in.n.1
As a graphic abbreviation: = inch n.1
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > inch
inchc1000
in.1636
prime1836
1636 in Mariner's Mirror (1950) 36 327 Firred ship, 13 in. on each side.
1789 J. Brand Hist. & Antiq. Newcastle I. 687 Upon these sleepers, other pieces of timber called rails, of 4 or 5 in. square are laid.
1840 A. Bartholomew Specif. Pract. Archit. ii. xli. §4070 Jack-planed joists 9 ins. by 2¼ ins.
1963 Meteorol. Gloss (Meteorol. Office) (ed. 4) 83 An ‘absolute drought’ is a period of at least 15 consecutive days, to none of which is credited 0·01 in., or 0·2 mm, or more of rainfall.
2008 L. J. Malone & T. Dolter in Basic Concepts Chem. (ed. 8) i. 37 From what is given and what is requested, decide what the conversion factor must do (e.g., convert in. to cm).
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021).
inn.2
/ɪn/, U.S. /ɪn/ I. Contrasted with out, usually explicitly, but sometimes by implication.
1. In plural. ins and outs: windings or turnings in and out; devious or tortuous turns to and fro in a road, a course of action, etc.; (in extended use) ramifications, complexities, the complete details of something. Also occasionally in singular. See also outs and ins at out n. 3.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > series of curves > [noun] > winding curve(s)
folda1250
windinga1387
wrinkling1387
revolution?a1425
wrinkle1430
crink1567
crank1572
cringle-crangle1573
crinkle1596
crankle1598
crinkle-crankle1598
meander1603
anfractuosity1612
ins and outs1655
sinuationa1676
insinuationa1684
anfractus1719
sinuosity1720
flexuosity1737
evolution1765
cringle1808
wriggle1825
voluminosity1841
squiggle1902
the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > entanglement or entangled state > complication or complexity > [noun] > a complicated state of affairs > complicated courses of action
ins and outsa1670
the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > the quality of being specific > [noun] > quality of being specific or detailed > a detail or particular > details or particulars > complicated
outs and ins1658
ins and outs1844
1655 S. Fisher Christianismus Redivivus 11 What you stile stating the question in the first head the very same you call making a Position in your answer..: Sirs, what a sight of ins, and outs, are here?
a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) i. 152 Follow their Whimsies and their In and Outs at the Consulto, when the Prince was among them.
1763 B. Franklin Let. 28 June (1966) X. 304 I hear of Ins and Outs and Ups and Downs, and know neither why nor wherefore.
1780 G. A. Stevens Songs in Cabinet of Fancy 9 At childish fairs the round-abouts, The ups and downs, the ins and outs, The trumpet's sound, and trump'ry gay things, Are emblems o'th' passion's play-things.
1809 B. H. Malkin tr. A. R. Le Sage Adventures Gil Blas III. vii. vi. 86 Laura..required from me a faithful and true narrative of all my pros and cons, my ins and outs, since that..separation of ours.
1837 Mirror of Lit. 22 Apr. 253/2 No, if you want to know the ins and the outs of the Yankees—I've wintered them and summered them.
1844 T. Hood Laying down Law in Whimsicalities I. 287 A celebrated Judge, too prone to tarry, To hesitate on devious inns and outs.
1862 G. A. Sala Seven Sons Mammon III. v. 83 The labour of following the ins and outs of the close-clustered carriages.
1878 R. H. Hutton Scott ii. 27 Keen appreciation of the ins and outs of legal method.
1889 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Robbery under Arms xxii He knew the ins and outs of the road better than any of us.
1907 N. Love Life & Adventures vii. 46 I was fast learning the many ins and outs of the business.
1911 Boot & Shoe Recorder 5 Apr. 96/2 The majority of retail merchants..try to be the whole show and consequently every in and out of their business depends upon them.
1966 D. J. Enright Conspirators & Poets ii. 106 His acquaintance with men who matter and his intimacy with the ins and outs of the corridors which they walk.
2012 D. G. Lokay Around World on Dollar a Day vii. 93 Those who knew every in and out of the town.
2. A person on the inside.† c. An inside passenger on a coach. Obsolete.
a. In plural. In politics: the party which is in office (see in adv. 11c), usually in (the) ins and (the) outs.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > holder of office > [noun] > those in office
in1741
1741 T. C. Pagett Misc. Prose & Verse 351 The Outs are always Knaves and Fools; The Ins are Wise and Good enough.
1764 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 20 July (1932) (modernized text) VI. 2603 I believe that there will be something patched up between the ins and the outs.
1774 H. Swinburne in Courts Europe Last Cent. (1841) I. 16 What an epoch for ministers, both ins and outs!
1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto XIII xxiv. 67 Juan stood well both with Ins and Outs.
1884 C. H. Spurgeon in Pall Mall Gaz. 19 June 11/1 Everything the Ins do the Outs denounce, and then the moment this denunciation has done its work, the Outs take the place of the Ins, and are abused in their turn, not because they are wrong, but because they are in.
1930 W. K. Hancock Australia x. 210 Before the advent of Labour politics tended to be a battle of the Ins and Outs.
1977 P. R. Moody Opposition & Dissent in Contemp. China i. 1 In liberal societies there is usually..a fairly clear distinction between the ins and the outs, between government and opposition.
2012 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 77 20/1 Party politics began with a distinction purely internal to the political field—the Ins and the Outs—and later expanded to incorporate exogenous interest groups.
b. In plural. In games: the side whose turn it is to play (see in adv. 11d). Also: the side in possession of the ‘den’.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > player or sportsperson > [noun] > team or group > types of
twelve1573
county1729
colt1789
in1825
Big-side1845
offence1884
all-American1888
farm1896
farm club1896
farm team1896
dream team1911
skin1930
A-team1976
1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. 581/2 The station which in E[ngland] is called Home is here the Den, and those who keep it, or are the seekers, are called the Ins... The business of the Ins is..to lay hold of the Outs before they can reach the Den. The captive then becomes one of the Ins.
1853 F. Gale Public School Matches 13 The ‘Outs’ are pleased at the steady pace, and the ‘Ins’ are equally pleased with the steady batting.
1862 J. F. Campbell Pop. Tales W. Highlands IV. i. 37 (note) The circle within which the ‘in’s’ stand at the game of rounders.
1891 Daily News 4 Aug. 4/8 In an ocean-going steamship..a ball in the rigging or in the air funnels is the fortune of the ins.
1901 R. C. Maclagan Games Argyleshire 212 If one of them sees one or more of the other side, he cries, ‘I spy’, and names the individual, who must now pursue and try and catch one of the ‘ins’ before they reach the den.
2003 G. Vecchione Sidewalk Games 14 The Ins have a Den, and one member of the Outs has a ‘jewel’ (which can be any object, a key, a stone, a coin).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > public passenger transport > [noun] > number of passengers using specific transport > coach passenger sitting inside or outside
outside passenger1762
outside1789
in1844
out1844
insider1854
1844 J. T. J. Hewlett Parsons & Widows I. i. 8 The Exeter Highflier—one of the fastest out of London. Room for two outs and an in.
3. In plural. People who go in. In later use in ins and outs: people who are constantly entering and leaving the workhouse. Cf. in-and-out class at in and out adv. 4. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > poverty > [noun] > poor person > poor person in receipt of relief > in an institution > occasionally
casual poor1593
casual1865
ins and outs1884
in-and-out class1897
in and out family1904
1811 J. Carr Descriptive Trav. Spain & Balearic Isles Introd. 6 Here is a gate with two openings, one for passengers going into, and the other for those who are coming out of, it. A guard attends to keep the ins and the outs distinct, and in their proper line of march.
1884 Daily News 10 Dec. in J. R. Ware Passing Eng. Victorian Era (1909) 157/1 There are considerable numbers of paupers..who find the workhouse a convenient retreat on emergency... They are known familiarly as ‘the ins-and outs’.
1886 Rep. Minister Agric. Dominion of Canada 1885 App. p. xlvi These figures, in three years, thus show that taking the difference between the ins and the outs at all the points at which the Grand Trunk Railway touches the United States, there has been a gain or net immigration of 5,224.
1896 Poor Law Schools Comm.: Rep. Comm. Maintenance & Educ. Children I. xi. 71 in Parl. Papers (C. 8027) XLIII. 1 The fluctuating class of children whose parents frequently discharge themselves from the workhouse, and in a few days seek re-admission. These cases are known among Poor Law officials as ‘ins and outs’.
1905 Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 467 The ‘ins and outs’ of Great Britain have characteristics which may be described as nomadic.
2012 D. H. Taylor Balancing Budget is Progressive Priority i. 5 We need a long-range plan for a balanced budget, in which all of the ins match all of the outs. The ins of course are taxes, while the outs are expenditures.
2014 S. Fowler Workhouse v. 103 The rest were the offspring of vagrants, tramps and the ‘ins and outs’ who were always coming and going from the house.
II. Access.
4. colloquial (Scottish and U.S.). A means of accessing a place. Now rare.
ΚΠ
1875 W. Alexander Sketches Life among my Ain Folk 209 Nae an in cud we win for near an oor, till we got an aul' ledder an' pat it up to the en' o' the hoose.
1931 Amer. Speech 7 109 Where's the in to this joint?
1947 C. S. Montanye Frozen Stiff in Pop. Detective Mar. 101/1 Somebody with an in to the ice cream joint unlocked the outside doors with a company key.
1959 in Sc. National Dict. (1960) V. at In prep., adv., v., n. ‘Did the Laird lat ye in?’ ‘Never an in did I get.’
5. colloquial (originally U.S.).
a. Special access to, influence over, or an understanding with someone of power, fame, or authority. Frequently in to have an in with.
ΚΠ
1929 E. D. Sullivan Rattling Cup Chicago Crime ii. 21 His strong ‘in’ with police, built largely at the outset, with their organization's money.
1958 N. F. Leopold Life plus 99 Years iii. 58 He had some sort of special ‘in’ with Warden Westbrook of the jail and was allowed more privileges than the other reporters.
1961 J. Heller Catch-22 (1962) xxi. 210 The only colonel he trusted was Colonel Moodus, and even he had an in with his father-in-law.
1973 ‘E. McGirr’ Bardel's Murder i. 18 He wondered if she had an ‘in’ with some manufacturer.
2008 P. Zuckerman Society without God iv. 76 I had to have some ‘in’ with people before I felt comfortable asking them for an interview.
b. An introduction to someone of power, fame, or authority; a means of access to a particular individual, group, or community.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > power > influence > [noun] > influence with a person in authority
in1930
1930 Amer. Mercury Dec. 454/1 An in, an introduction; to place in a position to bribe. ‘Get me an in with the skipper of that precinct.’
1940 R. Chandler Farewell, my Lovely xxxvi. 276 It stands to reason that he had an in with the city government, but that don't mean they knew everything he did or that every cop on the force knew he had an in.
1947 J. Steinbeck Wayward Bus iv. 44 If her cousin was Clark Gable, why, that was an ‘in’ you couldn't beat.
1950 ‘J. Tey’ To love & be Wise xix. 248 A girl has a more difficult time getting an ‘in’ in a racket.
1962 J. Wain Strike Father Dead v. 210 He had always been meaning to base himself in Paris for a while; all he had been waiting for was what he called ‘an in’. Well, now he had got the ideal in.
1966 J. B. Priestley Salt is Leaving xiii. 177 I have an in with a couple of the directors.
2016 Sun (Nexis) 22 Oct. (TV section) 52 Newman is delighted she's got an ‘in’ with Elliot—who they think killed Le Saux—and pushes her to dig deeper.
c. to be on the in: to be an insider; to have special access to someone or something.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > secrecy, concealment > operate secretly [verb (intransitive)] > share secret
to be of (a person's) bosom1608
to be in (rarely on) the secret1680
to be on the in1932
to be on the inside1932
1932 Amer. Speech 7 436 A Stanford man who is well liked by a sorority is ‘on the in’ with that house.
1936 J. Steinbeck In Dubious Battle vi. 78 ‘You a big guy?’ ‘I'm on the in,’ said the boy.
1942 L. V. Berrey & M. Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §480/4 On the in, smarted up, wise (to), wised (up).
1989 Jrnl. Amer. Res. Center Egypt 26 233/1 A month later, Ilyas Andraos, very much on the in with the king, approached Jefferson Caffery seeking a green light for Hilali' s dismissal.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
Inn.3
/ˌʌɪˈɛn/, U.S. /ˌaɪˈɛn/ Chemistry.
The element indium.
ΚΠ
1864 Mechanics' Mag. 3 June 365/1 The lines In α and In β fall respectively upon divisions 107.5, and 140 of the photographic scale of the spectroscope.
1879 W. H. Greene tr. A. Wurtz Elements Mod. Chem. 336 Indium chloride, In2Cl6, is formed when indium is heated in a current of chlorine.
1984 N. N. Greenwood & A. Earnshaw Chem. of Elements vii. 288 Analogous compounds of Ga and In are grey or semi-metallic in appearance.
1998 D. O. Haskard et al. in J. M. Polak Mod. Visualisation Endothelium 146 Six of these patients with stable arthritis were also imaged with 111In-labelled HIG [= human immunoglobulin].
2015 A. Kabata-Pendias & B. Szteke Trace Elements Abiotic & Biotic Environments xx. 144 All food groups contain In, in relatively small amounts.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
inadj.
/ɪn/, U.S. /ɪn/ Frequently hyphenated to the following noun: cf. in- prefix1.
1. That is in; that lies, remains, lives, is situated, or is used in or inside; inner, internal. Frequently contrasted with out.Recorded earliest in in-part n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adjective]
inwardc888
inlyeOE
inwardlyc1000
inc1430
innerly1434
interial?a1475
internal?a1475
interior1490
intrinsic1490
interna1560
intrinsical1571
embowelled1609
insidea1616
intraneous1656
intestine1664
inwith1768
ad intra1825
indoor1874
c1430 tr. Leges Malcolmi Mackenneth in Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. App. iv. 710/2 All þe insicht uithin þe inpert of þe hous (þat is to say uithin þe cruke hingand abufe þe fire).
?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) v. 305 Up he rose, put on His in and out weed.
1681 W. Robertson Phraseologia generalis (1693) 734 You made it out by in and home proofs.
1693 Answer Treat. Just Meas. 5 What's this but to say we may have one sort of Power to Govern the out Part, and another to guide the in?
1818 Cobbett's Weekly Polit. Reg. 33 469 To suppose..that the out part of ‘the regiment’ would be disposed to call the in part of ‘the regiment’ to account.
1864 W. D. Latto Tammas Bodkin xxvi. 275 I've an auld dowie chaumer.., An oot-hoose, an in-hoose, a but-hoose, an' ben.
1905 G. F. Reynolds Some Princ. Elizabethan Staging 26 So in Cymbeline, II, 2 (folio), ‘Enter Imogen in her bed, and a lady’, the scene seems surely an in scene.
1920 J. Firth Reminisc. Orkney Parish 12 The fair drew an immense crowd from the ‘Oot’ Isles and the ‘In’ Isles.
2006 H. Zrizi in L. Touaf & S. Boutkhil Representing Minorities vii. 70 The narrative keeps shifting between the in-world and the out-world.
2. Designating, relating to, or restricted to a select social group; esoteric. Hence: fashionable, sophisticated. Cf. in adv. 15.Earliest in in-group n. Otherwise rare until the 1960s.See also in-joke n., in-reference n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > fashionableness > [adjective] > smart
gallantc1420
galliard1513
fine1526
trickly1580
pink1598
genteel1601
sparkful1605
sparkish1657
jaunty1662
spankinga1666
shanty1685
trig1725
smartish1738
distinguished1748
nobby1788
dashing1801
vaudy1805
swell1810
distingué1813
dashy1822
nutty1823
chic1832
slicked1836
flash1838
rakish1840
spiffy1853
smart1860
sassy1861
classy1870
spiffing1872
toffish1873
tony1877
swish1879
hep1899
toffy1901
hip1904
toppy1905
in1906
floozy1911
swank1913
jazz1917
ritzy1919
smooth1920
snappy1925
snazzy1931
groovy1937
what ho1937
gussy1940
criss1954
high camp1954
sprauncy1957
James Bondish1966
James Bond1967
schmick1972
designer1978
atas1993
as fine as fivepence-
1906 W. G. Sumner Folkways i. 12 Thus a differentiation arises between ourselves, the we-group, or in-group, and everybody else, or the others-groups, out-groups.
1960 Spectator 14 Oct. 555 A personable young strip-peuse at Vegas (as we ‘in’ people call Las Vegas).
1961 Harper's Bazaar Apr. 138/2 The dahlings of the profession—beloved by ‘in’ audiences who adore a coterie joke.
1966 B. Took & M. Feldman in B. Took & M. Coward Best of ‘Round the Horne’ (2000) 2nd Ser. Programme 1. 69/2 Op-Art he means... Very trendy and inner than in, isn't it Sand?
1970 O. Norton Dead on Prediction ii. 41 It is the in place. You'd be surprised who you meet there.
1990 Door July 32/1 The Episcopal Church was the ‘in’ church in the '80s.
2004 Observer (Nexis) 12 Dec. (Mag.) 32 Creating an ‘in’ language of buzzwords and groupspeak.
Compounds
In sense 2.
in thing n. (usually with the) a currently fashionable activity, style, commodity, etc.
ΚΠ
1959 Washington Post 22 July c3 Meeting under the clock at the Biltmore and listening to jazz in the Village is still the ‘in’ thing to do.
1965 Melody Maker 13 Feb. 10 Record companies release more discs in the belief that folk is the new ‘in thing’.
a1985 S. Criss in I. Gitler Swing to Bop (1987) v. 169 It was such an in thing. The audience were special people... They were very into the music.
2015 Saga Mag. Aug. 53/1 Wood-fired outdoor pizza ovens are the In Thing.
in word n. a fashionable word, a buzz word.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > that which is important > essential or central
pitheOE
effectc1405
substancec1450
kernel1556
nick1577
keystone1641
vitals1657
narrow1702
secret1738
ganglion1828
nub1833
primality1846
keyword1848
knub1864
buzzword1946
in word1964
the mind > language > a language > register > [noun] > jargon
language1502
term of art1570
fustiana1593
jargoning1623
jargon1651
speciality1657
lingo1659
cant1684
linguaa1734
patois1790
slang1801
shibboleth1829
glim-glibber1844
argot1860
gammy1864
patter1875
stagese1876
vernacular1876
palaver1909
babble1930
buzzword1946
in word1964
rabbit1976
society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > word or cry > [noun] > slogan or catchword
slogan1704
catchword1715
nayword1828
catchphrase1834
catchline1842
catchcry1843
yell1867
watch-cry1882
buzzword1946
in word1964
1964 Transition No. 16. 46/1 ‘Socialist’ is the in-word for Indian politics.
1969 New Scientist 9 Oct. 74/1 The words ‘computer’ and ‘education’ must be two of the most overworked in-words of the decade.
1988 W. Williams Washington, Westm. & Whitehall v. 115 Management has become an ‘in’ word taking on nearly mystic qualities.
2003 India Internat. Centre Q. 30 65 Bankim's project was, to use the in-word of the time..an assimilative ‘Aryan’ Hindu one.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
inv.
/ɪn/, U.S. /ɪn/ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > undertaking > beginning action or activity > begin action or activity [verb (intransitive)]
beginc1000
onginOE
aginOE
ginc1175
to go tillc1175
to take onc1175
comsea1225
fanga1225
to go toc1275
i-ginc1275
commencec1320
to get (also get down, go, go adown, set, set down) to workc1400
to lay to one's hand(sc1405
to put to one's hand (also hands)c1410
to set toc1425
standa1450
to make to1563
to fall to it1570
to start out1574
to fall to1577
to run upon ——1581
to break off1591
start1607
to set in1608
to set to one's hands1611
to put toa1616
to fall ona1625
in1633
to fall aboard1642
auspicatea1670
to set out1693
to enter (into) the fray1698
open1708
to start in1737
inchoate1767
to set off1774
go1780
start1785
to on with1843
to kick off1857
to start in on1859
to steam up1860
to push off1909
to cut loose1923
to get (also put) the show on the road1941
to get one's arse in gear1948
lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. xxii. 287 He [sc. se læcecræft] bið swiðe biter on muðe..; ac he werodað syððan he innað and bið [eOE Otho innan bið and] liðe on þam innoðe.
1633 P. Fletcher Purple Island i. i. 1 The warmer Sun the golden Bull outran, And with the Twins made haste to inne and play.
1639 J. Clarke Paroemiologia 13 We inne diversely, but end alike.
2. transitive. Originally: †to take in (territory), to annex (obsolete). Subsequently: to enclose (waste land); esp. to reclaim (marsh). Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > reclamation > reclaim [verb (transitive)]
ina1387
reclaim1440
improve1523
win1531
mitigate1601
reform1607
stuba1650
regain1652
redeem1671
reduce1726
to bring to1814
to bring in1860
to break in1891
green1967
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 367 (MED) Aluredus inned Londoun first, and Colwulfus deel to his owne kyngdom.
1529 T. More Dyaloge Dyuers Maters iv. xiv. f. cxix/2 Ye landis Inned by dyuers owners in ye Ile of Tenate.
1542–3 Act 34 & 35 Henry VIII c. 9 §1 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 966 Wapping Marshe..beyng longe tyme surrounded and over flowen wt water was recovered and ynned by the saide Cornelys.
1592 F. Bacon Observ. Libel in Resuscitatio (1661) 113 Wast, and unprofitable Ground Inned, Reclaimed, and Improved.
1640 W. Somner Antiq. Canterbury 290 Appledore mershes were inned in his time.
1662 W. Dugdale Hist. Imbanking & Drayning Fens xiii. 64 Six hundred Acres thereof, were then won, and inned with Walls, Banks etc. from the water.
1852 Humber Conserv. Act 2038 Any part of the shores..shall be inned, gained, or reclaimed from the water.
1875 W. D. Parish Dict. Sussex Dial. (at cited word) I inned that piece of land from the common.
1889 Eng. Hist. Rev. 4 374 Further changes were wrought by the fair-seeming process of ‘inning’ the marshes, or damming out the tides by embankments.
1950 W. G. Arnott Suffolk Estuary v. 37 The Tudor landowners..promoted a number of schemes for inning the marshes bordering their estates.
1993 Past & Present No. 139 59 Both Henry Fynch and Goddard Oxenbridge also inned parcels of marsh.
2011 Guardian (Nexis) 19 Mar. 8 Much of the marsh was reclaimed, or ‘inned’, as early as the 13th century.
3. † b. transitive. To harvest (a field). Obsolete. N.E.D. (1900) labels this sense ‘Now local’.
a. transitive. To gather (grain, hay, or other produce) into the barn, stackyard, etc.; to harvest or house. Also intransitive (formerly also in the progressive with passive meaning). Now regional or historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > harvesting > harvest (a crop) [verb (transitive)]
gatherc950
getc1250
harvestc1400
in?1407
win1487
ingatherc1575
crop1602
enda1616
to get in1699
to get up1764
secure1842
?1407 T. Hoccleve in E. P. Hammond Eng. Verse between Chaucer & Surrey (1927) 67 (MED) Were our seed Inned wel we mighten pleye.
1496 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (de Worde) x. viii. sig. &ij/1 Thou shalt tylle and other shall in that thou tyllest.
1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. xxii. 55 Then he taryed tyll they had inned all their corne and vyntage.
1568 V. Skinner tr. R. González de Montes Discouery Inquisition of Spayne f. 80 Hereupon came all that plentifull haruest that hath bene inning 8. or 10. yeares, of those good seedes of yt Gospel, which then were by them so painfully sowen.
1580 J. Stow Chrons. of Eng. sig. y.ii This yeare was an earlye Haruest, so that all the corne was inned before Saint Giles daye.
c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 96 Notwithstanding all wes ind and bair.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 562 They make greater hast to cut it [Barley] downe, and to inne it.
1676 T. Clark in S. Drake Hubbard's Narr. Indian Wars New Eng. (1865) II. 139 (note) To fight the Enemie out of our Borders, that our English Corn may be inned in.
1711 Evening Post 8-10 Feb. (advt.) At Crouch End in Hornsey are two Stacks of old Hay, well Inned and that never took wet to be sold a Pennyworth.
1743 W. Ellis Suppl. to London & Country Brewer (ed. 2) 253 When Barley is inn'd wet, it will heat or burn in the Mow.
1750 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman III. 124 The Aylesbury Vale Farmer, who always endeavours to inn his Hay a little undermade, that it may mow-burn, and cause his Cattle to drink the more Water.
1821 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 8 428 October either rots, or inns the stuff.
1847 Tait's Edinb. Mag. 14 842 The brownie had inned the corn and threshed it.
1867 Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. Scotl. 1 60 The Dunbar farmers were busy ‘inning’, when their brethren on the west coast were just beginning to cut.
1914 Kelso Chron. 6 Feb. The turnips, or the barley strae Ready tae in.
1948 M. Carbery & E. Grey Herts. Heritage 101 In the corn and in the barley.
1956 Econ. Hist. Rev. 8 392 The land that would otherwise have been bare fallowed was ploughed as soon as the corn was inned, that is, by mid-August in all but the worst years.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > harvesting > harvest (a crop) [verb (transitive)] > harvest a field
in1567
1567 Elmley Castle Court Roll in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. (1965) 55 87/2 Et quod nullus colligat aliquod granum by weye of leasinge but only after the whole furlong ys rydd or inned & nott within xxti lands of any corne or grayne growing or cutt downe.
1646 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 234 From the tyme of seedeing till the towne feild be inned.
1827 J. Mitchell Sketches on Agric. 113 I inned a field on sixth of August, of wheat.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > understanding > understand [verb (transitive)]
yknoweOE
acknowOE
anyeteOE
latchc1000
undernimc1000
understandc1000
underyetec1000
afindOE
knowOE
seeOE
onfangc1175
takec1175
underfindc1200
underfonga1300
undertakea1300
kenc1330
gripea1340
comprehend1340
comprendc1374
espyc1374
perceivea1387
to take for ——?1387
catcha1398
conceivea1398
intenda1400
overtakea1400
tenda1400
havec1405
henta1450
comprise1477
skilla1500
brook1548
apprend1567
compass1576
perstanda1577
endue1590
sound1592
engrasp1593
in1603
fathom1611
resent1614
receivea1616
to take up1617
apprehend1631
to take in1646
grasp1680
understumblec1681
forstand1682
savvy1686
overstand1699
uptake1726
nouse1779
twig1815
undercumstand1824
absorb1840
sense1844
undercumstumble1854
seize1855
intelligize1865
dig1935
read1956
1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. ii. iv. 211 He hath assuredly vnderstood and inned the very imagination, and the true conceit of the Author.
1673 E. Polhill Divine Will ix. 426 The second Instant or Moment is that wherein God in and by the Word, so intimately inned in the Heart, doth produce the Principles of Grace there.
5. † a. transitive. To get in, gather in, collect. In some uses perhaps extended from sense 3a. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > get or make money [verb (transitive)] > bring in (a revenue)
raise1389
levy1469
to pull in?1529
to fetch again1535
to bring in?1548
yield1573
produce1585
answer1596
in1609
render1687
net1758
rent1775
realize1777
earn1847
recoup1868
1609 W. Holbrooke No Gaine to this 13 Let them..thinke nothing gaine but godlinesse, and that which is inned by the same, not being vnsatiable, or alwaies of a hauing and receiuing disposition.
1615 E. Sharpe Britaines Busse sig. Ev The same [money] is clearly inned againe, together with all other charges.
1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. x. 49 The profits of two former years, which the Knight inned at his own cost.
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Fat, the last landed, inned or stowed of any sort of Merchandize.
b. transitive. To take, bring, or convey (a person or thing) into a place. Also: to keep in or inside. In early use also intransitive with with introducing the thing conveyed (cf. in adv. 7c). Cf. out v. 5. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > absence of movement > [verb (intransitive)] > remain in one place
stickeOE
abideOE
dwell13..
occupy1413
to leave behind?a1425
remain1426
reside1488
consist1542
in1825
to stay put1843
the world > movement > absence of movement > render immobile [verb (transitive)] > stop the movement of
withdrawa1300
check1393
stayc1440
stopc1440
acheckc1450
dead1602
deaden1661
in1825
still1850
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming in > go or come into [verb (transitive)] > bring in
bringc950
inbringc1000
embringc1325
inveigh1486
importa1529
introduct1570
introduce1639
in1825
wheel1970
1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan 159 I ins with my hand arter that; and I outs with a handfull o' the right stuff.
1845 H. W. Herbert Warwick Woodlands 132 I drawed out the small shot, and inned with these, and put fresh caps on to be sarten.
1908 M. M. Gulf Stream in M. Cunliffe-Owen Cradle of Rose ii. 17 The life-boat barely inned.
1913 New Eng. Mag. Nov. 376/2 It rained in torrents all afternoon. I was inned for the rest of the day.
1997 M. Berberich in Creative Nonfiction No. 8 41 To start the game, I inned the ball to Minnesota Man who..snapped a pass back to me.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
inadv.
/ɪn/, U.S. /ɪn/ I. Senses relating to motion or direction.The usual use in Old English and early Middle English; cf. discussion in the etymology section.
* With verbs or predicatively.
1. Expressing motion from a point outside certain limits to a place within these.See also phrasal verb uses at come n.1, go n.1, take v., etc.Frequently followed by prepositions indicating the direction, extent, etc., of the movement, as in at, by, †on, through, to, under, etc. See also in adoors at adoors adv.
a. So as to penetrate or pass into a certain space or state.See also to break in at break v. Phrasal verbs, to cut in at cut v. Phrasal verbs, to rub in at rub v.1 Phrasal verbs, etc.Quot. OE1 could alternatively be interpreted as showing prefixed income v.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming in > [adverb]
ineOE
inwardc1000
within1297
benward1572
ingate1590
inwards1598
in-bye1768
inside1866
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming in > in or into (of motion) [preposition]
ineOE
intoa1000
eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 894 Þa sona æfter þæm on ðys gere for se here of Wirheale in on Norðwealas.
OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Exod. (Claud.) xxi. 3 Ga he ut mid swylcum reafe swylce he in com [L. intraverit].
OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxvi. 41 Waciaþ & gebiddað eow þæt ge in ne gan on costunge.
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 91 Þenne þe procession ut goð of ierusalem and eft þenne it in cumeð.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 60 Hwase wule mei gan in.
?a1300 Vision St. Paul (Digby) l. 179 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1879) 62 404/2 Hoe freteþ þe brain And crepeþ in and out [a1300 Jesus Oxf. vt and in] aȝein.
c1440 (?a1400) Sir Perceval (1930) l. 1538 The portere..Lete þe knyghtis in fare.
c1480 (a1400) St. Nicholas 363 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 491 Þocht þe ȝet wes before sparyt, with strinth he enterit In.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xxiii. f. xxxijv Ye youre selves goo nott in, nether suffre ye them that come to enter in.
1561 R. Eden tr. M. Cortés Arte Nauigation iii. vii. sig. I.viv The beames of the Sunne enter in by the lyttle hole of the other tablet or raysed plate, and precysely by the other lyttle hole of the other tablet.
