immuno-comb. form

1930 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 12 Apr. 1188/2 Immunobiologic conditions in tuberculosis.

1960 Internat. Jrnl. Leprosy 28 271 (title) Immunobiologic relation between tuberculosis and leprosy.

1995 Wisconsin State Jrnl. (Nexis) 9 Oct. 1 a Since flu vaccines were introduced 50 years ago, they have become the most commonly used immunobiologic agents in the United States.

1927 Lancet 5 Nov. 972/1 He regards the action of the skin on the immuno-biological apparatus of the blood and hæmatopoietic system as a desirable field for research.

1955 M. W. Woerdeman in E. G. Butler Biol. Specificity & Growth ii. 39 Immunobiological techniques are continually being improved.

2006 Jrnl. Immunol. 177 1796 Peptidoglycans (PGNs) are ubiquitous constituents of bacterial cell walls and exhibit various immunobiological activities.

1942 Year Bk. Physical Therapy i. 21 Variations of reactivity may occur successively in the same individual. Immunobiology teaches that the organism reacts ‘normergically’ to alien drugs..but ‘pathergically’ to physical factors.

1970 J. W. Alexander & R. A. Good Immunobiol. for Surgeons i. 1 In its older and classical meaning, it [sc. immunology] was the study of immunity, the processes by which oganisms defend themselves against infection... More recently, cellular immunity has been recognized as being important in processes which have to do with recognition phenomena, self-characterization, growth and development, heredity, aging, cancer, and transplantation. With this expansion, immunology has exceeded the limits of its original meaning, and immunobiology has become a preferable term for this expanding field.

2004 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 6674/2 Because many of the same genes are also associated with clearance of HCV [= hepatitis C virus], they represent a starting point for further elucidation of the cellular and molecular immunobiology of these infections.

1912 Science 8 Mar. 394/1 (heading) Immuno-chemical studies on peptones.

1948 E. A. Kabat & M. M. Mayer Exper. Immunochem. i. 5 The application of immunochemical methods has extended far beyond the study of immunity to disease and has become a valuable tool in the characterization of proteins and polysaccharides.

2006 Lancet Oncol. May 363/1 An immunochemical technique that is suitable for simultaneous analysis of two blood proteins..in the faecal sample.

1940 Biol. Bull. 79 79 The lipids of distantly related species may be very similar, if not identical, immunochemically.

1966 Lancet 31 Dec. 1435/1 In certain human antiserums, dog insulin is immunochemically distinguishable from pork insulin although both have the same aminoacid sequence.

2000 K. R. Mahaffey et al. in M. Lippman Environm. Toxicants (ed. 2) 454 These samples may be plated directly, eluted and plated, or extracted and assayed immunochemically.

1930 Science 11 July 24/1 No immunochemist to-day can say whether the specific antibody known as diphtheria antitoxin..is monovalent, bivalent or polyvalent for diphtheria toxin.

1948 M. Heidelberger in C. A. Kabat & M. M. Mayer Exper. Immunochem. p. vi The immunochemist is in possession of a store of marked molecules, antigens and antibodies, each as distinctively marked with respect to the other as if it contained a radioactive tracer element.

1997 R. Porter Greatest Benefit to Mankind xviii. 593 In the 1970s the phenomenon of immunity assumed a centrality to biomedicine that brought together cell biologists and immunochemists..and genetics and molecular biology.

1907 S. Arrhenius Immunochem. p. vii I have given to these lectures the title ‘Immuno-chemistry’, and wish with this word to indicate that the chemical reactions of the substances that are produced by the injection of foreign substances into the blood of animals, i.e. by immunisation, are under discussion in these pages.

1956 Nature 3 Mar. 426/2 Virulent and protective avirulent strains have been studied comparatively by the methods of immunology, immunochemistry and biochemistry.

2006 Clin. Chem. 52 1660 Immunochemistry of lysosomal storage disorders.

1936 M. R. Irwin & L. J. Cole in Jrnl. Exper. Zool. 73 85 (title) Immunogenetic studies of species and of species hybrids in doves.

1970 W. H. Hildemann Immunogenetics iii. 86 The newest area in which immunogenetic characterization of microorganisms has provided substantial insights involves the many viruses capable of inducing cancer.

2002 Jrnl. Parasitol. 88 55/1 The selective pressure of this parasite [sc. Plasmodium falciparum] has been present for thousands of years, and has shaped the immunogenetic phenotypes of exposed populations.

