† i-cunden.

Forms: Old English gecend (in compounds), Old English gecyde (dative, transmission error), Old English gecynd, Old English gecynde, Old English gecyndo, Old English gecynn- (inflected form, rare), Old English gekynd (rare), Old English gicynd (Northumbrian), Old English–Middle English in copy of Old English charter gecind, late Old English gecyonde (dative, transmission error), early Middle English gecund, early Middle English ȝecunde, early Middle English ȝecynd, early Middle English ȝecynde, early Middle English ȝekinde, early Middle English ȝekynde, early Middle English ichinde, early Middle English icund, early Middle English icunde, early Middle English icynd, early Middle English ikende, early Middle English ikinde, early Middle English ikunde.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old High German gikunt nature < a prefixed form (see y- prefix) of the Germanic base of kind n. (see further discussion at that entry). Compare also Gothic gakunþs , of uncertain meaning. Compare kind n.In Old English originally a strong feminine (i-stem) gecynd, but also inflected as a strong neuter (a fluctuation in gender common with abstract nouns of this declension); the neuter plural in -u (also -o) is also subject to reinterpretation as an indeclinable feminine gecyndo, as well as giving rise to an analogical neuter singular form gecynde.

Obsolete.

a. The inherent and inseparable combination of properties giving something its fundamental character; nature, essence. Cf. kind n. 1a, 1b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun]

pitheOE

i-cundeeOE

roota1325

substancec1330

juicec1380

marrowa1382

formc1385

acta1398

quidditya1398

substantial forma1398

inward1398

savourc1400

inwardc1450

allaya1456

essencya1475

being1521

bottom1531

spirit?1534

summary1548

ecceity1549

core1556

flower1568

formality1570

sum and substance1572

alloy1594

soul1598

inwardness1605

quid1606

fibre1607

selfness1611

whatness1611

essentialityc1616

propera1626

the whole shot1628

substantiala1631

esse1642

entity1643

virtuality1646

ingeny1647

quoddity1647

intimacy1648

ens1649

inbeing1661

essence1667

interiority1701

intrinsic1716

stamen1758

character1761

quidditas1782

hyparxis1792

rasa1800

bone1829

what1861

isness1865

inscape1868

as-suchness1909

Wesen1959

eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxi. 480 Þa stanas, forðæm [hi] sint stillre gecynde & heardre, [bioð] earfoðe to tedælenne.

OE Blickling Homilies 33 He wæs on anum hade twegra gecynda; he wæs soþ man.., swylce he wæs soþ God.

OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 366 Þæt an gecynd [c1175 Bodl. 343 icynd] þe him is gemæne nele geþafian þæt hi þry godas syndon, ac an ælmihtig God æfre on ðrym hadum.

a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 77 Nawiht efter flesces wille, ne efter likames ikunde.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 149 Þet brihte ikunde þet god haueð in ow ibroht of saule and of likame.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 10980 Þer-inne is feower kunnes fisc and ælc fisc an his ende þer he his cun findeð, ne mai þer nan to oðere buten al swa tacheð his icunde.

b. A person's natural disposition or temperament. Cf. kind n. 1c.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun]

heartOE

erda1000

moodOE

i-mindOE

i-cundeOE

costc1175

lundc1175

evena1200

kinda1225

custc1275

couragec1300

the manner ofc1300

qualityc1300

talentc1330

attemperancec1374

complexionc1386

dispositiona1387

propertyc1390

naturea1393

assay1393

inclinationa1398

gentlenessa1400

proprietya1400

habitudec1400

makingc1400

conditionc1405

habitc1405

conceitc1425

affecta1460

ingeny1477

engine1488

stomach?1510

mind?a1513

ingine1533

affection1534

vein1536

humour?1563

natural1564

facultyc1565

concept1566

frame1567

temperature1583

geniusa1586

bent1587

constitution1589

composition1597

character1600

tune1600

qualification1602

infusion1604

spirits1604

dispose1609

selfness1611

disposure1613

composurea1616

racea1616

tempera1616

crasisc1616

directiona1639

grain1641

turn1647

complexure1648

genie1653

make1674

personality1710

tonea1751

bearing1795

liver1800

make-up1821

temperament1821

naturalness1850

selfhood1854

Wesen1854

naturel1856

sit1857

fibre1864

character structure1873

mentality1895

mindset1909

psyche1910

where it's (he's, she's) at1967

OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iii. vi. 187 Þa ne gelyfde na se cyning Totila, þæt hit [sc. his flushed face] him for his gecynda [L. consparsionis] wære, ac he wende, þæt hit for singalum gedrynce wære.

