independentadj.n.

Brit.

/ˌɪndᵻˈpɛnd(ə)nt/, U.S.

/ˌɪndəˈpɛndənt/

Forms: Also 1600s–1700s independant.

Etymology: < in- prefix⁴ + dependent adj.: compare French indépendant (c1600 in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter), Italian independente (Florio, 1598).

Not dependent.

A. adj.

a. Not depending upon the authority of another, not in a position of subordination or subjection; not subject to external control or rule; self-governing, autonomous, free.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective]

unlamed1508

exempt1552

absolute1596

independent1612

untutored1641

undepending1649

1612 H. Jacob Declar. Christes True Church 13 [Each congregation is] an entire and independent body-politic, endued with power immediately under and from Christ.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxix. 172 It is not one independent Common-wealth, but three independent Factions.

1774 J. Bryant New Syst. II. 40 Attica..was divided into..independant hamlets.

1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. viii. 84 An independant workman, such as a weaver or shoemaker.

1882 E. R. Pitman Mission Life in Greece 37 In 1829, Greece was acknowledged as an independent state, having its own king and government.

1885 J. Martineau Types Ethical Theory II. 10 The theory of an autonomous or independent conscience.

b. Const. of (formerly on, upon, from).

ΚΠ

1651 T. Hobbes Philos. Rudim. xv. §18. 258 An opinion, that there is any man endued with a Soveraignty independent from God.

1680 R. Morden Geogr. Rectified (1685) 15 These Islands..were first possessed by divers People, independent one upon the other.

1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 489 The Town of St. Gaul, is a little Protestant Republick, wholly independent of the Abbot.

1776 Amherst Rec. (1884) 70/1 Voted—That should the Honourable Congress, for the safety of the united Colonies in America: Declare them Independant of the Kingdom of Great-Britain; We..solemnly engage with our lives and fortunes to support them in the measure.

1785 T. Balguy Disc. Various Subj. 115 It has been said..that the church is independent on the state.

2. (with capital I.) Belonging or adhering to that form of ecclesiastical polity called independency n. 2: = congregational adj. 3.Also applied to that political party in the 17th century of which the Independent churches formed the chief element.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [adjective] > Congregational

independent1612

Brownistical1636

congregational1639

independentish1655

Congregationalist1692

1612 [see sense A. 1a].

1642 T. Lechford Plain Dealing 79 The Congregationall independent government, whereof I have had some experience.

1653 W. Dell Tryal of Spirits 82 Sydrach Simpson, one of the first Pastors of an Independant Congregation in England.

1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 262 in Justice Vindicated The Army, commanded by Oliver Cromwell, turned out the Rump of the Long Parliament which headed the Independent party.

1676 W. Hubbard Happiness of People 35 Why else doe wee in New England..practise the discipline of them called Independant, or Congregational Churches?

1689 R. Milward Selden's Table-talk 25 Both the Independant man, and the Presbyterian man do equally exclude the Civil Power, though after a different manner.

1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. viii. 465 The Independent Party (for so they were now [1645] contented to be call'd, in opposition to the other which was styled Presbyterian).

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 494. ¶1 A very famous Independent Minister.

1766 J. Entick Surv. London in New Hist. London IV. 8 There is an Independent meeting-house.

1831 (title) Declaration of the Faith, Order and Discipline of the Congregational or Independent Dissenters.

1872 G. H. Curteis Bampton Lect. ii. 40 The Independent system does not concern itself with either Ritual or Doctrine.

3. Not depending on something else for its existence, validity, efficiency, operation, or some other attribute; not contingent on or conditioned by anything else.

a. Const. as in sense A. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > non-relation > [adjective] > independent

substantivec1400

independing1604

self-contained1605

independent1614

self-centred1661

self-centring1695

self-existent1782

self-containing1826

1614 T. Jackson Third Bk. Comm. Apostles Creede iii. xxix. §6 His faith [is] no otherwise independent of any externall proposall then ours is.

1646 H. Lawrence Of Communion & Warre with Angels 73 The will is independent upon all created power, both in its operation and in its being.

1659 J. Pearson Expos. Creed (1682) I. 31 A Being of itself and independent from any other.

1692 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. iii. 4 An incorporeal Substance independent from Matter.