1950 Amer. Naturalist 84 296 The two offspring were phenotypically identical, and showed no segregation. However, immunogenetically they differed somewhat.

1971 Nature 12 Nov. 103/1 The paternal strains, A/J and A2G respectively, are immunogenetically identical at the major H-2 histocompatibility locus.

1997 J. A. Lott Clin. Pathol. Pancreatic Disorders i. 7 With the exception of identical twins, the likelihood of finding two immunogenetically identical individuals is essentially zero.

1947 M. R. Irwin in Adv. Genetics 1 133 The term ‘immunogenetics’ was proposed by the author some years ago to designate studies in which the technics of both genetics and immunology were employed jointly... The term indicates the study of genetic characters as yet only detectable by immunological reactions.

1971 J. A. Bellanti Immunol. iii. 60 Immunogenetics includes all those processes concerned in the immune response which may have a genetic basis.

2006 Trends Parasitol. 22 102/2 It is likely that several pathogenic mechanisms operate to different extents depending on the immunogenetics of the host..and other physiological factors.

1952 Proc. Inst. Med. Chicago 19 29 (title) Hemolytic anemia; immunohematologic studies.

1977 Transfusion 17 425 Reproducibility can be measured with a series of coded duplicate samples covering the range of immunohematologic reactivity.

2004 Clin. Lab. 50 265 This assay is also more adequate than classic immunohaematologic tests to obtain a better evaluation of the patients' response to treatment.

1954 Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 154 818 (title) Immunohematological studies in hemolytic anemia.

1987 Environmental Health Perspectives 74 125/1 With better assays and more clearly defined antigens, some of the currently used immunohematological tests will be useful biomarkers in..high risk pregnancies.

2003 Ann. Thoracic Surg. 75 1622/1 Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia..can be a life-threatening immunohematological challenge for patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass.

1948 Science 12 Mar. 266/2 One day will be devoted to immunohematology.

1954 Amer. Jrnl. Clin. Pathol. 24 1334 Serologic technics applied to the study of diseases of blood added up to what is called immunohematology, a separate and distinct subdivision of hematology... Immunohematology encompasses diseases of blood of which the causes, the pathogenesis, or the clinical manifestations have been shown to be determined by an antigen–antibody reaction.

2006 Transfusion 46 448/1 The significance of immunohematology was recognized by the clinical hematology community as a potent force in the expanding field of disorders of the blood and blood-forming organs.

1960 Federation Proc. (Federation Amer. Soc. Exper. Biol.) 19 208/2 (heading) An immunopathologic study of avian nephrotoxic nephritis in the rabbit.

1979 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 67 961 Presently, it is believed that rheumatoid arthritis arises through immunopathologic responses to an as yet unidentified antigen..in the genetically susceptible host.

2005 M. Eddleston et al. Oxf. Handbk. Trop. Med. (ed. 2) 212 In mild cases, a 2–day remission occurs after 4–7 days but this may usher in a second immunopathologic phase.

1959 P. Grabar & P. Miescher Immunopathol. 17 Attention has been focussed on the immunopathological consequences of leucocyte isoantigens.

1984 Infection & Immunity 46 873/2 Footpad skin..was removed and fixed for histological examination or frozen for immunopathological studies.

2003 Evolution 57 1676/1 An alternative explanation is that high immune responsiveness leads to immunopathological effects.

1954 Q. Rev. Biol. 29 284/ To speak of ‘hypersensitivity’..in relation to an extreme necrotic reaction on the part of a plant will startle the immuno-pathologist.

1970 Nature 19 Sept. 1196/2 Studies on the amino-terminal sequences of a number of myeloma and pathological immunoglobulin chains also evoked much interest among the immunopathologists.

1996 New Scientist 12 Oct. 15/1 David Katz, an immunopathologist at University College London, says that doctors typically treat illnesses as viral infections only if a patient develops a fever.

1956 Amer. Rev. Tuberculosis 74 60 (title) Immunopathology of tuberculosis.

1959 P. Grabar & P. Miescher Immunopathol. 13 Immunopathology presumably covers all immune phenomena associated with general pathology—the majority of the reactions of course being physiogenic and beneficial to the host—others again being inconsequential or even harmful.

1971 Daily News (Red Bluff, Ca.) 28 Apr. 5/6 Dixon, a pioneer in immunopathology, edits several scientific journals.

2005 T. J. Murray Multiple Sclerosis xi. 294 His laboratory has explored two parallel lines—understanding the mechanisms of immune surveillance and brain inflammation, and the immunopathology of MS.

