† improvingn.¹

Forms: see improve v.¹ and -ing suffix¹.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: improve v.¹, -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: < improve v.¹ + -ing suffix¹.

Obsolete.

The action of improve v.¹; disproving, refutation; reproval.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > [noun]

gainsayingc1330

assoilinga1382

improvingc1443

unprovingc1449

lancing1470

redarguation?c1500

confutationa1530

redargution1529

reproof1529

confusion1530

disproof1531

reprehension1531

reproving1535

refutation?1536

improbation1556

refuting1563

disproving1587

conviction1593

infringement1593

refutal1599

gainsay1602

eviction1606

convincement1612

disproval1614

confutinga1617

improof1641

confutement1645

confute1646

refute1646

disprovement1662

reviction1677

invalidatinga1716

invalidation1771

rebutment1823

rebuttal1831

disconfirmation1937

c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 449 (MED) Aftir þe reprouyng and inprouyng of suche feiþis and hopis, good it is to reherce..þe temptaciouns whiche bringen men..into hem.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 5 To vnroote and ouerturne tho thre trowingis..bifore the improuyng of othere.

c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock Donet (1921) 81 (MED) Þat oþire mennys foormes..ben insufficient and inconuenient to þilk purpos, schal be schewid in a tretice..whos name schal be þis ‘þe inprouing of mennys insufficient foormes’.

?c1535 L. Cox Arte Rhethorycke (new ed.) sig. B Argumentes for the prouinge or improuynge of compounde Themes.

1574 J. Whitgift Def. Aunswere to Admon. ii. 100 You shoulde haue kept you to the improuing of this generall proposition.

1604 S. Hieron Preachers Plea 170 Improuing (or conuincing) of Gainesayers, that their mouths may be stopped.

1620 R. Brathwait Ess. Fiue Senses 82 My inuention..hath euer seated and setled it selfe, on the serious commending of goodnesse, with a modest improuing of what was vicious.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online September 2021).

improvingn.²

Brit.

/ɪmˈpruːvɪŋ/, U.S.

/ᵻmˈpruvɪŋ/

Forms: see improve v.² and -ing suffix¹; also 1600s improueing, 1600s improueinge, 1600s improveing.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: improve v.², -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: < improve v.² + -ing suffix¹. Compare earlier improvement n.

The action of improve v.² (in various senses); the process or practice of making better, more valuable, etc.; improvement. Also as a count noun: an improvement.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > [noun]

amendment1483

improvement1549

improvinga1563

recoverya1632

mendment1644

cultivation1791

reclaim1799

reclamation1810

intaking1812

redemption1812

clearing1821

reclaimment1852

land reclamation1881

breaking-in1891

greening1955

a1563 V. Leigh Moste Profitable Sci. Surueying (1577) sig. Bi The Surueiyng, gouernyng, and prudent improuyng..of the same [sc. Landes and Tenementes].

1623 T. Gataker Ioy of Iust 50 Praying instantly for the sweet dewes of his Spirit, to descend downe vpon our soules, for the cherishing and improuing of this seed of ioy sowen in vs.

1655 S. Hartlib Legacy (ed. 3) 302 There is lately invented a new and very useful Engine, both for quencing [sic] of Fire, and improving of Husbandry.

1743 Sel. Trans. Soc. Improvers Knowl. Agric. Scotl. Ded. p. ix The Union..no doubt has contributed much..to raise the Spirit of Improving in other Counties.

1785 J. Phillips Treat. Inland Navigation 49 Were it for nothing else but the improving of land..the expence would be amply repaid.

1844 R. B. Seeley Remedies Perils of Nation xiii. 460 It [sc. the Poor Law dietary] is in most cases too low, and far more generally needs improving than diminishing.

1874 Musical Standard 11 July 25/1 A palpable effort to make a good thing out of an unfortunate business, an improving of the occasion.

1913 J. F. Fraser Russia of To-day xx. 268 No doubt the love of vivid colouring..accounts for this improving on Nature.

1956 K. Tennant Honey Flow 113 The improving and clearing and ring-barking went on until the foothills of the enclosing ranges were almost bare of trees.

2013 K. O'Rourke & J. Peters Taking Fire iv. 81 While Son Tay didn't rescue the POWs, the raid likely contributed to an improving of conditions for them.

Compounds

improving lease n. (a) Scots Law an extended lease granted to encourage a tenant to make improvements to a property; (b) = improvement lease n. at improvement n. Compounds 2 (now chiefly historical).