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 71 (MED) Ðanne mot me lokin ðin ikinde, and ðinne lichames hæle oðer unhale.

2. A natural quality, property, or characteristic. Cf. kind n. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [noun] > a property, quality, or attribute

i-cundeOE

kindOE

thingOE

quality1340

virtue1340

assizea1375

propertyc1390

principlea1398

conditionc1460

faculty1490

predicatea1513

epitheton1547

passion1570

propriety1584

affection1588

attribute1603

qualification1616

appropriate1618

intimacy1641

bedighting1674

belonger1674

cleaver1674

interiority1701

internal property1751

predicable1785

coloration1799

internality1839

OE Whale 49 He hafað oþre gecynd, wæterþisa wlonc, wrætlicran gien.

lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xxxiii. 317 For þi ic cwæð þæt sio sawul wære þriofeald, forþam þe uðwitan secgað þæt hio hæbbe þrio gecynd... Twa þara gecyndu habbað netenu swa same swa men.

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 69 (MED) Lieue saule, ic ðe warni and ȝierne bidde ðat tu..understande and lierne fastliche ða ȝekyndes of sennes.

3. Nature in the abstract; the established order or regular course of things within the universe or natural world. Cf. kind n. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [noun] > nature > natural order or course of nature

i-cundeeOE

course of kindc1325

course of nature1511–12

natural order1531

the natural1765

eOE Metres of Boethius (partly from transcript of damaged MS) (2009) xiii. 17 Þara micles to feola woroldwuniendra winð wið gecynde.

OE Lord's Prayer II 24 Þa wurþiað þin weorc wordum and dædum, þurh gecynd clypiað and Crist heriað.

lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xvi. 274 Seo gecynd hit onscunað þæt hi ne magon weorðan togædere gemenged [etc.].

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 1383 (MED) Wroþ wurþe heom þe holirode Þe rihte ikunde [a1300 Jesus Oxf. icund] swo for breideþ!

4. The natural form, state, or condition of something. Cf. kind n. 4.Only in Old English.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > [noun] > original or natural condition

i-cundeeOE

kindc1175

statea1387

disposition1581

natural1633

natural state1653

eOE Metres of Boethius (2009) xxviii. 63 Sona gecerreð ismere ænlic on his agen gecynd, weorðeð to wætre.

OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) i. vii. 39 Seo wylle & þæt wæter, gefylledre wilsumnesse & ðære ðenunge þæs eadigan martyres..hwearf eft to gecynde.

lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xxxix. 360 Hwy ne wundriað hi þæs..hwy þæt is weorðe & eft for þære sunnan sciman to his agnum gecynde weorðe?

5. A customary mode of behaviour; one's manner, fashion, or way. Cf. kind n. 6.Only in Old English.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > [noun] > habitual or characteristic

i-cundeeOE

manner?c1225

usagea1400

way1563

style1937

eOE Metrical Dialogue of Solomon & Saturn (Corpus Cambr. 422) ii. 499 Swa ðonne feohteð se feond on feower gecynd.

OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Corpus Cambr. 41) 25 Dec. (2013) 34 Þi geare man geseah meoloc rinan of heofnum and lamb spæcan on mennisc gecinde.

a. A group of animals or plants linked by common origin or characteristics; a species, breed, etc. Cf. kind n. 8a.Only in Old English.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun]

kindeOE

i-cundeOE

mannera1225

jetc1330

colour1340

hair1387

estrete1393

gendera1398

hedea1400

savourc1400

stockc1450

toucha1500

rate1509

barrel1542

suit1548

fashion1562

special1563

stamp1573

family1598

garb1600

espece1602

kidney1602

bran1610

formality1610

editiona1627

make1660

cast1673

tour1702

way1702

specie1711

tenor1729

ilk1790

genre1816

stripe1853

persuasion1855

OE Guthlac A 44 Ealdað eorþan blæd æþela gehwylcre ond of wlite wendað wæstma gecyndu.

OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xii. 118 God geswac ða his weorces, swa þæt he na ma gecynda siððan ne gesceop, ac swa ðeah he gemenigfylt dæghwomlice þa ylcan gecynd.

b. A people, an ethnic group, a tribe, a race. Also: a family. Cf. kind n. 10.Only in Old English.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinship group > stock, race, or family > [noun]

kinc825

strindc900

maegtheOE

i-cundeeOE

birdeOE

houseOE

kindOE

kindreda1225

bloodc1300

strainc1330

lineage?a1366

generationa1382

progenya1382

stock1382

nationc1395

tribec1400

ligneea1450

lifec1450

family1474

prosapy?a1475

parentage1490

stirpc1503

pedigree1532

racea1547

stem?c1550

breed1596

progenies1673

familia1842

uji1876

eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxii. 486 Nis nan gecynd þe wið hire [scipen]des willan winne buton dysig [mon o]ððe eft þa wiðerweardan englas.