1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 54. ⁋1 Beauty and Merit are Things real, and independent on Taste and Opinion.

1773 J. Priestley Inst. Relig. II. 89 They cannot be considered as independent of one another.

1790 W. Paley Horæ Paulinæ i. ⁋13 The instances are independent of one another.

1814 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. II. ii. vii. 323 This is quite independent of the figure of the Earth, and would be the same though the Earth were truly spherical.

1885 S. Cox Expos. 1st Ser. ix. 107 An argument..wholly independent of the teaching of the Scripture.

b. simply. Not depending upon the existence or action of others, or of each other; existing, acting, conducted, or obtained in a way apart from and unaffected by others, as independent action, independent inquiry, independent investigation, independent conclusion, independent results, independent account, independent record, independent information, independent evidence; independent suspension; also of the agent, as independent investigator, independent observer, independent witness, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > non-relation > [adjective] > independent or unaffected

independent1790

1790 W. Paley Horæ Paulinæ i. ⁋6 No danger of confounding the production with original history, or of mistaking it for an independent authority.

1790 W. Paley Horæ Paulinæ iv. No. iv It is the junction of two conclusions, deduced from independent sources.

1790 W. Paley Horæ Paulinæ v. No. ii Two records..manifestly independent, that is manifestly written without any participation of intelligence.

1865 J. Earle Two Saxon Chron. Introd. 37 Some of the independent entries of C countenance its Abingdon origin.

1865 J. Earle Two Saxon Chron. 45 Other independent annals about the same date, e.g. 1031, 1032, 1043, argue the presence of such a source.

1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. vi. 510 Something is proved when two independent narratives agree.

1872 H. Watts Dict. Chem. II. 779 Scheeler's investigation..comprised another independent discovery of oxygen gas.

1879 J. A. H. Murray Synopsis Horæ Paul. 10 Here four independent witnesses, none of which give all the facts, confirm and supplement each other.

1879 J. A. H. Murray Synopsis Horæ Paul. 14 Have we any independent information connecting Erastus with Corinth?

1885 P. G. Tait Properties of Matter iii. §33 Air is made up of separate and independent particles.

a1900 Mod. An independent inquiry has been instituted by the Local Board of Health. The work is the result of independent research.

1930 Engineering 7 Feb. 162/3 A special chapter on independent suspension systems.

1963 R. F. Webb Motorists' Dict. 135 Independent suspension, a form of suspension where each wheel is completely independent of the others and no connecting axle beams are used.

1973 Country Life 15 Dec. 1581/2 For absolute comfort and stability at very high speeds there is all round independent suspension.

c. Often used adverbially in independent of (†on, †from) = Independently of, apart from, without regard to, irrespective of.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > non-relation > [adverb] > independently > independently of

without regard to (also for, of )?1530

without reference to1600

on (also upon) one's own account1609

independently1659

independent of (on, from)1690

1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding iii. v. 202 Put together in the Mind, independent from any original Patterns in Nature.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. ii. 311 Independent of that attachment which all mankind have ever shown to the places of their birth..there were few countries more worthy to be regretted.

a1871 G. Grote Fragm. Ethical Subj. (1876) i. 20 We pursue the one and avoid the other quite independent of regard to the feelings of others.

d. Of one of a set of equations, axioms, or quantities in respect of the others: incapable of being expressed in terms of, or of being derived or deduced from, the others; hence applied to a set of axioms, etc., all of which have this property; linearly independent, (of each of a set of equations or quantities) incapable of being expressed as a linear combination of the others, i.e. satisfying no relation of the form a₁x₁+ a₂x₂+ …+ a_nx_n = o (where x_i are the quantities and a_i arbitrary constants) unless a₁ = a₂ =…= a_n = o.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [adjective] > relating to mathematical enquiry

canonical1738

independenta1739

algorithmic1799

irreflexive1890

uninterpreted1898

consistent1928

polynomial time1972

the world > relative properties > number > algebra > [adjective] > relating to expressions > relating to equations > systems of

holonomous1899

consistent1902

holonomic1904

linearly independent1959

a1739 N. Saunderson Elements Algebra (1740) I. ii. 105 If a problem be justly proposed, it ought to have as many independent conditions..as there are unknown quantities to be discovered by them.