1614 W. Squire tr. Newes from Mamora sig. A3 The said Army arriued before Mamora, and came to an Anchor without reach of Shot, aboute a league of, for that the tyde serued not to go in.
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 43 The Tennants of the Till being slid in through the Cutting-in aforesaid.
1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 11 In comes my Nephew.
1788 E. Picken Poems & Epist. 125 A skepp o' Bees,..Wadg't in atween twa willow trees, An' airtan to the sinwart.
1814 J. West Alicia de Lacy III. 215 We shall be never the nearer..unless we can climb in at the..window.
1850 C. Kingsley Alton Locke II. xii. 185 The candles waned grey, and the great light streamed in through every crack and cranny.
1894 S. Baring-Gould Kitty Alone II. 101 Put the cob in, said he to the ostler.
1960 Ames (Iowa) Daily Tribune 27 Sept. 6/6 The laboratory..improves the student's pronunciation by having him match his voice with the audio text being piped in through his earphones.
2015 BBC Focus Aug. 27/1 A regular pulsation was set up: air was pushed in and then it pushed back.
b. Into a building or other structure.Quot. OE2 could alternatively be interpreted as showing prefixed ingo v.
ΚΠ
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) i. 185 Gehref hit eal..& ga in syððan mid þinum hiwum.
OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Corpus Cambr. 196) 22 Nov. (2013) 216 Þa he gefullod wæs and yn eode on þone brydbur, þa stod se engel.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 14550 Noe..wrohhte an arrke. & ȝede himm sellf þa þiderr inn.
a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 38 In him com ur lord gon as is postles setten at mete.
c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 186 Þai come to þat inne..And in þai wente riȝt euene.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 349 Jn he com to hire boure.
a1500 Sir Degrevant (Cambr.) (1949) l. 805 (MED) A chaumbur..Busked was ȝare, And in sche feches þe knyȝth.
1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene vi. iii. sig. Bb7v The groome went streight way in, and to his Lord Declar'd the message. View more context for this quotation
1617 F. Moryson Itinerary iii. 66 The dores likewise by waights are made to shut of themselves at the heeles of him that comes in.
1741 Proc. Sessions Peace London & Middlesex 4–9 Dec. 6/1 We open'd the Street Door, and let the Prisoner Nash in.
1834 L. M. Sargent Groggy Harbor 18 Got a nice fire in the store, won't ye step in, and warm your fingers?
1910 R. Kipling Rewards & Fairies 219 And a wet yoke-weary bullock Pushed in through the open door.
2011 Church Times 21 Apr. 26/4 Parishioners assigned their roles as they walked in through the door.
c. Into a company or meeting of people, a person's home, business premises, etc., for a particular purpose. Also: (with reference to legislation) into a legislative assembly.
ΚΠ
OE Blickling Homilies 175 [Neron] heht oþre dæge hie ealle þry in beforan hine.
OE tr. Gospel of Nicodemus (Cambr.) i. §4. Ða cwæð se dema eft to þam rynele: far and swa hwar swa þu hyne gemete, gelæde hyne in to me.
c1425 Bk. Found. St. Bartholomew's (1923) 56 (MED) He was callid yn of the preyste and opposid.
1619 W. Balcanquhall Let. 13 Feb. 73 in J. Hales Golden Remains (1673) They were called in and dismist.
1626 N. Breton Fantasticks sig. F2v The first course is served in.
1651 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 86. 1309 Resolved upon the Question, That an Act for making intailed lands, and copy-hold lands, lyable to payment of debts be brought in.
1709 Session Rec. Kirkinner MS 25 Aug. in Sc. National Dict. (1960) V. at In The Session understanding that he was waiting on he was desired in.
1733 D. Turner Anc. Physician's Legacy 48 I was once called in to a Person, who from reading the Doctor's Treatise, had hastily gulped down a large Spoonful of the Vitriol Elixir.
1776 L. Carter Let. 31 Oct. in G. Washington Papers (1997) Revolutionary War Ser. VII. 62 A bill is brought in, to remove the seat of Governmt; some say up to Hanover.
1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. vii. 86 The dinner being now fairly sent in, the whole kitchen was at leisure to gossip with her.
1865 Punch 18 Feb. 65/1 The Strand Musick Hall Company owes a trifle of £45,000, can't pay it, and the sheriff has been ‘in’.
1903 G. Ade People you Know 116 The Tout said to play it across the Board, forward and back, up and down. He said that Rinkaboo would breeze in.
1938 E. Bowen Death of Heart (1948) i. i. 22 Mr. Quayne..saw her back in a taxi.., and was asked in for some Horlicks.
2005 Independent 18 Oct. 39/2 Ringing the office to say you won't be in.
d. Into the possession or control of a person or institution.See also to buy in 1 at buy v. Phrasal verbs.
ΚΠ
OE Charter: Abbot Ælfweard to Æðelmær (Sawyer 1423) in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 156 Æfter þreora manna dæge gange þæt land in mid i men & mid vi oxan.
?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 He begæt in landes þat rice men hefden mid strengthe.
1491 in T. Dickson Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1877) I. 180 Al offyciaris to bring in al sowmis restit awing in the rollis.
?1529 S. Fish Supplicacyon for Beggers sig. A2 Whate money pull they yn by probates of testamentes.
1572 Extracts Rec. in W. Chambers Charters Burgh Peebles (1872) 351 The auld taxt to be..gadderit in, and to pay the owtwautchis thairwith.
1611 R. Fenton Treat. Vsurie ii. xv. 104 Doe what they will, the moneths goe out, and the money comes in.
1637 Dumbarton Burgh Rec. (1860) 52 Outstanding monies to be got in.
1640 Act 16 Chas. I c. 37 §1 Diverse great summes of money have beene subscribed some part whereof is already paid in.
1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. viii. 406 They caused Provisions of Corn to be laid in,..assigning the publick Schools to that purpose.
1789 R. Norris Journey to Court of Bossa Ahádee in Mem. Reign Bossa Ahádee (1968) 99 Yet by having small beer, and breeding poultry added to what their occupation brings in, they are enabled to live.
1826 New Monthly Mag. 17 379 The May rents are coming in, and the thing will be settled before another month.
1921 C. Kingston Remarkable Rogues v. 68 The money rolled in, and Madame Rachel..now sported a carriage and pair.
2004 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 13 Aug. ii. 9/2 Gather in what you're owed, and more, for service above and beyond.
e. Into water, especially to swim. Cf. to go in 1c at go v. Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: John v. 4 Qui ergo primus descendisset post motum aquae sanus fiebat : se ðe forðon ærist ofdune stagade uel foerde in æfter styrenise..uætres hal son uere.
OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 54 Basilius..alede his ræf on þæra ea ofre & eode in nacod.
1534 Bible (Tyndale rev. Joye) (new ed.) John v. A Whosoever then fyrst after the steringe of the water, stepped in, was made whoale of what soever disease he had.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iii. 109 Ægeus..here leaped in, and drouned himselfe.
1728 A. Ramsay Miser & Minos in Fables & Tales ii The Miser..shaw'd the ferryman a knack, Jumpt in, swam o'er, and hain'd his plack.
1848 G. C. Furber Twelve Months Volunteer i. 61 ‘Have you been in already,’ said he. ‘No. We won't go in; there are too many alligators,’ they replied.
1973 L. Meynell Thirteen Trumpeters v. 80 ‘Have you been swimming?’ ‘Just going in.’
2014 C. Ng Everything I never told You viii. 209 It was hot and Nath had gone in for a swim.
2. Expressing the approach of something; so as to be near or present.
a. Expressing the beginning of a period of time.
(a) Of a period of time or a spell of weather: so as to begin. Frequently in to come in 9 at come v. Phrasal verbs 1.See also to see the (new) year in at year n. Phrases 4a(b), to watch in at watch v. 2b.Quots. OE1, OE2 could alternatively be interpreted as showing prefixed verbs (cf. in- prefix1 and income v.).
ΚΠ
OE Lacnunga (2001) I. clxxxii. 122 Þonne is oþer [sc. Egyptian day] in gangendum þam monþe þe we Agustus hatað se æresta monandæg.
OE Homily: De Sancto Iohanne (Corpus Cambr. 198) in Englische Studien (1885) 8 477 Þonne se monaþ in cymeð Januarii.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 119 Vre drihtnes halie passiun..is nu icumen in.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 597 Ðo ðe tende moned cam in, So wurð dragen ðe watres win.
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iv. f. 175 When the sleepie time of the night comes in, they make lesse and lesse noyse.
1657 Mercurius Politicus No. 390. 108 Since this Thaw weather came in, it hath been dissolved again.
1753 A. Nicol Rural Muse 114 And easter shades now usher in the night.
1838 H. Martineau Diary 1 Jan. in Autobiogr. (1877) III. 212 I had read in bed last night, to watch the year in.
1860 Amer. Agriculturist Dec. 353/3 The fading stars, the purpling dawn, and the rising sun, usher in his morning.
1953 Independent Press-Telegram (Long Beach, Calif.) 29 Dec. (Shoppers section) 2/1 As 1954 rings in, and the horns blow and the balloons rise colorfully to the ceiling.
2004 Independent 27 Dec. 26/5 I could not imagine a better way to ring in the new year.
(b) —— in, —— out: as each specified period of time comes in or begins, and goes out or closes; continually. Recorded earliest in week in (and) week out at week n. Phrases 3d. See day in (and) day out at day n. Phrases 3b, month in month out at month n.1 Phrases 1f, year in (and) year out at year n. Phrases 3a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > frequency > [adverb] > repeatedly
day and nightOE
morning, noon, and nightc1325
new and newa1425
time after time?a1425
over and overa1470
toties quoties1525
again and again1533
reiteratively1619
over and over again1637
repeatedlya1647
times without number1658
to and again1659
—— in, —— out1815
time and time again1821
day in (and) day out1824
recurringly1828
repetitiously1828
recurrently1841
repetitively1872
ever and again1880
recursively1901
twenty-four hours a day1914
serially1978
1815 Columbia Mag. Mar. 213/2 [They] take of their own accord more respite from labour, week in and week out, than the law exacts.
a1860 T. Parker West Roxbury Serm. (1892) 34 Inch by inch, year after year, century in, century out, it grows silently.
1904 Lancet 19 Mar. 813/2 Are these 2000 persons habitual loafers who, night in, night out, thus rest and are fed, or does the personnel of this crowd vary nightly?
1930 R. Macaulay Staying with Relations iii. 49 A solid gay phalanx of society, seeing one another day in, night out.
1997 Indianapolis Star 18 Apr. b2/6 I'm excited about every game we play, night in and night out.
2005 J. McGahern Memoir 267 I have told you time in time out that it won't go.
b. Of a consignment, a ship, a train, the mail, etc.: to or into a destination. See also to come in 3 at come v. Phrasal verbs 1, to get in 1c at get v. Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
a1399 in W. G. Benham Oath Bk. Colchester (1907) 9 Every schyp that comth yn with any charge shal payen iiijd.
1549 W. Thomas Hist. Italie f. 74 Whan any shippe cometh in, she taketh fyrst pilottes to sounde the waie.
1647 London Post No. 1. 6 Indeed by her working on the Sea, she was thought at first to indeavour to keep off from the Harbour, but not long after she came gently in.
1857 A. Trollope Barchester Towers I. v. 62 I see that there are three trains in and three out every Sabbath.
1904 H. James Golden Bowl I. xxii. 257 ‘And have you made out the very train—?’ ‘The very one. Paddington—the 6.50 “in”.’
1911 R. Brooke Let. Jan. (1968) 269 Your letter arrived by the last post in last night, and I..didn't get back in time to catch the last post out.
1999 J. Arnott Long Firm iii. 168 A huge consignment of industrial diamonds is due in in a couple of days.
2016 Crawley News (Nexis) 11 May 10 Check the arrivals board for the next flight due in.
c. Of a ship's sails: so as to be furled.
ΚΠ
1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. F2v Our topsailes vp, we trusse our spritsailes in.
1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxxi. 374 It was nothing but ‘haul down and clew up’, until we got all the studding-sails in.
1858 Admiral G. P. Hornby in M. A. P. Egerton Sir G. P. Hornby: Biogr. (1896) 60 In the first watch we got a rattler, only got the fore- and mizzen-top sails in in time to save them.
1915 Amer. Mag. May 38/3 The first thing now was to get the topsails in.
2012 L. A. Eakes Heart's Safe Passage xx. 296 They knew the risks if they did not get the sails in.
d. Of the tide: towards its highest level. Also used with reference to the encroachment of the sea.
ΚΠ
1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge ii. v. sig. E2v Thy tide of vengeance rowleth in.
1622 J. Taylor Very Merry Wherry-Ferry Voy. in Wks. (1769) ii. 10/2 The raging Sea..euery day..eateth further in, Still..wasting, washing downe the sand doth win.
1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII v. iii. 17 Port. How got they in? Man. Alas I know not, how gets the Tide in.
1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 114 From Venice to Ancona the Tide comes in very sensibly at its stated Periods.
1806 W. Clark Jrnl. 10 Jan. in Jrnls. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1990) VI. 196 The tides was Comeing in.
1921 F. O'Brien Mystic Isles S. Seas x. 159 But every six months or so a roaring tide rolls in from far at sea.
2014 D. Shafer Whiskey Tango Foxtrot 52 The tide comes in to cover the jagged sticks and stones of the lapped shore.
3. Expressing motion in the direction of a central point, a goal, a target, etc.; into close quarters.Quot. OE could alternatively be interpreted as showing a prefixed verb (cf. in- prefix1).
ΚΠ
OE tr. Felix St. Guthlac (Vesp.) (1909) v. 132 Hi þa sona þa awyrgedan gastas betwux þa grimlican lege in hruron and feollon, and þær þara arleasra manna sawla..getintregodon.
c1390 (?c1350) Joseph of Arimathie (1871) l. 537 (MED) Þen Seraphe fondes in, he and fourti knihtes, þer þe batayle was stiffest.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. l. 4088 (MED) Duke Nestor..Gan presen in with many worþi Greke.
1481 W. Caxton tr. Siege & Conqueste Jerusalem (1893) cxxix. 194 Thyse thre smote in emong the .xxx. turkes.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Bel & Dragon 30 Now whan ye kynge sawe, that they russhed in so sore vpon him,..he deliuered Daniel vnto them.
1626 T. Jenner Soules Solace sig. D Themselues in bed they cast They know not how; one runns in at the feete, Another hawles the blancket for the sheete.
1693 G. Collins Great Britain's Coasting-pilot ii. 18 You Sail close in by the south shoar: the Entrance into the River is very narrow.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. i. 112 By means of the head-way we had got, we loofed close in.
1867 J. M. Crawford Mosby & his Men xiv. 144 Our style of fighting being to pitch in, and ‘clean’ the enemy out, or be ‘cleaned out’.
1872 W. Black Strange Adventures Phaeton (1878) 532 The swans were sailing close in by the reeds.
1917 J. Masefield Old Front Line 28 Many men..as they went ‘in’ for the first time..felt..that they were leaving all ordered and arranged things.
1962 G. Murchie Music of Spheres v. 115 When improved radio devices for ‘homing in’ and automatic speed-blenders designed to avoid such errors have become standard space equipment.
2008 J. S. Fuqua In Wake of Boatman iii. 34 Kurt lunged in and struck Puttnum on the side of the head.
4. So as to confine or enclose.to cover in: see cover v.1 Phrasal verbs. to fence in: see fence v. 6b. to hem in: see hem v.1 3. to lock in: see lock v.1 Phrasal verbs 1. to roof in: see roof v. 1. to snow in: see snow v. 6d. to sock in: see sock v.5 3. to wall in: see wall v.2 1b.
ΚΠ
OE Genesis A (1931) 1585 Hie þa raðe stopon, heora andwlitan in bewrigenum under loðum listum.
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 901 He hæfde ealle þa gatu forworhte in to him & sæde þæt he wolde oþþe ðær libban oððe þær licgean.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) iv. l. 779 To the chawmer quhar he was vpon chance, ‘Speid fast,’ he said, ‘Wallace is lokit In’.
a1552 J. Leland Itinerary (1711) III. 10 A Creeke of Salt Water..hemmith in a peace of Mr. Reskymer's Parke.
a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 442 Two such siluer currents when they ioyne Do glorifie the bankes that bound them in.
1628 Bp. J. Hall Serm. Publike Fast 29 God hath taken it in from the barren Downes, and gooded it.
1760 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy I. xii. 62 Close pent up in the social chimney corner, where the culprit was barricado'd in, with a table and a couple of arm chairs.
1839 Bentley's Misc. 5 151 When the dusk is just closing in.
1891 ‘A. Thomas’ That Affair II. ix. 144 A secluded spot, well treed and shrubbed in.
1923 J. Hornell Indian Boat Designs 175 The fore part is decked in, and..has tumble-home sides.
2012 N. Hawley Good Father (2013) 217 We hit traffic on the highway... Murray tried to switch lanes, but we were boxed in.
5. So as to face towards the inside or interior; so as to recede or be sunk below or within the surface or profile of something. Frequently in to turn in 4a at turn v. Phrasal verbs 1, to turn in 5b at turn v. Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
eOE Acct. Voy. Ohthere & Wulfstan in tr. Orosius Hist. (BL Add.) (1980) i. i. 14 Þa beag þæt land þær eastryhte, oþþe seo sæ in on ðæt lond.
?1537 T. Elyot Castell of Helthe ii. viii. f. 24v All be it Scariole callyd whyte Endyue, hauynge the toppes of the leaues tourned in.
1559 P. Morwyng tr. C. Gesner Treasure of Euonymus 216 Ther is nied also of long iron fyershouel..turned in at the end according to a streigth corner, and ther in the end to be sumwhat made broder.
1611 A. Stafford Niobe 40 His cheekes, denting-in, as if he were still sucking at a bottle.
1644 J. Bulwer Chirologia 37 The turned up Hand, (the Thumbe bent in, and the other Fingers remisse).
1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I The Leaves of some Plants, which are hollowed in, like an Imbrex, or Gutter-Tile.
1711 W. Sutherland Ship-builders Assistant 165 Tumbling home, when the Ship-side declines from a Perpendicular upwards, or, as some call it, houses in.
1793 J. Huddart Brit. Patent 1952 3 The spindle is turning in, registering the strand.
1850 J. E. Cabot in L. Agassiz & J. E. Cabot Lake Superior i. iii. 115 We had to walk Indian fashion with toes turned in.
1932 M. Major in J. F. Dobie Tone Bell Easy (1965) 168 He turned the woolly side out and the skinny side in.
1994 Yoga Jrnl. Jan. 97/1 Make sure the back foot is exactly 90 degrees to the wall and the heel isn't turned in at an angle.
2001 N.Y. Times 15 July iv. 4/3 Why does the shower curtain suck in?
6. Into the bargain; in addition (to the legal amount); over and above, besides. See also to cast in 2 at cast v. Phrasal verbs, to give in 6 at give v. Phrasal verbs 1, to throw in 4 at throw v.1 Phrasal verbs.
ΚΠ
a1640 P. Massinger & J. Fletcher Very Woman iii. i. 9 in P. Massinger 3 New Playes (1655) He will not yeeld above a peck of Oysters, If I can get a quart of wine in too, ye are gone Sir.
1692 J. Hussey Gospel-feast opened 21 Thou hast all given in for nothing, and shalt never hear of a Bill of Charges to be brought and laid to thine account.
1718 Free-thinker No. 28. 1 To These [exquisite Faces] he threw me in Three Songs.
1839 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz (U.S. ed.) 71/2 And so you have the fight in, gratis.
1856 Punch 11 Oct. 148/1 (caption) This is really admirable! I get my swim—and a shower bath in.
1886 R. C. Praed Miss Jacobsen's Chance I. viii. 157 Don't be led away by that professional manner of his. It's the regulation thing, given in gratis with the prescription.
1907 St. George's Gaz. 30 Mar. 48/1 The forst time aa went be the boat, an' had the warst part of a shuggy shoo thraan in for nowt.
1935 in Auk 59 (1942) 101 We are moving 400 pounds of barley up to the Stillwater for swan food. The government buys the grain and I pack it in gratis.
1987 Pop. Mech. May 179/3 We've added an optional suction cup windshield mount and extra coiled power cord. (Sorry we can't afford to throw them in for free).
2012 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 13 Oct. (Arts & Life section) 2 An apprenticeship in gratis. That's long been another way of thinking about the MMVAs.
** In elliptical uses.
7. With main verb implied.
a. Used after auxiliary verbs, as may, must, shall, etc. Now chiefly poetic or rhetorical.
ΚΠ
OE Blickling Homilies 127 Is þonne on westan medmycel duru þæt mannes heafod ge þa sculdro magan in.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 60 Ase burch wið uten wal þet ferde mei in ouer al.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 232 Þet hy ne moȝe naȝt in.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 7549 (MED) Hij ne miȝtten jn ne oute.
a1450 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Caius) (1810) l. 3842 The Sarezynes myght neyther in ne oute.
1568 Newe Comedie Iacob & Esau ii. iii. sig. C.iv I must in againe, lest perhaps I be shent, For I asked no body licence when I went.
1628 R. Sanderson Two Serm. Paules-Crosse 125 Vnles God kept him back, he must on, and he must in, and he must in deepe.
1668 W. Davenant Man's the Master iii. i Sure, this is Isabella's chamber; the door is open! I'll in, and take my leave of her.
1679 T. Shadwell True Widow ii. 30 Come, let's in, and put it off to the Ladies as if you were friends.
a1763 T. Godfrey Prince of Parthia ii. ii. in Juvenile Poems (1765) 132 Ha! 'tis opportune—I'll in, and stab him now.
?1795 H. Macneill Scotland's Scaith 13 Hoot!..there's drouth in thinking—Let's in, Will, and syne we'll see.
1821 Ld. Byron Sardanapalus ii. i. 78 Let's in.
1836 J. Baillie Separation ii. iii. in Dramat. & Poet. Wks. (1851) 537/2 I'll in, And bear Tortona's greeting to my lord.
2006 M. Heyns tr. M. van Niekerk Agaat vi. 112 The windmill must turn, the thresher must churn. The pumpkin must in.
b. As an imperative, demanding the bringing in of someone or something, or with ellipsis of ‘go’, ‘enter’, ‘get’, or the like (cf. in v. 1).In quot. OE with næs (adverb) not at all.
ΚΠ
OE Metrical Charm: For Sudden Stitch (Harl. 585) 17 Ut, spere, næs in, spere.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) v. i. 37 This is some Priorie, in, or we are spoyl'd. View more context for this quotation
1705 tr. G. Guillet de Saint-Georges Gentleman's Dict. at Sail In Fore-top gallant sail! In main top gallant sail! In Misen-top sail!
1778 in Granite Monthly (1881) Nov. 67/2 Continues squally with rain; set close reefed top sails; in top sails.
1842 H. Taylor Edwin the Fair ii. iii, in Wks. (1877) II. 69 In, tag-rag—enter, rabblement—in, all!
1857 Mercantile Marine Mag. (1858) 5 1 In jib and main course.
1883 R. L. Stevenson Treasure Island i. v. 38 ‘In, in, in!’ he shouted, and cursed them for their delay.
1992 C. Sprawson Haunts of Black Masseur (1993) v. 140 Oh, a grand surge! We'll bath; quick! undress! Quick, quick! in, in!
c. With with followed by a noun phrase denoting the object of the action. Now usually as imperative.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of sails, spars, or rigging > [adverb] > furled > order to take in
in1594
1594 T. Lodge & R. Greene Looking Glasse sig. I2v Oh here they be, in with your victuals Adam.
1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. ix. 40 Settell your top sailes, take in the spret-saile, in with your topsailes, lower the fore-saile, [etc.].
1708 P. A. Motteux Wks. F. Rabelais (1737) iv. xviii. 76 He cry'd, in with your Top-sails.
1759 J. Townley High Life below Stairs 47 Visiters. Any where, any where—Up the Chimney if you will. Phillip There—in with you.
1800 Sportsman's Dict. (new ed.) at Bream fishing You may take a pipe of tobacco, and then in with your three rods as in the morning.
1879 Spectator 16 Aug. 1044/1 'Twas in with the sails, and away to shore, With the rise and swing, the rise and swing Of two stout lads at each smoking oar.
1883 R. Cleland Inchbracken 268 ‘In wi' ye!’ Thus exhorted, the daughter lay down in the bed.
1887 R. Cleland Inchbracken (ed. 2) ix. 65 He juist in wi' her an' stieket the door.
1910 W. Boyle Mineral Workers iii. 68 What chance can he have with a man like you before him? In with you quick, and finish it!
1962 S. Ennis tr. P. Sayers Old Woman's Refl. x. 74 In with us on the train, and we seated ourselves.
1968–9 Film Q. Winter 39/1 The Year-Festival (‘Out with the Old and in with the New!’) and the rites de passage are basic examples of this function of ritual.
2012 G. Mone Dangerous Waters v. 31 The officer lowered his list. ‘In with you now. Sorry for the trouble.’ And in Patrick went.
II. Senses relating to position.
* Expressing actual position.
8.
a.
(a) Within a certain space; esp. inside a building or other enclosed place.See also to live in at live v.1 Phrasal verbs 1.Also indicating the consumption of food on the premises where it has been prepared: see to eat in vb. b at eat v. Additions.Only sporadically before the late 14th cent.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adverb] > in the inner part of a building, farm, etc.
ineOE
withinc1275
withinside1598
in-bye1768
withinsides1891
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. iii. 182 Gif hit sie god weder.., gange him ut hwiderhwega sume hwile, gif hit ne sie weder gange him in geond his hus.
OE Paternal Precepts 49 Gif þe deah hyge, wunað wisdom in, ond þu wast geare ondgit yfles.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Royal) (1934) 19 Me droh hire þus into darckest wan, & wurst in to wunien [c1225 Bodl. cumene].
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. l. 1169 This Maister to the Cofre is come, He peiseth ther was somwhat in.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 14737 Ne wald he neuer o þaim blin, Till all war vte þat þar was in.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Psalms lxviii. 15 Delyuer thou me fro the cley, that Y be not faste set in [L. ut non infigar].
1555 J. Heywood Two Hundred Epigrammes with Thyrde sig. Ciiiv When ale is in, wyt is out. When ale is out, wyt is in.
1638 R. Bolton Iustice of Peace for Ireland xvi. 79 It is a full and compleat Burglary, for if he doe but put in his hand or foot, it is an entrie in Law, although his whole body were not in.
1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §287 To come home with her cargo in.
1805 C. Collingwood Let. 6 Oct. in Ld. Nelson Disp. & Lett. (1846) VII. 81 (note) I think at 5, or at 4, the Boats will be better in.
1887 W. H. Preece & J. Sivewright Telegraphy (ed. 6) x. 290 When the tubes are in, the connections are arranged for ringing up; when they are out they are arranged for speaking.
1946 L. Z. Hobson Gentleman's Agreement xiii. 236 People who did not like ‘eating in’ with linotypers and copy runners and rewrite men who used the restaurants right in their own buildings.
1979 M. Leigh Abigail's Party i, in Abigail's Party & Goose-pimples (1983) 44 Where's the toilet?..That's the way. Bring it all up. That's it. Better out than in.
2003 O. Shine Lang. Tennis 61 I'll give you a thousand dollars if you go down there, look at the mark and tell me that's in, because there was no way that ball was in.
(b) With reference to a person: at home, in residence. Formerly also: †at home to visitors (obsolete).Also indicating the consumption of a meal at home rather than out: see to dine in at dine v. Phrasal verbs, to eat in vb. a at eat v. Additions.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > [adverb] > home > at home
at homeeOE
in1572
homec1580
to home1795
society > leisure > social event > visit > visitor > [adverb] > prepared to receive visitors
in1572
at home1691
1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 94 Vndo the dure beliue! Dame, art thow in?
1578 J. Rolland Seuin Seages 71 Than he begouth to rise, Socht all the hous be na way culd hir find. And wist not weill gif scho was out or in.
1673 Emblems Divine i. sig. B The Keys..Whereby of Care her Husband she doth ease, Let him be in, or out, or where he please.
1823 J. Galt Ringan Gilhaize III. 236 Scarcely was I well in, when Heron, her son, came flying to her.
1834 O. Goldsmith Rising Village (new ed.) 78 The door unlocked, the gallant doctor cries, ‘Pray is your master in?’
a1872 E. B. Ramsay Reminisc. Sc. Life & Char. (1947) i. 33 ‘Is your master at home, or mistress?’.. The problem is to save the direct falsehood, and yet evade the visit; so the answer is: ‘Ay, he or she is at hame; but he's no in.’
1906 C. Klein Lion & Mouse i. 22 Has Miss Rossmore arrived? Oh, yes, there are her trunks. Is she in?
1957 T. Williams Let. 30 Oct. in Five O'Clock Angel (1991) 151 We have moved to a new apartment... It has a good-sized kitchen so the Horse can cook and we can eat in.
1994 Sunday Times 6 Mar. viii. 48/2 I loved eating out but not cooking in, on the low, wobbly table and two-ring burner.
1997 B. O'Connor Tell her you love Her 137 Mr Marv was a light voice on the line (a ‘Yeah’, a ‘She in?’).
2005 S. Booth One Last Breath xxxviii. 552 He bunked off school that day and went home, not expecting anybody to be in.
b. In prison, in confinement. Also: in hospital; (of a car) in a garage for maintenance or repair.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > [adverb] > in prison
in1574
in (occasionally the) hock1859
on ice1931
upstate1934
1574 T. Tymme tr. J. de Serres Three Partes Comm. Ciuill Warres Fraunce viii. 140 They haue commaundement to deliuer none out of prisone that are in for Religion.
1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 v. v. 38 Thy Dol..is in base durance, and contagious prison..Doll is in . View more context for this quotation
1646 J. Howell Lustra Ludovici iv. 73 There being no headsman in the town, a prisoner that was in for a capitall crime, undertooke the office provided he might have his pardon.
1761 J. Woodforde Diary 2 Feb. in Woodforde at Oxf. (1969) 28 Gave a Girl there, in for stealing a Shift 0. 0. 2.
1848 ‘N. Buntline’ Mysteries & Miseries N.Y. i. xiv. 111 The youngsters are in for till-tapping.
1877 W. H. Thomson Five Years' Penal Servitude iii. 147 It is the etiquette among prisoners never to ask a man what he is in for. The badge upon his left arm gives his sentence.
1962 ‘A. Garve’ Prisoner's Friend i. 35 Mr. Winter's car..it's in for a de-coke.
1971 Sunday Express (Johannesburg) 28 Mar. 4/3 I had to share the cell with five other men. One said he was in for rape.
1987 Grimsby Evening Tel. 29 Oct. 24 Striker Marc North (groin) and defender Paul Agnew (jarred knee) were in for treatment.
2002 E. Hartmann Truth about Fire x. 104 A black boxer and small-time drug dealer..was in for life because of the three-strikes-and-you're-out policy.
c. Expressing inclusion or membership (in a list, category, institution, etc.).