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > buying > hiring or renting > [noun] > taking on rent or lease > lease > types of land lease

year-tack1532

rental1541

running1696

improving leasea1723

improvement lease1825

pastoral lease1850

lend-lease1941

lease-back1947

a1723 H. Rowlands Idea Agriculturæ (1764) xxi. 214 When these improving Leases are out, then the Landlords will know, at the next Setting, what Benefits to make from their Lands so improved.

1823 Hobart Town Gaz. 4 Oct. To be Let, upon an improving Lease, a small Farm.

1861 G. Ross W. Bell's Dict. Law Scotl. (rev. ed.) (at cited word) A lease of ordinary endurance is a lease for nineteen or twenty-one years; and an improving lease is usually for thirty-eight or forty-two years.

1915 Dominion Law Rep. (Canada) 19 781 If put in repair or let upon an improving lease, it might bring a large rental.

2013 Daily Record (Glasgow) (Nexis) 29 Aug. 15 Since 2007, the 17th century castle has been run by the community on a 50-year improving lease from Invercauld Estate.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

improvingadj.

Brit.

/ɪmˈpruːvɪŋ/, U.S.

/ᵻmˈpruvɪŋ/

Forms: see improve v.² and -ing suffix².

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: improve v.², -ing suffix².

Etymology: < improve v.² + -ing suffix².

a. As the second element in compounds: that improves the thing specified.See also self-improving adj.

ΚΠ

1640 T. Shepard Sincere Convert To Rdr. sig. A3^v Spirituall Tractates full of Divine, necessary & conscience searching truths, yea precious soule-comforting, and soule-improving truths?

1698 T. Manlove Praeparatio Evangelica xiii. 166 'Tis this [sc. holy Meditation] that enlargeth our Knowledg and clears our Apprehensions in spiritual Matters..'tis a Soul-improving Duty indeed.

1747 P. Doddridge Some Remarkable Passages Life Col. J. Gardiner 168 Your Spiritual Hymns were among his most delightful and Soul-improving Repasts.

1780 W. Hayley Ode to J. Howard 13 How did the heart-improving sight Awake your wonder and delight.

1839 Evangelical Mag. & Gospel Advocate 18 Jan. 19/3 The work is..character improving.

1873 Herald of Health Mar. 129/2 A true education is a health improving process.

1921 Power 26 July 148/2 Determining the possible saving from any efficiency-improving expenditure.

1974 R. A. Caro Power Broker iv. xviii. 326 The taxpayers had received in return surprisingly little increment in life-improving steel and concrete.

1990 R. Staines Market Gardening iv. 49 I have already talked much about the soil-improving qualities of farmyard manure.

2003 N.Y. Mag. 9 June 24 (heading) With the stigma attached to mood-improving..drugs all but gone, New Yorkers are..self-medicating as never before.

b. That improves something or someone (in various senses of improve v.²); esp. that has a beneficial effect on a person's morals, character, or intellectual accomplishment.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [adjective]

land-tilling1393

colonicala1641

improving1650

farming1673

farmering1753

minifundista1969

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [adjective]

betteringc1625

meliorating1649

improving1650

enriching1674

ameliorating1767

ameliorative1796

meliorative1808

uprating1968

1650 E. Williams Virgo Triumphans 12 Designe the drier part for wheat and barly, That which is more visited with an improving moysture, to Rice and Sugar.

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. v. 695 The..Soul hath also another Ampliating, or Increasing and Improving Power.

1748 J. Hervey Medit. (ed. 3) I. 41 Where find so discreet a Counsellor; so improving an Example?

1775 J. Anderson Ess. Agric. II. vi. 418 I am well acquainted with the fine bent-grass..but..would not recommend it to the improving farmer.

1792 M. Riddell Voy. Madeira Ded. 6 After it has once undergone a few corrections from your improving hand.

1806 Evangelical Mag. July 307 To see such a man resigned to the will of God,..what an improving, interesting sight is this!

1884 G. Allen Philistia II. 11 Read a few verses of some improving volume every night.

1909 Englishman 3 Feb. 341/1 The local authority..will prove another lion in the improving land-owner's path.

1968 Adv. in Food Res. 16 420 Several antioxidants had an improving effect when doughs were mixed in air.

2004 Daily Tel. 22 June 13/1 Clinton helpfully updates his reading list to include more titles of an improving nature.

2. That is improving in quality, standard, etc.; becoming better or more desirable.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [adjective] > improving or growing better

improving1643

on the mend1802

bettering1876

1643 W. Typing Fathers Covnsell 8 This course will begin you a Heaven upon Faith, and keepe your soul alwayes in an improoving condition.