1798 J. Wood Elem. Algebra (ed. 2) 73 These equations must also be independent, that is, not deducible one from another.

1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 541/1 A problem is limited when the conditions furnish just as many independent equations as there are unknown quantities to be determined: if there be fewer, the problem is indeterminate; but if there be more, the problem in general admits of no solution.

1885 A. R. Forsyth Treat. Differential Equations v. 152 We have now obtained the complete integral of Legendre's equation in all cases when n is a real constant, by deducing two integrals which are linearly independent..of one another.

1902 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 3 142 Hilbert states..that his body of axioms consists of independent axioms, that is, that no one of the axioms is logically deducible from the remaining axioms.

1931 L. J. Rouse College Algebra v. 69 The equations 2x + y = 5 and x − y = 4 cannot be reduced to the same form and are therefore independent.

1941 O. Helmer tr. A. Tarski Introd. Logic §39. 131 We strive to arrive at an axiom system which does not contain a single superfluous statement..which can be derived from the remaining axioms... An axiom system of this kind is called independent (or a system of mutually independent axioms).

1944 A. Church Introd. Math. Logic I. i. 25 An axiom of a logistic system is said to be independent if, in the system whose axioms and rules consist of all axioms and rules of the original system except that one, the suppressed axiom is not a theorem.

1959 G. James & R. C. James Math. Dict. (ed. 2) 107/1 The numbers 3 and π are linearly independent with respect to rational numbers, since a₁·3 + a₂·π can not be zero if a₁ and a₂ are rational numbers, not both zero. Since −1·3 + (3/π)π = 0, 3 and π are linearly dependent with respect to real numbers.

1961 J. L. Powell & B. Crasemann Quantum Mech. v. 117 Two solutions of Eq. (5–47) (or, more generally, any two functions of x) are linearly independent if the equation C₁ψ₁ + C₂ψ₂ = 0 cannot be satisfied identically in x for any choice of the constants C₁ and C₂ except C₁ = C₂ = 0.

1961 J. L. Powell & B. Crasemann Quantum Mech. v. 118 To linearly independent solutions, ψ₁ and ψ₂, are a complete set in the sense that every solution of Eq. (5–47) can be expressed as a linear combination of ψ₁ and ψ₂.

1965 G. E. Hughes & D. G. Londey Elements Formal Logic xviii. 132 Since A₄ is non-independent, the axiom set for PM could be reduced by one. But no further reduction of this sort is possible; neither A1 nor A2 nor A3 nor A5 is a consequence of the other three under Substitution and Detachment, and these four are therefore said to be independent axioms.

4. Not dependent or having to rely on another for support or supplies.

a. Const. as in sense A. 1.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] > self-sufficient

suffisanta1340

sufficient for (to) oneself1382

substantive1543

self-suffisant1589

self-sufficient1596

self-sustaining1598

self-contained1605

self-subsisting1608

self-supporting1632

self-dependent1642

self-full1642

self-subsistent1646

self-sufficing1647

self-relying1648

self-depending1669

independent1670

self-sustained1675

unbenefitable1688

self-sufficed1709

self-supported1736

self-containing1826

self-reliant1834

autarkic1883

1670 R. Coke Disc. Trade Pref. sig. B While other Creatures live free and Independent from one another, only Man stands in need and help of another.

a1788 N. Cotton Fables, Bee, Ant & Spar. Who..Are independent of the great, Nor know the wants of pride and state.

1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton Ernest Maltravers I. i. xii. 121 He was thus made independent of his father.

1880 J. H. Shorthouse John Inglesant (1883) ii. 18 His father had left him so considerable a fortune that he was independent of any profession.

b. simply. (a) Not dependent on any one else for one's living; (b) not needing to earn one's livelihood; possessing a competency.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] > self-sufficient > not dependent on another for a living

self-sufficient1596

independent1729

self-governing1845

the mind > possession > wealth > [adjective] > well-off

wellc1405

sufficient1436

full?1483

suffisant1484

beina1525

warmc1571

well-breeched1571

meaned1605

well-meaned1605

well-lined1611

substanced?1614

well-circumstanced1643

forehanded1658

uppish1678

easy1701

brownstone1780

forehand1784

solid1788

well-to-do1794

snug1801

strong farmer1802

well-fixed1822

unindigent1830

well off1842

fixed1844

comfortably offc1850

heeled1871

well-heeled1871

well in1888

independent1893

1729 W. Law Serious Call x. 142 He has chosen to be idle and independent in the world.

1786 R. Burns Poems 179 Gather gear by ev'ry wile, That's justify'd by Honor..for the glorious priviledge Of being independant.