ΚΠ
a1677 I. Barrow Treat. Pope's Supremacy (1680) 132 In the recensions of the Roman Bishops, sometimes the Apostles are reckoned in, sometimes excluded.
1823 Harmonicon Jan. 14/1 Mr. Bishop is, we have always understood, a man of superior attainments, ‘he is not to be counted in with the mob’.
1969 Times Recorder (Zanesville, Ohio) 15 Jan. 3 d/8 INA Corp. topped the list of 15 most active issues, rising 2 to 46¾. Benguet was in in second place among the actives, dipping ½ to 14½.
1982 B. Emecheta Double Yoke (1984) v. 52 You are in! Yes, in and with a scholarship too!
1995 G. Linehan & A. Mathews Good Luck, Father Ted (TV script, penultimate draft) in Father Ted (1999) 12/1 Dougal (addresses camera ): Hello, Father Dougal McGuire here, and welcome to this week's Top of the Pops. In at number 45 is Father Ted Crilly with ‘I've Got The Power’.
1999 A. Desai Fasting, Feasting (2000) iv. 43 Now Mira-masi included her in the celebration, she was counted in, a member, although of what, she could not say.
d. Chiefly Scottish and New Zealand. Of a school: in session, in progress.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > place of education > school > [adverb] > in session
in1812
1812 P. Forbes Poems 95 On Saturday, nae school being in.
1891 ‘Smiler’ Wanderings Simple Child (ed. 3) 10 As I pushed my way through the throng, I at once perceived that ‘school’ was in.
1895 W. C. Fraser Whaups of Durley iii. 27 We would be stopped by a shout, ‘The schule's in’.
1949 F. Sargeson I saw in my Dream i. vi. 40 But I don't remember nothing about when school was in.
1989 Sunday Star (Auckland) 16 July C3 (heading) School's in.
2010 Queanbeyan Age (New S. Wales) 23 July a25 Normal routine has slipped back into place now that school's in again.
9. On the inside, within. Frequently coupled with outside, without.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > [adverb]
inneOE
innerlyc1330
ina1400
interially?a1475
inwardly1483
intrinsically1584
internally1598
interiorly1759
insidely1803
inside1824
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 5615 An esscen kyst sco did be wroght, Did pik it sua, wit-oute and in [Gött. widuten and inne, Trin. Cambr. wiþoute & ynne].
?1605 J. Davies Wittes Pilgrimage sig. Xx Forty Daies..on Earth did raigne A Man- god glorifid, without, and in!
1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iii. iii. 92 Man, how derely euer parted: How much in hauing or without or in Cannot, make bost to haue that which he hath. View more context for this quotation
1660 in C. S. Romanes Sel. Rec. Regality of Melrose (1914) I. 280 Pasturage of sowmes extending to threttie sex, in and out.
1698 Delectable Little Hist. (new ed.) 20 I know the form and the manner To hail her person both without and in, And likewise als what fashion to begin.
1714 W. Meston Mob contra Mob 10 Mountsbanks and Urine-Gazers, Armed with Pincers, Lances, Razors, With Spatula's and Clyster-pipes, Closs siege lay to their Patients Tripes, Till they have turned out what's in.
1755 Hist. Tom Dunderhead 12 He is a blue Rascal, outside and in.
1843 Let. in 12th Rep. Directors N.Z. Company (1844) 143 They had now roofed in the house, and I moved into it with my things, upon which they wanted the payment before it was finished, which I would not do until it was reeded outside and in.
1873 H. B. Tristram Land of Moab iii. 43 A sheepskin coat with the woolly side in.
1882 Notes & Queries 25 Mar. 229/2 Probably most Londoners have often heard 'bus conductors cry ‘Domino’ when an omnibus is ‘full in and out’.
1915 Torreya 15 188 The young leaflets hang vertically along the rachis, and are each folded lengthwise along the midrib, the upper side in, and the margins cohering lightly.
1993 N.Y. Times 7 Nov. v. 26/4 Most of the stones were at some point used in repair work, carved side in, so that they remained hidden and protected.
2014 L. Shankland tr. D. Turrèll in Copenhagen Tales 85 There were a lot of notebooks, thick and scarred and stained, with wobbly utterly illegible handwriting outside and in.
10. Brought near from a more distant position.† c. Of a ship's sails: taken in, furled. Obsolete.
a. Of a crop: having been harvested and stacked or stored.
ΚΠ
1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng vi. f. 6v If their commen feldes lye toguyder vnclosed, in opyn tyme whan haruest is in.
1639 in B. Cusack Everyday Eng. 1500–1700 (1998) 244 Our corne is all home..our hops will be all in this week I hope.
1697 R. Pierce Bath Mem. i. iv. 81 He..went hence, to his own House, to Hawk (after the Harvest was in) for a Month or Five Weeks.
1789 J. Woodforde Diary 15 Sept. (1927) III. 192 We found all..things in very good Order and Harvest all in.
1925 Trans. Dumfries & Galloway Nat. Hist. & Antiquarian Soc. 13 34 ‘Is your corn a' in?’ ‘Every pile o't.’
1927 Amer. Mercury Nov. 305/1 The condemned men should be reprieved until after the crops are all in.
1978 P. Porter Cost of Seriousness 2 The harvest is in early.
b. Of the tide: at its highest level.
ΚΠ
a1650 G. Boate Irelands Nat. Hist. (1652) ii. 12 The Nurie-water..is not portable but of very little barkes and boats, and that onely when the Tide is in.
1653 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 175. 2751 The wind suddenly chopping about kept the Tide so in, that there was no passage out of the one into the other.
1765 Geogr. & Hist. Eng. i. 34 A sea-fight between the English and Scots while the tide was in.
1847 J. K. Angell Treat. Right Prop. Tide Waters (ed. 2) App. p. xxxviii These, in order to be useful, must be below the high-water mark, that vessels or boats may float to them when the tide is in.
1964 E. Taylor Soul of Kindness (1993) xvii. 192 The tide was in and rasped the shingle.
1987 C. Storr Underground Conspiracy (1989) xvi. 101 Trouble is, it's quite tricky getting through the cave when the tide's in.
2004 Daily Tel. 27 Aug. 6/3 Access to the 26-acre Burgh Island..is restricted to sea tractor when the tide is in, or by foot when the tide is out.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of sails, spars, or rigging > [adverb] > furled
in1769
1769 W. Falconer Universal Dict. Marine In, the state of any of a ship's sails, when they are furled or stowed.
d. Of a traveller, vessel, train, coach, mail, etc.: come in, arrived; at a destination. Also: expressing the delivery of a consignment, report, verdict, finding, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > aspects of travel > arrival > [adverb]
in1824
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement towards a thing, person, or position > reaching a point or place > [adverb] > arrived
in1824
1824 W. T. Moncrieff Visitors' New Guide to Spa of Leamington Priors (ed. 3) App. iv. London Royal Mail, in at eight in the morning, departs for London at half-past six in the evening.
1841 R. F. Barrett Let. 2 Feb. in Let. Secretary of Fund Commissioner 3 in Rep. Senate & House of Representatives Illinois 12th Assembly, 2nd Sess. All their scrip is not yet in and the amount is therefore not ascertained.
1870 M. Bridgman Robert Lynne I. xv. 249 The 7.30 train would be in.
1904 F. Lynde Grafters ii. 31 The train was in, and the porter had fetched Loring's handbag from the check-stand.
1928 M. B. Lane How to use Current Business Statistics (U.S. Dept. Commerce, Bureau of Census) iv. 76 20 to 25 days may elapse before all reports are in.
1934 Lethbridge (Alberta) Herald 17 Feb. 12 (advt.) New in! Just such papers as you'll like to re-adorn those bedrooms.
1950 Bus Transportation June 86/2 Terminal personnel have found that fewer passengers ask, ‘Is my bus in yet?’ and can use time for other duties.
1968 I. Lambot Queen dies First v. 34 There's a signal in, from the salvage boys.
1987 P. Lively Moon Tiger (1988) x. 129 Cicurel have got some heavenly new materials in.
1999 S. Bishop in J. Gay & J. Bell Hard Shoulder 143 That hasn't got to be in until the start of the new term.
2009 S. Okasha in H. Beebee et al. Oxf. Handbk. Causation xxxv. 712 Once the result of the experiment is in, we can use a significance test to determine the probability of obtaining that result.
e. Of a period of time: having begun. Of a spell of weather: well established.
ΚΠ
1897 Thin Red Line June 95/2 Noo the het weather's in, we have stairtit the open air concerts.
1906 Athenæum 3 Feb. 137/1 Every herb begins to sprout;..Summer's in, winter's out.
1931 C. Beaton Diary 2 Jan. in Self Portrait with Friends (1979) ii. 21 Bells ringing, sirens going off and a whining moan in the distance announced that the New Year was in.
1968 ‘M. Finch’ Eye with Mascara xi. 102 I'd say this rain's in for the night.
1995 K. O'Riordan Involved 198 ‘Aren't you cold?’ she asked Joe... ‘Not yet,’ he said and sniffed the air. ‘But winter's in.’
11. So as to have gained standing within some sphere of action.
a. In legal possession of (an estate).
ΘΚΠ
society > law > legal possession > [adverb]
inc1523
c1523 J. Rastell Expos. Terminorum Legum Anglorum sig. f.vv/2 Remitt is whan a man hath ii. titles to any land, and he comyth to the land by ye last title, yet he shalbe iuggyd in by forse of his elder title.
1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xlixv Remytter is an ancyent terme in the law, & it is where a man hath .ii. tytles to landes or tenementes..the lawe adiudgeth hym to be in by force of ye elder tytle.
c1613 in T. Stapleton Plumpton Corr. (1839) 132 I have..shewed to him as your mastership presented in after the deith of the last Incumbent, which presentee was in by the space of iiii or v dayes at the least.
1632 T. E. Lawes Womens Rights xv. 150 If the Heyre of a disseisor being in by descent, the disseisée re-enter, and take a wife, now a recouery against the Baron by default or reddition in a writt of entry in nature of Assise taketh away Dower from the wife.
a1754 J. Strange Rep. Cases (1755) 2 862 He is not intitled to his age, because by his own shewing he is in by descent, and therefore say some books he shall not have his age.
1804 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. III. 385 Where the heir takes any thing which might have vested in the ancestor, the heir should be in by descent.
1827 J. Dowling & A. Ryland Rep. Cases King's Bench VII. 19 He is a mere stranger, as regards the lease; the lessee is in by right of the wife, and the husband is joined merely for conformity.
1833 Rep. Supreme Court Vermont 4 297 It could not make any difference, whether the defendant was in by deed or parol. If the title of the town failed, the possession of the tenant would hold.
1910 J. R. Rood Decisions Law of Estates in Land (ed. 2) vi. 206 If one devise his lands to his executors so that the freehold is in them by the devise, and afterwards the heir of the devisor abate and die seized and his heir is in by descent, in this case the executors may not oust him that is in by descent.
1957 N. Carolina Rep. 247 11 If one sui juris who is in by descent conveys his legal title and interest in real property away, and it be conveyed back to him, the line of descent is broken.
b. Included or involved in a particular enterprise, undertaking, action, etc. Cf. count v. 2b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > [adverb] > taking part or involved in something
in1533
participatingly1845
1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere viii. p. ccccclxviii Playe in and out, lyke in docke, out netle, that no man sholde wyt whan they were in and whan they were out, nor knowe whych were the chyrche.
1578 T. Rogers Godlie Treat. Lawfull Vse of Ritches i. f. 3v, in tr. P. Cæsar Gen. Disc. Damnable Sect Vsurers To fall into heresie is verie daungerous, and beeyng in too come out againe is harde.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost iv. iii. 18 I woulde not care a pin, if the other three were in . View more context for this quotation
1602 J. Marston Hist. Antonio & Mellida iv. sig. G2v I shall nere ha done when I am in, Tis harder for me end, than to begin.
1607 T. Middleton Revengers Trag. v. sig. I4v And now my Lord, since we are in for euer.
1623 P. Massinger Duke of Millaine ii. i. sig. F1v All my plots Turne backe vpon my selfe; But I am in, And must goe on.
1884 ‘M. Twain’ Adventures Huckleberry Finn xxxi. 272 As long as I was in, and in for good, I might as well go the whole hog.
1893 ‘M. Twain’ in Cent. Mag. Jan. 342/1 I could n't venture it now; I was in too deep.
1918 C. E. Mulford Man from Bar-20 xiii. 134 ‘Are you in?’ ‘Every d——d chip; from my hat to my worn-out boots; from soda to hock.’
1977 P. Kavanagh By Night Unstarred ix. 71 He never let his men in on him: they never knew the night before what particular job was to be theirs.
1981 J. Sullivan Only Fools & Horses (1999) I. 1st Ser. Episode 3. 33 Rodney. It's immoral. Del. It's free enterprise. Rodney. It's illegal then. Del. Alright so it's against the law, and all... Are you in?
c. Of a statesman or political party: in office, in power.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > office > [adverb] > in office
in1608
1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xxiv. 15 Talke of Court newes..Who looses, and who wins, whose in, whose out. View more context for this quotation
1678 Earl of Arran in O. Airy Lauderdale Papers (1885) III. 102 Some people..because they are not In themselves,..must fall upon me.
1728 E. Young Love of Fame: Universal Passion (ed. 2) i. 214 Against reason..'tis equal sin To boast of merely being out or in.
1757 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 4 July (1779) IV. 198 Whoever is in, or whoever is out, I am sure we are undone, both at home and abroad; at home, by our increasing debt and expences; abroad by our ill luck.
1785 Ld. Thurlow in Suppl. to Asylum for Fugitive Pieces 9 While I'm in, the Devil may care who's out!
1801 H. Swinburne in Courts Europe Last Cent. (1841) II. 303 We are in a strange situation, half a ministry in, and half another out.
1880 Daily Tel. 22 Sept. Incorrigible revolutionists, who must attack a Minister because he is ‘in’.
1962 J. K. Galbraith Jrnl. 19 Feb. in Ambassador's Jrnl. (1969) xv. 305 He is in, which is the basic position of all Establishmentarians.
1989 N.Y. Amsterdam News 7 Jan. 11/2 The Republicans are in for the next four years, and we must come to the table with wisdom, knowledge and understanding of what is available.
2017 Philadelphia Inquirer (Nexis) 14 Jan. b1 [Q.] Having beaten ‘the system’, do you expect repercussions for going against the party? [A.] Yeah! I expect a serious challenge in 2018. [Q.] But for now, you're in.
d. Of a player or a side in a game: in possession of the field, etc.; having the turn or right to play. Cf. inning n.2 4. Also: (of a batter) given ‘not out’ by the umpire.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > cricket > batting > [adverb] > in or out
out1609
ina1672
not out1777
all out1833
a1672 F. Willughby Bk. of Games (2003) 136 If they all happen to bee out, the dealer wins without more adoe. Of those that are in, hee that is neerest 31 wins a single game of all the rest.
1744 ‘J. Love’ Cricket iii. 24 The two last Champions even now are in.
1752 Game at Cricket in New Universal Mag. Nov. 581/1 Laws for the Strikers, or those that are in.
1844 Blackburn Standard 17 July The bowler asked ‘in or out?’
1856 ‘Stonehenge’ Man. Brit. Rural Sports 501/1 When only one of the side is left in, the others being all put out, he may call for ‘three fair hits for the rounder’.
1871 ‘Thomsonby’ Cricketers in Council 32 Men who run with their bats in the air are constantly run out in cases where they would have been safely ‘in’ if they had adopted the contrary practice.
1874 J. D. Heath Compl. Croquet-player 69 Instructions to the player who is ‘in’.
1884 James Lillywhite's Cricketers' Ann. ii. ii. 55 He scored 33 out of 35 made while he was in.
1898 K. S. Ranjitsinhji With Stoddart's Team (ed. 3) iv. 70 He was given ‘in’ by the umpire when appealed to.
1966 D. Miller & R. Thorp Croquet ix. 79 If a player is ‘in’, he has control over the play..and can attempt to set up a break.
1986 Wisden Cricket Monthly Aug. 20/3 When you are in—stay in—don't throw your wicket away.
2016 Northern Territory News (Austral.) (Nexis) 15 Feb. 12 I assume we will just wait for the big-screen replay to decide whether the batsman is in or out.
12. Withdrawn below or inside an outer surface or profile. Also: (with reference to a person or animal) having a part so placed.
ΚΠ
1702 London Gaz. No. 3781/4 Goes a little in with his Ancles.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 10 Our Ship rid Forecastle in.
1773 A. Vieyra Dict. Portuguese & Eng. Langs. I. at Pé Andar com os pés metidos para dentro, ou voltados para fora, to go with one's toes in or out.
1793 T. Sheraton Cabinet-maker & Upholsterer's Drawing-bk. I. iii. 405 When the vanishing-drawer is in.
1817 Carlop Green in R. Brown Comic Poems 128 Elritch Girn-again, Goblin, Wi' back out, and breast in.
1856 Deil's Hallowe'en 18 Gluttony's flabby sides were in.
1858 Farmer's Mag. Sept. 210 His legs are short, but not of the class which his top entitles him to, and he is rather in at the elbows.
2015 J. Revell Canon EOS 7D Mark II: From Snapshots to Great Shots i. 24 Make sure you stand erect with your elbows in.
13. Expressing position attained by (or as if by) coming, advancing, bending, or closing in. Formerly also: †at close quarters (obsolete).See also in with, Phrases 4b. in at the kill: see kill n.1 2b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > movement towards a thing, person, or position > [adverb]
towarda1300
justc1440
towards1590
in1709
in-ower1813
1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 59 They [sc. fencers] are in with you if you offer to fall back without keeping your Guard.
1774 C. J. Phipps Voy. N. Pole 75 At two in the morning we were close in with the body of the West ice, and obliged to tack for it.
1812 Sporting Mag. 39 24 Crib always was in and fighting with him.
1826 Sporting Mag. Apr. 403/1 Owing to the length of the run, there were only in, when the deer was taken, besides Mr. Angell and the whipper-in, H. Smith, [etc.].
1872 E. Eggleston End of World v. 40 In behind the donjon chimney he pulled an alarm cord.
1888 H. R. Haggard Maiwa's Revenge iv About five yards in, it [the path] took a turn.
1898 To-Day 5 Nov. 4/2 When you have a man ‘fighting in’, there is no possible time to use anything but your hands.
1920 I. Lee Bligh's Second Voy. in Mariner's Mirror (1921) 7 253/2 We were close in to the reef and coy'd away to S.W.
1973 T. Hillerman Dance Hall of Dead xiv. 113 The lake was five or six miles in from the highway and below the mesa.
1995 C. Bateman Divorcing Jack iv. 36 ‘Ah, yes, Starkey. Good man.’ Five words in and he'd already complimented me.
2004 M. Oke Times of our Lives 161 A mere nine days in, we heard a rumour that our job was to stop.
** In figurative uses expressing being in an active or favourable state.
14. Of fire or light: burning, lighted. Chiefly in to keep in 3 at keep v. Phrasal verbs 1, to blow in at blow v.1 19a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [adverb] > of a fire: lighted or burning
in1610
1610 W. Leigh Dreadfull Day i. 14 Euen in the beginning there went from Enoch a pregnant prophecie of it ending, yea and before the first floud was out, the last fire was in.
1662 Sir S. Tuke Adv. Five Hours v. i, in W. C. Hazlitt Dodsley's Sel. Coll. Old Eng. Plays (1876) XV. 287 (Pedro..lets the candle fall..Diego takes up the candle.) Here's a fair trial for your maiden breath! Flora, blow't in again..(Flora blows the candle in).
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 72. ¶7 They observe the law..which orders the Fire to be always kept in.
1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) § 247 This evening's tide we worked with links, and it began to blow so fresh that we had much ado to keep them in.
1839 T. Hood Ode for 9th Nov. in Hood's Own 452 The Sow is merely a gallanty-show, Without a lamp or any candle in.
1883 Liverpool Daily Post 28 Dec. 5/3 By 3 o'clock the electric lights were in, as though it were in the evening.
1889 Pall Mall Gaz. 2 Dec. 3/1 One has to think seriously before blowing in a furnace whether the price will be maintained long enough to leave him a profit.
1893 Argosy Jan. 23 We..sat round the..fire, which we kept in more for the sake of cheerfulness than warmth.
1939 G. Greene Confidential Agent iii. i. 224 ‘Isn't there a fire?’ ‘Well, it might've kept in.’
1984 C. Kightly Country Voices i. 36 In winter we 'ad a saddle-'ouse with a fire in.
2016 T. Jones Narrowboat Guide 167/2 What's the best way to keep your fire in overnight for a warm boat when morning comes?
15.
a. In the market; in season.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [adverb] > in market or season
in1687
society > trade and finance > selling > [adverb] > on sale > available for sale
in1687
up1921
1687 R. L'Estrange Answer to Let. to Dissenter 22 'Tis not with Sermons, as 'tis with Mackrel, to be In, and Out.
1836 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers (1837) xix. ‘Not in season!’ says I. ‘No,’ says he, ‘fruits is in, cats is out.’
1851 H. Mayhew London Labour I. 81/1 During July cherries are ‘in’ as well as raspberries.
1891 Daily News 24 Oct. 5/4 Savoys are in.
1942 M. B. Lowndes Diary 19 Aug. (1971) 231 An excellent Cook/Housekeeper, who likes me having people in to meals..now that game is in, I find it possible.
1946 Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch 17 Mar. b11/2 When the herring are in in numbers, you snag a herring about every third or fourth attempt.
2016 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 27 Sept. (Good Food section) 2 In now: Green almonds are best when the fruit is plump and green and the centres are clear and juicy... But act fast—they will keep for only a week.
b. In fashion.
ΚΠ
1848 J. H. Newman Loss & Gain v. 28 What is in now..among you youngsters? drinking, or cigars?
1923 Ladies' Home Jrnl. Sept. 50 Her hostess, in black silk crêpe, rejoices that trains are once more ‘in’, knowing the value of long lines and loose draperies.
1954 L. MacNeice Autumn Sequel 131 Accomplishments were in, enthusiasm out.
1958 Vogue 1 Dec. 136/2 This trip is also very ‘in’ with South Americans and diplomats posted to Buenos Aires.
2010 Daily Tel. 6 July 11/3 Ponytails are out but side-partings and Elvis quiffs are in.
c. Originally U.S. In favour socially, accepted or admired by one's peers. Cf. in adj. 2.
ΚΠ
1929 H. W. Zorbaugh Gold Coast & Slum iii. 49 Thé ‘social game’ is..a constant struggle upon the part of those who are not ‘in’ to break into the circles of those who are.
1949 Ladies' Home Jrnl. Nov. 120 In one school, to be Polish American is to be ‘in’, to be Italian American is to be ‘out’.
1965 M. Morse Unattached i. 24 Perhaps ‘being at a party’ is a qualification for being ‘in’?
2004 J. Fellowes Snobs (2005) i. 5 Before long, the local mark of whether one was ‘in’ or ‘out’ was largely based on whether or not one was on their visiting list.
16. Of fortune or luck: favourable. Only in one's luck is in at luck n. Phrases 5d(a) Cf. out adv. 21.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > prosperity > [adverb] > fortunately or luckily > auspiciously
auspiciously1619
in1846
1846 Port Phillip Patriot 10 Oct. Mr Andrew Badgery, owner of Jorrocks, took the box—his ‘luck was in’, and he threw forty three!!!
1901 A. E. W. Mason Clementina i. 1 His luck for the moment was altogether in.
1912 ‘Saki’ Chron. Clovis 187 Her fellow-gamblers were always ready to entertain her..when their luck was in.
1999 T. Etchells Endland Stories 17 Upstairs he found a beautiful woman asleep in a bed. Shane thought his luck was in.
17. colloquial. In a situation or position where success is assured or guaranteed (now often in a sexual or romantic context). In later use also with there, as to be in there.Cf. to be in like Flynn at Flynn n.
ΚΠ
1907 H. C. Fisher A. Mutt (comic strip) in San Francisco Chron. 16 Nov. 5/4 Sh-h-h- not a woid. This one's ‘in’. You take this 1000 bucks an' put 500 on Serenity and split the rest on ‘Iras’ and ‘J.C.Clem’.
1954 C. D. Simak in Galaxy Sci. Fiction Sept. 94/2 Those gadgets sold like hot-cakes and we knew we were in!
1981 C. Hope Ducktails x, in S. Gray Theatre Two 44 D'you check the way she sort of looked at me? I think I'm in there.
1998 G. P. Pelecanos Sweet Forever vii. 61 He pushed himself against her. She moved back a step, brushed damp hair away from her face, and smiled. All right, he thought. I'm in.
2007 P. Evans When Boys come Home (2008) vi. 169 I reckon you're in there, mate. She likes the look of you.
Phrases
P1. in between (also inbetween).Compare earlier use of verbs expressing motion combined with in indicating direction and followed by between, such as to get in between, to thrust in between, etc., which may have influenced this use (compare especially to come in between —— at come v. Phrasal verbs 2 and to come in between at come v. Phrasal verbs 1, probably to be taken as to come in ‘to enter’ + between).
a. As compound preposition.
(a) In or into the space which separates two or more points; (figurative) partly similar to each of (two or more things that differ from each other).
ΚΠ
1769 Jrnl. 25 May in A. J. Wahll Voy. Canceaux (2003) 40 The ice in the river broke up and carried away in a body..which carried the ship out the cove and with standing the ice being caught all under her & in between her and the shore.
1815 J. Biddle Let. 25 Mar. in Amer. Mag. July 89 The enemy's bowsprit came in between our main and mizen rigging, on our starboard side.
1869 R. D. Blackmore Lorna Doone I. xvii. 197 The opening cones were struck with brown, in between the button buds.
1921 W. L. Stidger Flash-lights from Seven Seas x. 194 In between the two lighthouses vague, dim, mist-belted mountains of the China coast loomed through the dusk.
2009 Bristol Post (Nexis) 21 May 4 Liquid DnB is somewhere inbetween dubstep and jungle and ragga, with fast-flowing beats but a more fluffy ambience.
(b) In the interval separating (two points of time, events, actions, etc.).Cf. earlier in between times at time n., int., and conj. Phrases 3g.
ΚΠ
1894 A. B. Gomme Trad. Games I. 404 This is done with every alternate verse, the first verse being always sung as a chorus or dance in between the different action-verses.
1945 Sun (Baltimore) 21 Feb. 7/4 In between taking care of the general's two uniforms..Orderly Powder gave inquiring correspondents a short rundown.
1968 Listener 19 Dec. 810/2 In between the bombing raids, the doodle-bugs and the V2s they'd improvised a splendid life in SE20.
1998 I. Welsh Filth 283 I stick on Val Halen's Women and Children First as loud as it will go... Inbetween tracks I hear a loud knock at the door.
2013 New Yorker 29 July 22/1 In between honks, one could hear the customary sounds of summer on the Battery.
b. As adverb.
(a) In or into an intermediate position or course, midway, in the midst (literal and figurative); intermediately in amount, order, etc.
ΚΠ
1849 D. M. Mulock Ogilvies xvii While squalid poverty grovels in between.
1897 F. G. H. Price Catal. Egyptian Antiq. 127 A string of green glass bugle beads in a triple string, with small glass beads in between.
1990 Holiday Which? Mar. 106/2 Fifteen courses of it are Roman, neatly laid square ragstone blocks with straight red tile courses in between.
2005 Whisky Mag. Oct. 75/3 Single malt afficionadoes are at one end of the spectrum, blend drinkers are at the other, and there's a lot inbetween.
(b) In the interval separating two periods of time or activities.
ΚΠ
1897 Earl of Suffolk et al. Encycl. Sport I. 290/1 Two or more severe races on the Saturday, with perhaps a mid-week meeting in between.
1910 Washington Post 15 May (Sporting section) 4/6 An ‘iron man’ is one who can work at least four games a week and be ready to act as the main stem in a double-header in between.
1942 Archit. Rev. 91 52 In between there came a wave of European historicism, all the varieties of Victorian period imitation.
2003 G. Burn North of Eng. Home Service (2004) iv. 133 In between were the balancing acts and the comedians and the conjurers.
P2. in for.Cf. sense 11b.
a. Involved in some coming event, etc., esp. one which cannot be avoided; finally committed to do something; (now esp.) destined to experience something. Formerly also: †involved or engaged inextricably in some business or occupation for (a specified time) (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > working > [phrase] > working for a specific time
in for1599
the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > occupied or busy [phrase] > involved in something > for a specified time
in for1599
the world > existence and causation > occurrence > future events > [phrase] > in store (for)
over a person's headc1390
in store for1657
in for1773
1599 Master Broughtons Lett. Answered viii. 26 Herein..you are in for all day..it is your element.
1599 G. Chapman Humerous Dayes Myrth sig. H What? is he in for his owne iewells.
1614 J. Day Dyall 126 Here are they in for a yeere and a day.
1666 G. Torriano Proverbial Phrases 239 in Piazza Universale To be in for a Petty Claw, viz. to be in for a Share, and sometimes Ironically spoken, to be deeply involv'd in any ugly Business and Loss; also taken obsceanly, to have contributed to the Getting of such or such a Child.
1692 R. Bourne Contented Cuckold iv. 40 It hath one ill property that I know of, it sets a Man in for all day, if he like his Company.
1697 J. Vanbrugh Provok'd Wife v. 73 So, Now I am in for Hobs's Voyage; a great Leap in the Dark.
1773 O. Goldsmith She stoops to Conquer iv. 74 I was in for a list of blunders.
1835 Fraser's Mag. 11 21 We are in for a speech.
1889 C. Smith Repentance Paul Wentworth I. xiv. 285 We are in for a pretty severe storm.
1922 Pacific Dairy Rev. 31 Aug. 6/2 Those classes of people who think that the strike is the remedy for these conditions, we fear, are in for a rude awakening.
1935 T. Wolfe Of Time & River iv. 40 I only say that whoever gets elected we're in for a period of unparalleled development.
2014 Radio Times 22 Feb. (South/West ed.) 78/1 Jim Carrey fans are in for a treat this evening, as Sky Comedy shows four of his movies back-to-back.
b. in for it.
(a) Committed to a course of action; keen to undertake something.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > undertaking > committed to a course of action [phrase] > certain to end unpleasantly
in for it1659
the mind > will > decision > the decisive step is taken [phrase] > committed to a course of action
in for it1659
1659 W. Hicks Ἀποκάλυψις Ἀποκάλυψεως (Rev. iii. 15) 288 They never intended to take heaven by violence, if it would descend unto them in a bed of Doune, in an easie way, then they would be in for it; but if otherwise it be to be taken by striving and violence,..they will have nothing more to do with it.
1699 G. Farquhar Love & Bottle iii. i. 27 I've thrown my cast, and am fairly in for't. But an't I an impudent Dog?
1740 S. Richardson Pamela II. 99 I am in for it now, over Head and Ears, I doubt, and can't help loving him.
1754 E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. I. v. 108 As I am in-fort [1818 in for't], I must now proceed.