1694 F. Bragge Pract. Disc. Parables viii. 298 A soul so filled with grace as the improving soul will be.

1766 S. Pennington Lett. II. v. 76 Happy as it always makes me..to hear of your corporeal ease and improving health, [etc.].

1791 G. Washington Let. 20 July in Papers (1999) XIII. 49 The country appears to be in a very improving state.

1839 R. Fitzroy in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle I. ii. 14 On the 28th, with some appearance of improving weather, we made an attempt to pass through the Narrow.

1866 H. B. Godwin Sherbrooke xvi. 114 We were both strongly attached to our capricious but steadily improving pupils.

1891 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 88 Improving powers of criticism.

1922 Econ. Jrnl. 32 308 The improving organisation of the marine-store dealers and other handlers of ‘junk’.

1977 Detroit Free Press 11 Dec. 18- b/3 Improving city neighborhoods are excellent buys—especially rehabilitation areas where urban pioneers have turned the neighborhood around.

2005 D. T. Courtwright Sky as Frontier iv. 64 An improving safety record translated into an airmail loss rate half that of registered packages sent by rail.

Derivatives

imˈprovingly adv. in an improving manner; so as to improve a person or (occasionally) thing; (also) with improvement.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [adverb]

improvingly1658

enrichingly1817

1658 C. Gilbert Soveraign Antidote 157 Let's know him still more..improvingly in the power of his Resurrection, and in the fellowship of his sufferings.

1762 T. Gent Hist. Great Eastern Window York Pref. p. xvii Surprizing Beauties of Scriptural Knowledge; that..improvingly illustrate the..Sermons.

1827 Jrnl. Senate Commonw. Kentucky 40 Since my report of last year, the operations of the institution have gone on prosperously and improvingly.

1852 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 71 461 How are we to amuse them?—Respectably of course; improvingly by all means.

1908 Scrap Bk. 5 52/1 My vocal pipes were just then beginning to respond improvingly to the artistic plumbing of my master.

1937 Hammond (Indiana) Times 2 Aug. 1/1 They have a long tap-root that stirs up the mud improvingly.

2002 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 8 Feb. 27 A make-'em-laugh-not-scream message that's custom-made to reverberate improvingly in our climate of graphic, desensitising entertainment.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹c1443