OE Cynewulf Elene 734 Ne mæg þær manna gecynd of eorðwegum up geferan in lichoman mid þa leohtan gedryht, wuldres arars.

lOE Will of Brihtric & Ælfswið (Sawyer 1511) in A. Campbell Charters of Rochester (1973) 51 Sirede Hæslholt innon þæt gecynde, & Wulfege & Ælfege his breðer Herigeardeshamme innon þæt gecynde.

a. Gender, sex. Cf. kind n. 16.Only in Old English.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > sex and gender > [noun]

i-cundeOE

kinc1000

birtha1250

kinda1382

OE Phoenix 356 God ana wat, cyning ælmihtig, hu his gecynde bið, wifhades þe weres.

OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) vii. 2 Nim in to ðe of eallum clænum nytenum seofan & seofan ægðres gecyndes.

b. The genitals. Cf. kind n. 15a.Only in Old English.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > sex organs > [noun]

shapea1000

shameOE

i-cundeOE

memberc1300

privy memberc1325

kindc1330

privitiesc1375

harness1382

shameful parts1382

genitoriesa1387

partc1390

tailc1390

genitalsa1393

thingc1405

genitalc1450

privy parts1533

secret1535

loin?1541

genitures1548

filthy parts1553

shamefulness1561

ware1561

meatc1564

natural places1569

secret members1577

lady ware1592

natural parts1601

lady's ware1608

gear1611

private parts1623

groin1631

pudendums1634

natural1650

privacies1656

sex1664

secrecyc1675

nudities1677

affair1749

sexual parts1753

person1824

sex organ1847

privates1940

naughty bits1972

OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) ix. 23 Sem & Iapheth dydon anne hwitel on heora sculdrum..& beheledon heora fæderes gecynd.

OE tr. Medicina de Quadrupedibus (Vitell.) iv. 246 Wið heafodece, genim foxes gecynd, ymfoh þæt heafod utan, hraþe þæs heafodes sar byþ aweg afyrred.

8. Progeny, offspring, descendants. Also: a person's lineage or ancestry. Cf. kind n. 11, 12a.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > lineage or descent > [noun]

kinc892

strindc900

i-cundeOE

bloodOE

kindredOE

birtha1250

strainc1275

gesta1300

offspring?a1300

lineagea1330

descentc1330

linec1330

progenya1382

generationc1384

engendrurec1390

ancestry?a1400

genealogya1400

kind?a1400

stranda1400

coming?a1425

bedc1430

descencec1443

descension1447

ligneea1450

originc1450

family1474

originala1475

extraction1477

nativityc1485

parentelea1492

stirpc1503

stem?c1550

race1563

parentage1565

brood1590

ancientry1596

descendance1599

breeding1600

descendancy1603

delineation1606

extract1631

ancestory1650

agnation1782

havage1799

engendure1867

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > progeny or offspring

bairn-teamc885

childeOE

tudderc897

seedOE

teamOE

wastum971

offspringOE

i-cundeOE

fostera1175

i-streonc1175

strainc1175

brooda1300

begetc1300

barm-teamc1315

issuea1325

progenyc1330

fruit of the loinsa1340

bowel1382

young onec1384

suita1387

engendrurea1400

fruitinga1400

geta1400

birth?a1425

porturec1425

progenityc1450

bodyfauntc1460

generation1477

fryc1480

enfantement1483

infantment1483

blood issue1535

propagation1536

offspring1548

race1549

family?1552

increase1552

breed1574

begetting1611

sperm1641

bed1832

fruitage1850

OE tr. Wonders of East (Tiber.) §11. 192 Ðonne hi kennan willað, þonne farað hi [on scipum] to Indeum, & [þær] hyra gecynd on weorold bringað.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1018 He hire sette name on..to munien his ikunde whone he icomen weore.

9. That which properly belongs to or befits a person by birthright or inheritance, esp. territories or possessions held by right of inheritance. Cf. kind n. 13.Earlier currency is probably implied by quot. a1325, a late and interpolated copy of a charter of 1065–6.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > [noun] > hereditary > right by birth or birthright

i-cundelOE

kindc1300

forbirtha1400

birthright1530

inheritance1535

birthdoma1616

birthhood1651

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1086 Normandige þet land wæs his gecynde.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5586 He cleopede to Brutlonde. þat hit wes his icunde.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3944 Iulius Cesar..halt þer eower icunde.

a1325 ( Writ of Edward the Confessor, Westminster (Sawyer 1148) in F. E. Harmer Anglo-Saxon Writs (1952) 369 Swa swa Ælgyfu Imme min moder on minre frumbirde dæiæge to forme gyfe hit me gæf & to gecinde becwæð.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

† i-cundeadj.