1968 Proc. Third Internat. Pharmacol. Meeting XI. (heading) Immunopharmacology.

1989 M. M. Dale & J. C. Foreman Textbk. Immunopharmacol. (ed. 2) i. 1/1 Immunopharmacology is that area of biology where immunology, pathology and pharmacology overlap.

2000 Biochem. Pharmacol. 59 1323 In this article, we discuss the immunopharmacology of several of these agents, which include..antibodies and soluble receptors directed against IgE, IL-4, and IL-5.

1959 S. A. Berson & R. S. Yalow in Nature 21 Nov. 1648/2 We have previously reported on the immuno-assay of beef insulin.

1969 R. Hall et al. Fund. Clin. Endocrinol. xiv. 258/1 The hormone that reacts with anti-insulin serum in the immunoassay technique for insulin accounts for only a small part of the total ILA in plasma.

1999 C. B. Inlander et al. Over-the-counter Doctor (rev. ed.) 371/1 Pregnancy tests use an immunoassay to produce a colour change to indicate a positive result in urine.

1980 Jrnl. Cell Biol. 87 357/1 (caption) Under the headings a-GFAP and a-NF are two immunoblots made from identical samples to those shown protein-stained under CBB.

1993 J. E. Savage & N. B. Slepecky in R. T. Verrillo Sensory Res. xiv. 236 Immunoblots are used to test the specificity of antibodies to proteins of interest.

2005 Vet. Parasitol. 131 326/2 Based on the immunoblot band patterns, the experimental cats could be divided into two groups.

1983 Jrnl. Cell Biol. 96 855/1 Samples from each gradient fraction were..run on polyacrylamide gels and then immunoblotted.

1988 Nature 6 Oct. 545/1 We have also found that antiserum from the 50μg-immunized female immunoblotted the PH-20 band in sperm and testis extracts.

2006 Neurosci. Res. 56 373/2 The affinity-purified antibody was immunoblotted to test for its immunoreactivity and purity.

1982 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 6896/1 (caption) Lanes:..B and C, autoradiograms of immunoblotted lac carrier protein and T206 membrane vesicles, respectively.

1983 Nature 25 Aug. 727 We report here that this antiserum specifically labels PHF..and, unexpectedly, it reacts with neither neurofilaments nor any other normal cytoskeletal protein in brain sections or on immunoblotted gels.

2005 Molecular & Cellular Endocrinol. 242 97/2 To ensure equal amounts of GST-fused protein, the immunoblotted membrane was stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue.

1980 Jrnl. Cell Biol. 87 346 We searched for evidence of neurofilament proteins among the PSD polypeptides. This was done with a novel technique for detecting protein antigens in SDS-polyacrylamide gels (immunoblotting) and an antiserum that was selective for neurofilaments in immunohistochemical tests.

1990 EMBO Jrnl. 9 4005/1 Proteins for immunoblotting were separated in an SDS-18% polyacrylamide gel and transferred to nitrocellulose.

2005 Methods Molecular Biol. 295 227 Immunoblotting is now widely used in conjunction with two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, not only for traditional goals..but also as a genome-proteome interface technique.

1959 Nature 30 May 1512/1 We have found that cellulose acetate membrane..is equal, if not superior, to agar jelly for immuno-diffusion purposes.

1966 Lancet 24 Dec. 1403/2 A technique of immunodiffusion of serum through agar gave a sensitive and fairly accurate measure of the concentrations of the three main classes of immune globulins.

2002 J. Stanley Essent. Immunol. & Serol. xii. 171/1 Immunodiffusion techniques are broadly classed into two main groups: single immunodiffusion or double immunodiffusion.

1955 Science 12 Aug. 290/3 There are descriptions of column chromatography of proteins, immunoelectrophoresis.., and chemical syntheses of nucleotide coenzymes.

1968 H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm v. 104 The antigens..were isolated as antigen-antibody complexes by immuno-electrophoresis.

2003 Appl. & Environmental Microbiol. 57 3470 Immunoelectrophoresis revealed the presence of three distinct antigens in homologous reactions.

1955 C. A. Williams & P. Grabar in Jrnl. Immunol. 74 158 (title) Immunoelectrophoretic studies on serum proteins.

1971 Nature 21 May 195/1 These, and several antisera previously made against Australasian marsupial sera, were reacted with a range of sera from Australasian and American marsupials in immunoelectrophoretic tests.