n.²a1563

adj.1640

单词	improving
释义	† improvingn.¹ Forms: see improve v.¹ and -ing suffix¹. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: improve v.¹, -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < improve v.¹ + -ing suffix¹. Obsolete. The action of improve v.¹; disproving, refutation; reproval. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > [noun] gainsayingc1330 assoilinga1382 improvingc1443 unprovingc1449 lancing1470 redarguation?c1500 confutationa1530 redargution1529 reproof1529 confusion1530 disproof1531 reprehension1531 reproving1535 refutation?1536 improbation1556 refuting1563 disproving1587 conviction1593 infringement1593 refutal1599 gainsay1602 eviction1606 convincement1612 disproval1614 confutinga1617 improof1641 confutement1645 confute1646 refute1646 disprovement1662 reviction1677 invalidatinga1716 invalidation1771 rebutment1823 rebuttal1831 disconfirmation1937 c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 449 (MED) Aftir þe reprouyng and inprouyng of suche feiþis and hopis, good it is to reherce..þe temptaciouns whiche bringen men..into hem. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 5 To vnroote and ouerturne tho thre trowingis..bifore the improuyng of othere. c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock Donet (1921) 81 (MED) Þat oþire mennys foormes..ben insufficient and inconuenient to þilk purpos, schal be schewid in a tretice..whos name schal be þis ‘þe inprouing of mennys insufficient foormes’. ?c1535 L. Cox Arte Rhethorycke (new ed.) sig. B Argumentes for the prouinge or improuynge of compounde Themes. 1574 J. Whitgift Def. Aunswere to Admon. ii. 100 You shoulde haue kept you to the improuing of this generall proposition. 1604 S. Hieron Preachers Plea 170 Improuing (or conuincing) of Gainesayers, that their mouths may be stopped. 1620 R. Brathwait Ess. Fiue Senses 82 My inuention..hath euer seated and setled it selfe, on the serious commending of goodnesse, with a modest improuing of what was vicious. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online September 2021). improvingn.² Brit. /ɪmˈpruːvɪŋ/, U.S. /ᵻmˈpruvɪŋ/ Forms: see improve v.² and -ing suffix¹; also 1600s improueing, 1600s improueinge, 1600s improveing. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: improve v.², -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < improve v.² + -ing suffix¹. Compare earlier improvement n. The action of improve v.² (in various senses); the process or practice of making better, more valuable, etc.; improvement. Also as a count noun: an improvement. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > [noun] amendment1483 improvement1549 improvinga1563 recoverya1632 mendment1644 cultivation1791 reclaim1799 reclamation1810 intaking1812 redemption1812 clearing1821 reclaimment1852 land reclamation1881 breaking-in1891 greening1955 a1563 V. Leigh Moste Profitable Sci. Surueying (1577) sig. Bi The Surueiyng, gouernyng, and prudent improuyng..of the same [sc. Landes and Tenementes]. 1623 T. Gataker Ioy of Iust 50 Praying instantly for the sweet dewes of his Spirit, to descend downe vpon our soules, for the cherishing and improuing of this seed of ioy sowen in vs. 1655 S. Hartlib Legacy (ed. 3) 302 There is lately invented a new and very useful Engine, both for quencing [sic] of Fire, and improving of Husbandry. 1743 Sel. Trans. Soc. Improvers Knowl. Agric. Scotl. Ded. p. ix The Union..no doubt has contributed much..to raise the Spirit of Improving in other Counties. 1785 J. Phillips Treat. Inland Navigation 49 Were it for nothing else but the improving of land..the expence would be amply repaid. 1844 R. B. Seeley Remedies Perils of Nation xiii. 460 It [sc. the Poor Law dietary] is in most cases too low, and far more generally needs improving than diminishing. 1874 Musical Standard 11 July 25/1 A palpable effort to make a good thing out of an unfortunate business, an improving of the occasion. 1913 J. F. Fraser Russia of To-day xx. 268 No doubt the love of vivid colouring..accounts for this improving on Nature. 1956 K. Tennant Honey Flow 113 The improving and clearing and ring-barking went on until the foothills of the enclosing ranges were almost bare of trees. 2013 K. O'Rourke & J. Peters Taking Fire iv. 81 While Son Tay didn't rescue the POWs, the raid likely contributed to an improving of conditions for them. Compounds improving lease n. (a) Scots Law an extended lease granted to encourage a tenant to make improvements to a property; (b) = improvement lease n. at improvement n. Compounds 2 (now chiefly historical). ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > buying > hiring or renting > [noun] > taking on rent or lease > lease > types of land lease year-tack1532 rental1541 running1696 improving leasea1723 improvement lease1825 pastoral lease1850 lend-lease1941 lease-back1947 a1723 H. Rowlands Idea Agriculturæ (1764) xxi. 214 When these improving Leases are out, then the Landlords will know, at the next Setting, what Benefits to make from their Lands so improved. 1823 Hobart Town Gaz. 4 Oct. To be Let, upon an improving Lease, a small Farm. 1861 G. Ross W. Bell's Dict. Law Scotl. (rev. ed.) (at cited word) A lease of ordinary endurance is a lease for nineteen or twenty-one years; and an improving lease is usually for thirty-eight or forty-two years. 1915 Dominion Law Rep. (Canada) 19 781 If put in repair or let upon an improving lease, it might bring a large rental. 2013 Daily Record (Glasgow) (Nexis) 29 Aug. 15 Since 2007, the 17th century castle has been run by the community on a 50-year improving lease from Invercauld Estate. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). improvingadj. Brit. /ɪmˈpruːvɪŋ/, U.S. /ᵻmˈpruvɪŋ/ Forms: see improve v.² and -ing suffix². Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: improve v.², -ing suffix². Etymology: < improve v.² + -ing suffix². 1. a. As the second element in compounds: that improves the thing specified.See also self-improving adj. ΚΠ 1640 T. Shepard Sincere Convert To Rdr. sig. A3^v Spirituall Tractates full of Divine, necessary & conscience searching truths, yea precious soule-comforting, and soule-improving truths? 