1855 C. Kingsley Plays & Puritans 145 Raleigh finds himself ‘in for it’, and takes the island out of hand in the most masterly fashion.
1921 V. Woolf Diary (1979) II. 117 Barbara at the club today, stunned with the problem of life, thoroughly in for it.
2014 Austral. Financial Rev. (Nexis) 20 Dec. 42 If I can do anything that will save me money, I'm in for it—and yes, that includes having things installed.
(b) On course to undergo an unpleasant experience, esp. punishment. Cf. to come in for it at come v. Phrasal verbs 1.
ΚΠ
1828 Night Watch II. v. 9 If the shovel-nosed sharks of the Revenue take the flash of the pistol for the fowler's guns, all is safe enough; but if the cutter saw it, we are regularly in for it.
1857 Ld. Dufferin Lett. from High Latitudes (ed. 3) 22 I, guessing we were in for it, sent down the topmasts,..rove the ridge-ropes, and reefed all down.
1864 G. A. Sala in Daily Tel. 26 Feb. When..the representative receives a lady's card..He knows that he is in for it..he has to exhibit the lions of the Capitol.
1925 Table Talk (Melbourne) 24 Sept. 15/2 Well, we are in for it now. Even if the spring isn't warm meteorologically, the host of candidates for election to the Federal Parliament will make up any deficiency.
2015 Daily Star (Nexis) 3 Mar. 15 People write saying: ‘If I ever find out where you live, you're in for it.’
c. In the competition or race for some prize or thing to be gained. Cf. to go in for at go v. Phrasal verbs 1. Now somewhat rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > in competition or rivalry [phrase] > for a prize or gain
in for1662
1662 W. Hemings Jewes Trag. v. 60 Now by this hand I am lighter by a Roman dram, to hear thee in for a share too.
1850 H. T. Cheever Whale & his Captors xiii. 203 Though not myself..in for any share of the profits.
1877 O. Wilde Let. c14 Mar. (1962) 32 I have been in for ‘the Ireland’ and of course lost it: on six weeks' reading I could not expect to get a prize for which men work two and three years.
1905 'Varsity 30 Nov. 109/3 Those who are in for ‘Divvers’ should make sure of knowing all about St. Stephen's Speech.
1995 P. McCabe Dead School (1996) 56 The school team is in for the Munster Cup I think we will win.
d. in for a penny, in for a pound: see penny n. Phrases 3c.
P3. in on: participating in; being (one of a group) in possession of knowledge concerning (something). See also to be in on the act at act n. Phrases 10b. Cf. on adv. 13.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > secrecy, concealment > [adverb] > entrusted with secrets
inside1870
in on1907
1907 Sat. Evening Post 12 Jan. 3/1 ‘I'm in on this,’ he cried with sudden conviction. ‘I'm in on this, to the limit!’
1912 Southwestern Reporter 146 522/2 Q. How did you know who was in on it? Did you know who was in on this, who was partners? A. Lots of the time we would take some of the boys down that wasn't in on it at all.
1923 A. Christie Murder on Links viii. 101 You don't mean—that you're in on that?
1958 B. Nichols Sweet & Twenties 197 I was very much ‘in’ on the birth of this song.
1973 ‘M. Innes’ Appleby's Answer xv. 128 Don't imagine I have the slightest wish to be in on your muckraking.
2004 C. Bateman Driving Big Davie xvi. 162 He was in on the secret,..then Capone offed him to make sure he didn't help himself to the gold.
P4. in with.† c. At close quarters with; even with. Obsolete. rare.
a. In agreement with; on friendly terms with. Recorded earliest in to keep in with: see to keep in 8 at keep v. Phrasal verbs 1. Cf. to get in with at get v. Phrasal verbs 1.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > love > friendliness > on friendly terms [phrase]
to (also at) friend1543
in with1598
the mind > language > statement > agreement, concurrence, or unanimity > [adverb] > in agreement with
in with1598
in the same sentiments with, in sentiment with1741
on board1959
1598 R. Grenewey tr. Tacitus Annales iv. v. 96 He kept in, with Cæsar in no lesse fauour then authoritie.
1613 R. Horne Life & Death iv. 382 When Gods children fall out with their sinnes..God comes in with them: being in with them, they are no longer accounted enemies by him, but friends.
1682 J. Bunyan Holy War 140 They knew that..against him they had been in with Diabolus. View more context for this quotation
1692 W. Bulstrode in 15th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1899) App. ii. 21 He was a haughty proud man, in with King Charles the Second.
1714 J. Swift Some Free Thoughts upon Present State Affairs (1741) 10 Those who pretended wholly to be in with the Principles upon which Her Majesty and her new Servants proceeded.
a1875 W. Arnot Anchor of Soul (1876) 72 When I am no longer in with my destroyer, I have the Omnipotent on my side.
1964 P. M. Hubbard Pict. Millie ii. 15 We..go along to the Carrack for a drink..occasionally, but we're not really in with the people staying there.
2010 in R. Wilkie Livestock/Deadstock vii. 129 I mean, you could be in with a group of people, and if none of them were interesting, you'd wonder why you were there.
b. Nautical. Close in to, near (the land, shore, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > direct or manage ship [phrase] > close to land
in with1631
1631 D. Ellffryth in William & Mary Q. (1944) 1 286 It is very deepe water before you are in with the shore East & West.
1685 N. Boteler Six Dialogues Sea-services 107 When a Ship sails towards the Shore, she is said to bear in with the Land.
1708 London Gaz. No. 4422/7 It proving close and dirty Weather,..we could not venture in with Land.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. xiii. 275 We kept plying on and off the whole night, intending to keep well in with the land.
1800 M. Hunter Jrnl. (1894) 159 We sailed close in with the island.
1869 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 21 51 From May to September they are often found in large numbers close in with the shore, at times playing about ships at anchor in the open roadsteads.
1967 Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 1966–7 C. 65 96 The fish are some times seen off the headlands, and, no later than last year, close in with the shore.
1992 P. O'Brian Truelove ii. 63 In the autumn of that year we were close in with the coast of Brittany.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > equality [phrase] > equal or even with
on even board with1631
on (also upon) the square1692
in with1741
up with ——1741
upsides with1746
(to be) upshots (with)1877
1741 S. Richardson Pamela III. xxxiii. 335 I can't say, but you're in with me now... Ay, by my Soul, you have nabbed me cleverly.
d. to come in with: see to come in 4 at come v. Phrasal verbs 1. to fall in with: see to fall in 3 at fall v. Phrasal verbs 1.
P5. from in: from the inside. Chiefly in from in out, from in to out.
ΚΠ
1739 Universal Hist. IV. ii. xi. 6 Our learned Prideaux has sufficiently proved that the dimensions were the same, only differently taken, viz. the one from in to in, and the other from out to out.
1809 Belfast Monthly Mag. Dec. 439/2 It is probable a mutch less quantity of timber might be used..By the increase of thickness from in to out, all along the fore and aft ribs.
c1860 H. Stuart Novices or Young Seaman's Catech. (rev. ed.) 22 Reeve it from in out through the quarter block.
1937 Mag. Art Mar. 161 You have to work from in out, always working from an axis, holding to that. Then what you are doing will be abstract in the pure sense that what you're doing exists without depending upon copying.
2006 Stud. Conservation 51 166 (caption) From in to out (bottom to top in the figure) the sequence of layers is: gypsum base, organic coat, tin sheet..and finally a gypsum layer.
P6. In numerous other phrasal verb combinations.
a. Expressing acceding or yielding: e.g. to come in 11 at come v. Phrasal verbs 1, to fall in 3 at fall v. Phrasal verbs 1, to give in 1 at give v. Phrasal verbs 1.
b. Expressing the initiation of a state or activity: e.g. to break in 1 at break v. Phrasal verbs, to set in 5 at set v.1 Phrasal verbs 2, to start in at start v. Phrasal verbs 1, to step in 2 at step v. Phrasal verbs 1, to swear in at swear v. Phrasal verbs 2.
c. Expressing commitment to a group or participation in an enterprise: e.g. to chip in (see to chip in 2a at chip v.1 Phrasal verbs), to join in at join v.1 13c, to muck in at muck v.1 Phrasal verbs, to pitch in 1 at pitch v.2 Phrasal verbs 1.
d. Expressing the abandonment of an activity: e.g. to cash in at cash v.2 2, to jack in at jack v.2 Phrasal verbs, to pack in at pack v.1 Phrasal verbs, to throw in 10 at throw v.1 Phrasal verbs.
P7. See also to have (also get) one's eye (also eyes) (well) in at eye n.1 Phrases 2j(d). one's hand is in at hand n. Phrases 3f(a). in and in adv. and n., in and out adv. and n., to want in at want v. Phrases 5a, well in adv. and adj.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
inprep.
/ɪn/, U.S. /ɪn/α. Old English hi (transmission error), Old English inc (transmission error), Old English ion (transmission error), Old English–early Middle English (chiefly Ormulum) inn, Old English–Middle English hin (rare), Old English– in, Middle English en, Middle English ene (rare), Middle English hine (rare), Middle English im (probably transmission error), Middle English ine (chiefly early and southern), Middle English jn, Middle English vn (transmission error), Middle English yne, Middle English–1500s yn; English regional 1800s en (south-western), 1800s–1900s inn; also Irish English (Wexford) 1800s ing.
β. (Before a consonant) early Middle English–1700s (1800s– regional) i, Middle English e, Middle English hi, Middle English hy, Middle English y, 1500s– i' (now archaic and regional); English regional 1800s e (northern), 1800s he (Lincolnshire), 1800s ih (Northumberland); also Scottish (Orkney) 1900s ih.
γ. English regional (northern), before a vowel. 1800s– iv.
2. Combined (frequently in contracted form) with a following word. a. early Middle English–1700s (1800s– regional) i-, Middle English–1600s y- (chiefly in yfaith at faith n. and int. Phrases 1a(b)), 1500s ye- (in yefaith at faith n. and int. Phrases 1a(b)), 1800s e- (English regional (northern)). b. With the. 1500s–1600s i'th (poetic), 1600s ith' (poetic), 1600s– i'th' (poetic or colloquial); English regional 1800s et (Westmorland), 1800s id, 1800s it (northern), 1800s ith (northern), 1800s i'th (northern), 1800s– int (chiefly northern), 1800s– i'th' (northern), 1900s– int' (northern); Scottish (Shetland) 1800s– idda. c. With it: see in't phr. d. With my. English regional (northern) 1800s–1900s imme. e. With me. English regional (northern) 1800s–1900s imma. I. Of position or location.Primarily in (of position) is opposed to out of prep.: anything which is in a given space is not out of it, and vice versa. The compound within prep. is mainly an equivalent of in emphasizing the relation to limits. The simple prepositions nearest in sense to in are at prep. and on prep., with which in sometimes shows some semantic overlap, e.g. ‘in Oxford’ or ‘at Oxford’, ‘in a street’ or ‘on a street’, ‘in behalf of a person’ or ‘on behalf of a person’. In may also show some overlap with with prep., as ‘to travel in a group, a party’ or ‘to travel with a group, a party’.
* Of physical position and uses closely related.† 3. With plural noun phrases, or collectives thought of as plural: among. Obsolete.
1.
a. Expressing the situation of something that is or appears to be enclosed by something else: within the limits or bounds of, within (any place or thing).in may relate to a space of any size, however large or small: e.g. in the universe, in the world, in heaven, in hell, in the earth (otherwise on the earth), in the sea (otherwise on the sea, at sea), in a ship, in a vessel, in a field, wood, forest, desert, wilderness (but on a heath, moor, or common), in a street (U.S. on a street), in a house, carriage, box, drawer, nutshell, drop of water, etc. Also with collective nouns, e.g. in an army, in a crowd.
(a) With determiner, especially the or a, or preceding the name of a building, street, etc.See also in a person's arms at arm n.1 1b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > place > belonging to or localized in a place [preposition]
ineOE
ofeOE
oneOE
atOE
from1399
the world > space > relative position > condition of being internal > within [preposition]
ineOE
aninneeOE
withinc1175
bythouta1300
inside1791
eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) viii. 1 (2) Domine dominus noster, quam ammirabile est nomen tuum in uniuersa terra : dryhten dryhten ur hu wundurlic is noma ðin in alre eorðan.
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) i. v. 44 Swa þæt wæter barn þa in [OE Hatton on] þam leohtfatum, swylce hit ele wære.
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1076 His wif belaf æfter in þam castele, & hine swa lange heold oð þæt man hire gryð salde.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 7 Þa children ploȝeden in þere strete.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 8730 In þan brade uelde.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 2 Engelond his. Iset in þe on ende of þe worlde as al in þe west.
c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. i. l. 114 Summe in þe Eir, and summe in þe Eorþe and summe in helle deope.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. viii. 460 Galaxias is of reflectioun and reboundinge of liȝt toward þe aier, as hit were in a myrour.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 8139 Þei ere now sailand in þe see.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 560 In every place he asked aftir sir Launcelot. But in no place he cowde hyre of hym.
1511 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1885) III. 332 Makyng of an hubbe in the ketchyn.
1551 R. Record Pathway to Knowl. i. xxvii The circle is not named to be drawen in a triangle, because it doth not touche the sides of the triangle.
1608 E. Topsell Hist. Serpents 209 Dryed in a furnace.
1653 H. Holcroft tr. Procopius Gothick Warre i. 20 in tr. Procopius Hist. Warres Justinian The brazen Statue of Minerva in the open ayre.
1660 A. Wood Life & Times (1891) I. 350 His chamber in Merton Coll.
a1707 S. Patrick Auto-biogr. (1839) 105 I never saw greater devotion in any countenance.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 10. ¶4 Spectators who live in the World without having any thing to do in it.
1817 P. B. Shelley Laon & Cythna x. xv. 219 The fish were poisoned in the streams; the birds In the green woods perished.
1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth ii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. I. 35 Adjacent to Couvrefew Street in which they lived.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. i. 150 The restored wanderer reposed safe in the palace of his ancestors.
1853 C. Dickens Bleak House vi. 45 The wind's in the east.
1855 C. Kingsley Persius in Heroes i. 4 They are..in the open sea.
1873 H. B. Tristram Land of Moab viii. 157 An orderly in the doorway.
1898 F. Montgomery Tony 9 In a somewhat crowded train.
1916 ‘Taffrail’ Pincher Martin xiv. 248 ‘When I was in the old Somerset, in nineteen-nine,’ somebody would start the ball rolling, ‘we had a fellow who’——.
1961 P. Marshall Soul clap Hands & Sing (1962) 68 He glanced at his reflection in the rear-view mirror.
1988 Amer. Hist. Rev. 93 p. ii A Browning automatic is hidden in her hand muff.
2011 National Trust Mag. Summer 80 By fishing less there will be more fish in the sea, which means, paradoxically, that we can catch more at less expense.
(b) With omission of the definite article, esp. when the function of the place is the prominent notion; as in bed, in chancery, in chapel, in church, in court, in hall, in prison, in school, in town: see the nouns.in earth, in sea, follow in heaven, in hell, which are treated like geographical proper names: see sense 1b(a).
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OE tr. Theodulf of Orleans Capitula (Corpus Cambr.) xxvi. 343 Him is to forbeodenne æghwylc gemana mid cristenum mannum, ge in cyrcean ge butan.
a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 59 (MED) In eorðe, in heuene is his mahte.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 74 Ȝe schulen as ischawere iseon vre lauedi wið alle hire meidnes.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 292 Alþi wil schal beon iwracht inheouene & ineorðe.
1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 5 Be he in toun oþer out of toun.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vi. xii. 307 I suffre not a womman teche in chu[r]che.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 11793 Alle þai drouned in see.
c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn Prol. l. 429 (MED) Þe best gouse Þat was I-found in town.
1526 C. Mery Talys f. xxv I laugh to thynk howe shamefast the frere shall be when he waketh, whom I left in bedde with my wyfe.
1595 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 iii. ii. 70 I had rather lie in prison.
1612 S. Lennard tr. P. de Mornay Mysterie Iniquitie 655 The place where the Emperour sitteth is no higher than where the Pope setteth his feet; his chaire also not so high, nor so large, and a lesse foot-stoole, whether it bee in Church, or in Chappell, or in Councell.
1675 H. Neville tr. N. Machiavelli State Germany in Wks. 265 Strasburgh..has a Million of Florins..in Bank.
1744 G. Berkeley Siris (ESTC T72826) §77 A large glass every hour..taken in bed.
1795 T. Swift Prison Pindarics 16 When my son came to live in College I found it convenient to live with him in his apartments.
1853 C. Dickens Bleak House ii. 9 In Chancery. Between John Jarndyce [etc.].
1896 C. Garnett tr. I. Turgenev Smoke iv. 27 He exclaimed..in the hearing of all the world that all the liberals ought to be in prison.
1925 Washington Post 25 Oct. 4/7 Le Paradis and the Club Chantecler in town and the beautiful Chateau Le Paradis on the Washington-Baltimore road at Ammendale, Md., are all synonyms for effervescent gayety.
1942 Short Guide Great Brit. (U.S. War Dept.) 8 The tales of Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson which many of you read in school.
1971 Times 20 Mar. 11 Most have already spent more than a year in jail awaiting trial, and pretrial detention will be deducted from their sentences.
2016 J. Seigel Forensic Sci. (ed. 2) iii. 43 Being an effective witness in court requires following certain guidelines about behavior and comportment.
b. † (b) Scottish. Expressing residence within (the estate or place named) as a tenant-farmer or short-term leaseholder (as opposed to of, used to specify ownership: see of prep. 34a). Obsolete.
(a) With the proper names of continents, seas, countries, regions, provinces, cities, towns, etc.Use with the name of cities, towns, etc., was formerly generally restricted to the names of large cities, esp. the capital of a country, or of the city or town in which the speaker lives (cf. at prep. 2); now (originally U.S.) with the name of any built-up area.
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OE Blickling Homilies 211 Wæs he..in Italia afeded in Ticinan þære byrig.
c1200 Serm. in Eng. & Germanic Stud. (1961) 7 63 For vre helend is iboren ine betleem.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5343 Wes Allec þe king. in are temple in Lundenne.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) lxxxii. 9 (MED) Hij perissiden in Endor.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xvii. 13 Whanne Jewis in Tessalonyk hadden knowe..thei camen.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 24765 Willam basterd, þat warraid in jngland ful hard.
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 197 (MED) He seid that peple schulde frothens after worschipe neither in Ierusalem neither in the now seid hil.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. iv. f. iiijv Iesus..went and dwelte in Capernaum.
1572 J. Bossewell Wks. Armorie iii. f. 21v Thys is a beaste in India, like an Horsse, and hath iawes like a Bore, & therein tuskes.
1638 L. Roberts Merchants Mappe of Commerce xxix. sig. I5 Conveying the Indian commodities afterward with great difficultie, partly by land, and partly by water to Capha in the blacke Sea.
1686 F. Spence tr. A. Varillas Ἀνεκδοτα Ἑτερουιακα 176 The worthiest man in Europe.
1735 C. Middleton Diss. Origin Printing Eng. 15 He had spent some time in Oxford, after having first studied and taken a Degree at Cambridge.
1770 W. Guthrie New Geogr. Gram. 441 In the middle ages, the Saracens founded in Asia, in Africa, and in Europe, a more extensive empire than that of Cyrus, Alexander, or even the Roman.
1819 H. McMurtrie Sketches of Louisville 137 There are..in Louisville..three drug stores.
1841 W. M. Thackeray Great Hoggarty Diamond ix We wished her at—Bath; certainly not in London.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. ii. 158 The Presbyterian system was fully established nowhere but in Middlesex and Lancashire.
1887 W. R. Fisher Forest of Essex vii. 326 There were in Chingford, Wanstead, and West Ham sixty acres of assarts.
1934 F. Schoonmaker & T. Marvel Compl. Wine Bk. vi. 146 A limited amount of dry white wine..is made in Tuscany from the Malvasia, Roussanne and Trebbiano grapes.
2017 Daily Mail (Nexis) 1 Mar. The find, in Leek, Staffordshire, is not far from the biggest gold hoard ever found in the UK—worth £3.3million.
ΚΠ
1515 in W. C. Dickinson Sheriff Court Bk. Fife (1928) 15 Johnne Gourlay in Kingis catyll..Johnne Robertsone elder in Qwiltis.
1703 in C. B. Gunn Rec. Baron Court Stitchill (1905) 149 At the instance of John Lamb Tennent in Maidenhall against Thomas Galbreath in Stitchill.
a1800 Jamie Telfer ix in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1894) V. ix. 250/1 It's I, Jamie Telfer i the fair Dodhead.
2. † b. = at prep. I. Obsolete.
a. = on prep. I. Now regional and rare.
ΚΠ
OE Riddle 40 98 Ne hafu ic in heafde hwite loccas.
OE Daniel 723 Þa þær in egesan engel drihtnes..wrat þa in wage worda gerynu, baswe bocstafas, burhsittendum.
c1225 (?c1200) Sawles Warde (Bodl.) (1938) 30 Ich iseh þe apostles..sitten i trones.
a1275 St. Margaret (Trin. Cambr.) l. 188 in A. S. M. Clark Seint Maregrete & Body & Soul (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 64 Ho..sette ir fot in is necke.
c1300 St. Andrew (Harl.) l. 42 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S.-Eng. Legendary (1956) 544 In þe rode as þi Louerd deide ich wole sette þe.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 6179 Me slou is folc aboute in eche syde.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 9954 A tron of iuor graid..Was neuer yeitt king ne kaiser, Þat euer sait in sli chaier.
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 138 Forto sette him up an hiȝe in the eend of a long pole.
c1450 tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Lyfe Manhode (Cambr.) (1869) 111 That oon bar that oother in hire nekke.
c1500 Lyfe Roberte Deuyll 643 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 244 He kneled downe in the floore.
1568 Christis Kirk on Grene in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) II. 266 His wyfe hang in his waist.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 308 The Rider must lay the raines in his necke.
1669 G. Miege Relation of Three Embassies 318 Farr from making any favourable impressions in the Tzar.
1692 S. Patrick Answer to Touchstone of Reformed Gospel 89 Antichrist is long ago in the Throne of the Roman Church.
1701 Acct. Life in T. Stanley Hist. Philos. (ed. 3) sig. cv He..spent his Time in the Solitary Top of a Mountain.
1730 A. Gordon tr. F. S. Maffei Compl. Hist. Anc. Amphitheatres 42 Flattering Fame is..generally in the magnifying Side.
1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. at In Thick old ladder's so wake, I be most afeard to go up in un.
1905 J. P. Kirk in Eng. Dial. Dict. VII. 136/2 [South Nottinghamshire] Look! you've dropped it in the floor.
1996 in R. Allsopp Dict. Caribbean Eng. Usage 304/1 When you['re] coming home you can buy some bread in the way.
ΚΠ
OE Confessionale Pseudo-Egberti (Junius) 188 In gehwylcum anum weofode þu most on dæge gesingan twa mæssan.
?1473 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Recuyell Hist. Troye (1894) I. lf. 37 Than jupiter put hym self in the front of the batayle.
1560 Bible (Geneva) Isa. xvii. 6 Two or thre beries are in the top of the vpmoste boughs.
1653 H. Holcroft tr. Procopius War with Vandals i. 20 in tr. Procopius Hist. Warres Justinian The Barbarians came up close, with Gelimer in the head of them.
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd i. 98 E're in the head of Nations he appear. View more context for this quotation
1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. vi. 37 Then was the General..in the head of his Regiment..shot in the thigh.
1847 W. B. Carpenter Zool.: Systematic Acct. I. §239 They [sc. the Edentata] all agree in the absence of teeth in the front of the jaws.
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OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Luke i. 28 Benedicta tu in mulieribus : gebloedsad ðu in wifum.
OE Crist I 195 Ic..scyle manswara, laþ leode gehwam lifgan siþþan, fracoð in folcum.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 16681 Whatt gate arrt tu forr maȝȝstre tald. Inn issraæle þede?
a1250 Lofsong Lefdi (Nero) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 207 Ich bide þe..bi his eadi beoden in hulles him one.
c1300 St. Lucy (Laud) l. 30 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 101 He eode In grete prece.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark iv. 18 And there ben other that ben sowun in thornis.
c1400 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 445 (MED) Freris wold not here þis publischt in þe pepul.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Psalms lxvi. 3 That we knowe thi weie on erthe; thin heelthe in alle folkis.
a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) lxxvii. 50 (MED) He sent in thaim hundfleghe, and it ete thaim.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Judith viii. 21 Seinge ye are the honorable and elders in the people of God.
?1545 J. Bale 2nd Pt. Image Both Churches ii. Pref. sig. Aiiv Sygnyfyenge the preachers to shewe forth their massages appoynted of God for the .vij. ages of the churche, manye wonderfull plages folowynge in the peple for theyr vnbeleues sake.
4. Expressing relation to something that covers, clothes, or envelops, or to its material, its colour, etc.: clothed in, wearing, enveloped in, wrapped in, bound in, etc. E.g. in armour, in court dress, in curlers, in muslin, in slippers, in a straw hat, in white, in a wig, etc. Cf. also sense 22b.See also in arms at arms n. Phrases 2b, in buttons at button n. Phrases 7a, in mourning adv. b at mourning n.1 Phrases. For other idiomatic uses see the nouns.
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OE Exodus 212 Wæron orwenan eðelrihtes, sæton æfter beorgum in blacum reafum.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 234 He..schawede him to his abbed in [c1230 Corpus Cambr. i] snaw hwite schrudes.
a1250 Wohunge ure Lauerd in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 277 Poure þu wunden was irattes and i clutes.
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 1767 Comes a ladde in a ioupe.
c1330 Sir Orfeo (Auch.) (1966) l. 299 Kniȝtes & leuedis com daunceing In queynt atire.
c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 1261 Som wol ben armed in an haubergeoun And in Brestplate and in a light gypoun.
a1450 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Caius) (1810) l. 5616 Our Crystene men ben armyd weel, Both in yren and in steel.
a1500 (?a1425) Ipomedon (Harl.) (1889) l. 1368 (MED) They had wondyr..of þe men in dyverse wedis.
1601 B. Jonson Every Man in his Humor iv. i. sig. K2 He goes in a cloake most commonly of silke russet: layd about with russet lace.
1671 E. Howard Six Days Adventure iv. 49 I observ'd a woman pictur'd in a hat And Feather, Booted, and Spurr'd, ready to take her wooing Progress.
1710 J. Addison Tatler No. 221. ⁋1 A little Boy in a black Coat.
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Mourning The antient Spartan and Roman Ladies mourn'd in White... Kings and Cardinals mourn in Purple.
1843 Fraser's Mag. 28 324 A lady in black velvet is seated.
1863 C. Dickens Uncommerc. Traveller in All Year Round 4 July 446/1 A compactly-made handsome man in black.
1927 C. Beaton Diary 15 Jan. in Self Portrait with Friends (1979) i. 4 Zita and Baby Jungman both looked countrified in wool and tweeds.
1954 N. Coward Diary 9 May (2000) 235 I sat teed up in tails in a box with Ian and Margaret Argyll.
2003 D. Lipsky Absolutely Amer. iv. 279 A kid is there in civvies, but the signs of cadetness are obvious.
5. Expressing relation to a partly immaterial context: in the course of a narrative, an exposition, (the writings of) an author, a sequence of events, etc.
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eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xxxi. 378 Ða sume [sc. heofenlicu mægen] we geara for gemynde awriton in ðære bec Cuðberhtes lifes [L. in volumine vitae..eius].
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iv. iv. 265 In þære ylcan bec Salomones is gecweden: gehyre we [etc].
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 7 Þis witeȝede dauid..in þe saltere.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 294 As he seið þurch seint Iohan inþe apocalipse.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 56 We ssulleþ her after in [c1450 Cambr. Univ. on] þise boc telle of al þis wo.
c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 43 (MED) Nou her we mote ine þis sarmon Of ordre maky saȝe.
c1405 (c1375) G. Chaucer Monk's Tale (Hengwrt) (1872) l. 3769 Reed which that he was in Machabee.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xvi. 191 Syrs, I pray you inquere In all wrytyng, In Vyrgyll, in Homere, And all other thyng Bot legende.
1548 H. Latimer Notable Serm. sig. A.ii All thinges that are written in Goddes boke.
1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 70 Lufe is fulfilling of the Law, as Paull reheirsis in his writ.
1657 Bp. H. King Elegies 13 in Poems Let it no more in History be told.
1662 E. Stillingfleet Origines Sacræ iii. ii. §5 So true is that of Balbus in Tully when he comes to discourse of the Nature of God.
1710 J. Addison Tatler No. 218. 336 On this Occasion I could not but reflect upon a beautiful Simile in Milton.
1785 Crit. Rev. May 331 There are, we believe, similar passages of the same kind in classical authors.
1824 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. I. xv. 390 Mezentius, the most heroical of all the characters in that poem.
1887 A. Gilchrist in Cent. Guild Hobby Horse 13 Eblis in the Koran, Cain in the Bible are scarce so black as this royal phantom in his Escurial.
1929 Forum Mar. 181/1 In Middlemarch and in Jane Eyre we are conscious not merely of the writer's character.., but we are conscious of a woman's presence.
2017 Belfast Tel. (Nexis) 10 Feb. (News section) 31 What could the women in Shakespeare's plays learn from each other?
6. Expressing membership or belonging, e.g. in a company, in a college, in an association, in a party, in the army, in the navy.See also in company at company n. Phrases 1b, in league with at league n.2 3b.
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eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 878 Þæs ymb iii wiecan com se cyning to him Godrum þritiga sum þara monna þe in þam here weorþuste wæron.
OE tr. Vitas Patrum in B. Assmann Angelsächsische Homilien u. Heiligenleben (1889) 201 In minum geferscipe wæron weras and wif.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Royal) (1850) 1 Pet. v. 1 Therfore I..biseche the eldre men that ben in ȝou.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 15563 We salle ga in company & suffre baþe a sare.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iii. l. 1860 (MED) Aiax..vn-to Hector ffaste gan hym hiȝe, A þousand knyȝtes in his companye.
1529 T. More Dyaloge Dyuers Maters iii. f. lxxxiiiv/2 He that ys in the clergye noughte, ys farre the worse bycawse he ys therin, so he that therin ys good, ys for hys clergye..farre the better.
1588 W. Clowes Prooued Pract. Young Chirurgians sig. P.iiii3v There was not at that time in the Nauie any one Phisition to ayde and assist vs.
1652 C. Cotterell tr. G. de Costes de La Calprenède Cassandra iv. vi. 78 He appear'd so astonish'd to hear you were in our party, that of a great while he was not able to answer me.
1709 J. Addison Tatler No. 131. ⁋11 A Friend of mine in the Army.
1774 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 64 141 Mr. Thomas Green, well known to many in the Royal Society, for his singular and very curious method of preserving the subjects of natural history.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 325 The place of the clergyman in society had been completely changed by the Reformation.
1890 Law Times Rep. 63 685/2 The plaintiff applied for shares in this company.
1938 Times of India 28 Jan. 11/2 In the course of his tour, His Majesty met several members of the staff he had known when he served at Cranwell as an officer in the R.A.F.
