. and later essart v. Law. Chiefly historical. transitive. To convert (forest or waste land) to arable use by clearing trees, bushes, etc. Also occasionally intransitive. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > reclaim [verb (transitive)] > clear land > in forest assart1523 rubbishc1602 glade1621 disforesta1668 essart1675 disafforest1842 de-afforest1848 deforest1880 1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng v. f. 4^v Demeyne woode..whiche at the lordes wyll may be asserted and plucked vp. 1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest ix. f. 48 Whereas woods or thickets or any other land is assarted, that land cannot grow againe to become couerts. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word) If a man sue out a Licence to assart his grounds in the Forest.., then it is no offence. a1692 E. Ashmole Antiq. Berks. (1723) II. 425 The King granted to him..Power to assart his Lands. a1754 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. (1755) IV. 22 Assart lands..had often been questioned, upon pretence that none can be assarted, but what have been formerly arrented. 1768 T. Nugent Trav. Germany II. 87 If there remain more thickets, these may be very profitably assarted and turned into pastures. 1838 W. Howitt Rural Life Eng. II. ii. i. 78 That none shall assart in the forest without being taken before the verderer. 1876 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. (ed. 2) iv. 180 Parks and demesne woods which the lord may assart and improve at his pleasure. 1937 H. S. Bennett Life on Eng. Manor iii. 66 These smaller tenants steadily grew in number as lords allowed more and more new land to be assarted. 1986 O. Rackham Hist. Countryside xiv. 314 They undoubtedly assarted land from moorland and pushed up the frontier of tillage. 2013 T. Partida et al. Atlas Northamptonshire v. 120/2 Both Biggin and Monksbarn were created out of land assarted by others. Derivatives aˈssarting n. ΚΠ ?1592 J. Manwood Brefe Coll. Lawes Forest 172 The punushment of such offenders for assarting and wasting of their landes within the Forest. 1675 W. Dugdale Baronage Eng. I. 266/2 Acquitted for the assarting of eighty Acres of Land within the Forest of Roteland. 1770 S. Pegge in Archaeologia (1775) 3 56 Assarting of lands and cutting down timber occasioned barrenness in respect of fruit at Bermudas. 1887 S. R. Scargill-Bird Custumals Battle Abbey p. vii Such portions as were..acquired by the assarting or reclamation of waste lands. 1973 J. A. Sheppard in A. R. H. Baker & R. A. Butlin Stud. Field Syst. Brit. Isles iv. 163 Other closes originated by the assarting of woodland and waste. 2003 Oxoniensia 67 171 The rate of assarting increased over the ensuing centuries. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.a1450v.1523
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