1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 8 He was really independent, because he had learned how to support himself either by the labours of his head or of his hands.

1847 C. Brontë Jane Eyre II. ii. 26 She [a servant] has saved enough to keep her independent if she liked to leave.

1893 Westm. Gaz. 10 Apr. 5/2 A room occupied by an independent elderly gentleman.

in extended use.1785 W. Cowper Task iv. 409 A dry but independent crust, hard earned And eaten with a sigh.

c. transferred. Sufficient to make one independent; constituting a competency.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [adjective] > sufficient to make one independent

independent?1790

?1790 J. Imison School of Arts (ed. 2) 215 The prices..being..out of the reach of any, but such as are possessed of independent fortunes.

1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxxiii. 369 A gentleman of considerable independent property.

1885 Daily News 3 Oct. 4/6 A person of independent means.

a. Not depending on others for the formation of opinions or guidance of conduct; not influenced or biased by the opinions of others; thinking or acting, or disposed to think or act, for oneself. (Of persons, their dispositions, etc.)

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] > not influenced by others

self-lived1642

self-governed1709

self-guided1733

independent1735

uninfluenced1735

sole1747

go-alone1807

autonomic1810

maverick1886

go-it-alone1895

1735 Visct. Bolingbroke Diss. upon Parties (ed. 2) 9 On this Foundation all the reasonable, independent Whigs and Tories unite.

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 110 I believed there was not a more independent and incorruptible member in the house.

1796 R. Burns Honest Man vi. 3 The man of independent mind, Can look and laugh at a' that.

1849 R. Cobden Speeches 52 An independent and energetic man who will vote as he pleases.

1852 N. Hawthorne Blithedale Romance xix. 197 A person capable of taking an independent stand.

1861 ‘G. Eliot’ Silas Marner i. 22 This would have been an effort of independent thought such as he had never known.

1889 Daily News 28 June 5/2 Perhaps the best bon-mot attributed to the late Lord Derby is his definition of an independent politician as ‘a politician who cannot be depended on’.

b. Used in the names of various political or other parties, as Independent Republicans (U.S.: see B. 2b); Independent Labour Party (abbrev. I.L.P.: see I n.¹ Initialisms): the title of the political organization founded at Bradford in January 1893 by James Keir Hardie as an offshoot of the Social Democratic Federation, for the support of parliamentary candidates of approved socialistic views; originally as opposed to the Conservative and Liberal parties, later distinct from the Labour Party; also in the names of newspapers, as the Cambridge Independent Press.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > British politics > British party politics > [noun] > Labourism > Labour Party > Independent Labour Party

Independent Labour Party1888

I.L.P.1893

1888 Scottish Labour Party Manifesto in Socialist Rev. (1914) Apr. 116 The formation of a distinct, separate, and Independent Labour Party.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXII. 668/2 Attempts had been made to influence politics directly by means of an Independent Labour Party..which bound itself to support only candidates of sound socialist views.

1922 Encycl. Brit. XXXII. 507/1 The Labour party..included the Independent Labour party and the Fabian Society and one or two smaller Socialist bodies.

1953 D. E. Butler Electoral Syst. in Brit. ii. v. 154 The total of 5 [members of parliament from outside the three major parties] for 1935 is made up of 4 Independent Labour Party members from Glasgow—where a substantial part of the Labour party had split away—and 1 Communist.

1955 Times 24 May 14/3 An election manifesto issued last night by the Independent Labour Party reaffirms the party's belief that workers' control ‘is an essential part of Socialism’.