1698 T. Manlove Praeparatio Evangelica xiii. 166 'Tis this [sc. holy Meditation] that enlargeth our Knowledg and clears our Apprehensions in spiritual Matters..'tis a Soul-improving Duty indeed. 1747 P. Doddridge Some Remarkable Passages Life Col. J. Gardiner 168 Your Spiritual Hymns were among his most delightful and Soul-improving Repasts. 1780 W. Hayley Ode to J. Howard 13 How did the heart-improving sight Awake your wonder and delight. 1839 Evangelical Mag. & Gospel Advocate 18 Jan. 19/3 The work is..character improving. 1873 Herald of Health Mar. 129/2 A true education is a health improving process. 1921 Power 26 July 148/2 Determining the possible saving from any efficiency-improving expenditure. 1974 R. A. Caro Power Broker iv. xviii. 326 The taxpayers had received in return surprisingly little increment in life-improving steel and concrete. 1990 R. Staines Market Gardening iv. 49 I have already talked much about the soil-improving qualities of farmyard manure. 2003 N.Y. Mag. 9 June 24 (heading) With the stigma attached to mood-improving..drugs all but gone, New Yorkers are..self-medicating as never before. b. That improves something or someone (in various senses of improve v.²); esp. that has a beneficial effect on a person's morals, character, or intellectual accomplishment. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [adjective] land-tilling1393 colonicala1641 improving1650 farming1673 farmering1753 minifundista1969 the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [adjective] betteringc1625 meliorating1649 improving1650 enriching1674 ameliorating1767 ameliorative1796 meliorative1808 uprating1968 1650 E. Williams Virgo Triumphans 12 Designe the drier part for wheat and barly, That which is more visited with an improving moysture, to Rice and Sugar. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. v. 695 The..Soul hath also another Ampliating, or Increasing and Improving Power. 1748 J. Hervey Medit. (ed. 3) I. 41 Where find so discreet a Counsellor; so improving an Example? 1775 J. Anderson Ess. Agric. II. vi. 418 I am well acquainted with the fine bent-grass..but..would not recommend it to the improving farmer. 1792 M. Riddell Voy. Madeira Ded. 6 After it has once undergone a few corrections from your improving hand. 1806 Evangelical Mag. July 307 To see such a man resigned to the will of God,..what an improving, interesting sight is this! 1884 G. Allen Philistia II. 11 Read a few verses of some improving volume every night. 1909 Englishman 3 Feb. 341/1 The local authority..will prove another lion in the improving land-owner's path. 1968 Adv. in Food Res. 16 420 Several antioxidants had an improving effect when doughs were mixed in air. 2004 Daily Tel. 22 June 13/1 Clinton helpfully updates his reading list to include more titles of an improving nature. 2. That is improving in quality, standard, etc.; becoming better or more desirable. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [adjective] > improving or growing better improving1643 on the mend1802 bettering1876 1643 W. Typing Fathers Covnsell 8 This course will begin you a Heaven upon Faith, and keepe your soul alwayes in an improoving condition. 1694 F. Bragge Pract. Disc. Parables viii. 298 A soul so filled with grace as the improving soul will be. 1766 S. Pennington Lett. II. v. 76 Happy as it always makes me..to hear of your corporeal ease and improving health, [etc.]. 1791 G. Washington Let. 20 July in Papers (1999) XIII. 49 The country appears to be in a very improving state. 1839 R. Fitzroy in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle I. ii. 14 On the 28th, with some appearance of improving weather, we made an attempt to pass through the Narrow. 1866 H. B. Godwin Sherbrooke xvi. 114 We were both strongly attached to our capricious but steadily improving pupils. 1891 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 88 Improving powers of criticism. 1922 Econ. Jrnl. 32 308 The improving organisation of the marine-store dealers and other handlers of ‘junk’. 1977 Detroit Free Press 11 Dec. 18- b/3 Improving city neighborhoods are excellent buys—especially rehabilitation areas where urban pioneers have turned the neighborhood around. 2005 D. T. Courtwright Sky as Frontier iv. 64 An improving safety record translated into an airmail loss rate half that of registered packages sent by rail. Derivatives imˈprovingly adv. in an improving manner; so as to improve a person or (occasionally) thing; (also) with improvement. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > improvement > [adverb] improvingly1658 enrichingly1817 1658 C. Gilbert Soveraign Antidote 157 Let's know him still more..improvingly in the power of his Resurrection, and in the fellowship of his sufferings. 1762 T. Gent Hist. Great Eastern Window York Pref. p. xvii Surprizing Beauties of Scriptural Knowledge; that..improvingly illustrate the..Sermons. 1827 Jrnl. Senate Commonw. Kentucky 40 Since my report of last year, the operations of the institution have gone on prosperously and improvingly. 1852 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 71 461 How are we to amuse them?—Respectably of course; improvingly by all means. 1908 Scrap Bk. 5 52/1 My vocal pipes were just then beginning to respond improvingly to the artistic plumbing of my master. 1937 Hammond (Indiana) Times 2 Aug. 1/1 They have a long tap-root that stirs up the mud improvingly. 2002 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 8 Feb. 27 A make-'em-laugh-not-scream message that's custom-made to reverberate improvingly in our climate of graphic, desensitising entertainment. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2015; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹c1443n.²a1563adj.1640
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† improvingn.1

improvingn.2

Compounds

improvingadj.

Derivatives

† improvingn.¹

improvingn.²