1978 Spectator 25 Feb. 10/1 To many in the Labour Party..the proposition will seem fanciful if not preposterous.
2017 Times (Nexis) 22 Apr. (Features section) 15 If all the players in a football team change, is it the same football team?
7. Referring to non-physical things treated as having extension or content, e.g. a person's mind, thought, imagination, life, opinion, etc.
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OE Daniel 732 Sohton þa swiðe in sefan gehydum, hwæt seo hand write haliges gastes.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2439 Icc..wel hafe fesstnedd. I mine þohhtess þatt i nan. Weppmann ne wile cnawenn.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 225 In hire mod inwið.
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 122 Sho is mikel in mi þouth.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) cviii. 14 (MED) He ne had nouȝt in mynde to do mercy.
c1450 (?c1400) Three Kings Cologne (Cambr. Ee.4.32) (1886) 50 Ȝif þe werkis of god myȝt þe [read be] comprehendit in mannys wit or reson.
c1450 (a1400) Chevalere Assigne l. 18 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale Middle Eng. Metrical Romances (1930) 860 (MED) Þat honged in his herte.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 2 Hald in mynde, thar nobille worthi deid.
1564 tr. P. M. Vermigli Most Fruitfull & Learned Comm. f. 126v He which suffreth such thinges, weeneth that he verilye seeth and feeleth those thinges whiche are in his imagination or phansye.
1601 W. Cornwallis Ess. II. xlvi. sig. Ii In no course is it more behoouefull then in the life of a souldiour.
1645 T. Fuller Good Thoughts in Bad Times ii. xx. 113 I Discover an arrant Lazinesse in my Soul.
1670 Sir S. Crow in 12th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1890) App. v. 16 In my opinion a better designe.
1730 Happy Bride iii. 40 If ever in her Mind she hid a Care, to him unknown, she robb'd him of his Share.
a1770 J. Jortin Serm. (1771) IV. vi. 114 A faith which dwells in the memory hath no influence on the heart.
1826 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae xxix, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 772 How canst thou thus in fancy burn with fruitless fires?
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 39 All the thirty were in politics vehemently opposed to the prisoner.
1936 Weekly Irish Times 30 Jan. During the coming years..let me have a place in your thoughts and prayers.
2017 Independent (Nexis) 2 Mar. (Features section) 40 Some very good actors are, in my view, under-challenged by the brisk approach here.
8.
a. Indicating the particular part of something which is affected.In quot. OE (as regularly with verbs of striking) with the complement in the accusative.
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eOE Laws of Ælfred (Corpus Cambr. 173) lxviii. 84 Gif mon bið in eaxle wund, gebete mid lxxx scillinga.
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iv. xl. 324 Þa gelamp hit on þam mancwealme..þæt he wearð drepen in þa sceare.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 88 A lutel hurt in þe echȝe. derueð mare þen amuchel iþe hele.
a1250 Wohunge ure Lauerd in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 281 Siðen ȝette buffetet and to dunet i þe heaued wið þe red ȝerde.
?a1300 Maximian (Digby) l. 257 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 100 Ich telle me for a queed, Þe wile ich miȝt, en heueed I-beten nedde ich hoe.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vii. xxxix. 387 Þat feuer is syimple þat comeþ of one matiere irootid onlich in one place.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7224 Man aght to dred þe brand þat brint him forwit in his hand.
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 32 (MED) Aquous apostemez falleþ more in þe fete & in þe testiclez & in þe heued.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) cxlviii. 558 Huon..kyst her in the mouth.
1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias i. lvii. f. 120v He himselfe was hurte in the legge with a certaine weapon.
a1618 W. Raleigh Prerogatiue Parl. (1628) 45 He was knock't in the head by Parliament.
a1627 T. Middleton More Dissemblers besides Women v. i, in 2 New Playes (1657) 67 There's many..Whom I have nipt i' th' ear.
1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. ii. 33 You must mend it in that place.
1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. viii. 415 An unhappy wound, with a Rapier, in the Eye; which pierced near his brain.
1795 Hist. in Ann. Reg. 70 A masked battery took them in flank.
1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia II. ix. ix. 491 ‘King of the Two Sicilies’..whom Naples, in all ranks of it, willingly homages as such.
1883 R. Cleland Inchbracken (1887) 136 I'll gie ye a gouff i' the lug'll gar't stound the next half-hour.
1898 Tit-Bits 17 Sept. 484/1 The horse..is blind in one eye.
1934 Scotsman 19 Dec. 17/5 Do you know that a lot of these women were hit in the face by things thrown through the window of the café?
2016 Observer (Nexis) 5 Dec. He was hit around the head by a lead pipe as a kid in a playground fight, and lost his hearing in one ear.
b. With a reflexive pronoun, expressing the condition of a person's body, his or her personality, etc., generally.Constructions with be (as opposed to feel) are chiefly recorded in Irish English.
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1849 Med. Times 4 Aug. 111/3 The pains had been much the same, but he felt better in himself.
1902 Lancet 5 July 29/1 The King's condition improved, the temperature fell to normal, and he felt better in himself.
1951 ‘N. Shute’ Round Bend ix. 264 He was well in himself, at least, when I was there, but he had little energy.
1960 J. B. Keane Sharon's Grave 10 He is very weak in himself.
1998 M. Ryan Song of Tide (2000) iv. 51 He's just a bit strange in himself... He's just a bit odd.
1999 F. McCourt 'Tis xvii. 129 She says 'tis hard moving out and leaving her brother Pat, that he's not well in himself and barely hobbling.
2011 M. A. Bannister Pre-Reader Found. Degree Health & Social Care Pract. vii. 70 Seedhouse presumably felt well in himself, and was able to function normally at work.
9. With numerals, nouns of quantity, etc., expressing a ratio, rate, gradient, etc.: as a proportionate part of.one in——: see one n. 3b, 3c.
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?a1425 (a1400) Brut (Corpus Cambr.) 304 Þe King, þoruȝ his councele, lete ordeyne & make his neve money..but hit was of lesse wyȝth þan þe old sterlyng was, by v. s. in þe pound.
1577 R. Stanyhurst Treat. Descr. Irelande i. f. 4/1, in R. Holinshed Chron. I The true Irishe in deede differeth so much from that they commonly speake, that scarse one in fiue hundred can eyther, reade, wryte, or vnderstande it.
1598 W. Phillip tr. J. H. van Linschoten Disc. Voy. E. & W. Indies i. xxix. 54/2 Commonly worth 25 or 30 in the hundred profite.
1616 T. Overbury et al. Characters in His Wife (9th impr.) sig. R6 He takes ten groates i' th pound.
1700 Moxon's Mech. Exercises: Bricklayers-wks. 3 Dearer..by about Six Shillings in a Thousand.
1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 74/1 A very good Rise for a slope is half an inch in every three foot.
1732 D. Neal Hist. Puritans I. Pref. 7 Not one beneficed clergyman in six was capable of composing a sermon.
1761 J. Wesley Jrnl. 23 June (1827) III. 62 Ninety-nine in a hundred were attentive.
1840 H. S. Tanner Canals & Rail Roads U.S. 78 The grades vary from a level to an inclination of 1 in 330.
1892 Law Times 92 147/1 A debtor..offered 6s. 8d. in the pound.
1915 C. Mathewson Catcher Craig v. 64 He had about one chance in twenty of reaching it safely.
1973 E. Course Railways S. Eng.: Main Lines i. 29 Over the nineteen and a half miles from Redhill to Tonbridge the maximum gradient was 1 in 250.
2009 Computer Weekly 3 Nov. 7/3 The tax, currently 48.5p in the pound.
** Extended and elliptical uses.† 16. In the name of (God). Obsolete.Perhaps only a variant of an altered or ‘minced’ oath: cf. egod, variant of egad int.† 17. In the role of (a character in a play). Obsolete.
10. With a reflexive pronoun: apart from any relation to others; in a person's or thing's own essence or nature. Also in in and of preceding a reflexive (chiefly itself or themselves), used for emphasis (cf. of prep. 11b).In quot. OE: without external cause or intervention; cf. of prep. 11b.
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OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) ii. xv. 134 Ne byð næfre Romeburuh toworpen fram hæþenum þeodum, ac for hreonessum & ligetslehtum, for þodenum & eorðstyrenum heo byð geswenced, þæt heo weornað & brosnaþ in [OE Hatton on] hire sylfre [L. marcescet in semetipsa].
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3041 Iesu crist Iss..soþ godd inn himm sellfenn.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 237 Þe sacrement þet is y-mad..be þe hand of þe kueade ministre ne is naȝt lesse worþ ine him-zelue.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark iv. 17 Thei han nat roote in hem silf.
c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 461 (MED) We schulde..neiþer greeue oure euen cristen, neiþer lyue intemperatly in vs silf.
a1450 Rule St. Benet (Vesp.) (1902) l. 328 (MED) Bot in her-self sche sal be law.
1531 W. Tyndale Expos. Fyrste Epist. St. Jhon Prol. sig. A.vi The scripture abydeth pure in hyr self.
1581 J. Baker Lect. vpon xii. Articles Christian Faith xii. sig. Ȝ.viv If the Lord God do conteine in himselfe ye fulnesse of all felicitie & good things, then we, hauing ye fruition of ye Lord, shal desire nothing besides him.
1656 Disc. Auxiliary Beauty (1662) 178 Suppose Artificial beautifying of the face be not in it self absolutely unlawful.
1695 E. Baynard in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 19 19 Though the proper Coats of the Veins and Arteries seem to be indolent in themselves, yet those thin Membranes which obside them are most exquisite of Sense.
1711 R. Mossom Summary of Divine Truths ii. 11 As the Sun is in it self most visible, so is God in himself most intelligible.
1767 F. Warner Hist. Rebellion & Civil-war Ireland ii. 77 Forasmuch as we are in ourselves very sensible, that these storms blow aloft, and are very likely to be carried by the vehemency of the Protestant party into our kingdom of Ireland.
1781 S. Saunders Descr. Curiosities Glastonbury 56 In and of itself, the highest commendation it deserves, is to own, ‘We know but in part!’
1807 W. Bridgman tr. Paraphr. Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle ii. vi. 67 All these are called base..because they are base in and of themselves.
1843 J. S. Mill Syst. Logic I. i. iii. §7 Of things absolutely or in themselves.
1849 J. Ruskin Seven Lamps Archit. vii. 189 Neither originality, therefore, nor change..are ever to be sought in themselves.
1870 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (ed. 2) I. App. 739 The story may be true in itself.
1935 N.Y. Times 16 Dec. 22/1 He exists in and of Himself, and by means of prayer and through the sacraments, He has given us power to know Him as an objective reality.
1983 M. S. Peck People of Lie (1985) ii. 36 A belief that thoughts in and of themselves may cause events to occur.
2016 Times Higher Educ. Suppl. (Nexis) 15 Sept. Having newshounds verify assertions does not in itself untangle complicated issues.
11.
a. Belonging to, as an internal quality, attribute, faculty, or capacity; inherent in; hence, within the ability, capacity, thought, etc., of.See also to have it in one (also to have got it in one) to do something at Phrases 3a, to find it in oneself to do something at Phrases 3b, (there is) nothing in it at nothing pron., n., adv., and int. Phrases 15a, there's something in it at something n. 4b.
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OE Homily (Otho C.i) in Anglo-Saxon Eng. 26 (1997) 218 In þære tungan is swiðe micel, þeah heo sig lytel lim, forþan hio swiðe oft ahefeð up swiðe micel yfel.
lOE St. Chad (Hatton) (1953) 184 Þet wes eadig wær in þam ne wes enig inwit.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4686 Loc nu whatt witt itt iss i þe. To winnenn summwhatt littless. Onnȝæness godess wille swa Þatt tu þær godd forrlesesst.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 128 Þer ȝe schule beon inþrung. Achreste & pes is inme.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John viii. 44 Treuthe is not in him.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xix. l. 78 Al þe witte of þe worlde was in þo þre kynges.
?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 156 And I, in þat in me es, makez þam parceneres of þam.
c1600 G. Harvey in C. M. Ingleby & L. T. Smith Shakespeare's Cent. Prayse (1879) 30 Shakespeare's..Lucrece, and his tragedy of Hamlet..have it in them to please the wiser sort.
1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear vii. 331 Tis not in thee to grudge my pleasures. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iii. i. 179 There is no musicke in the Nightingale. View more context for this quotation
1619 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Maides Trag. iii. sig. E4v It is in me To punish thee.
1678 N. Wanley Wonders Little World v. ii. §16. 469/2 A covetous Pelagian, and one that had nothing of worth in him.
1696 T. Tryon Misc. xliv. 99 Not that I wholly Explode Astrology; I believe there is something in it.
1740 H. Bracken Farriery Improv'd (ed. 2) II. vi. 129 As to the Notions..I think there is not much in it.
1775 R. B. Sheridan St. Patrick's Day i. ii You did not mean any rudeness, did you, Humphrey? Oh No, in deed, miss; his worship knows it is not in me.
1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 167 To prefer evil to good is not in human nature.
1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues I. 317 An enquiry which I shall never be weary of pursuing as far as in me lies.
1958 Listener 13 Nov. 786/2 As between draughts and chess this is outweighed by the fact that there is more ‘in’ chess.
1995 K. Ishiguro Unconsoled xix. 276 Perhaps there's something in what you say, Mr Ryder.
2016 Belfast Tel. (Nexis) 14 Apr. (Features section) 36 Stand in your own power and remember it is not in your nature to be floored by anything.
b. Indicating the doer of something characterized by an adjective; = of prep. 16. Now archaic and rare.
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1582 R. Parsons Def. Censure 35 He [sc. Augustine of Hippo] noteth it as an hereticall tricke in them [sc. the Donatists], to persuade the people that the visible churche had erred.
1602 T. Lodge tr. Josephus Hist. Antiq. Iewes vi. xiiii, in tr. Josephus Wks. 151 It were a wicked deed in him to kil his lord.
1659 J. Gauden Ἱερα Δακρυα Pref. 18 How silly were it in them to expect, that Asses should alwayes be able to instruct them, because Balaams asse did once..rebuke his masters madnesse?
1709 A. Pope Let. 7 May (1956) I. 57 It wou'd be very kind in you to observe any Deficiencies in the Diction or Numbers [of my translation].
1771 R. Cumberland West Indian iv. ix. 77 'Tis a damn'd rogue's trick in me to take it [sc. a bribe].
1835 A. M. Hall Outlaw I. ii. 33 It was kindly and well done in her to come on such an errand.
1852 C. Dickens Bleak House (1853) vi. 55 I don't think it would be honorable in me to tell you.
1944 G. Heyer Friday's Child xi. 123 Thank you, George! It was so comfortable, and very pretty in you to have gallanted me to the party.
12. In the person or case of.
ΚΠ
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xxvii. 358 Ða se biscop þider com, mycelne fultum gereces & somed hire lifes frofre Gode seo wilsume fæmne in him gemette.
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iii. xvii. 217 In þysum mæn byð se lichama aweht, þe bið eft sweltende, in ðam mæn byþ seo sawl aweht.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 283 Alþe world he ȝef us inadam ure fader.
a1425 (?c1384) J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 341 (MED) Þe fend..moved þe emperour of Rome to dowe þis Chirche in þis preest.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 511 Fy for shame..that evir such false treson sholde be wrought or used in a quene and a kyngys systir.
1525 Seynge of Urynes sig. A.iiiv If this vryne be thynne in substaunce, in a chylde it betokeneth a cotydyan, in a yonge man a tercyan, & in an olde man a dowble tercyan.
1590 E. Spenser Let. to Sir W. Raleigh in Faerie Queene sig. Pp2 Sir Guyon, in whome I sette forth Temperaunce.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) ii. ii. 134 That in the Captaine's but a chollericke word, Which in the Souldier is flat blasphemie. View more context for this quotation
1653 H. More Antidote against Atheism in Coll. Philos. Writings (1712) iii. viii. 111 Which also happen'd in a Maid of his.
1707 Glossographia Anglicana Nova Asa foetida,..good against fits in women.
1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 333. ¶7 It was..a..bold Thought in our Author, to ascribe the first use of Artillery to the Rebel Angels.
1821 J. Clare Village Minstrel I. 20 Dread no thief in me!
1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest II. x. 470 How great a captain England possessed in her future King.
1878 J. Morley Carlyle in Crit. Misc. 201 Those who..found in the rules and discipline and aims of that system an acceptable expression for their own disinterested social aspirations.
1937 Washington Post 20 Sept. 11/4 (headline) Is It False Standard of Values to Prefer Gallantry to Tidiness in Husband?
1972 R. Davies Manticore (1987) ii. i. 78 Love, in a parent, carries with it extraordinary privileges and unquestionable insight.
2017 Grand Forks (N. Dakota) Herald (Nexis) 1 Feb. He's as good at anticipation as he is fast. That's a good quality in a player.
13. In spiritual or mystical union with.Father in God: see father n. 7d.
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OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iv. xlvii. 336 Oþer is witodlice, þæt we in Gode lifiað, oþer is, þæt we in þissere worulde lifiað.
c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 2 Ydemyd we beþe In Adam and ine Eue.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Royal) (1850) Apoc. xiv. 13 Blessid the deede men, that dien in the Lord [L. in Domino].
a1425 (a1400) Titus & Vespasian l. 1162 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1904) 112 26 (MED) Ȝif he wylle lyue in goddes sone.
?a1475 (a1396) W. Hilton Scale of Perfection (Harl. 6579) i. i. f. 2 (MED) Gostely suster in Ihesu Crist.
1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) i. x. sig. hiiv For as moche þt holy chirche is vnyed as it is sayd in the loue of þt holy goost euery man hath parte of the goodnes of that other as well in heuen as also in erthe.
1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Svpper of the Lorde f. cxxxiiv Al our woorkes begonne, continued and ended in thee.
1603 R. Rogers Seuen Treat. ii. xvi. 174 They marrying in the Lord, may also liue in the Lord together.
1673 J. Flavell Fountain of Life xxxix. 550 So that as we are said to die in Adam..so we are said to be raised from death in Christ.
1756 A. Butler Lives Saints I. 31 It was their desire that he might follow his vocation in God.
1821 H. Gauntlett Expos. Bk. Revelation (ed. 2) 229 Those who die in the Lord, immediately enter heaven.
1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) 702/2 All the souls in Purgatory have died in the love of God, and are certain to enter heaven.
1924 Herald of Gospel Liberty 15 May The much-beloved and revered Christian leader..who fell on sleep in Christ Jesus on April 29.
2017 Irish Daily Mail (Nexis) 14 Apr. (Letters section) 37 Hopefully all Irish Christians will show solidarity with their Egyptian brothers and sisters in Christ.
14. In the hands of; in the control or power of; legally established in the possession of. Now only following verbs such as lie, be vested.
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a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 4585 My good myne harme lyth hool in me In love may no defaute be.
1456 in Ld. Campbell Lives Lord Chancellors (1845) I. 373 The right and title of the reuersion of the said Manour, is now..lawefully in the said Sir John.
?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 290 (MED) Alle þe poer lyth now in þe.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xvi. 187 In me standys lyfe and dede.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxxxi. 250 You knowe well it is in me to cause Huon to dye.
1607 Statutes in M. H. Peacock Hist. Free Gram. School Wakefield (1892) 65 The election..shall be in the Maister and Fellowes of Emanuel Colledge.
1629 Vse of Law 29 in J. Doddridge Lawyers Light Lands possessed without any such title, are in the Crowne and not in him that first entreth.
1708 E. Hatton New View London II. 484/1 The Living is a Rectory, the Advowson in the Bp. of London.
1755 Bill for Erecting New Chapel in Wolverhampton 6 Be it further Enacted..That the Freehold and Inheritance of the said Chapel and Chapel-yard..shall, after Consecration thereof, be vested in the Minister of the said Chapel.
1837 W. Whewell Hist. Inductive Sci. I. 38 The government of Greece is in the king.
1884 Law Times Rep. 50 45/2 The minerals, therefore, are in the trustees.
1931 Methodist Rev. Mar. 295/1 Authority in the Roman Catholic Church is external, in the Pope who is Christ's vicar speaking here and now.
1996 L. Gough Choosing Pension iv. 55 The assets of the trust are ‘vested’ in the trustees.
2001 Church Times 16 Nov. 4/2 The legal title to the bust might not lie in the incumbent or the PCC.
15. Partaking, sharing, associated, or actually engaged in.
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1541 T. Paynell tr. Felicius Conspiracie of Catiline xxxvi. sig. P.iv That C. Cesar..shuld be named to be in the conspiracy of Catiline.
1601 J. Mush Dialogue Secular Priest & Lay Gentleman 93 Was it not the same Iesuit that entertained Yorke and Yong in the plot of firing her Majesties store-houses?
1648 O. Cromwell Let. 17 June in Writings & Speeches (1937) (modernized text) I. 615 We have plain discoveries that Sir Trevor Williams,..was very deep in the plot of betraying Chepstow.
1728 W. Cleland Let. on Dunciad in A. Pope Wks. (Globe) 359 None, it is plain, was so little in their friendships, or so much in that of those whom they had most abused.
1792 Hist. in Ann. Reg. 13 Neither the Count d'Artois..nor Mr. de Calonne were in the secret.
1827 Reformer 8 113/2 They, with some older members of the church, who were undoubtedly in the plot, were inspired with a new-born zeal.
1968 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 15 Jan. 9/4 We just weren't in this one... Nobody was going to beat them today.
2017 Derry Jrnl. (Nexis) 1 May We are continuously told there is no money, we are all in this together but we are not.
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1744 R. North & M. North Life Sir D. North & Rev. J. North 195 ‘Ay, I God, is it’, said the Lord.
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1802 Thespian Dict. at Palmer, (John) He then procured an engagement at Sheffield, where he came out in Richmond (Richard III).
1831 F. A. Kemble Let. 3 Jan. in Rec. Girlhood (1878) II. viii. 229 I am to come out in Bianca, in Milman's ‘Fazio’.
1848 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis (1850) I. vi. 55 She was going to have a benefit, and was to appear in Ophelia.
II. Of situation, condition, state, occupation, action, manner, form, material, and other circumstances and attributes.† 25. Expressing causation: because of, on account of, owing to. Obsolete.
18.
a. Expressing situation determined by the nature of the location or physical surroundings; e.g. in the dust, in fog, in the mire, in the mud, in snow. Frequently figurative.See also to be in clover at clover n. 3, in hot water at hot water n. 1b, to be in the shit at shit n. 4b.
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OE Cynewulf Juliana 592 Heo in lige stod æghwæs onsund.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 47 (MED) Ieremie þe prophete stod..in þe uenne up to his muðe.
a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 48 (MED) I sal biueren in vours & chiuerren in ise.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Job xlii. 6 Therfore I myself repreue me, and do penaunce in dead cole and askis.
1481 W. Caxton tr. Siege & Conqueste Jerusalem (1893) cci. 293 Habandouned in ordure and fylthe.
1593 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Biij She bathes in water. View more context for this quotation
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 138 The sacred Altars are involv'd in Smoak. View more context for this quotation
1780 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 70 157 There appeared in the mist two places of a peculiar brightness.
1783 J. O. Justamond tr. G. T. F. Raynal Philos. Hist. Europeans in Indies (new ed.) V. 192 All the human species, in general, whitens in the snow, and is tanned in the sun.
1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam Prol. p. v Thou wilt not leave us in the dust.
1886 Law Times 80 166/2 Hall..found his working about eighteen inches deep in water.
1909 Daily News 22 Dec. 6/1 Pedestrians had to wade through..the..streets ankle deep in slush.
2006 Science 6 Oct. 79/2 This illusion..helps account for why people drive too quickly in the fog.
b. Expressing situation determined by things that control movement. Now especially with nouns denoting things for imposing physical restraint; e.g. in bonds, in chains, in fetters, in harness. Formerly also with nouns denoting things for leading or linking individuals, e.g. in a cord, in a rope, etc.See also to be in leading-strings at leading-string n. 1, in a leash at leash n. 1a, to have in a string at string n. 1f(a).
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eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) cxlix. 8 Ad alligandos..nobiles eorum in uinculis ferreis : to gebindenne..eðele heara in bendum irnum.
OE Descent into Hell 88 We þæs beofiende under helledoru[m] hearde sceoldon bidan in bendum.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 19976 Inn hiss cwarrterrne i bandess.
?c1250 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Egerton) l. 289 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 177 In þo loþe biende.
c1300 Life & Martyrdom Thomas Becket (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 15 Al in feteres and in othe[r] bende.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. xlv. 14 Bounde in manycles thei shul wende.
c1425 Concordance Wycliffite Bible f. 78 (MED) Ion, in boondis, sente two of hise disciplis, mt. elleuenþe cap.
a1450 (c1375) G. Chaucer Anelida & Arcite (Tanner 346) (1878) l. 284 Othyr mote I haue you in my cheyn.
c1450 (a1375) Octavian (Calig.) (1979) l. 222 Anoon hy was ytake..And brouȝt yn gyues.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A3v And by her in a line a milkewhite lambe she lad.
1611 Bible (King James) Job xxxvi. 8 If they bee bound in fetters, and be holden in cords of affliction. View more context for this quotation
1660 A. Moore Compend. Hist. Turks 428 1000 of whom, being bound together in ropes were slain in sight of Bajazet's Pavilion.
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 504. ⁋5 I am to be hang'd in chains.
1763 E. B. Greene Satires of Juvenal Imitated 142 Thou would'st hold the nation in a string; Ambition, av'rice, pride, thy bosom fill.
1828 A. E. Bray Protestant I. 270 Harpsfield and Baker sat close together, cheek-by-jowl, not unlike blood-hounds in a leash.
1862 C. Hudson in Peaks, Passes & Glaciers 2nd Ser. I. 209 During the descent..Melchior, Tuckett, and I, who were in the same cord with them, were..obliged to stop until they got down some of the more difficult rocks.
1938 Scotsman 23 June 7/1 The President's Champion Medal for the best animal in the classes for hackneys in harness was won by Mr and Mrs Walter Briggs.
2017 Independent (Nexis) 21 Mar. I am sure no father wants his sons or daughters to see him in handcuffs especially if he is innocent.
c. Expressing situation as regards light, darkness, and atmospheric environment.
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OE Beowulf (2008) 87 Se ellengæst..se þe in þystrum bad.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) l. 270 As ha þrinne wes i þeosternesse.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. ii. 5 Go wee in the liȝt of the Lord oure God.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 17881 Þe folk in dedeli mirknes stadd.
a1438 Bk. Margery Kempe (1940) i. 24 (MED) Þan went þei forth to-Brydlyngton-ward in rygth hoot wedyr.
1538 T. Elyot Dict. at Insolo To drie in the sonne, to blech.
1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique ii. f. 83v Gropyng in the darke.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) i. i. 2 When shall we three meet againe? In Thunder, Lightning, or in Raine? View more context for this quotation
1648 Bp. J. Hall Breathings Devout Soul xxix. 46 An inheritance in light: In light incomprehensible, in light inaccessible.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 100 His thick Mane..dances in the Wind. View more context for this quotation
1730 P. Shaw tr. G. E. Stahl Philos. Princ. Universal Chem. ii. i. 116 They do not retain a solid form in the cold, or where there is a little moisture.
1794 J. Clowes tr. E. Swedenborg Delights of Wisdom conc. Conjugial Love 233 Birds of night, whose eyes are inwardly illuminated by a false light, in consequence whereof they see objects in the dark, as in the light.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. xxi. 593 Privateers and smugglers who put to sea in all weathers.
1887 Spectator 27 Aug. 1148 Planting his potatoes in the rain.
1934 China Press (Shanghai) 12 July 3/3 Do you get hot-headed in this weather even though wearing a sun-helmet?
1949 D. Thomas Let. 12 Nov. (1987) 727 Deakin..took pictures of me in a high wind in the church cemetery.
2009 J. Struthers Red Sky at Night 83 The scent of marjoram baking in the sunshine is so appetising that you'll be glad you've decided to grow it.
d.
(a) Expressing situation within the range of sensory perception of another.See also in the eye(s) of at eye n.1 Phrases 1d(a)(i), in view at view n. Phrases 1a.
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OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iii. ii. 183 Him ongæn yrnnendum folca mænigum in eallra gesihðe [L. in conspectu omnium] biddendum anum blindum [gesyhðe] he sealde.
c1300 Body & Soul (Laud Misc. 108) (1889) 47 (MED) Ȝwat wist i wat was wrong or rith..Bote þat þouȝ pottist in mi siȝth, Þat al þe wisdom scholdest cone?
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 446 He sittus in mi siȝt me þinkes euermore.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Ezek. ix. 5 He seide to hem in myn heryng [a1425 E.V. me herynge; L. audiente me].
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 644 She..seyde opynly, in hyrynge of many knyghtes, that what knyght [etc.].
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. i. 3 All is in my sight.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 55 What gretyng..growis vnto þe To se þi sones be slayn in sight of þi nene [read þin ene]?
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iii. 655 Those seav'n Spirits that stand In sight of God's high Throne. View more context for this quotation
1780 W. Cowper Table Talk 97 There..the group is full in view.
1855 Putnam's Monthly Mag. Jan. 44/2 A trooper will not swear in presence of his commanding officer; nor will an urchin in earshot of his father.
1894 Amer. Lawyer Nov. 474/1 The little girl followed him up the aisle, being in touching distance of him as they went up.
1928 Washington Post 28 Oct. He slept anywhere as long as it was in smelling distance of his people.
2016 Evesham Jrnl. (Nexis) 22 Feb. Using aggressive, threatening or intimidating behaviour in the sight or hearing of anyone who is caused, or likely to be caused alarm, harassment or distress.
(b) Expressing situation within the sphere of action of another.See also in a person's gift at gift n.1 1a.
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OE Confessionale Pseudo-Egberti (Junius) 186 Gyf hwylc wif sy þe unrihthæmed fremme, hyre wite sy in [OE Corpus Cambr. 190 on, OE Laud on] hyre weres handum [L. in potestate viri].
c1300 St. Dunstan (Laud) l. 38 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 20 Þo he was king and in his power ido.
?a1500 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 230 He is God, that all thinge made, and all thinge hath in his power.
1541 M. Coverdale tr. H. Bullinger Olde Fayth sig. G.iiij The whole generacion of man laye in the dominion of the deuel & in the bondes of synne, cursed, and damned.
1645 Old Parl. 3 If a Knight, a Judge, or a Senatour, was found to staine the estimation of the degree, it was in their authoritie to degrade such of their office, or dignitie.
1861 A. Trollope Framley Parsonage I. i. 4 The living of Framley was in the gift of the Lufton family.
1936 Washington Post 25 Nov. 8/2 At the time of his death Oris Van Sweringen had in his control only a few fragments of that impressive railroad empire.
1988 L. Morris Gospel according to Luke (rev. ed.) Pref. 9 Detailed discussions of form criticism, redaction criticism,..and other delights were not in my brief.