1971 D. E. Butler & M. Pinto-Duschinsky Brit. Gen. Election of 1970 v. 112 The failure of those other traditional spokesmen of the left, the Independent Labour party and the Socialist Party of Great Britain, was still more complete.

c. Also (with some colouring of 4), Refusing to be under obligation to others; having a self-respect which declines unearned assistance.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] > self-sufficient > refusing obligation to others

independent1900

1900 N.E.D. at Independent Mod. The widow has a hard struggle, but is very independent, and refuses all pecuniary aid. He is too independent to accept as a favour what he cannot earn by his own exertions.

d. Of schools: receiving no grant from the government and not subject to the control of a local authority.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > place of education > school > [adjective] > charging fees

private1574

fee-charging1897

non-provided1904

independent1944

1944 Act 7 & 8 Geo. VI c. 31 §70 The Minister shall appoint one of his officers to be Registrar of Independent (i.e. private) Schools.

1957 Encycl. Brit. VII. 989/1 The Independent Schools association..; its official publication is the Independent School.

1966 Rep. Comm. Inq. (Univ. of Oxf.) II. 45 Independent schools are subdivided into independent boarding and independent day schools according to whether the majority of pupils were boarders or day pupils.

e. Independent Television (Authority) (abbrev. I.T.A., I.T.V.: see I n.¹ Initialisms): a corporation, independent of direct government control, engaged in commercial television broadcasting in Great Britain; also, the channel carrying their programmes; renamed in 1972 the Independent Broadcasting Authority (abbrev. I.B.A.: see I n.¹ Initialisms), and widened to include commercial radio broadcasting.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > broadcasting > broadcasting service > [noun] > broadcasting company

B.B.C.1923

British Broadcasting Corporation1926

C.B.S.1930

ABC1931

Portland Place1937

Independent Broadcasting Authority1954

ORTF1964

PBS1969

I.B.A.1971

LBC1973

society > communication > broadcasting > television > [noun] > organization or service

television station1926

television network1930

TV station1945

TV network1947

channel1952

Independent Television (Authority)1954

I.T.A.1955

I.T.V.1958

side1961

Channel 41964

MTV1981

1954 Act 2 & 3 Eliz. II c. 55 §1 There shall be an authority, to be called the Independent Television Authority..whose function shall be to provide, in accordance with the provisions of this Act, and for the period of ten years from the passing of this Act, television broadcasting services, additional to those of the British Broadcasting Corporation.

1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 15 Aug. p. xl/1 This brings sharply into the picture the B.B.C.'s rival, Independent Television.

1959 Chambers's Encycl. XI. 349/2 (heading) Independent Television Authority.

1959 Chambers's Encycl. XI. 349/2 This corporation is controlled by directors appointed by the government and leases facilities to privately financed companies, which draw their revenues from advertisements.

1960 B.B.C. Handbk. 165 The Postmaster General issued a broadcasting licence, for television only, at a later stage to the Independent Television Authority, which was set up under the Television Act of 1954.

1971 Guardian 12 Nov. 1/8 The Sound Broadcasting Bill..authorises the new stations under the control of the Independent Television Authority—renamed the Independent Broadcasting Authority... The IBA could be advanced up to £2 millions to set up the services.

1973 Times 13 Dec. 4/5 The Independent Broadcasting Authority will hold meetings today..about advertising which will be lost as a result of the shorter hours of transmission announced yesterday.

1973 Times 15 Dec. 2 BBC and independent television agreed last night to spread their closing hours.

a. Mathematics. Not depending upon another for its value. independent variable n. a quantity whose variation does not depend on that of another.

ΚΠ

1852 I. Todhunter Diff. Calculus i. §1 Frequently when we are considering two or more variables it is in our power to fix upon whichever we please as the independent variable.

1873 B. Williamson Elem. Treat. Differential Calculus (ed. 2) i. §2 [If u, v, w, be functions of x], x is said to be the independent variable, to which any value may be assigned at pleasure; and u, v, w, are called dependent variables, as their values depend on that of x.

1892 J. Edwards Differential Calculus i. §5 An Independent variable is one which may take up any arbitrary value that may be assigned to it.

b. independent float n. in Critical Path Analysis, the amount of ‘float’ or leeway in any one activity which can occur without affecting the timing of the whole operation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > spending time > [noun] > amount of spare time for an activity

independent float1963

total float1964

1963 R. E. McGarrah Production & Logistics Managem. viii. 211 ‘Independent float’ pertains to those non~critical activities whose leeway is not affected by the starting or completion time of its preceding or succeeding activities.