Forms: Old English gecynde, Old English gekynde (in derivatives), early Middle English ȝecende, early Middle English ȝecunde (in derivatives), early Middle English icunde, early Middle English icynde, early Middle English ikunde.

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: i-cunde n.

Etymology: < i-cunde n. Compare kind adj.

Obsolete.

a. In keeping with the natural constitution, character, or condition of someone or something; natural. Cf. kind adj. 1a.In Old English frequently with the person for whom a thing is natural and expected as complement in the dative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective] > innate or natural

i-cundeeOE

fleshly971

kindlyOE

kindc1175

naturalc1275

kindc1390

innatea1420

nativea1425

inborn1513

innative1513

habitual1526

ingenerate1531

instincta1538

innated1545

inset1545

of one's nativity1582

inbreda1592

connatural1599

prognatec1600

ingenious1601

ingenit1604

congenite1610

connativea1618

intuitive1621

infusive1630

habituous1633

veined1633

genial1646

connatea1652

relollacean1654

relollaceous1657

relolleous1662

congenial1664

complanted1668

ingrown1670

ingenerated1677

unborrowed1704

cogenite1712

born1741

naturable1771

unacquired1793

congenerous1813

congenital1848

ingrain1852

indigenousa1864

ingenital1886

wired-in1957

eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxix. 524 Þone deað þe eallum monnum is gecynde to þolianne.

OE Beowulf (2008) 2696 Ic æt þearfe [gefrægn] þeodcyninges andlongne eorl ellen cyðan, cræft ond cenðu, swa him gecynde wæs.

OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 53 Ius naturale, gecynde riht.

a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 235 (MED) Si forme lage þat is si ȝecende lage..þat is þat non man ne don oðere buton þat þe he wolde þat me ded him.

b. Appropriate or suited to the inherent nature or character of someone or something. Usually with the person or thing as complement (in the dative or, later, with to). Cf. kind adj. 2a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > suitability or appropriateness > [adjective] > suited to the nature of anything

i-cundeeOE

i-cundelyOE

kindly1340

kinda1400

connatural1604

eOE Metres of Boethius (partly from transcript of damaged MS) (2009) xiii. 63 Hio [sc. the sun] ofer moncyn stihð a upweardes, oð hio eft cymeð þær hire yfemesð bið eard gecynde.

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 57 (MED) Sume libbeð unorneliche on mete and on claðes, naht for godes luue, ac swilch hit hem bie icynde.

?a1300 St. Eustace (Digby) l. 215 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 215 (MED) Weddes nimen and orf to puinde—Þereto nes him nout I-cunde.

a. Having a claim or right by birth or inheritance; belonging to a person by right of birth or inheritance; rightful. Cf. kind adj. 3a, 3b.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > [adjective] > resting on hereditary right > by birth or descent

i-cundeeOE

kindc1325

kindlyc1450

native1596

eOE Metres of Boethius (transcript of damaged MS) (2009) i. 6 Gotan..hæfdan him gecynde cyningas twegen, Rædgod and Aleric.

OE Daniel 3 Gefrægn ic Hebreos..cyningdom habban, swa him gecynde wæs.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11575 Heo nom Riculfe..and hefuen hine to kinge þeh hit neore him noht icunde.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9061 Nim þu þene kine-halm he is þe icunde.

b. Of a country or language: being that of a person's birth; native. Cf. kind adj. 4a, natural adj. 17a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native people > [adjective]

inbornc1000

theodiscc1000

i-cundeOE

landisha1300

kindc1325

denizen1483

kindly born1483

native1488

naturally born1523

naturala1533

home-bred?1560

natural1574

home-born1577

homeling1577

natural-born1583

land-born1589

self-bred1590

self-born1597

indigene1598

land-breda1599

vernaculous1606

kindly1609

inbred1625

terrigenist1631

native-born1645

indigenous1646

indigenary1651

indigenital1656

aboriginal1698

own-born1699

indigenal1725

homegrown1737

terrigenous1769

indigenate1775

OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 120 Idioma, proprietas linguę, agen & gecynde spræc.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11061 Aȝif us ure icunde lond.

a1300 Passion our Lord 668 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 56 Eueruych þer vnderstod his icunde speche.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