2017 Sutton Coldfield Observer (Nexis) 20 Jan. (Letters section) 13 It is not in the remit of a local council to create any business in competition with enterprises which provide local employment and pay our rates.
19. Expressing physical, mental, or moral condition or state.
a. Followed by an abstract noun; e.g. in comfort, in doubt, in health, in hope, in pain, in sickness, in solitude, in sorrow.In Old English and (independently) in the 19th cent. also used with the names of diseases.See also in a blaze at blaze n.1 2a, in debt at debt n. 2b, in fashion at fashion n. 11, in love at love n.1 Phrases 2b, in one's muses at muse n.3 1, in need at need n.1 8a, in peace at peace n. 4a, in print at print n. 7, in private at private n. 1a, in the right at right n. Phrases 1b(h).
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eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) ii. 11 Seruite domino in timore : ðeowiað dryhtne in ege.
OE Vercelli Homilies (1992) xviii. 297 Þa he ða þær wæs wel manige dagas, þa wearð he untrum, se man, in þære feferadle.
OE tr. Let. of Boniface to Eadburga in K. Sisam Stud. Hist. Old Eng. Lit. (1953) 213 Drihten, ne þrea þu us in þinum yrre, ne þu us ne steor in þinre hatheortnysse.
a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 59 He makede mon i rihtwisnesse.
a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 9 I woa þu was biluken al.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 328 Him þoȝte þe ymage in is slep tolde him is chance.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 250 Þer he him resteþ, þer he is in pais.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 841 He semes bi semblant in sekenes ful harde.
c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 448 (MED) In þis furious rage, Ful pitously al his hoste and he With-oute respite contwne dayes thre.
a1450 (c1400) in D. M. Grisdale 3 Middle Eng. Serm. (1939) 52 (MED) Loke, whan þe prayest, þe be e ful loue & charite.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin iv. 71 I am in certeyn of oon thynge, that he farith well and is in hele.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Chron. xxi. 19 He dyed in euell diseases.
1602 2nd Pt. Returne from Pernassus (Arb.) iii. iii. 43 [He] throwes the booke away in a rage.
1666 S. Pepys Diary 6 June (1972) VII. 151 All the Court was in a hubbub.
1730 A. Gordon tr. F. S. Maffei Compl. Hist. Anc. Amphitheatres 321 Whether this wonderful Fact was performed in the Theatre or Amphitheatre, Xiphiline..leaves us in doubt.
1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 150 Would die at last in comfort, peace, and joy.
1793 T. Beddoes Observ. Nature & Cure Calculus 214 Supposing that the carbon is in a very attenuated state in the blood.
1806 G. Pinckard Notes on W. Indies III. xxviii. 437 Had the hospitals been equally crowded with patients in small-pox, measles, scarlet fever, the common jail fever, or any complaint decidedly infectious.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xiv. 482 The sea was in a blaze for many miles.
1870 A. Nolan Byrnes of Glengoulah xxviii. 325 Her two children..both sick in scarlet fever..died next day.
1887 Lancet 12 Mar. 510/2 More heat is produced by a patient in fever than by a patient in health.
1928 N.Y. Times 4 May 24/3 It was just helping somebody in trouble.
1986 B. Okri Incidents at Shrine (1987) 106 When later on he learnt that she had become engaged to another man, Joe was shattered. He went around in a daze.
2000 S. Sykes in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 19/2 Anglicans..insisted that a person justified by grace is also living in hope and charity and bidden to do good works.
b. Followed by a concrete noun; e.g. in cash, in notes, in tatters.spec. with reference to pregnancy in animals and humans, e.g. in calf at calf n.1 1a, in kid, in foal at foal n. 1b, in pig at pig n.1 2c (cf. in-calf adj., in-foal adj., in-pig adj.), and to drunkenness, e.g. in one's cups at cup n. 10, in drink at drink n. 3a, in liquor at liquor n. 3b, in wine at wine n.1 1f(a). See also in bloom at bloom n.1 1d, in bud at bud n.1 4, in flower at flower n. 10a, to be in one's fruits at fruit n. 4, in leaf at leaf n.1 3a, in milk at milk n.1 1e, in ruins at ruin n. 9, in tears at tear n.1 1b.
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OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iii. xxxiv. 246 Seo sawl.., þonne heo hi sylfe geswænceð in tearum for ðam luste þæs heofonlican rices.
tr. Palladius De re rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iv. l. 756 (MED) This droues may the wynter colde endure..But for thy kiyn in calf hit is to drede.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xii. 110 What, art thou in ayll?
?a1562 G. Cavendish Life Wolsey (1959) 144 Hauyng a great multitude of artifycers and laborers..dayly in wages.
1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares f. 12v Sore am I impassioned for the storme thy tranquillity is in child with.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Comedy of Errors (1623) ii. i. 60 He ask'd me for a hundred markes in gold.
1667 R. L'Estrange tr. F. de Quevedo Visions 2 A wretched kind of a dog-look'd fellow..his Cloaths all in tatters.
1703 London Gaz. No. 3971/4 Calve-Skins in the Hair.
1754–64 W. Smellie Treat. Midwifery I. 400 Women in the first child seldom have after-pains.
1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess Prol. 7 Sweet girl-graduates in their golden hair.
1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. xxvi. 642 Goats in kid.
1882 C. E. L. Riddell Daisies & Buttercups I. 114 Where the broad-beans are now in pod.
1925 A. Kennett Bedouin Justice viii. 84 This man is entirely illiterate, and keeps all his savings in notes and gold on his person.
1972 Hilliers' Man. Trees & Shrubs 83 Corylus avellana ‘Contorta’... A winter feature when in catkin.
2017 K. Verboven in M. Flohr & A. Wilson Econ. Pompeii xii. 377 Instead of the third party being paid directly in cash, he accepts an acknowledgment of debt from the ‘delegated’ debtor in lieu of payment.
c. With reference to farmland, followed by the name of a crop that has been sown or planted, or the use to which the land is put, as in in grass, in corn, in wheat, etc.For the earlier use of in grass referring to a stage of crop growth, see grass n.1 3a.
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1686 in Sc. Hist. Rev. (1925) 22 188 A house with a corne yaird and a kaill yaird with a plantiquoy put in corn with two other plantiquoyis..lying in the outfriedome.
1697 J. Donaldson Husbandry Anatomized (new ed.) 69 The Out-field was divided into three parts, one third always to be in Corn, and two in Grass.
1796 G. Washington Let. 3 Apr. in Writings (1940) XXXV. 10 You did not, in enumerating the different places in which Oats were to be sowed, mention any for the ground that was in Potatoes.
1799 J. Robertson Gen. View Agric. Perth 196 Where the land has not lain for some time in grass.
1861 Amer. Agriculturist Jan. 25/3 The great grain farm..contains 5,000 acres, 1,000 of which were in wheat the past season, 1,000 in barley, and 900 were mowed, the balance being in pasture.
1978 B. G. Blackwood Lancs. Gentry & Great Rebellion i. 1 Between 55 and 62 per cent of the cultivated land was in arable.
2011 S. Kroeck Crop Rotation & Cover Cropping 59 Julie raised pigs on a field that had been in grass hay for many years.
20.
a. Expressing the form, shape, configuration, arrangement, or order of something.See also in fours at four n. 2e, in miniature at miniature n. 1b, in ones at one n. 1e, in pairs at pair n.1 2a, in singles at single n. 4.In quot. OE1 with the complement in the accusative.
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OE Cynewulf Crist II 725 He..wæs in cildes hiw claþum bewunden.
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) ii. xxxiv. 169 He geseah..þære ylcan [his] swuster sawle utgangende of hire lichaman in culfran ansyne.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5813 Þatt an der off þa fowwre der. Wass inn an manness like.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 143 Vre drihten wile cumen dredliche in fures liche.
c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Laud) (1901) l. 371 Bring him after none In [c1300 Cambr. On] a squieres wise.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 158 (MED) He comþ ine gyse of angle.
?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 12 In likness of a dragoun.
?a1450 ( J. Lydgate Serpent of Division (McClean) (1911) 53 (MED) Abowte his nekke in maner of a Cercle schulde environe abye made of golde.
1572 J. Bossewell Wks. Armorie iii. 7 Fiue Plates in crosse.
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. iv. 185 + 9 When in one line two crafts directly meete.
1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. ii. ii. 450 That vast Extent, where now fell Tartars hant, In wandring troopes.
1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear xiii. 25 The foul fiend haunts poore Tom in the voyce of a nightingale. View more context for this quotation
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iii. 641 Under a Coronet his flowing haire In curles on either cheek plaid. View more context for this quotation
1694 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) III. 292 The agent..is gone aside, and hath carried with him 2000£ in money belonging to the troop.
1710 J. Addison Tatler No. 221. ⁋2 Whether I had best sell my Beetles in a Lump or by Retail.
1776 W. J. Mickle tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad 339 He gives the prelude in a dreary sound.
1807 R. Southey Lett. from Eng. II. 395 Did he, contrary to the ordinary process, begin in rogue, and end in enthusiast?
1828 S. Rogers Italy: Pt. 2nd xiv. 88 A wild bird, a hawk, Flew in a circle, screaming.
1843 Fraser's Mag. 28 695 A cloak falls in easy folds down his back.
1891 Law Rep.: Weekly Notes 2 May 82/2 A land company, who afterwards sold the adjoining land in building plots.
1916 E. Appleton Diary 3 July in R. Cowen Nurse at Front (2013) 160 They went over in waves, the second one so many minutes after the first, and so on.
1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) ii. xiv. 400 The seeds are arranged in rows upon a fibrous core called the cob.
2016 Toronto Star (Nexis) 17 Dec. (Entertainment section) e2 Standing in a line, they each try to make sense of it all.
b. Expressing the manner of speech or writing; indicating the language in which something is expressed.In quot. eOE with the complement in the accusative.in English, in rhyme, in —— terms, in words of one syllable, etc.: see the main element.
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eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xxiv. 332 Heo..gewat to þære ceastre, þe in Englisc is gehaten Kwelcaceaster.
OE tr. Alexander's Let. to Aristotle (1995) §16. 234 Þa onswaredon hie us & sædon hwær we hit [sc. water] findan mehton in hiora gereorde.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 2430 Þe heye god þat in vre tonge woden icluped is.
c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 120 Hy makede joye in hare manere, And eke in hare langage.
a1382 Prefatory Epist. St. Jerome in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) vii. l. 17 In prose he bygynniþ: in verse he goþ forþ..in meke word: he is Iendid.
?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 5 Þe table..on þe whilk þe tytle was writen in Hebrew, in Grew and in Latyne.
1563 2nd Tome Homelyes sig. Ll.i He that speaketh in a tongue vnknowen, shalbe vnto the hearer an alient.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1680 (1955) IV. 215 The Discourse is in high-Dut<c>h.
1751 J. Wesley Let. Dec. (1931) III. 310 Sir, you may print this, not only in italics, but in capitals, and yet it would do you no service.
1776 Trial Maha Rajah Nundocomar for Forgery 22/2 Sometimes he wrote the bonds..in Nagree, sometimes in Bengal.
1833 H. Martineau Messrs. Vanderput & Snoek i. 3 He..spoke in a strong French accent.
1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 74 Bede is writing in a dead language, Gregory in a living.
1880 E. Gosse Eng. Poets II. 271 Waller was the first English poet to adopt the French fashion of writing in couplets, instead of enjambments.
1901 Secret Service 9 Aug. 14/1 ‘Arrest me?’ gasped the young man in startled tones.
1968 Q. Crisp Naked Civil Servant (1985) xii. 96 ‘I want,’ he exclaimed in an accent that you could have cut with a claymore, ‘to have behind me a great body of worrrrk’.
2007 Your Family Tree July 75/4 Entries are partly in dialect, or at least written with an accent.
c. Expressing the manner, style, or fashion in which something is done.See also in conscience at conscience n. Phrases 3, in like form at form n. 10, in like manner at manner n. 9b; also the phrases at kind n. 6b, part n.1 Phrases 1e, way n.1 17a(b), wise n.1 4.
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OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iv. xxxiii. 309 In þære wisan, Petrus, God sylfa wæs geeadmodod, þæt he wolde us..þa bysene þære fyrhte syllan.
c1300 Pilate (Harl.) l. 56 in F. J. Furnivall Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 112 Þer nemiȝte so neuere non beo in none wise.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 1473 In þis manere þe brutons þis lond wuste þo.
1439 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 113 (MED) I..make my testament of my last wyll in this forme that foloweth.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xvi. 380 In lyke wyse dyde Alarde.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin (1899) xiii. 193 (MED) Thei..hem armed in the beste wise that thei myght.
1559 Bp. Scot Speech Parl. in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1824) I. App. vii. 408 Every man..sholde..at large speke his mind in conscience in the contents of all the bills.
a1627 W. Sclater Brief Comm. Malachy (1650) 196 The things there spoken of cannot in any hand agree to Elias.
1654–5 O. Cromwell Let. 20 Jan. in Writings & Speeches (1945) (modernized text) III. 578 What can be made out..in this kind.
1691 T. Hale Acct. New Inventions 62 In the manner anciently used.
1706 tr. L. E. Du Pin New Eccl. Hist. 16th Cent. II. iii. iv. 81 Begging him to take this their Remonstrance in good part.
1737 W. Whiston tr. Josephus Antiq. Jews ii. i, in tr. Josephus Genuine Wks. 35 He was, in way of jest,..called Adom.
1833 H. Martineau Berkeley the Banker i. iv. 92 He told several people in confidence.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 619 He begged in piteous terms that he might be admitted to the royal presence.
1909 T. Hardy in Eng. Rev. Apr. 4 Who now recalls those crowded rooms..Where to the deep Drum-polka's booms We hopped in boisterous style?
1950 P. Larkin Let. 30 July in Sel. Lett. (1992) 166 D.H.L. never, seriously or in jest, suggested that he may become a father.
2004 H. Kennedy Just Law (2005) iii. 71 Politicians ask in a bewildered fashion why the police and courts are not using parenting orders.
d. Expressing the units or scale by which something is measured, or the relative value of units.
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?1537 R. Benese Bk. Measurynge Lande sig. Gjv Because in comptynge of money, it is not much vsed to compte ony summes in markes, but moost communely in poundes.
1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. xiv. 70 A Basilisco. Height [= bore] in Inches, 5. Weight in Pounds, 4000.
1672 I. Newton Let. 26 Mar. in Corr. (1959) I. 124 In the first column is expressed the length of the Telescope in feet.
1861 Banker's Mag. July 477 So long as the rate of exchange fluctuates we need nothing more than a fixed and invariable valuation of sterling in dollars.
1924 J. B. Cohen Pract. Org. Chem. (ed. 3) 314 The iodine value..is the amount of iodine in grams absorbed by 100 grams of the substance.
2001 Art Room Catal. Spring Preview 42/1 An easy to read display showing temperatures in Fahrenheit..and Centigrade.
21. Chiefly with nouns of action and verbal nouns.† c. Expressing action, with a verbal noun or gerund taken actively, after be and some other verbs. Cf. a prep.1 11, on prep. 12b. Obsolete.
a. Expressing occupation or engagement in an activity.See also in business at business n. Phrases 2, in embassy at embassy n. 1b, in message at message n. 1b, in operation at operation n. 1b, in trade at trade n. and adv. Phrases 1b.
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OE Vainglory (1936) 76 Ne biþ þam oþrum swa, se þe on ofermedum eargum dædum leofaþ in leahtrum.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 4731 Þatt tu beo swinncfull att tin mahht Inn alle gode dedess.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 33 He is forloren in to helle. Gif eani mon bið inumen in þere sunne.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13859 Þer he heom funde i fihte.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 7 Þe ilke þet dispendeþ þane zonday and þe festes ine zenne and ine hordom.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Philipp. ii. 22 He seruyde with me in the gospel.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 49 (MED) In riot and in rigolage, Of all þere liif spend þai þe stage.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 29 Than kynge Arthure dud so mervaylesly in armys that all men had wondir.
?1548 J. Bale Comedy Thre Lawes Nature ii. sig. Biiij I can werke wyles in battle, If I do ones but spattle.
1628 T. Hobbes tr. Thucydides Peloponnesian War (1822) 19 The Lacedemonians..are already in labour of the war.
1641 tr. Basile de Rouen Converted Capuchin 17 Who report mee a man engaged in wenching or wiving, shall accuse themselves of this sinne next Easter.
1701 Acct. Life in T. Stanley Hist. Philos. (ed. 3) sig. cv He..spent his Time.., in seriously bemoaning the Follies and Vanity of the World.
1754 D. Hume Hist. Eng. (1812) I. iii. 163 The King, in pursuance of his engagements, had indeed married Editha.
1838 C. Dickens Mem. Grimaldi I. iv. 93 In search of plunder.
1884 Good Words June 400/1 They have..been ‘in’ almost every variety of crime, from petty larceny down to downright murder.
1913 Associated Advertising Nov. 68/2 The course is five years, two years of which are college preparatory, and three years professional work in advertising and journalism.
1938 Scotsman 29 June 11/6 Of the other two [ships], one, the s.s. Marklyn, has been engaged in trading with ports in insurgent territory.
2015 Guardian (Nexis) 6 July Because I work in publishing, there's an entertainment element to lunch that happens sometimes.
2017 Liverpool Echo (Nexis) 10 Apr. You will be able to see him in action on Merseyside this year in the Open Championship.
b. In the process of, in the act of; in the event of. Often equivalent in sense to a temporal clause introduced by when, while, if.
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OE tr. Let. of Boniface to Eadburga in K. Sisam Stud. Hist. Old Eng. Lit. (1953) 220 Sumes mannes sawul..se wearð dead in abboddomes þegnunge.
a1300 Serm. (Trin. Cambr.) in Bull. Mod. Humanities Res. Assoc. (1928) 2 105 (MED) I sal þenkin o þe michele suink þat ihesu crist þolede in spelling.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 1918 He bicom in is baptizinge hol of al is wo.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 12 Wee synne dedly in schauynge oure berdes.
1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 34 Gladdenesse, whiche encresses daily in me in lernynghe wysdom.
?1553–77 Life Fisher (Harl. 6382) (1921) 53 I am not affraid in gevinge you this counsell to take vpon my owne soul all the damage.
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iii. ii. 315 In paying it, it is impossible I should liue. View more context for this quotation
1607 Statutes in M. H. Peacock Hist. Free Gram. School Wakefield (1892) 58 Leaves word thereof att their howses in theire beinge abrode.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) v. iv. 12 And may ye both be sodainly surpriz'd By bloudy hands, in sleeping on your beds. View more context for this quotation
1726 N. B. Farrier's & Horseman's Dict. 1/1 When a Horse harps or grapples with his two Hams, and in working keeps his Legs very low, he abates his Curvets with a good grace.
1847 J. R. McCulloch Descr. & Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire (ed. 3) II. iv. vi. 217 In estimating the chances which any candidate has of succeeding..no one ever thinks of inquiring into the politics of the tenants.
1864 ‘Holme Lee’ Silver Age (1866) 408 Kindness is not a quality that perishes in the using.
1888 J. M. Barrie When Man's Single (1889) v. 66 We were nearly drowned in crossing that dreadful sea between it and the main-land.
1928 Daily Express 11 Aug. 4/6 The main thing to remember in going to the islands is to provision-up for your stay well ahead.
2013 C. M. Jungers & J. Gregoire Counseling Ethics 14 In making this decision, how does the counselor consider the balance of needs of all people involved in the decision?
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a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 199 Wommen..conceyueþ children i-liche to þinges þat þey seeþ i-peynt and i-schape; for þe worchynge of the soule while þe body is in getynge of a childe sendeþ inward liknes and schappes þat þey seeþ wiþ oute.
a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xiv. l. 280 (MED) Whiles these knyhtes weren thus In talking.
1517 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xviii. 80 Of many floures..A goodly chaplet she was in makynge.
1580 J. Lyly Euphues & his Eng. (new ed.) f. 74v Camilla, whome hee founde in gathering of flowers.
a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. l. 16431 Richt quyetlie in hunting he is gone.
1675 T. Brooks Word in Season 192 in Paradice Opened A griping Usurer, who was alwayes best when he was most in talking of the world.
1737 W. Whiston tr. Josephus Antiq. Jews v. ii, in tr. Josephus Genuine Wks. 136 They..went on still in taking the cities.
1808 R. Southey in C. C. Southey Life & Corr. R. Southey (1850) III. 137 You saw me in London everlastingly at work in packing my books.
1918 D. Haig Diary 19 Dec. in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 491 I was not given any time for conversation but was hustled off to the Royal Carriages which were in waiting.
d. Expressing process, with a verbal noun taken passively: in process of, in course of; undergoing (some process); e.g. these things were in doing ‘these things were in the process of doing, these things were being done’. In later use chiefly in in building. Cf. be v. 17b, a prep.1 12. archaic and rare.
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a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 99 Oþer prophetes, longe to fore þe takynge of Ierusalem..propheciede of þe takynge, and so dede Isayas, Osee, Michias, and oþere, whanne þe takynge was toward, and while it was in doynge.
?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 21 When þe toure of Babilon was in makyng.
1465 M. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 324 Whill þe logge at Heylesdon was in þe betyng down.
a1535 J. Fisher Serm. Good Friday in Spirituall Consol. (?1578) sig. J.ivv So the grasse is euer in eatyng, and neuer full eaten.
1554 Let. from Banished Minister sig. A.ii.v While the Arke was in building, in the daies of Noe.
1575 T. Newton tr. C. A. Curione Notable Hist. Saracens ii. f. 64v While these things were in doing in the Orient, the Saracens..demaunded..ye Tribute which king Mauregat was wont to pay.
1620 Hist. Frier Rush sig. E4 I haue a new Church in building.
1699 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 326 New streets are built and still in building.
1827 J. F. Cooper Prairie II. xii. 333 These several dispositions were not long in making, and the little group was soon seated about a repast.
1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xi. 45 While the symbolic act was in doing.
1896 S. J. Prichard in J. Anderson Town & City of Waterbury I. ix. 134 That the town was in building, in May of 1675, appears from the action of the Court.
2008 Church Times 19 Dec. 46/4 Santo Spirito was in building during his lifetime.
22. Expressing means or instrumentality.† a. Especially with words for weapons and instruments: with, by means of. Obsolete.Sometimes the result of a literal translation.Now usually expressed by with.
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eOE (Mercian) Vespasian Psalter (1965) ii. 9 Reges eos in uirga ferrea : ðu reces hie in gerde iserre.
OE Vercelli Homilies (1992) xv. 256 In ða tid ealle men beoð gehergode þurh ealle þeode, & hie þonne feallað in sweordes ecgum.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Cor. iv. 21 Schal I come to ȝou in a ȝerd, or in charite?
a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) ii. 9 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 132 (MED) In yherde irened salt þou stere þa.
a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 119 (MED) Þan shal Iherusalem be serched in lanternes.
1504 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Jan. 1504 §14. m. 15 No persone..shall occupie or shote in eny crosebowe.
1580 J. Lyly Euphues & his Eng. (new ed.) f. 115 It more delyghteth them to talke of Robin-hoode, than to shoot in his bowe.
1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum 444 Being drunk in steeled or red wine.
1693 J. Dryden in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal Satires xiv. 296 Penelope knew which of her Suitors cou'd shoot best in her Husband's Bow.
1736 W. King Toast (new ed.) iii. 90 Bellona has taught 'em to shoot in a Gun.
1751 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 27 May (1932) (modernized text) V. 2026 Getting drunk in port.
1804 Naval Chron. 13 147 A French Ship..ballasted in mahogany.
b. Combining a sense of in (or on) with a sense of with or by (e.g. in ‘whom Juno covered in her apron’ the apron is both container and instrument; in ‘I never angered him in word or deed’ the words and deeds are both the activity engaged in and the means of angering).
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eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Otho) iv. xvii. 304 Lærde he ða þæt hie in fiscaðe him ondlifene sohton.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5425 Godess wille..filledd iss..i godess enngless.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 479 In þis an þing he schawde..þet he wes soð godd.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 139 Ine þri þinges sseweþ þe man þet he loueþ pouerte.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 981 I wraþed him neuer..in word ne in dede.
c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 137 Þou wylt wretthe god in brekyng þe halyday.
a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) xvii. §48. 67 In herynge of ere he boghed til me.
1609 Bible (Douay) I. 1 Sam. xviii. 6 The wemen came..singing and dancing..in timbrels of joy, and in cornettes.
1632 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 4) iii. ii. ii. iv. 499 Whom Iuno for pitty couered in her Aperne.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 123 Progne, with her Bosom stain'd in Blood. View more context for this quotation
1737 S. Shuckford Sacred & Profane Hist. World Connected III. x. 62 His Mother Rhea, who bundled up a Stone in his Clothes, and sent it to Saturn.
1851 W. Anderson Rhymes 149 Their een Were tied up in a napkin.
1880 R. W. Church Spenser v. 137 He drowns us in words.
1931 Manch. Guardian 29 July 5/6 The trees envelop it in a mild gloom that is accentuated by the darkness of the prevailing stone.
2016 Guardian (Nexis) 6 Oct. We first see Frances wrapped in a towel staring in the mirror at her naked face as she prepares for a night out.
c. Indicating the utensil from which drink or (occasionally) food is taken, or a toast is drunk. Now archaic and rare.
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1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. ljv/2 The cuppe that my lord is acustmed to drynke in ye haue stolen.
1576 G. Pettie Petite Pallace sig. Aiiiiv Camma..dispatcheth her selfe in drinkinge to him, and him in pledging her in a draught of poyson, which she had prepared for that purpose.
1594 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 ii. iii. 60 I drink to you in a cup of Sacke.
1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. iii. iii. 399 A poore man drinkes in a wooden dish, and eates his meat in wooden spoones.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 15. ¶4 Whether they keep their coach and six, or eat in Plate.
1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews II. iv. ii. 178 He was drinking her Ladyship's Health below in a Cup of her Ale. View more context for this quotation
1843 Bk. of Sports Brit. & Foreign 6 ‘The boar! the mighty boar!’ was toasted in bumpers of Burgundy and Claret.
1859 Harper's Mag. Dec. 87/1 Right in the middle of our quiet joy, while Rufus was toasting his father in a cup of English breakfast-tea,..there came a ring at the front door.
1994 P. O'Brian Commodore (1996) i. 9 The civil Dundas had added particular compliments to Sophie and Diana, pledging both in bumpers bottoms up.
23. Expressing degree, extent, or measure.See also in abundance at abundance n. 2, in all at all adj., pron., n., adv., and conj. Phrases 11a, in general at general adj. and n. Phrases 2c, in the least at least adj., pron., n., and adv. Phrases 1c, in the main at main n.1 Phrases 2, in some (also a) measure at measure n. 4d, in party at party n. 1b, in quantity at quantity n. 10b.
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eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) ii. xvi. 148 Heo..ne him in ængum þingum [l. in aliquo] ma gemænsumigan willað þon hæðnum monnum.
a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 57 Luuien þi cristen euenling Alswa þe seoluen in alle þing.
c1330 Lai le Freine in Smith Coll. Stud. Mod. Langs. (1929) 10 iii. 2 (MED) Þe kniȝt..graunted his erand in al þing.
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 4357 (MED) V hundred knyȝtis in al þay wore.
?c1430 (?1382) J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 510 Cristene men..shulde have discerved most þank of God in degre possible to hem.
c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 2224 (MED) I hope..in party it redres Thurh my pore counsaill.
a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 80 (MED) Brendan þonkyd God, þat ys soo mercyabull yn all þyng.
1576 G. Whetstone Rocke of Regard 92 Unfriendly so, the fates mens happes do spin, In partiall wise, to yeelde eche wight his share.
1585 in Lett. & Papers Ld. Gray (1835) 65 He is desyrous for sum troupes in quantitie.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) i. v. 51 Misprision in the highest degree. View more context for this quotation
1649 O. Cromwell Let. 14 Nov. in Writings & Speeches (1939) (modernized text) II. 165 Only, in the general, give me leave humbly to offer [etc.].
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 490 Differing but in degree, of kind the same. View more context for this quotation
1693 W. Wotton tr. L. E. Du Pin New Hist. Eccl. Writers (ed. 2) I. 54 In the main they agree with ours.
a1780 J. Harris Philol. Inq. (1781) ii. Intro. 45 All languages are in some degree congenial, and..founded upon the same Principles.
1843 Fraser's Mag. 28 647 Tears fell in profusion.
1853 H. J. Stephen New Comm. Laws Eng. (ed. 3) I. 79 Where any act repealing in whole or in part any former act is itself repealed.
1875 F. Hall in Lippincott's Monthly Mag. 16 750/1 Drift-wood was lying about in large quantities.
1947 T. J. Reynolds & E. Kent Struct. Steelwork (ed. 8) i. 10 Steel possesses the property of elasticity in a high degree.
2016 Plymouth Herald (Nexis) 21 Jan. (Letters section) 12 In some measure he is right to be deeply concerned and to seek a more controlled ownership process.
24. Expressing object, aim, or purpose preceding an abstract noun: as, by way of, so as to constitute; e.g. in affirmation, in denial, in reply, in reward, in scorn, in sign, in testimony, etc.See also in answer at answer n. Phrases 1, in honour of at honour n. Phrases 3, in memory of at memory n. Phrases 1b, in proof at proof n. 2, in quest at quest n.2 4b, in recompense of at recompense n. Phrases, in response at response n. 1a, in return at return n. Phrases 6, in search of at search n. Phrases 1a, in token of at token n. 1a, in witness at witness n. Phrases 1a, in worship at worship n. Phrases 1.
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eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. xix. 242 He eac gehat geheht..þæt æghwelce dæge alne saltere in gemynd þære godcundan herenesse [L. in memoriam diuinae laudis] asunge.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 26 Inheore wurchipe seggeð ma oðer lees.
c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 127 In tokne þat pays scholde be.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 19 In the worschipe of hem þere is a fair chirche.
c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 3357 (MED) Scho..profres me a pome..In sygne þat I sothely was souerayne.
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection Pref. sig. Ai Diuyded into thre bokes, in the honour of the trinite.
1530 in N. H. Nicolas Privy Purse Expences Henry VIII (1827) 60 In rewarde for bringing A hawke that was eyred in Elmeley.
1598 R. Hakluyt tr. King Richard II in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) I. 153 In testimony whereof we haue caused these our letters to be made patents.
1606 P. Holland tr. Suetonius Hist. Twelve Caesars 197 Al generally who were by torture examined upon the point, stood stoutly to the very last in deniall.
1671 M. Lister Let. 27 July in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1971) VIII. 166 The instances given in confirmation of ye last proposition doe alsoe confirme this.
1713 J. Addison Cato i. ii I claim in my reward his captive daughter.
1742 J. Winstanley Poems 4 In Reply to something that Tom writ on Him, writ something pat On Tom again;—a tit for tat.
1806 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel (ed. 5) iv. xii. 112 Loudly the Beattison laughed in scorn.
1836 R. M. Bird Sheppard Lee II. v. xviii. 146 It was in vain that I endeavoured to say any thing in denial or defence.
1889 Harper's Mag. Aug. 380/1 The statue..executed in honor of John Sobieski, King of Poland, in commemoration of his victory over the Turks.