1990 T. G. Wreghitt & P. Morgan-Capner ELISA in Clin. Microbiol. Lab. v. 82 Quantitative immunoelectrophoretic analysis of human antibodies against herpes simplex virus antigens.

1961 A. J. Crowle Immunodiffusion iv. 101 Plasmin exists immunoelectrophoretically as two zones in the beta region.

1994 Vet. Immunol. & Immunopathol. 41 50 The presence of this protein in the canine acute-phase serum was immunoelectrophoretically confirmed.

1960 F. Rapp et al. in Jrnl. Biophysical & Biochem. Cytol. 7 43 (title) Observations of measles virus infection of cultured human cells. I. A study of development and spread of virus antigen by means of immunofluorescence.

1977 Jrnl. Cell Biol. 74 242/2 Bright-green immunofluorescence was readily observed in rat and human peripheral nerves which had been incubated in experimental IgG.

1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) xx. 1147 (caption) Immunofluorescence staining shows the grouping of cortical microtubules into a helical array.

1996 J. McCormick & S. Fisher-Hoch Level 4: Virus Hunters of CDC xv. 140 We were using the fluorescent antibody test—a technique called immunofluorescence (IFA)—to detect a newly described organism.

1959 F. Rapp et al. in Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 101 289 (title) Quantitative determination of infectious units of measles virus by counts of immunofluorescent foci.

1988 A. M. Silverstein Hist. Immunol. vi. 139 For the B lymphocyte, the demonstration of specific surface receptors proved fairly simple, thanks to techniques such as immunofluorescent analysis.

2001 High Plains Jrnl. 16 Apr. a4/2 To measure this, researchers collected data from serum samples using immunofluorescent assay testing (IFAT) to detect seropositivity to L. intracellularis.

1971 Virology 45 747/2 Preliminary studies have shown that the best methods available for immunolabeling of TMV..are much more effective on clover yellow mosaic virus.

1987 Nature 21 May 255/1 The development of probing techniques such as colloidal gold immunolabelling, autoradiography, microanalysis and hybridization histochemistry for use in electron microscopy.

2007 Jrnl. Compar. Pathol. 136 3 (caption) Strong cytoplasmic immunolabelling was evident in epithelial cells.

1971 E. Kurstak in Methods Virol. 5 426 With the immunoperoxidase technique, as in immunofluorescence, the direct and indirect techniques can be applied.

1979 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76 4117/1 We have developed a rapid, quantitative in vitro assay for MMTV [= mouse mammary tumor virus] infectivity based on the detection of positively staining foci by immunoperoxidase.

2006 Jrnl. Pediatric Surg. 41 1476 The resected appendix and ileocecal junction..were cytomegalovirus positive by immunoperoxidase staining.

1970 Jrnl. Cell Biol. 47 No. 2 ii. 141a These antisera demonstrate strong immunostaining as well as agglutination of nucleated erythrocytes.

1984 Brain Res. Bull. 13 299 Reserpine, a monoamine depleting agent, caused a significant reduction in the amount of serotonin immunostaining.

2002 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 30 June f7/9 (advt.) Histology and immunostaining experience a plus but not required.

1975 D. Solter & B. B. Knowles in Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72 5099/1 This method of immunosurgery can be used to obtain large quantities of pure inner cell masses in a relatively short period of time.

2001 Science 13 July 211/1 After drawing attention to the moral nexus between immmunosurgery to obtain blastomeres and the subsequent study of derived stem cells, I defend such immunosurgery as morally superior to what would otherwise occur.

1975 D. Solter & B. B. Knowles in Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72 5101/2 The development in vitro of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically can follow two pathways.

1979 Nature 27 Sept. 311/2 Analysis of a large number of inner cell masses isolated immunosurgically from female blastocysts has yielded data consistent with the presence of two active X chromosomes.

2005 R. R. Behringer & V. E. Papaioannou Mouse Phenotypes v. 84 The immunosurgically treated embryos are delicate and tend to fall apart.

1961 R. Levi-Montalcini & P. U. Angeletti in S. S. Kety & J. Elkes Regional Neurochem. vii. 369 Immunosympathectomized mice became pregnant, nursed and took care of the litter as controls.

1994 Gen. Pharmacol. 25 747/2 Hypotensive effects of α-MD were reported in immunosympathectomized rats..suggesting a possible action at peripheral level.