单词	i-cunde
释义	† i-cunden. Forms: Old English gecend (in compounds), Old English gecyde (dative, transmission error), Old English gecynd, Old English gecynde, Old English gecyndo, Old English gecynn- (inflected form, rare), Old English gekynd (rare), Old English gicynd (Northumbrian), Old English–Middle English in copy of Old English charter gecind, late Old English gecyonde (dative, transmission error), early Middle English gecund, early Middle English ȝecunde, early Middle English ȝecynd, early Middle English ȝecynde, early Middle English ȝekinde, early Middle English ȝekynde, early Middle English ichinde, early Middle English icund, early Middle English icunde, early Middle English icynd, early Middle English ikende, early Middle English ikinde, early Middle English ikunde. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old High German gikunt nature < a prefixed form (see y- prefix) of the Germanic base of kind n. (see further discussion at that entry). Compare also Gothic gakunþs , of uncertain meaning. Compare kind n.In Old English originally a strong feminine (i-stem) gecynd, but also inflected as a strong neuter (a fluctuation in gender common with abstract nouns of this declension); the neuter plural in -u (also -o) is also subject to reinterpretation as an indeclinable feminine gecyndo, as well as giving rise to an analogical neuter singular form gecynde. Obsolete. 1. a. The inherent and inseparable combination of properties giving something its fundamental character; nature, essence. Cf. kind n. 1a, 1b. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [noun] pitheOE i-cundeeOE roota1325 substancec1330 juicec1380 marrowa1382 formc1385 acta1398 quidditya1398 substantial forma1398 inward1398 savourc1400 inwardc1450 allaya1456 essencya1475 being1521 bottom1531 spirit?1534 summary1548 ecceity1549 core1556 flower1568 formality1570 sum and substance1572 alloy1594 soul1598 inwardness1605 quid1606 fibre1607 selfness1611 whatness1611 essentialityc1616 propera1626 the whole shot1628 substantiala1631 esse1642 entity1643 virtuality1646 ingeny1647 quoddity1647 intimacy1648 ens1649 inbeing1661 essence1667 interiority1701 intrinsic1716 stamen1758 character1761 quidditas1782 hyparxis1792 rasa1800 bone1829 what1861 isness1865 inscape1868 as-suchness1909 Wesen1959 eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxi. 480 Þa stanas, forðæm [hi] sint stillre gecynde & heardre, [bioð] earfoðe to tedælenne. OE Blickling Homilies 33 He wæs on anum hade twegra gecynda; he wæs soþ man.., swylce he wæs soþ God. OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 366 Þæt an gecynd [c1175 Bodl. 343 icynd] þe him is gemæne nele geþafian þæt hi þry godas syndon, ac an ælmihtig God æfre on ðrym hadum. a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 77 Nawiht efter flesces wille, ne efter likames ikunde. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 149 Þet brihte ikunde þet god haueð in ow ibroht of saule and of likame. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 10980 Þer-inne is feower kunnes fisc and ælc fisc an his ende þer he his cun findeð, ne mai þer nan to oðere buten al swa tacheð his icunde. b. A person's natural disposition or temperament. Cf. kind n. 1c. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun] heartOE erda1000 moodOE i-mindOE i-cundeOE costc1175 lundc1175 evena1200 kinda1225 custc1275 couragec1300 the manner ofc1300 qualityc1300 talentc1330 attemperancec1374 complexionc1386 dispositiona1387 propertyc1390 naturea1393 assay1393 inclinationa1398 gentlenessa1400 proprietya1400 habitudec1400 makingc1400 conditionc1405 habitc1405 conceitc1425 affecta1460 ingeny1477 engine1488 stomach?1510 mind?a1513 ingine1533 affection1534 vein1536 humour?1563 natural1564 facultyc1565 concept1566 frame1567 temperature1583 geniusa1586 bent1587 constitution1589 composition1597 character1600 tune1600 qualification1602 infusion1604 spirits1604 dispose1609 selfness1611 disposure1613 composurea1616 racea1616 tempera1616 crasisc1616 directiona1639 grain1641 turn1647 complexure1648 genie1653 make1674 personality1710 tonea1751 bearing1795 liver1800 make-up1821 temperament1821 naturalness1850 selfhood1854 Wesen1854 naturel1856 sit1857 fibre1864 character structure1873 mentality1895 mindset1909 psyche1910 where it's (he's, she's) at1967 OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iii. vi. 187 Þa ne gelyfde na se cyning Totila, þæt hit [sc. his flushed face] him for his gecynda [L. consparsionis] wære, ac he wende, þæt hit for singalum gedrynce wære. a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 71 (MED) Ðanne mot me lokin ðin ikinde, and ðinne lichames hæle oðer unhale. 