1932 Daily Northwestern (Oshkosh, Wisconsin) 23 June 1/4 A million men, women and children knelt in affirmation of Christ's bodily presence in the Holy Eucharist.
1945 D. Thomas Let. 28 Sept. (1987) 571 A talk in justification of ‘penny horribles’ would be lovely to do.
2015 Daily Tel. 21 May 7/3 Judge Peter Testar..ordered him to pay..£1.9 million in compensation to victims.
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OE Confessionale Pseudo-Egberti (Junius) 190 Gyf mus ete husel in gymeleasnesse [OE Laud þurh gymeleaste] þæs mannes þe hit healdon sceole, fæste xl nihta oððe xxx.
a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 15 Ic min aȝen iwill swa habbe ifolȝed, ðat im min unȝewill awh aure ma te þoliȝen.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark vi. 3 Thei weren sclaundrid in him.
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Melibeus (Hengwrt) (1872) §2167 He is a fool that destourbeth the moder to wepe in the deth of hir child.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 76 In my defaute there ys [1485 Caxton continues many a worshipful man slayne].
1580 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1882) IV. 151 Sic vther things as ar spilt in the said maisteris negligence.
26. Expressing material or constituents.
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c1475 Court of Sapience (Trin. Cambr.) (1927) l. 1737 Hyt hangyd was wyth Aras-werke in golde, Full of storyes of wysdom and of wyt.
1533 tr. P. Valeriano Pro Sacerdotum Barbis f. 13 We picture hym in our temples euer with a bearde, both in brasse, in marbull, and with colours.
1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 58 Hee suffered not..the fourme and measure of his members to be made in metall.
1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 94 They paint them also in strong oyle colour thrice over.
1686 tr. J. Chardin Trav. Persia 75 Our Ships Lading consisted in Salt, Fish, Caveare, Oyle, Biscuite.
1710 J. Addison Tatler No. 243. ⁋1 The Statue of an Horse in Brass.
1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 27 It was in Gold all but 14s.
1853 C. Dickens Bleak House vi. 47 Half-length portraits, in crayons.
1891 Truth 10 Dec. 1240/2 The long coat was also in green velvet, with sleeves and revers in green cloth.
1943 Washington Post 10 July 2 b/5 A stereoscope in plastic so light baby could hold it.
1992 Nauset Cal. Aug. 1/1 Idyllic country scene in acrylic by James W. Maddocks of Brewster.
2017 Times of India (Nexis) 9 Apr. Long skirts in linen, treated denim, faux leather and cotton are in vogue.
III. Of time.
27. Within the limits of a period or space of time.
a. With temporal nouns.With in the day, in the night: cf. by day, by night at by prep. 19b.
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eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 709 Wæs todęled in foreweardum Danieles dagum..Westseaxna lond.
OE Beowulf (2008) 1 We Gar-Dena in geardagum, þeodcyninga þrym gefrunon.
a1161 Royal Charter: Henry II to Certain Bishops, Earls, Sheriffs, & Thegns in J. Hall Select. Early Middle Eng. (1920) I. 12 Ic hebbe heom geunnon þet hi beon ælc þare lande wurþa þe hi eafdon en Edwardes kinges deȝe.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1890 He comm Rihht i þe sexte moneþþ. Þatt wass i marrch.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 579 Porphire..leadde hire anan i þe niht to þe cwarterne.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 9129 In þe sixe & þrittiþe ȝer of his kinedom.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 85 By clere candel in þe niȝth.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Gen. i. 1 In the bigynnyng God made of nouȝt heuene and erthe.
c1500 Melusine (1895) 369 He was neuer in his dayes so aferd.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost i. i. 39 One day in a weeke to touch no foode. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iii. i. 178 Except I be by Siluia in the night..Vnlesse I looke on Siluia in the day. View more context for this quotation
1650 J. Trapp Clavis to Bible (Lev. xxvi. 26) 169 Common in times of famine.
1655 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. I. i. 73 Pittacus was.., born in the thirtie two Olympiad.
1710 Tatler No. 222 Between the Hours of Twelve and Four in the Morning.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Mort, among fishermen of some parts of England, a name given to the salmon while in its third year's growth.
1812 T. Jefferson Writings (1830) IV. 176 I think our acquaintance commenced in 1764.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iv. 490 In the days of the Commonwealth.
1932 Washington Post 27 Mar. An official statement said the conference would be early in April.
2017 Eastern Daily Press (Norwich) (Nexis) 16 Mar. Mr Clarke also wants at least three out of the 12 monthly meetings to be held in the evening and thinks residents should be allowed to send in written questions.
b. With nouns implying a period of time.
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OE Seafarer 40 Nis þæs modwlonc mon ofer eorþan,..ne in geoguþe to þæs hwæt..þæt he a his sæfore sorge næbbe, to hwon hine dryhten gedon wille.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 20 Prime Iwinter earliche, Isumer biforð mareȝen.
a1250 Wohunge ure Lauerd in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 277 I þi childhad.
a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 154 Mikel ȝe swinkeð, In sumer & in softe weder.
c1330 Lai le Freine in Smith Coll. Stud. Mod. Langs. (1929) 10 iii. 4 (MED) Ich mot sigge in al mi liif þat y bileiȝe mi neȝbours wiif.
a1450 (?a1300) Richard Coer de Lyon (Caius) (1810) l. 4049 A spie, That hadde be Crystene in hys youthe.
c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 277 To styen vp to heuen in ȝoure ende.
a1500 Walter of Henley's Husbandry (Sloane) (1890) 42 The ffader in his old age seithe to his sonne leve wisely and discretly aftur god.
1555 R. Eden Of Pole Antartike in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 245 They are neyther bytten with coulde in wynter, nor molested with heate in summer.
1633 T. Adams Comm. 2 Peter (ii. v) 587 The Affricans did present their children, in their early yeares, before Serpents: if with their sight they scar'd away the serpents, they held them legitimate: if not, bastards.
1685 J. Tutchin Poems 113 In middle Age is strong, at length appears, An old. Plebeian of an Hundred Years.
1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. i. xi. 38 I never saw a first-rate Picture in my Life.
1793 C. Smith Old Manor House II. xi. 261 I suppose she thoft I had got you locked up in my cupboard, as they say she used for to have the men-folk in her younger days in the housekeeper's store-room.
1826 T. H. Lister Granby (ed. 2) I. vii. 98 You must be an archeress in the summer, and a skater in the winter.
1839 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VI. 89 The education of the prince in his childhood.
1922 O. E. P. Stokes (title) Saturday Night Thoughts in Lent.
2017 Time Out 11 Apr. 50 This ancient oak woodland brims with brilliant bluebells in spring and is a year-round haven for wildlife and wildflowers.
c. With nouns denoting processes occupying time, esp. journeys.
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eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xx. 316 Þeah þe he in þam siðfæte [L. in itinere] forðferde, nohte þon læs seo bysen..to Rome gelæded wæs.
a1425 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Linc. Inn) (1952) l. 5860 (MED) Þe kyng..tolde him al his damage Þat he hadde y þoled in þat vyage.
?1473 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Recuyell Hist. Troye (1894) II. lf. 192 Hercules had allwey in his Iourney deyanyra by hym.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. xxi In their passage a Galey was lost by negligence of the Master.
1591 Troublesome Raigne Iohn i. sig. B2v Birds in their flight make musicke with their wings.
1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 235 You see the dangers and injuries I endure in this my journey, and my mind forbodeth greater to ensue.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 126. ¶8 In all our Journey from London to his House we did not so much as bait at a Whig Inn.
1721 London Gaz. No. 5954/1 In the Passage we had bad Weather.
1802 H. Martin Helen of Glenross IV. 73 In our descent down life.
1859 J. White Hist. France (1860) 90 All the gentlemen's houses you see in a railway excursion.
1913 D. H. Lawrence Sons & Lovers iv. 68 In convalescence he would sit up in bed, see the fluffy horses feeding at the troughs in the field.
2015 Herald (Folkestone) 26 Nov. (News section) 22 It shows a row of neat white graves of soldiers killed in the Second World War.
28. Indicating the day or part of the day when an event takes place; = on prep. 8a. Now chiefly archaic and in biblical language.In quot. eOE with the complement in the accusative.
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eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 626 Her Eanflęd Edwines dohtor cyninges wæs gefulwad in þone halgan æfen Pentecosten.
OE Homily (Corpus Cambr. 421) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 261 Þin sawl bið afyrred fram þe in þisse ilcan nihte.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 81 Þet me sculde in þe ehtuþe dei þet knaue child embsniþen.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5198 I þan þridden dæie, he sarne dæd þolede.
c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 2459 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 177 In a tiwesdai he was i-bore.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 8668 In a þoresdai it was.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 3 I..passed the see..in the day of seynt Michell.
1428 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 7 In ye Vigil of ye Assumpcion of our Lady.
1521 tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Cyte of Ladyes iii. xviii. sig. z.iv In the nyght of theyr weddynge of one acorde they vowed vyrgynyte.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. ccxxxv. 332 In the same euennyng the two marshals..commaunded euery man to drawe to their logynge, and in the next mornyng to be redy at sownyng of the trumpettes.
1600 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 i. ii. 209 Looke you..that our armies ioyne not in a hote day. View more context for this quotation
1753 W. Lewis New Dispensatory 230 Vegetables, particularly herbs and flowers, are to be collected in a clear, dry day.
1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. x. 246 In a severe evening—just after you have carefully stirred a very ticklish fire.
1844 J. Ballantine Miller of Deanhaugh ii. 42 In a cauld day, gin she had the kailpat on, I aye got a bowlfu'.
1917 A. E. Housman in Times 31 Oct. 7/2 These, in the day when heaven was falling, The hour when earth's foundations fled.
2011 D. J. Moo in A. J. Köstenberger & R. W. Yarbrough Understanding Times vi. 160 Declared to belong to God's righteous people in the day of judgment.
2016 Leicester Mercury (Nexis) 6 Sept. (News section) 4 Little did we know he would lose his life in a dark night in Leicester.
29. Expressing the length of time occupied: in the course of.See also in an eyewink at eyewink n. 3, in the twinkling of an eye at twinkling n.1 3b, in (the) world of world(s) at world n. Phrases 2b.
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OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) ii. xxix. 160 Se arwyrða fæder..se in anre breohthwile for anum glæsenum fate forneah æmtigum ageaf & ageald mycele bydene fulle.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 32 Icc hafe sammnedd o þiss boc. Þa goddspelless neh alle Þatt sinndenn o þe messe boc. Inn all þe ȝer att messe.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 117 Hwi openest þu hit & nimest swa scheort mede, hure þet is agan in..an hondhwile?
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 882 He..bi-com pale, and eft red as rose in a litel while.
a1400 (a1325) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Trin. Cambr.) (1887) l. 1818 Þer were in one monþe [c1325 Calig. wiþinne one monþe] seuentene þousend & mo Ymartred.
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Exod. xxxi. 17 In sixe daies God made heuene and erthe.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) 1 Cor. xv. 52 We shall all be chaunged..in a moment and in the twincklynge of an eye.
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 11 The worke hath not bene hudled vp in 72 dayes.
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Northampt. 280 One demolishing Hammer, can undoe more in a day, then ten edifying Axes can advance in a Month.
1702 Eng. Theophrastus 163 Presumption leads people to infidelity in a trice.
1770 L. Fay I born Parisian (single sheet) In a crack, The hairs that were red, become perfectly black.
1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. xlii. 508 Jupiter... His rotation is performed in less than ten hours.
1885 Manch. Examiner 15 May 5/6 From the Gatling Gun..a trail of 1,000 bullets can be discharged in a single minute.
1935 Irish Times 3 Aug. 18/4 A pair of rats could have as many as 880 descendants in a year.
2017 London Evening Standard (Nexis) 15 May It happens in an instant.
30. Expressing a point in time; = at prep. 29. Now only with admixture of sense 27a.In Old English usually with the complement in the accusative.
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eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iii. xx. 246 Ne wæs in þa tiid [L. tunc] ænig biscop..in alre Breotene þara þe rihtlice gehalgad wære.
OE tr. Let. of Boniface to Eadburga in K. Sisam Stud. Hist. Old Eng. Lit. (1953) 223 Him þa wæs biboden þæt he hwyrfde to his lichaman in dægred [L. primo diluculo].
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 121 Þas pine..ure drihten þolede..in þisse timan.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 4 Wes i þe ilke time liuiende..þet eadi meiden.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xxxi. 7 (MED) For-þy shal ich..praie to þe in couenable tyme.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Macc. x. 28 Forsothe in the firste rysynge of the sunne, bothe ioyneden.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 403 In þe daweyng, He makeþ eft his charmyng.
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (BL Add. 9066) (1879) 417 He made this Eyre to sitte with hym..in mete tyme.
1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. cxix. [cxv.] 340 They departed..in the brekynge of the daye.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. ii. 94 The Duke in Councell? In this time of the night?
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 184 But he..got his offices to be published..in a time when [etc.].
1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. iii, in Poems 113 No Sunday-Shower, Kept him at home, in that important Hour.
1873 P. G. Hamerton Intellect. Life vi. ii. 205 When an architect in the present day has to restore some venerable church.
1927 San Antonio Light 10 Nov. b1/1 Even in that moment I marveled that the Arab speaker should so aptly have gathered the import of the French words.
2012 S. L. James in S. L. James & S. Dillon Compan. Women Anc. World iv. 367 Approaches to the evidence for women in this time must be very alert to political aims hidden under what may not seem to be political subjects.
31. Expressing the course or continuance of a period. Cf. of prep. 52a.† a. Indicating intended duration; = for prep. 23b. Obsolete.In Old English usually with the complement in the accusative.
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OE Charter: Ealdorman Æðelred to Berkeley Abbey (Sawyer 218) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 21 Nu æft þæt ilce land æt Stoce.., ic sylle Cynulfe, Ceoluhtes suna, in ðreora manna dæg.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Luke i. 75 In hoolynesse and riȝtfulnesse bifore him in alle oure dayes [L. omnibus diebus nostris].
a1425 (a1382) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Lev. xxiii. 34 From þe fifteenþe day of þis seueþe monþe sholyn be þe ceesynge dayȝes of þe tabernaclis in seuene days to þe lord.
1481 tr. Cicero De Senectute (Caxton) sig. c3 But he was suche that in alle the yeris folowyng, ther shal be mynde of his tryumphe and worship.
1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) x. xxxvi. sig. Diij He made them to swere to were none harneis in a twelue monethe and a day.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxx. v. 379 Wash it not off in three daies.
1667 J. Rawlet Treat. of Sacramental Convenanting 218 A farther obligation is laid upon them, to the greatest watchfulnesse against sin, and to a faithfull discharge of their duty to God, in the whole of their lives.
b. Indicating actual duration; = for prep. 23a. Chiefly, and now only, in negative contexts, or contexts implying a negative (such as after first or a superlative).In quot. eOE usually with the complement in the dative.
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eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xxiv. 338 In ealre þære tide [L. in quo toto tempore] heo næfre blon hire sceppende ælmehtegum Gode þoncunge don.
1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. lxxiii. f. lxxxviv/1 If they dranke moche..they coulde not helpe themselfe in two dayes after.
1544 A. Cope Hist. Anniball & Scipio xliv. f. 80v In all the tyme of this great ruyne and fortune, the hertes, the vertue and courage of the Romaynes remayned styl stedfast hole and vnmouable.
1669 S. Pepys Diary 1 Mar. (1976) IX. 462 To Westminster hall, where I have not been..in some months.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. viii. 220 The succeeding four months in which we continued at sea.
1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. v. 228 It had not been practiced in some hundreds of years.
1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §265 They did not come back in some days.
1889 E. Saltus Tristrem Varick xiv. 152 He was hungry as he had not been in months.
1924 C. Mackenzie Heavenly Ladder xvi. 223 Mark had never been near his house in a year.
1957 R. A. Heinlein Door into Summer (1960) ix. 143 The place smelled like a vault that has not been opened in years.
1971 Daily Tel. 1 June 4/8 The first bridge across the Bosphorus in 2,300 years..is now being built.
2016 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 1 Jan. 10 After the operation I just felt instantly better than I had in months.
32. Of a limit of time: before or at the expiration of; within the space of.See also in space at space n.1 4b.Quot. lOE is a late copy of a Kentish legal code issued c600.
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lOE Laws of Æðelberht (Rochester) xxii. 4 Gif man mannan ofslæhð, æt openum græfe xx scillinga forgelde & in xl nihta ealne leod forgelde.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 15591 Vnnbindeþþ all þiss temmple. & icc. Itt i þre daȝhess reȝȝse.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1963) l. 195 Hit bi-fille þer-after ine feue ȝere þat þe fader was dead.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark xv. 29 Thou that distroyest the temple of God, and in thre dayes aȝen bildest it.
a1400 Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 7124 (MED) Þat ilk mede þai suld him hight If þai ne it rede in seuen night.
a1425 (?a1350) Seven Sages (Galba) (1907) l. 115 (MED) In time of seuen ȝere, He sal be wise.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Richard III 210 He dyed in three moneths.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) iv. iv. 7 Why should wee proclaime it in an howre before his entring? View more context for this quotation
1653 Bp. J. Taylor Ενιαυτος: Course of Serm. i. xix. 255 He findes it an unrewarding interest, to walk seven dayes..only to see a place from whence he must come back in an hour.
1706 tr. L. E. Du Pin New Eccl. Hist. 16th Cent. II. vii. xviii. 261 In Process of Time they might be corrupted.
1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. i. 19 This Engine..set out in four hours after my Landing.
1782 S. Johnson Let. 8 July (1994) IV. 60 I came back from Oxford in ten days.
1843 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 54 305 I rallied in a day or two.
1884 Law Times Rep. 50 231/2 Anything put into the defendants' well was certain in time to affect the supply.
1934 North-China Herald 28 Mar. 493/5 Mr. H. E. Morriss left by the Empress of Britain on Saturday for Tientsin and will return in a week.
1993 J. P. Walsh Wyndham Case (1994) iv. 42 I won't have a drink, thanks... I'll be off to the Pickerel in a mo.
2017 Evening Chron. (Nexis) 13 Feb. (Sport section) 61 I'll see you in a minute and let you know what the programme is.
IV. Of motion or direction. See also sense 24.† 37. = against prep. 2, towards prep. 3. Obsolete.† 38. Expressing transition from one thing to another: = into prep. 4a. Obsolete.† 39. = over prep. 9. Obsolete.† 40. Expressing the object of address or treatment: to, unto. Cf. into prep. 19a. Obsolete.Chiefly in to set fire in at set v.1 34.
33. Expressing motion or direction from without to a point within; = into prep. I. Also: (in recent use) expressing motion or direction inwards via an opening such as a door or window; in at.In Old English typically with the complement in the accusative; however, see discussion in the etymology section.
a. With reference to material places, or comparable locations.
(a) With intransitive verbs, e.g. come, fall, get, go, etc. colloquial since the 17th cent.
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OE Blickling Homilies 121 Hie þa in þone heofon locodan æfter him, & hie Drihten gesawon upastigendne.
OE Blickling Homilies 219 Þa eode he in þa cetan þær se lichoma inne læg þæs deadan mannes.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 3 God in þane castel þet is on-ȝein eou.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) civ. 29 (MED) Gnattes comeþ in alle her londes.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. l. 1918 Fulofte he heweth up so hihe, That chippes fallen in his yhe.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 147 His fadyr Malcom in the Lennox fled.
1584 in W. Fraser Mem. Maxwells of Pollok (1863) I. 317 To enter in the chalmer of dais at the Colledge hall end.
1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream ii. i. 108 Hoary headed frosts Fall in the fresh lappe of the Crymson rose. View more context for this quotation
1624 in J. Maidment Misc. Abbotsford Club (1837) 139 The said Elspeth, going in ȝour seller.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 115 [The snake] retires..And in some secret cranny slowly glides.
1785 G. Van Cortlandt Let. 21 Oct. in J. Judd Corr. Van Cortlandt Family (1977) 503 We got in town Wednesday 1 oclock had a very agreeable passage—the new sloop sails finely, beats all.
1796 E. Wynne Diary 8 Jan. in Wynne Diaries (1935) II. iv. 62 The prince..said that if he ever would come in his appartment he would kick him down staris.
1814 in J. Pickering Vocab. U.S. (1816) 112 We get in the stage, and have the rheumatism into our knees.
1829 G. Griffin Collegians I. v. 101 Who should walk in the doore [sic] to him, only his dead wife..!
1842 R. H. Barham Sir Rupert in Ingoldsby Legends 2nd Ser. 35 When a gentleman jumps In the river at midnight.
1872 H. Cullwick Diaries (1984) 202 So she ax'd me to come in the kitchen & I sat down.
1919 ‘K. Mansfield’ Let. 16 Oct. (1993) III. 28 That cat..sprang in the window today again & looked like a devil when I shooed it away.
1954 Washington Post 26 Jan. 3/3 He threatened to kill Alexandria police if they went in the house.
2017 Nottingham Post (Nexis) 25 Apr. (News section) 12 It was only a short distance and she made a decision to get in her car.
(b) With transitive verbs, e.g. cast, lay, let, put, throw, thrust, etc.
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OE Blickling Homilies 191 Twegen weras..genaman deogollice his lic..& in þa stowe asetton þe Uaticanus hatte.
?a1160 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1137 He..dide ælle in prisun til hi iafen up here castles.
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 21 (MED) And was his holie lichame leid in burieles in þe holie sepulcre.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 45 Muneȝeing of þam hali gast þe he sende in his apostles.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 3590 In þat barelle þei laid ilkone.
c1436 Domesday Ipswich (BL Add. 25011) in T. Twiss Black Bk. Admiralty (1873) II. 185 He shal be put in prisoun.
1491–2 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VII (Electronic ed.) Parl. Oct. 1491 §15. m. 7 The seid John..caste the seid writing in the fire.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Esdras iii. 4 And hast brethed in him the breth of life.
1680 in 12th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1890) App. vii. 394 My daughter was brought in bed of another boy.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 145 He..in the Billows plung'd his hoary Head. View more context for this quotation
1763 D. Hume Let. Dec. (1932) I. 420 I woud advise you not to put a Bed in the little Closet near the Kitchen.
1836 A. W. Fonblanque Eng. under Seven Admin. (1837) III. 336 Is he put on the shelf, or cast in the lumber-room?
a1868 M. J. Higgins Ess. (1875) 118 The most judicious mode of putting a kicker in harness.
1935 Chicago Defender 13 July 5/4 (headline) Trio thrown in jail for seeking food.
1977 Washington Post 8 May h1/1 His idea of punishment for his daughter was to shut her in a dark closet for hours.
2001 Daily Tel. 26 Nov. 18/6 Think twice before chucking it in the bin.
b. With reference to non-physical realms, regions of thought, departments or faculties of the mind, etc., treated as having extension or content.See also fall v. 39.
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OE tr. Alexander's Let. to Aristotle (1995) §4. 226 Þa ðing þe me nu in gemynd cumað ærest þa ic þe write.
c1450 Alphabet of Tales (1904) I. 81 He..told hym what þoght come in his mynde in þis prayer-saying.
a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) i. xxxvi. f. xxxiii/1 All thyse thynges putt he in his mynde for to haue reuokyd hym from his good purpoos.
1580 J. Hester tr. L. Fioravanti Short Disc. Chirurg. sig. I.iv I..beganne to consider of the matter,..& so studying, it came in my memory, that the aire was cause of their death.
1591 E. Spenser Prosopopoia in Complaints 1131 No care of justice, nor no rule of reason,..Did thenceforth ever enter in his minde.
c1678 M. Hatton in E. M. Thompson Corr. Family of Hatton (1878) I. 169 It comes in my mind to aske you if you have, in England, stel penns.
1885 Gleanings Bee Culture 15 Oct. 700/1 We started and got part of the way there, when all at once my garden came in my mind.
1969 D. F. Costello Prairie World (1975) i. 7 Its common name, rattlesnake master, implanted it in my memory, and since then I have always associated snakes with Eryngium.
1995 Guardian 8 May ii. 3/2 One of the strongest pictures asthma has put in my mind.
34. Expressing entry into a state or condition; = into prep. 3.See also to run in —— at run v. Phrasal verbs 2.
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OE Lord's Prayer III 28 Ne læd þu us to wite..in costunge, Crist nerigende.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 7 Ȝe muȝe..fallen in an vn hope.
a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 151 Do we ðe bodi in ðe bale.
c1390 (c1300) MS Vernon Homilies in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1877) 57 250 So sereuhful was þis Bisschope, þat almost he fel in wonhope.
1509 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 111 Yff ony off my childern happyn to cumme in pouerte.
1588 in L. B. Taylor Aberdeen Council Lett. (1942) I. 23 Quhairby our realme may be brocht in sic..confusioune.
1683 M. Mackaile Let. 5 Mar. in W. Macfarlane et al. Geogr. Coll. Scotl. (1908) III. 13 It putteth them in a rage and killeth them suddenly.
1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding iv. xvi. 335 We may be secure, that there are no latent Proofs undiscovered, which may overturn our Knowledge, or bring it in doubt.
1752 in M. M. Verney Verney Lett. (1930) II. xxxiv. 250 When they get in liquor they are very troublesome and noisy.
1796 E. Wynne Diary 8 Jan. in Wynne Diaries (1935) II. iv. 62 The prince likewise flew in a passion against him.
1815 Hull Packet 3 Oct. The deceased..was..suddenly and unexpectedly plunged in a state of bankruptcy.
1975 R. Walker & C. Adelman Guide Classroom Observ. 89 When you do feel yourself getting in difficulties you seem to ramble on.
2003 Heat 29 Mar. 80/4 She only does it because she always has a security guard around to punch anyone she gets in a fight with.
35. Introducing the parts produced by division, breaking, folding, etc., after the verbs divide, split, break, etc.; = into prep. 6a.See also in half at half n. Phrases 2c, in pieces at piece n. Phrases 1, in two at two adj. 2c(a).
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eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 709 Wæs todęled..in tua biscepscira Westseaxna lond.
c1300 St. Brendan (Laud) l. 418 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 231 Þat he for-clef is foule bouk in þre partyes.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 16 Ech of þe ilke zeuen him to-delþ ine uele halues.
?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 153 Þe prestez..hewez þe body all in smale pecez.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxvi. 348 My catyf hart wyll breke in thre.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 1 (1623) i. vi. 30 They suppos'd I could..spurne in pieces Posts of Adamant. View more context for this quotation
1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery ii. 28 Garnish with Seville Orange cut in Quarters.
1775 J. Ash New Dict. Eng. Lang. Diffind, to cleave in two.
1876 J. B. Mozley Univ. Serm. (1877) vi. 142 This dreadful schism..which splits them, as it were, in two beings.
1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. I. ix. 239 Consciousness..does not appear to itself chopped up in bits.
1913 Manawatu County Cookery Bk. 55 Equal quantities of celery and apples, cut in long narrow strips.
1975 E. L. Doctorow Ragtime vii. 42 Then with the towel folded in quarters she gently patted the little girl dry.
2017 Irish Times (Nexis) 11 May (World section) 10 Cyprus has been divided in two since 1974 when Turkish troops invaded the island following a coup sponsored by a Greek military junta.
36. = on prep. II. (especially sense 18). Cf. into prep. 16. Now regional.
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OE Assumption of Virgin (Corpus Cambr. 41) in H. L. C. Tristram Vier Altenglische Predigten aus der Heterodoxen Trad. (Ph.D. diss., Freiburg) (1970) 135 Maria hi þa astrehte in ðone flor and hi to drihtne gebæd.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 15566 All he warrp ut i þe flor Þe bordess. & te sillferr.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 36 Ha..spende al þet oðer i neodfule ant i nakede.
c1300 St. Lucy (Harl.) l. 7 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S.-Eng. Legendary (1956) 566 In fisiciens heo hadde ispend mochedel of hire gode.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) cxxxii. 3 (MED) As dew of Hermon þat fel in þe mounteine of Syon.
c1450 in F. J. Furnivall Hymns to Virgin & Christ (1867) 97 Þan schal neuere myscheef in þee falle.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Boke yf Eneydos vi. sig. Cj Ye grete..cryme. perpetred and commysed in the persone of sychee.
1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes f. 127v/2 To caste their eyes onelye in that that is presente.
a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. l. 36266 To put handis in ane crownit king.
1669 J. Stewart Jus Populi Vindicatum 227 Lest others..should under pretence of saving the King, put hands in his Majesty.
1853 W. Blair Chrons. Aberbrothock 71 She gae a bit skreigh an' fell i' the floor wi' her wy at the first.
1966 D. J. Crowley I could talk Old-story Good 63 He drop one big green [sapodilla] in he head.
1972 H. S. Ladoo No Pain like this Body 77 Put some Bay Rum in de woman head.
1990 L. Brown Big Bad Love 57 I knew it was about time for me to get in the road.
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OE Confessionale Pseudo-Egberti (Junius) 189 Dyonisius Ariopagita cwæð þæt þæt yfelsang wære in God [L. blasphemias deo facere] se ðe for yfelne mannan mæsse sunge.
a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 67 Þet wið gode awiht mis-doð Iwis in þe bode he misfoð.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) l. 425 Þis is al þet we [sc. devils] doð i cristemen.
c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) cxlix. 7 (MED) To do vengaunces in naciouns.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xx. 9 What haue we synnyd in þe?
a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) xliii. 7 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 175 In þi name forhone in vs risand.
?c1430 J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 198 To oure dettouris, þat is to men þat han synned in vs.
a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) vi. §1. 22 Forgif him that synnes in vs.
a1573 W. Lauder Minor Poems (1870) iii. 104 The pure Lazarus Quhen dogs did schew in him more cherytie.
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OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iv. xxxii. 307 Þa tearas wurdon in wundrunge gecyrrede eallra þara weopendra.
a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 1469 Oure lord is ymad in bytale.
a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) xxix. 14 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 160 Þou torned mi wepinge..In blisse.
c1500 Melusine (1895) 369 Soone after [she] tourned herself in the figure of a serpent and so vanysshed away.
1570 R. Sempill Tragedie in Forme of Diallog sig. a.iiiv Turnit day in nycht, and nycht in day.
1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 8 Dorpes and wynes..now growne in fair townes.
1787 R. Burns Death & Dr. Hornbook xiv, in Poems (new ed.) 59 Deil mak his king's-hood in a spleuchan!
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OE (Northumbrian) Rushw. Gospels: John xiv. 30 Princeps mundi huius..in me non habet quicquam : aldormonn midengeordes ðisses..in mec ne hæfeð æniht [OE Lindisf. Gospels on mec næfis æniht].
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 223 Ich þe wyle zigge..ine huet uolc þe dyeuel heþ myȝte ine þan þet doþ out god..out of hare harten.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John xiv. 30 The prince of this world cometh, and he hath not ony thing in me.