1964 K. G. Lockyer Introd. Crit. Path Anal. v. 48 Independent float, the time by which an activity can expand without affecting any other activity either previous or subsequent.

1967 A. Battersby Network Anal. (ed. 2) App. iv. 335 Independent float is so called because it is what remains if all proceeding jobs finish as late as possible and all succeeding jobs begin as early as possible.

1967 S. Woodgate in G. Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Managem. Technol. 80 Independent float is the minimum spare time available under any condition, i.e. either early or late.

1968 Gloss. Terms Project Network Analysis (B.S.I.) 8 Independent float, earliest date of succeeding event minus latest date of preceding event minus activity duration. (If negative, the independent float is taken as zero.)

B. n.

1. An adherent of Independency; a member or adherent of an Independent church; a Congregationalist.Also Historical a member of the Independent party in the 17th century: see A. 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [noun] > Congregationalist > person

Brownist1583

Barrowist1589

independent1644

Congregationer1654

congregational1655

Congregationist1660

Congregationalist1692

1644 (title) Apologetical Narration of the Independents.

1646 in Hamilton Pap. (1880) 113 Cheesely says the Independents intend not to demaund the King.

1692 J. Washington tr. J. Milton Def. People Eng. Pref. They that we call independents..hold, that no classes or synods have a superiority over any particular church.

1710 R. Steele & J. Addison Tatler No. 257. ⁋12 Camaronians, Muggletonians, Brownists, Independents, Masonites, Camisars, and the like.

1870 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Gleanings II. 74 In modern times the credit of being the first to advocate the doctrine of toleration must be shared between the Independents and Quakers.

1884 Stoughton Relig. in Eng. I. 236 The old historic name of Independent began [at the beginning of the 19th century] to be merged in that of Congregationalist.

a. A person or thing that is independent (in various senses). nonce-uses.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > [noun] > independent or self-existence > one who has independent or self-existence

self-essence1548

beer1587

self-being1587

noun substantive1592

independent1675

1675 J. Ogilby Britannia Pref. 2 Roads we have divided into Independants, such as commence actually at London [etc.].

1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the Second 23 That awful Independent on To-morrow!..Whose Yesterdays look backwards with a Smile.

1886 Daily News 4 June 5/2 There is a school of independents in domestic service, as there is in literature.

b. A person who acts (in politics, art, etc.) independently of any organized party; also, a member of any organized party called Independent (see A. 5b).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > party politics > [noun] > non-party positions > person

independent1808

indifferentist1817

freelance1854

straddle-bug1872

maverick1880

mugwump1884

1808 Z. M. Pike Acct. Exped. Sources Mississippi (1810) iii. App. 50 Twenty thousand auxiliaries from the United States..joined to the independents of the country [Texas].

1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. II. lvi. 379 The Independent Republicans..Independents, or Mugwumps.

1896 A. Hillier in Daily News 16 Jan. 6/3 If later painters arrived at more harmonious results..the Independents have still the glory of being the bold hussars of the vanguard, the Jacobins of the revolution in art which has since been accomplished throughout all Europe.

c. A frequent name of a newspaper, as the New York Independent (cf. A. 5b).

ΚΠ

1836 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers (1837) xiii. 121 That disgraceful and dastardly journal, the [Eatanswill] Independent.

1855 W. M. Thackeray Newcomes II. xvii. 166 He endeavoured to be civil to the ‘Newcome Independent’..as well as to the ‘Newcome Sentinel’.

Compounds

C1.

ΚΠ

1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxviii. 292 A kind, excellent, independent-spirited..man.

1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 143 A certain independent-minded young lady friend.