1961 R. Levi-Montalcini & P. U. Angeletti in Biochem. Pharmacol. 8 18/1 Immunosympathectomy as a new approach to the study of the sympathetic system.

1972 J. B. Martin in G. Steiner & E. Schönbaum Immunosympathectomy xii. 196 Immunosympathectomy should be valuable in investigations of the role of sympathetic innervation of those glands (pineal, pituitary, thyroid) in which denervation is nearly complete.

1996 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 351 365/2 Sequestration of endogenous NGF in this manner leads to ‘immunosympathectomy’—complete destruction of the cervical ganglion.

1900 W. A. N. Dorland Amer. Illustr. Med. Dict. 317/2 Immunotoxin, any antitoxin.

1980 Internat. Jrnl. Immunopharmacol. 2 254 The immunotoxins were prepared by coupling the A-chain of ricin to antibody.

1993 Times (Nexis) 13 May Immunotoxins attack the protein synthesis machinery which cancer cells depend on for their survival.

2001 New Scientist 10 Feb. 5/2 By attaching the right peptide, it should be possible to develop immunotoxins to tackle any autoimmune disease.

1919 A. E. Wright in Lancet 29 Mar. 500/2 The therapeutic method here employed is..a combined method of serum therapy and transfusion. We may perhaps call it ‘immuno-transfusion’.

1937 Amer. Heart Jrnl. 13 619 Wordley's patient recovered after three ‘immunotransfusions’.

2005 Stud. Hist. & Philos. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. 36 691 A few others, such as the desensitisation of allergic subjects or specific immunotransfusion, are perceived mainly as a specific type of clinical practice.

1966 Jrnl. Immunol. 97 828 (title) Immunocompetence of transferred thymus-marrow cell combinations.

1974 Sci. Amer. Apr. 45/2 The maturation of immunocompetence in an environment that is usually regarded as sterile may represent a protective mechanism.

1997 D. A. Baron in R. C. Ward Found. Osteopathic Med. xii. 167/2 Emotional states can diminish immunocompetence, ultimately resulting in physical disease.

1963 Lancet 16 Feb. 390/1 The thymus is directly concerned in the dispersal of potentially immunocompetent cells (or their progenitors) to lymphoid tissue.

1988 M. Bishop Unicorn Mountain xxvi. 273 ‘What was wrong with all the other animals—unicorns—that didn't pull through?’.. ‘They weren't as tough or as immunocompetent.’

2006 Science 24 Mar. 1780/1 We combined an immune effector cell population..with an oncolytic viral therapy to achieve directed delivery to..tumors in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mouse models.

1965 Amer. Heart Jrnl. 69 575/1 The reactions and problems associated with the immuno-depressant agents are not well indicated.

1975 Sci. Amer. Nov. 72/3 Patients treated with immunodepressants so that they can tolerate an organ transplant.

2006 Tetrahedron 62 11987/2 Formycin A and formycin B..are potent antibiotics with proven antiviral, immunodepressant, antitumor, and antimetabolic activities.

1970 Lancet 8 Aug. 301/1 The infected mice are immunodepressed and do not reject foreign skin-grafts.

1983 D. J. Weatherall et al. Oxf. Textbk. Med. I. v. 10/2 Interferon increases the resistance of immunodepressed patients to herpes and cytomegalovirus infections.

2005 Clinics in Dermatol. 23 157 Immunodepressed patients are, therefore, at the greatest risk [of cutaneous viral diseases].

1965 Lancet 8 May 985/2 Immunodepression was produced by means of irradiation and drugs.

1989 Vet. Immunol. & Immunopathol. 21 99 Susceptibility to immunodepression by FLC seems to be controlled not only by loci that regulate leukemogenesis but also by independent genes.

2004 A. E. Jeukendrup & M. Gleeson Sport Nutrition xiii. 302 The immune system can become functionally depressed (known as immunodepression), which may result in an increased susceptibility to infection.

1964 Lancet 17 Oct. 863/1 Some workers have suggested that the P.H.A.-lymphocyte culture should be valuable in evaluating the effect of immunodepressive drugs after transplantation.

1989 Vet. Immunol. & Immunopathol. 21 97 The main purpose of the early studies was to establish whether the immunodepressive effect of oncogenic retroviruses was a prerequisite for the full expression of their tumorigenic potential.

2005 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 1 Aug. a14 Far tinier amounts of man-made chemicals can trigger cancers, mutations and immunodepressive disorders.