?1435 ( J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 643 That noon enemyes have in him power.
a1500 (?a1425) tr. Secreta Secret. (Lamb.) 50 (MED) He is gouernour..and lord yn his subgitz.
a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. xiv. sig. I7v Loue and mischeefe hauing made a wager, which should haue most power in me.
1649 G. Winstanley New Law Righteousnes 74 That covetousness was the Lord, chief Ruler in you, which being crossed grew impatient.
1699 Royal Sufferer: Man. of Medit. & Devotions 177 Let not the Flesh, World, or Devil, have any Power in me.
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c1300 St. Margarete (Harl.) l. 32 in O. Cockayne Seinte Marherete (1866) 25 Þis ȝunge maide..Priuerliche niȝt & day in our louerd gan crie.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Zech. i. 19 And Y saide to the aungel that spak in me, What ben these?
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xxxvi. 50 Sir Water of Manny..dyd set fyre in the strete ioyninge to the castell.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cclxxix. 417 Parte of them that had set the fyre in the towne.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Esdras iii. 7 Thou appoyntedest death in him, and in his generacions.
1608 Hist. Disc. Voy. East Indies 13 I sent a boate to Roobol willing him to set fire in the shippe, where vnto hee answered that I should hold my peace.
1698 D. Kennedy Late Hist. Europe xi. 59 After this he returns to the Seige, where a Bomb setting Fire in their Magazine, blew up a hundered and fifty of the Garison.
1741 D. Horsmanden Jrnl. in N.Y. Conspiracy (1810) 24 June 182 Jack told them they were to set fire in the Broadway.
V. Constructional uses in which the noun phrase following in defines or limits the application of the expression preceding it.
41. Expressing the relation which the action of a verb has to something that is the object of the action.Forming with the pronoun object an adverbial phrase complementary to the verb, and often entering with it into an indirect passive: e.g. when the Church ceases to be trusted in.
a. With intransitive verbs expressing belief, trust, hope, etc., and the related nouns. See affy v. 1a, believe v. 1a, hope v. 2, leve v.2 1a, trow v. 2a, trust v. 1.
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OE Cynewulf Juliana 434 Þu in ecne god, þrymsittendne, þinne getreowdes.
OE Assumption of Virgin (Corpus Cambr. 41) in H. L. C. Tristram Vier Altenglische Predigten aus der Heterodoxen Trad. (Ph.D. diss., Freiburg) (1970) 143 Gelyf in God.., þæt is drihten hælende Crist.
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 19 He þe bileueð in god.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 8383 We wulleð ileuen in [c1300 Otho on] leofen þine Drihten.
?a1325 in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 282 Ich i-leve in God.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxiii. 20 He that swerith in the auter, swerith in it, and alle thingis that ben theron.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 7341 Alisaunder him gan affye Jn his owen chyualerie.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 111 In þeise thinges..þer ben many folk þat beleeven.
a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 193 (MED) God..wol noȝt fayle hem that tristeþ in hym.
1553 Queen Mary I in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) III. App. i. 3 For the special trust and affiance we have in you.
1603 R. Rogers Seuen Treat. ii. iii. 79 To haue faith in the promises of saluation, and forgiuenes of sinnes.
1678 C. Phelpes Comm. First Five Chapters Revelation ii. 327 There is forgiveness with him that he may be feared, plenteousness of redemption, that he may be hoped in.
1753 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 1 Jan. (1932) (modernized text) V. 1991 I hope in God she will give you the will of exerting them.
1828 E. Irving Baptism v. in Wks. (1864) II. 338 When the Church ceaseth thus to be trusted in, the Holy Ghost will cease to be trusted in.
1884 W. C. Smith Kildrostan 48 Let nothing shake your trust in her.
1933 Washington Post 13 May 6/2 Several independent and fusion interests would like to see him supplant the present Tiger leadership, having confidence in his ability and integrity.
2017 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 5 Apr. (Life & Arts section) l1 I believe in gender equality, especially in the kitchen.
b. With other intransitive verbs, including verbs expressing participation (e.g. engage, join, participate, partake, share), agreement (e.g. agree, concur), emotional response (e.g. delight, exult, glory, joy, rejoice, triumph), measure (e.g. decrease, increase), achievement (fail, succeed), etc. See also to consist in at consist v. 6.
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eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xvii. 304 Ealra heora heortan & lichoman wynsumedon in þone lifgendan God [L. exultauerunt in deum uiuum].
c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 23 Ȝef me..dealen in his pinen.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 258 Ne glede þe naȝt ine uayr ssroud.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 283 (MED) He hym self was i-cleped an erle and hilde hym a payed in þat name.
a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) ix. 3 in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 139 (MED) I sal fayne and glade in þe.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) iv. 718 Thai men, that will study In the craft of astrology.
1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes sig. Y.i O temerous tauntres that delights in toyes..Ianglyng iestres depraueres of swete ioyes.
c1585 R. Browne Answere to Cartwright 68 I partake in another mans offring.
1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. B2v To those two Armies that would let him goe, Rather then triumph in so false a foe. View more context for this quotation
1650 Beware Beare 5 I am like to have great good of him when we are Married, that failes in the performance of his first promise.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 49 Join in my Work. View more context for this quotation
1776 Trial Maha Rajah Nundocomar for Forgery 68/1 I used, a long time ago, to trade in salt.
1795 Hist. in Ann. Reg. 5 All classes..concurred in this determination.
1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany (ed. 2) I. 185 A regular war with France was not to be engaged in without negotiations.
1897 J. H. Crawford Wild Flowers Scotl. Introd. 13 A few typical forms in a natural setting, livened by some incident..in which I shared.
1917 J. Koettgen tr. German Deserter's War Experience xiv. 111 We judged from the rolling thunder that the battle had not yet decreased in violence.
1958 P. Larkin Let. 2 Apr. in Sel. Lett. (1992) 285 Our affinity is rather difficult to explain..but we usually agree in the things we find funny or derisible.
2017 Independent (Nexis) 16 May (Sport section) 73 Regrettably, I've decided not to participate in the French Open.
c. With transitive verbs, such as instruct, train in a subject, etc.; baffle, disappoint, limit in an activity, enterprise, etc.; expend, spend (money, time, etc.) in doing something; convict, condemn, fine, mulct in a penalty.to hold in esteem, contempt, memory, etc.: see hold v. 12f.
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eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xviii. 308 Sum abbud..hine bæd..þæt he him alefde & forgefe, þæt he moste heo [sc. þa cneohtas] gelæran in þa gerynu þæs cristnan geleafan.
c1300 St. Lucy (Harl.) l. 82 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S.-Eng. Legendary (1956) 568 For in hordom & in lechours þu hast ispend þi god.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 370) (1850) 2 Chron. xxxvi. 3 The king of Egipt..condempnede the lond in an hundrith talentis of syluer.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Boke yf Eneydos vii. sig. Ciiij To haue some prynce..for tenstructe hym in doctrynes & good maners.
1534 J. Fewterer tr. U. Pinder Myrrour Christes Passion v. xviii. f. xlvv Kynge Salomon taughte hyr in all thynges that requyred of hym.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost ii. i. 19 Spending your Wit in the prayse of mine. View more context for this quotation
1634 R. Verney Let. J. Dillon in J. Forster Deb. Grand Remonstr. (1860) 256 He was fined in foure thousand pounds by some.
a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) ii. 133 This Bishop being mulcted in eight thousand pounds, for a pretence thinner than a Vapour.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 459 The Crown had been..limited in the power of raising money.
1759 Universal Chron. 7 Apr. 115/1 A Drover, who was some time since convicted before the Lord Mayor in the penalty of 20s. for driving Cattle into Smith field on the Lord's Day.
1838 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece (new ed.) II. xi. 24 The Athenians, who had been repeatedly baffled in their attempts.
1893 W. P. Courtney in Academy 13 May 413/1 The money expended in the improvement of the site.
1920 E. Mead Helping Men own Farms 6 Some spend their time in improving their places, attending to the irrigation, and even working for their own tenants for wages.
1961 Guardian 14 Mar. 7/6 After disappointing us in their opening item last night.
2010 New Yorker 9 Aug. 75/1 A glossary in the back instructs readers in the smirking insider language.
42.
a. Expressing the relation of an adjective to some sphere or department to which its qualification is limited; e.g. diligent in, eloquent in, expert in, skilled in, etc.See also accomplished adj. 1a(b), eager adj. 1a(c), great adj. 14b(a), ignorant adj. 1d, learned adj. 2a, poor adj. 4a, rich adj. 3, strong adj. 12a, wanting adj. 2b(b), weak adj. 9b.
ΚΠ
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) iv. xxiv. 332 Wæs heo eac swylce æðele in woruldgebyrdum, þæt heo wæs þæs cyninges Eadwines neafan dohtor.
OE Prognostics (Tiber.) (2007) 431 Gif he bið on iiiior nihta accenned, se bið a in wordum leas.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 195 In alle wittes of worldliche wisdomes wisest o worlde.
c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 2 Ah ich..Teochimus..ilered i [c1225 Royal in] godes lei, redde & arahte.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds vii. 22 Moyses..was myȝty in his wordis and werkis.
c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 74 (MED) On þere was hoten Neptenabus, Wijs in þis ars.
1477 Earl Rivers tr. Dictes or Sayengis Philosophhres (Caxton) (1877) lf. 38v Right connyng in fisike and a good fisicien.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. v. f. v Blessed are the povre in sprete.
1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes (1582) 174 a Pirrus..was stout and hardy, valiant in armes, liberall in benefices, pacient in aduersities.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) iv. ii. 67 Though in your state of Honor I am perfect. View more context for this quotation
1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. Transition sig. Ii5v To admire and thank him, that is infinite in Beauty, and in goodness.
1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 81. ¶2 If Rosalinda is unfortunate in her Mole, Nigranilla is as unhappy in a Pimple.
1792 E. Burke Let. 29 Feb. in Corr. (1968) VII. 83 He is a great man, eloquent in conception and in language.
1828 J. Hall Lett. from West 261 It seems that they were not so well skilled in navigation as the Lady of the Lake.
1884 Law Times 77 27/2 A railway company was held liable in damages.
1930 Bookman Dec. 439/2 His long narrative, more diligent in its documentation than distinguished in its manner.
1967 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 113 384/1 The patient became fairly expert in auto-relaxation.
2013 Church Times 7 June 32/2 A diverse worldwide movement that has been notably successful in resisting secularising forces in the West.
b. Following a commendatory epithet or (esp.) a superlative (e.g. biggest, latest, newest): within the sphere of (a particular class or order of things). See also the (very) latest in (something) at latest adj., n., and adv. Phrases 2.
ΚΠ
1847 Bristol Mercury 25 Dec. (advt.) A selection of every material in wear, with the latest designs in Fancy Jacketings, Trouserings, and Vestings.
1866 J. Ruskin Crown Wild Olive ii. §53 The newest and sweetest thing in pinnacles.
1879 ‘G. Eliot’ Theophrastus Such xiii. 226 The latest thing in tattooing.
1924 Daily Mirror 17 May 2 The latest development in broadcasting is the transmission over the air waves of the rattle of a rattlesnake.
1975 Times 6 Sept. 5/4 Metaxas is the big name in Greek brandy.
1996 Cosmopolitan (U.K. ed.) Sept. 208/1 The top name in women's electric shavers.
2014 Solihull News (Nexis) 11 Apr. (News section) 15 The newest in everything from TVs, toys and tablets to cameras, cars and consoles.
43. Expressing the relation of a noun (esp. one that involves an attribute, e.g. ‘skill’, ‘accuracy’, or a qualification, e.g. ‘a degree’) to a certain sphere of activity (e.g. ‘arts’, ‘work’, ‘divinity’).any, much, no, etc., point in: see point n.1 10d.
ΚΠ
OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) ii. iii. 111 He ongan beon fultumiend þæs lareowes in þara oðra broþra lare.
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 5483 Þe firrste ȝife iss witt. & skill Inn hefennlike þingess.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Dan. i. 17 God ȝaue to these children science and discipline in eche boke.
1423 Guildhall Let.-bk. in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 108 (MED) John Sumbreshete, Comensour in Medicyns..Thomas Southwell, Bachiler in Medicyns.
1513 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid i. Prol. 56 Nane is, nor was..ne ȝit sal haue sic crafte in poetrie.
c1571 E. Campion Two Bks. Hist. Ireland (1963) i. ix. 33 The Barbarians hyghlie honored him for his cunninge in all languages.
1615 E. Grimeston tr. P. d'Avity Estates 606 Since there haue happened terrible changes in Transiluania and Hongarie, as well in the Estate, as in religion.
1691 A. Wood Fasti Oxoniensis in Athenæ Oxonienses I. 639 John Newland..supplicated for a Degree in Divinity.
1699 Bp. G. Burnet Expos. 39 Articles (1700) xxv. 266 In all this Diversity there is no real difference.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones I. i. x. 52 He was himself a very competent Judge in most Kinds of Literature. View more context for this quotation
a1770 J. Jortin Serm. (1771) I. iii. 46 Those who have skill in arts..in war..in politics.
1830 T. Taylor tr. Celsus Arguments 63 Alacrity in the performance of things.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. i. 111 The Houses..would have made no formal change in the constitution.
1907 G. B. Shaw John Bull's Other Island Pref. p. xxxiv It requires neither knowledge, character, conscience, diligence in public affairs, nor any virtue..to thump the Nationalist or Orange tub.
1970 J. McPhee Crofter & Laird 66 Andrew was an expert in unarmed combat during the Second World War.
2014 Watford Observer (Nexis) 1 Aug. Having checked weather forecasts when planning a game of golf for many years, I appreciated there is a high degree of accuracy in their work.
44. Expressing the relation of a number or quantity to the dimension or amount in question, e.g. length, breadth, depth, etc.
ΚΠ
OE tr. Alexander's Let. to Aristotle (1995) §28. 242 Wæron þa wic on lengo l furlanga long & swa eac in brædo.
c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 10976 Hit his imete in [c1275 Calig. a] brede fif and twenti fote.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1963) 3 Kings vi. 2 Þe hous..hadde sixti cubitis in lengþe & twenti cubitis in brede.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 37 (MED) Alizandre is wel xxxti furlonges in lengthe.
1448 in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) I. 355 (MED) The yle oon the either side of the body of the chirch shal conteyne in brede for respond to respond xv fete, and in lengthe C iiij fete..with the grece called gradus chori, eueri of them conteynyng in hight vj ynches.
1512 Act 4 Henry VIII c. 1 §1 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 48 The said Countie is thre score and ten myle in lenght.
1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Mark in Paraphr. New Test. (1552) i. 120 Fewe in numbre.
1610 J. Guillim Display of Heraldrie ii. v. 49 The Bend containeth in breadth the fifth part of the Field, as it is vncharged.
1656 E. Leigh Treat. Relig. & Learning i. iii. 8 It is in Volume twice so big as the Psalmes of David, divided into a hundred and fourteen Chapters.
1710 G. Berkeley Treat. Princ. Human Knowl. Introd. §12 A black line of an inch in length.
1756 T. Hale et al. Compl. Body Husbandry x. xxi. 570/2 A round Tin Box is to be made, of six Inches Diameter, and two Inches in Depth.
1871 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues II. 255 The virtues, which are also four in number.
1882 W. Sharp D. G. Rossetti ii. 86 A man six feet two inches in height.
1944 Manch. Guardian 10 Feb. 4/6 Their numbers declined after the agrarian reforms of 1919 when all their estates, which were at least 330 hectares in area..were compulsorily divided into peasant holdings.
2017 Independent on Sunday (Nexis) 9 Apr. (Sport section) 38 Phil had played against Manchester City, gone to Brazil, come back for the derby and he had lost three kilos in weight in three days.
45. With a noun or noun phrase, forming an adverbial phrase, e.g. in duty, in every way.See, e.g., in any case at case n.1 Phrases 4b, in character at character n. Phrases 3, in charity at charity n. 1e, in common at common n.1 Phrases 1, in conclusion at conclusion n. 3, in especial at especial adj. 4, in fact at fact n., int., and adv. Phrases 2, in faith at faith n. and int. Phrases 1a(b), in fine at fine n.1 Phrases 1, in general at general adj. and n. Phrases 2c, in haste at haste n. Phrases 1, in honour at honour n. Phrases 2, in particular adv. at particular adj., n., and adv. Phrases, in (the) presence at presence n. Phrases 2, in probability at probability n. 1b, in right at right n. Phrases 2a(d), in short at short n. 1a, in truth at truth n. and adv. Phrases 1c, in the world at world n. Phrases 4. See also indeed adv.
ΚΠ
eOE tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (Tanner) ii. ix. 128 Nu gif he ðe eac, adwæsctum þinum feondum, in soðe [L. in ueritate] toweard cynerice gehateð?
c1300 St. Brendan (Laud) l. 289 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 227 Betere it is drinke in charite..Þane ȝe it þeofliche nomen, ase ȝe hadden i-þouȝt.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1016 For ðat he bad wid herte fre, He it nomen in charite.
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 234 In hast þemperour..his gretynge him ȝeldes.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 13402 Þai fild a cupp þan son in hast.
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Pardoner's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) Prol. l. 126 But herkneth lordynges in conclusioun Youre likyng is þt I shal telle a tale.
1530 St. German's Secunde Dyaloge Doctour & Student xliv. f. cxv If a man bye a horse..of hym that in ryght hath noo propertye in hym.
a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 55/2 In faith man..I was neuer so sory.
1659 H. L'Estrange Alliance Divine Offices 365 Mersion or dipping is not of the necessity of the Sacrament, sprinkling being in every way as operative.
?1677 S. Primatt City & Covntry Purchaser & Builder 2 Consider..what casualties it may in probability be subject unto.
1716 J. Digby tr. A. de Wicquefort Embassador & his Functions ii. xviii. 553/1 Any Indignation, or Displeasure against them in general, or against any one of them in particular.
1780 A. Young Tour Ireland i. 53 I found rents in general at 20s. an acre, with much relet at 30s.
1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 123 Debts, that he could not in honour delay to discharge.
1871 S. Smiles Character i. 11 Every one is..bound in duty, to aim at reaching the highest standard of character.
1881 L. B. Walford Dick Netherby xiv. 162 Not a shilling in the world.
1931 N.Y. Times 13 Dec. 31/4 Mr Wolfe..played earlier familiar works of Haydn and Beethoven and in conclusion added the Schubert-Liszt ‘Soirée de Vienne’ and Chopin's A-flat polonaise.
2016 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 11 Aug. 15 In fact, sport and betting have long enjoyed a close association.
Phrases
P1. in that: in view or consequence of the fact that; seeing that; as, because.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > cause or reason > [phrase] > for that reason or because of that or inasmuch as
in thatc1175
for as mickle asc1390
in as (also so) mickle (as)c1390
in that thatc1450
by (the) means (also mean) (that)1549
by and by1565
in regard1600
in that (also this) view1688
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2939 Milde he wass onn oþerr hallf I þatt he nollde wreȝenn. Þatt wimmann. þatt wass gilltelæs.
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. i. xxi. 56 [Jesus] is man in þat he was ibore of his modir in chaunginge of tyme.
a1402 J. Trevisa tr. R. Fitzralph Defensio Curatorum (Harl.) (1925) 43 (MED) For he haþ mede, in þat he is obedient to Goddes heest.
?c1436 Duke Burgundy (Rome) l. 50 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 88 (MED) Phelippe, thy falsnes was shewed openly In that thy lige lord thou woldest neuer see.
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (BL Add. 9066) (1879) 339 The child is not apte to serve god, in that he is not inparfite [read he is inparfite].
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. cliv. 186 The kyng of Nauerr..excused hymselfe honorably, in that he departed out of the realme of France.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Josh. xxii. G We knowe, that ye Lorde is amonge vs, in that ye haue not trespaced agaynst the Lorde.
1594 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 iii. i. 257 Let him die, in that he is a Foxe.
1620 W. Innes Bundle of Myrrhe 100 The matter of this humour, seemes most to be those vapours, in that it is neither bloud nor flegme, choler nor melancholy; nor yet appeares to be any of those which Physitians call Secundary humours.
c1680 W. Beveridge Serm. (1729) II. 302 In that they think they get good by such hearing..they are really the worse for it.
1760 D. Gordon Gen. Hist. Royal & Noble Personages I. 507 My offence towards God, is so much the less, in that being in so royal an estate as I was, my inforced honour never mixed with my innocent heart.
1883 A. Dobson Fielding i. 18 This is the more likely, in that Arne the musician..was Fielding's contemporary at Eton.
1938 Washington Post 15 Oct. 11/5 It will be a compromise, however, in that any patient may have a free diagnosis, but no treatment.
2016 Radio Times 4 June (South/West ed.) 73/1 The weather is more like a rugby ball, in that tiny differences in the starting conditions (wind speed, humidity, air pressure and so on) can matter hugely to the outcome a day or so later.
P2. With it as object.
a. Chiefly Scottish and Irish English. in it: there, in existence. Sometimes in contracted form in't.
ΚΠ
1814 E. Bond Lett. Village Governess II. 45 This contraction [i.e. in't = in it] is much used at Fortrose; for instance, when the wind blows bleak—It's a cold night that's in't, and it's a rough sea that's in't.
1826 J. Banim Boyne Water II. iv. 94 ‘Evening, general,’ interrupted Jeremiah. ‘Don't mind him,’ said the Whisperer—‘it's the dead o' the night that's in id.’
1914 J. Joyce Dubliners 17 God knows we done all we could, as poor as we are—we wouldn't see him want anything while he was in it.
1991 B. Ross Those Other Times (2001) 56 He was going to reach up to the stars and catch the brightest one that was in it.
2021 @CarganCampbell 15 Mar. in twitter.com (accessed 16 Mar. 2021) Beautiful poem Seán. Perfect choice for the day that was in it!
b. to be in it: to be one of those actually engaged as partners, competitors, etc. Now Australian.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > association, fellowship, or companionship > associate together or with [verb (intransitive)] > participate
common1357
to take partc1384
communea1393
participe1511
participate1531
join1560
share1570
to bear a part1596
intercommon1626
to join in1785
to be in it1819
to stand in1858
to get into (also in on) the act1947
(to be) in on the act1951
to muck in1952
to opt in1966
the world > action or operation > doing > activity or occupation > be occupied or busy (in or at something) [verb (intransitive)] > be involved in or have to do with something > as a partner, competitor, etc.
to be in it1819
1819 J. H. Vaux New Vocab. Flash Lang. in Memoirs II. (at cited word) To let another partake of any benefit or acquisition you have acquired by robbery or otherwise, is called putting him in it: a family-man who is accidentally witness to a robbery, &c., effected by one or more others, will say to the latter, Mind I'm in it.
1888 Longman's Mag. July 256 To those ‘in it’ every sound conveys a meaning.
1898 A. M. Binstead Pink 'Un & Pelican ix. 209 I soon rumbled he was in it, when I heard Ball givin' him the ‘me lord’ for it.
1928 A. Wright Good Recovery 37 ‘It's a queer business,’ ventured Trilet, ‘and if I am to be in it, I want to know the strength of it.’
1957 D. Niland Call me when Cross turns Over 136 He's got some country to rabbit. He'd like a mate. What about me? Will I be in it?
1982 R. Hall Just Relations 129 Naturally they'd all be in it. They'd hitch a ride down the Yalgoona road with the cheese delivery.
c. to be in it for——: to be gained or derived from something by——. Usually in what is (also was, etc.) in it for——.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > advantage > [noun] > turning to account > capacity for
mileage1860
percentage1862
what is (also was, etc.) in it for——1884
1884 N.Y. Times 5 July 2/7 I don't blame McClelland so much..for there was nothing in it for him but the idea of Cleary doin' his friends this way.
1887 App. Jrnls. Senate & Assembly 23rd Session Legislature State Calif. 8 87 Did I offer you any inducement or say there was anything in it for you or for me?
1895 Electricity 4 Dec. 272/2 (heading) What's In It For Me?
1963 T. Parker Unknown Citizen v. 140 He seemed to have an inbred suspicion of any kind of offered help, he wanted to know why people were giving it, what was in it for them.
1971 ‘A. Gilbert’ Tenant for Tomb ii. 39 I can't see what there was in it for Mrs Plum.
2017 Independent (Nexis) 12 Jan. They are much more adaptable to the information age than my generation, they want to know what's in it for them.
d. Originally Horse Racing. not to be in it: not to be in the running, not to be a serious competitor; not to count for anything.
ΚΠ
1889 Spectator 21 Sept. 374/2 ‘Flying Childers’ and ‘Eclipse’ would not be ‘in it’ with our modern cracks.
1902 H. James Wings of Dove vi. xx. 298 ‘You scarcely call him, I suppose, one of the dukes.’ ‘Mercy, no—far from it. He's not, compared with other possibilities, “in” it.’
1907 F. H. Burnett Shuttle xxxviii. 381 ‘Hope you had a fine time, Mr. Selden?’ ‘Fine! I should smile. Fine wasn't in it.’
1912 A. Bennett Matador of Five Towns & Other Stories 272 We were completely outshone. I tell you, we were not in it, not anywhere near being in it!
1913 F. L. Barclay Broken Halo vi. 69 In fact, the Egyptian dynasties weren't in it! She was positively antediluvian!
1915 A. Huxley Let. Oct. (1969) 82 At present I share Balliol with one..man..who rather repels me at meals by his..habit of shewing satisfaction with the food: Sir Toby Belch was not in it.
1960 L. Cooper Accomplices iv. ii. 224 I thought the Party knew all the technique there is about handling people, but they're not in it with the Church.
1964 H. E. F. Donohue Conversations with Nelson Algren ii. 74 All people are killers, potentially. Tigers aren't in it with people.
1966 ‘J. Hackston’ Father clears Out 140 A fight in the snow is a tame affair and not in it with a hot summer contest.
2017 Guardian (Nexis) 20 Mar. Not in it now, not in it next year either?
e. Originally Sport. not much, little, etc., in it: little difference between competitors or any persons or things that are compared.See also (there is) nothing in it at nothing pron., n., adv., and int. Phrases 15c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > identity > the same [phrase] > there is no difference
six‥and half-a-dozen1836
not much, little, etc., in it1907
(there is) nothing in it1927
1907 Truth 21 Aug. 464/1 ‘Win or lose, I don't care a jot, so long as it's a neck-and-neck thing. And you and I play just about as level as they make 'em.’ ‘Yes, there's not much in it... Though I fancy you just have the pull of me on the putting greens.’
1927 Observer 18 Dec. 19/3 The first round there was nothing much in it. In the second round Angus..punched Mansfield round the ring.
1929 S. E. Thomas Elem. Econ. (ed. 4) xxix. 523 While in the course of a year Britain imports considerable quantities of gold, she also exports almost equally large quantities, and on balance there is usually very little in it.
1970 G. Chapman et al. Monty Python's Flying Circus (1989) II. xxxix. 238 Hello, and a very warm welcome from the Tower ballroom suite at Reading, where there's very little in it, they're neck and neck.., you couldn't get a melon between them.
1991 A. Slomson Introd. to Combinatorics 211 Although there is not a great deal in it, keeping just the pair of Jacks gives you a better chance of improving your hand.
2017 Coffs Coast (Austral.) Advocate (Nexis) 22 Mar. 16 Among the under-35s, there's not much in it between the proportion of renters and those who own their home.
P3. With a personal pronoun as object.
a. to have it in one (also to have got it in one) to do something: to have the capacity or potential to do something.
ΚΠ
1810 Q. Rev. Feb. 193 If a man has it in him, he can do anything any where.
1833 Amer. Q. Rev. Mar. 66 Sheridan knew, to use his own phrase in speaking of himself once to a friend, that he had ‘got it in him.’
1841 E. Bulwer-Lytton Night & Morning (ed. 2) I. i. v. 103 I will work for you day and night. I have it in me.
1856 H. B. Stowe Dred I. xvi. 215 He's got it in him! He's a bright one!
1892 I. Zangwill Children of Ghetto III. 52 That girl's got it in her, I can tell you. She'll take the shine out of some of our West-Enders.
1924 Isis (Oxford) 30 Jan. 16/2 He may become a fine actor—he has it in him.
1952 Irish Times 15 Nov. 8/5 We always knew you hadn't got it in you.
2017 Liverpool Echo (Nexis) 26 Apr. (Sport section) 48 With 19 league games still to play, we know we've got it in us to climb the ladder.
b. to find it in oneself to do something: to allow or force oneself to do something.
ΚΠ
1821 S. T. Coleridge Let. 24 Sept. (1971) V. 178 I repeat it, that I do not, cannot find it in myself to believe, that on any one case.., your heart and mine would prompt different Verdicts.
1876 Trans. Inst. Naval Architects 17 54 I cannot find it in myself to resist those eloquent periods.
1949 Sight & Sound Autumn 15/1 This lack of comprehension would have been depressing had not the Scottish critics found it in themselves to be a little more generous.
1973 ‘E. McBain’ Hail to Chief ii. 30 If you could find it in yourself to go over to the hospital and identify your brother.
2017 Guardian (Nexis) 4 May 17 Apr. He was really serious about finding it in himself to give the performance in this movie.
P4. U.S. regional and colloquial. With possessive pronoun and omission of following noun. in one's: in one's life, for one's part. Often as in mine: ‘for me, for my part’. Chiefly in negative constructions. Now somewhat rare.
ΚΠ
1864 H. Jackson Let. 15 May in W. E. Unrau Tending Talking Wire (1979) 127 We would like to have a little texas or mexico or salt Lake in ours.
1869 A. K. McClure 3,000 Miles through Rocky Mts. 211 When a Western man declines any proposition, he ‘ain't on it’, he ‘don't go a cent on that’, or ‘none of that in mine’, is his answer.
1916 Dial. Notes 4 324 Her folks wanted her to teach school, but she didn't want any teaching in hers.
1962 B. L. Spiller Drummer in Woods (1990) i. 2 Other boys of my acquaintance might content themselves with slaying elephants and lions.., but I wanted none of that in mine.
P5. Forming prepositional phrases. See in accordance with at accordance n. 2b, in back of at back n.1 23g, in (†the) behalf of at behalf n. 1, in case of at in case adv. 3, in common with at common n.1 6, in company with at company n. Phrases 1b, in comparison to, with at comparison n. 5, in excess of at excess n. 6a, in (the) face of at face n. Phrases 5d, in favour of at favour n. 6, in front of at front n. 10a, in lieu of at lieu n. 1a, in the name of —— at name n. and adj. Phrases 2, in order to at order n. Phrases 3, in point of at point n.1 Phrases 1g, in proportion to at proportion n. 2b, in regard of, to at regard n. Phrases 1a, Phrases 2, Phrases 3, in relation to at relation n. Phrases 2, in respect of at respect n. Phrases 2a, in respect to at respect n. Phrases 2b, in right of at right n. Phrases 2a(e), in spite of at spite n. 5a, instead of at instead adv. 1a, in terms of at term n. Phrases 1d, in view of at view n. Phrases 1e.
P6. See also inasmuch adv., insofar adv., insomuch adv.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2021; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
> see also
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also refers to : † in-prefix2
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adj.c1430
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