C2.

independent seconds watch n. (also independent seconds) see quots.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > instruments for measuring time > watch > [noun] > particular types of watch

German watch1611

larum watch1619

clock-watch1625

minute watch1660

pendulum watch1664

watch1666

alarm watch1669

finger watch1679

string-watch1686

scout1688

balance-watch1690

hour-watch1697

warming-pan1699

minute pendulum watch1705

jewel watch1711

suit1718

repeater1725

Tompion1727

pendulum spring1728

second-watch1755

Geneva watch1756

cylinder-watch1765

watch-paper1777

ring watch1788

verge watch1792

watch lamp1823

hack1827

bull's-eye1833

vertical watch1838

quarter-repeater1840

turnip1840

hunting-watch1843

minute repeater1843

hunter1851

job watch1851

Geneva1852

watch-lining1856

touch watch1860

musical watch1864

lever1865

neep1866

verge1871

independent seconds watch1875

stem-winder1875

demi-hunter1884

fob-watch1884

three-quarter plate1884

wrist-watch1897

turnip-watch1898

sedan-chair watch1904

Rolex1922

Tank watch1923

strap watch1926

chatelaine watch1936

sedan clock1950

quartz watch1969

pulsar1970

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 1179/1 Independent seconds-watch, a watch in which the action of the center seconds-hand is independent of the regular going works of the watch... For great nicety in timing, quarter and fifth second watches are now made.

1962 E. Bruton Dict. Clocks & Watches 93 Independent seconds, clock or watch with seconds hand..which jumps from one second to the next, i.e. it is dead beat.

Independent Day n. = Independence Day at independence n. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > particular time > an anniversary > [noun] > of battles, wars, treaties, etc.

day of truce1486

Evil May Dayc1590

Bonfire Night1661

Pope Day1769

Pope Night1773

the Fourth (of July)1779

Town Taking Day1788

Independence Day1791

Independent Day1803

Guy Fawkes day1825

Bastille Day1837

Trafalgar Day1837

Turkey Day1870

Canada Day1882

Juneteenth1890

flag-day1894

Patriots' Day1894

Remembrance Day1895

twelfth1896

Quatorze Juillet1899

quatorze1915

Armistice Day1918

Poppy Day1921

Remembrance Sunday1925

VJ-day1944

Commonwealth Day1958

1803 E. S. Bowne Girl's Life Eighty Years Ago (1888) 161 We are in expectation of great entertainment on fourth of July—Independent day! as they laugh at us Yankees for calling it.

1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxxi Monday, July 4th. This was ‘independent day’ in Boston.

Derivatives

† indeˈpendented adj. Obsolete made independent, formed according to Independency.Apparently an isolated use.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [adjective] > Congregational > organized according to

congregated1653

independented1659

congregate1680

1659 J. Gauden Ἱερα Δακρυα 43 The new titles..of bodyed and congregated, associated or independented and new-fangled Churches.

† indeˈpendentish adj. Obsolete having a flavour of Independency.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [adjective] > Congregational

independent1612

Brownistical1636

congregational1639

independentish1655

Congregationalist1692

1655 R. Baillie Disswasive Vindic. 44 Presbyterian water, exceedingly weakened with Independentish ingredients.

Draft additions December 2004

independent assortment n. Genetics the random distribution of chromosomes or genes to the gametes during meiosis, provided the chromosomes or genes are not linked; cf. law of independent assortment n. at law n.¹ Additions.

ΚΠ

1913 T. H. Morgan Heredity & Sex iii. 88 This result works out on the assumption that there is independent assortment of the original determiners that entered into the combination.

1962 R. P. Levine Genetics ix. 115 Gene recombination among the sexually reproducing nucleate organisms can occur as a result of both independent assortment and crossing over.

1993 Genetics 134 387 A simple monohybrid cross to explore dominance and recessiveness, a dihybrid cross to demonstrate independent assortment, [etc.].

Draft additions March 2004

independent contractor n. a person or company providing a service or goods on a contractual basis, and not regarded as the legal responsibility of those with whom the contract is made, or formally accorded employee status.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > employer > [noun] > contractor

undertaker1602

contractor1724

mail contractor1821

lumper1851

independent contractor1857

1857 N.Y. Times 19 Dec. 3/4 Tucker was an independent contractor, and the defendants are not liable for his acts.

1951 W. G. Friedmann Law & Social Change in Contemp. Brit. iv. 99 Certain defences, like common employment, have disappeared, and others are becoming steadily more difficult, e.g., non-liability for an independent contractor,.., or the selection of adequate supervisors.