2. A natural quality, property, or characteristic. Cf. kind n. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [noun] > a property, quality, or attribute i-cundeOE kindOE thingOE quality1340 virtue1340 assizea1375 propertyc1390 principlea1398 conditionc1460 faculty1490 predicatea1513 epitheton1547 passion1570 propriety1584 affection1588 attribute1603 qualification1616 appropriate1618 intimacy1641 bedighting1674 belonger1674 cleaver1674 interiority1701 internal property1751 predicable1785 coloration1799 internality1839 OE Whale 49 He hafað oþre gecynd, wæterþisa wlonc, wrætlicran gien. lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xxxiii. 317 For þi ic cwæð þæt sio sawul wære þriofeald, forþam þe uðwitan secgað þæt hio hæbbe þrio gecynd... Twa þara gecyndu habbað netenu swa same swa men. a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 69 (MED) Lieue saule, ic ðe warni and ȝierne bidde ðat tu..understande and lierne fastliche ða ȝekyndes of sennes. 3. Nature in the abstract; the established order or regular course of things within the universe or natural world. Cf. kind n. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [noun] > nature > natural order or course of nature i-cundeeOE course of kindc1325 course of nature1511–12 natural order1531 the natural1765 eOE Metres of Boethius (partly from transcript of damaged MS) (2009) xiii. 17 Þara micles to feola woroldwuniendra winð wið gecynde. OE Lord's Prayer II 24 Þa wurþiað þin weorc wordum and dædum, þurh gecynd clypiað and Crist heriað. lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xvi. 274 Seo gecynd hit onscunað þæt hi ne magon weorðan togædere gemenged [etc.]. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 1383 (MED) Wroþ wurþe heom þe holirode Þe rihte ikunde [a1300 Jesus Oxf. icund] swo for breideþ! 4. The natural form, state, or condition of something. Cf. kind n. 4.Only in Old English. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > [noun] > original or natural condition i-cundeeOE kindc1175 statea1387 disposition1581 natural1633 natural state1653 eOE Metres of Boethius (2009) xxviii. 63 Sona gecerreð ismere ænlic on his agen gecynd, weorðeð to wætre. OE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) i. vii. 39 Seo wylle & þæt wæter, gefylledre wilsumnesse & ðære ðenunge þæs eadigan martyres..hwearf eft to gecynde. lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xxxix. 360 Hwy ne wundriað hi þæs..hwy þæt is weorðe & eft for þære sunnan sciman to his agnum gecynde weorðe? 5. A customary mode of behaviour; one's manner, fashion, or way. Cf. kind n. 6.Only in Old English. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > [noun] > habitual or characteristic i-cundeeOE manner?c1225 usagea1400 way1563 style1937 eOE Metrical Dialogue of Solomon & Saturn (Corpus Cambr. 422) ii. 499 Swa ðonne feohteð se feond on feower gecynd. OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Corpus Cambr. 41) 25 Dec. (2013) 34 Þi geare man geseah meoloc rinan of heofnum and lamb spæcan on mennisc gecinde. 6. a. A group of animals or plants linked by common origin or characteristics; a species, breed, etc. Cf. kind n. 8a.Only in Old English. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] kindeOE i-cundeOE mannera1225 jetc1330 colour1340 hair1387 estrete1393 gendera1398 hedea1400 savourc1400 stockc1450 toucha1500 rate1509 barrel1542 suit1548 fashion1562 special1563 stamp1573 family1598 garb1600 espece1602 kidney1602 bran1610 formality1610 editiona1627 make1660 cast1673 tour1702 way1702 specie1711 tenor1729 ilk1790 genre1816 stripe1853 persuasion1855 OE Guthlac A 44 Ealdað eorþan blæd æþela gehwylcre ond of wlite wendað wæstma gecyndu. OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 2nd Ser. (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xii. 118 God geswac ða his weorces, swa þæt he na ma gecynda siððan ne gesceop, ac swa ðeah he gemenigfylt dæghwomlice þa ylcan gecynd. b. A people, an ethnic group, a tribe, a race. Also: a family. Cf. kind n. 10.Only in Old English. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinship group > stock, race, or family > [noun] kinc825 strindc900 maegtheOE i-cundeeOE birdeOE houseOE kindOE kindreda1225 bloodc1300 strainc1330 lineage?a1366 generationa1382 progenya1382 stock1382 nationc1395 tribec1400 ligneea1450 lifec1450 family1474 prosapy?a1475 parentage1490 stirpc1503 pedigree1532 racea1547 stem?c1550 breed1596 progenies1673 familia1842 uji1876 eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxii. 486 Nis nan gecynd þe wið hire [scipen]des willan winne buton dysig [mon o]ððe eft þa wiðerweardan englas. OE Cynewulf Elene 734 Ne mæg þær manna gecynd of eorðwegum up geferan in lichoman mid þa leohtan gedryht, wuldres arars. lOE Will of Brihtric & Ælfswið (Sawyer 1511) in A. Campbell Charters of Rochester (1973) 51 Sirede Hæslholt innon þæt gecynde, & Wulfege & Ælfege his breðer Herigeardeshamme innon þæt gecynde. 7. a. Gender, sex. Cf. kind n. 16.Only in Old English. ΘΚΠ the world > life > sex and gender > [noun] i-cundeOE kinc1000 birtha1250 kinda1382 OE Phoenix 356 God ana wat, cyning ælmihtig, hu his gecynde bið, wifhades þe weres. OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) vii. 2 Nim in to ðe of eallum clænum nytenum seofan & seofan ægðres gecyndes. b. The genitals. Cf. kind n. 15a.Only in Old English. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > sex organs > [noun] shapea1000 shameOE i-cundeOE memberc1300 privy memberc1325 kindc1330 privitiesc1375 harness1382 shameful parts1382 genitoriesa1387 partc1390 tailc1390 genitalsa1393 thingc1405 genitalc1450 privy parts1533 secret1535 loin?1541 genitures1548 filthy parts1553 shamefulness1561 ware1561 meatc1564 natural places1569 secret members1577 lady ware1592 natural parts1601 lady's ware1608 gear1611 private parts1623 groin1631 pudendums1634 natural1650 privacies1656 sex1664 secrecyc1675 nudities1677 affair1749 sexual parts1753 person1824 sex organ1847 privates1940 naughty bits1972 OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) ix. 23 Sem & Iapheth dydon anne hwitel on heora sculdrum..& beheledon heora fæderes gecynd. OE tr. Medicina de Quadrupedibus (Vitell.) iv. 246 Wið heafodece, genim foxes gecynd, ymfoh þæt heafod utan, hraþe þæs heafodes sar byþ aweg afyrred. 8. Progeny, offspring, descendants. Also: a person's lineage or ancestry. Cf. kind n. 11, 12a. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > lineage or descent > [noun] kinc892 strindc900 i-cundeOE bloodOE kindredOE birtha1250 strainc1275 gesta1300 offspring?a1300 lineagea1330 descentc1330 linec1330 progenya1382 generationc1384 engendrurec1390 ancestry?a1400 genealogya1400 kind?a1400 stranda1400 coming?a1425 bedc1430 descencec1443 descension1447 ligneea1450 originc1450 family1474 originala1475 extraction1477 nativityc1485 parentelea1492 stirpc1503 stem?c1550 race1563 parentage1565 brood1590 ancientry1596 descendance1599 breeding1600 descendancy1603 delineation1606 extract1631 ancestory1650 agnation1782 havage1799 engendure1867 society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > progeny or offspring bairn-teamc885 childeOE tudderc897 seedOE teamOE wastum971 offspringOE i-cundeOE fostera1175 i-streonc1175 strainc1175 brooda1300 begetc1300 barm-teamc1315 issuea1325 progenyc1330 fruit of the loinsa1340 bowel1382 young onec1384 suita1387 engendrurea1400 fruitinga1400 geta1400 birth?a1425 porturec1425 progenityc1450 bodyfauntc1460 generation1477 fryc1480 enfantement1483 infantment1483 blood issue1535 propagation1536 offspring1548 race1549 family?1552 increase1552 breed1574 begetting1611 sperm1641 bed1832 fruitage1850 OE tr. Wonders of East (Tiber.) §11. 192 Ðonne hi kennan willað, þonne farað hi [on scipum] to Indeum, & [þær] hyra gecynd on weorold bringað. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1018 He hire sette name on..to munien his ikunde whone he icomen weore. 9. That which properly belongs to or befits a person by birthright or inheritance, esp. territories or possessions held by right of inheritance. Cf. kind n. 13.Earlier currency is probably implied by quot. a1325, a late and interpolated copy of a charter of 1065–6. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > [noun] > hereditary > right by birth or birthright i-cundelOE kindc1300 forbirtha1400 birthright1530 inheritance1535 birthdoma1616 birthhood1651 lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1086 Normandige þet land wæs his gecynde. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5586 He cleopede to Brutlonde. þat hit wes his icunde. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3944 Iulius Cesar..halt þer eower icunde. a1325 ( Writ of Edward the Confessor, Westminster (Sawyer 1148) in F. E. Harmer Anglo-Saxon Writs (1952) 369 Swa swa Ælgyfu Imme min moder on minre frumbirde dæiæge to forme gyfe hit me gæf & to gecinde becwæð. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online September 2021). † i-cundeadj. Forms: Old English gecynde, Old English gekynde (in derivatives), early Middle English ȝecende, early Middle English ȝecunde (in derivatives), early Middle English icunde, early Middle English icynde, early Middle English ikunde. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: i-cunde n. Etymology: < i-cunde n. Compare kind adj. Obsolete. 1. a. In keeping with the natural constitution, character, or condition of someone or something; natural. Cf. kind adj. 1a.In Old English frequently with the person for whom a thing is natural and expected as complement in the dative. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective] > innate or natural i-cundeeOE fleshly971 kindlyOE kindc1175 naturalc1275 kindc1390 innatea1420 nativea1425 inborn1513 innative1513 habitual1526 ingenerate1531 instincta1538 innated1545 inset1545 of one's nativity1582 inbreda1592 connatural1599 prognatec1600 ingenious1601 ingenit1604 congenite1610 connativea1618 intuitive1621 infusive1630 habituous1633 veined1633 genial1646 connatea1652 relollacean1654 relollaceous1657 relolleous1662 congenial1664 complanted1668 ingrown1670 ingenerated1677 unborrowed1704 cogenite1712 born1741 naturable1771 unacquired1793 congenerous1813 congenital1848 ingrain1852 indigenousa1864 ingenital1886 wired-in1957 eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxix. 524 Þone deað þe eallum monnum is gecynde to þolianne. OE Beowulf (2008) 2696 Ic æt þearfe [gefrægn] þeodcyninges andlongne eorl ellen cyðan, cræft ond cenðu, swa him gecynde wæs. OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 53 Ius naturale, gecynde riht. a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 235 (MED) Si forme lage þat is si ȝecende lage..þat is þat non man ne don oðere buton þat þe he wolde þat me ded him. b. Appropriate or suited to the inherent nature or character of someone or something. Usually with the person or thing as complement (in the dative or, later, with to). Cf. kind adj. 2a. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > suitability or appropriateness > [adjective] > suited to the nature of anything i-cundeeOE i-cundelyOE kindly1340 kinda1400 connatural1604 eOE Metres of Boethius (partly from transcript of damaged MS) (2009) xiii. 63 Hio [sc. the sun] ofer moncyn stihð a upweardes, oð hio eft cymeð þær hire yfemesð bið eard gecynde. a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 57 (MED) Sume libbeð unorneliche on mete and on claðes, naht for godes luue, ac swilch hit hem bie icynde. ?a1300 St. Eustace (Digby) l. 215 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 215 (MED) Weddes nimen and orf to puinde—Þereto nes him nout I-cunde. 2. a. Having a claim or right by birth or inheritance; belonging to a person by right of birth or inheritance; rightful. Cf. kind adj. 3a, 3b. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > [adjective] > resting on hereditary right > by birth or descent i-cundeeOE kindc1325 kindlyc1450 native1596 eOE Metres of Boethius (transcript of damaged MS) (2009) i. 6 Gotan..hæfdan him gecynde cyningas twegen, Rædgod and Aleric. OE Daniel 3 Gefrægn ic Hebreos..cyningdom habban, swa him gecynde wæs. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11575 Heo nom Riculfe..and hefuen hine to kinge þeh hit neore him noht icunde. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9061 Nim þu þene kine-halm he is þe icunde. b. Of a country or language: being that of a person's birth; native. Cf. kind adj. 4a, natural adj. 17a. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native people > [adjective] inbornc1000 theodiscc1000 i-cundeOE landisha1300 kindc1325 denizen1483 kindly born1483 native1488 naturally born1523 naturala1533 home-bred?1560 natural1574 home-born1577 homeling1577 natural-born1583 land-born1589 self-bred1590 self-born1597 indigene1598 land-breda1599 vernaculous1606 kindly1609 inbred1625 terrigenist1631 native-born1645 indigenous1646 indigenary1651 indigenital1656 aboriginal1698 own-born1699 indigenal1725 homegrown1737 terrigenous1769 indigenate1775 OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 120 Idioma, proprietas linguę, agen & gecynde spræc. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11061 Aȝif us ure icunde lond. a1300 Passion our Lord 668 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 56 Eueruych þer vnderstod his icunde speche. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online September 2021). < n.eOEadj.eOE
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