2003 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. (Nexis) 30 June a4 The strip club owners, however, are ducking their responsibilities by claiming their dancers are independent contractors instead of employees.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	independent
释义	independentadj.n. Brit. /ˌɪndᵻˈpɛnd(ə)nt/, U.S. /ˌɪndəˈpɛndənt/ Forms: Also 1600s–1700s independant. Etymology: < in- prefix⁴ + dependent adj.: compare French indépendant (c1600 in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter), Italian independente (Florio, 1598). Not dependent. A. adj. 1. a. Not depending upon the authority of another, not in a position of subordination or subjection; not subject to external control or rule; self-governing, autonomous, free. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] unlamed1508 exempt1552 absolute1596 independent1612 untutored1641 undepending1649 1612 H. Jacob Declar. Christes True Church 13 [Each congregation is] an entire and independent body-politic, endued with power immediately under and from Christ. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xxix. 172 It is not one independent Common-wealth, but three independent Factions. 1774 J. Bryant New Syst. II. 40 Attica..was divided into..independant hamlets. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. viii. 84 An independant workman, such as a weaver or shoemaker. View more context for this quotation 1882 E. R. Pitman Mission Life in Greece 37 In 1829, Greece was acknowledged as an independent state, having its own king and government. 1885 J. Martineau Types Ethical Theory II. 10 The theory of an autonomous or independent conscience. b. Const. of (formerly on, upon, from). ΚΠ 1651 T. Hobbes Philos. Rudim. xv. §18. 258 An opinion, that there is any man endued with a Soveraignty independent from God. 1680 R. Morden Geogr. Rectified (1685) 15 These Islands..were first possessed by divers People, independent one upon the other. 1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy 489 The Town of St. Gaul, is a little Protestant Republick, wholly independent of the Abbot. 1776 Amherst Rec. (1884) 70/1 Voted—That should the Honourable Congress, for the safety of the united Colonies in America: Declare them Independant of the Kingdom of Great-Britain; We..solemnly engage with our lives and fortunes to support them in the measure. 1785 T. Balguy Disc. Various Subj. 115 It has been said..that the church is independent on the state. 2. (with capital I.) Belonging or adhering to that form of ecclesiastical polity called independency n. 2: = congregational adj. 3.Also applied to that political party in the 17th century of which the Independent churches formed the chief element. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [adjective] > Congregational independent1612 Brownistical1636 congregational1639 independentish1655 Congregationalist1692 1612 [see sense A. 1a]. 1642 T. Lechford Plain Dealing 79 The Congregationall independent government, whereof I have had some experience. 1653 W. Dell Tryal of Spirits 82 Sydrach Simpson, one of the first Pastors of an Independant Congregation in England. 1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 262 in Justice Vindicated The Army, commanded by Oliver Cromwell, turned out the Rump of the Long Parliament which headed the Independent party. 1676 W. Hubbard Happiness of People 35 Why else doe wee in New England..practise the discipline of them called Independant, or Congregational Churches? 1689 R. Milward Selden's Table-talk 25 Both the Independant man, and the Presbyterian man do equally exclude the Civil Power, though after a different manner. 1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. viii. 465 The Independent Party (for so they were now [1645] contented to be call'd, in opposition to the other which was styled Presbyterian). 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 494. ¶1 A very famous Independent Minister. 1766 J. Entick Surv. London in New Hist. London IV. 8 There is an Independent meeting-house. 1831 (title) Declaration of the Faith, Order and Discipline of the Congregational or Independent Dissenters. 1872 G. H. Curteis Bampton Lect. ii. 40 The Independent system does not concern itself with either Ritual or Doctrine. 3. Not depending on something else for its existence, validity, efficiency, operation, or some other attribute; not contingent on or conditioned by anything else. a. Const. as in sense A. 1. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > non-relation > [adjective] > independent substantivec1400 independing1604 self-contained1605 independent1614 self-centred1661 self-centring1695 self-existent1782 self-containing1826 1614 T. Jackson Third Bk. Comm. Apostles Creede iii. xxix. §6 His faith [is] no otherwise independent of any externall proposall then ours is. 1646 H. Lawrence Of Communion & Warre with Angels 73 The will is independent upon all created power, both in its operation and in its being. 1659 J. Pearson Expos. Creed (1682) I. 31 A Being of itself and independent from any other. 1692 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. iii. 4 An incorporeal Substance independent from Matter. 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 54. ⁋1 Beauty and Merit are Things real, and independent on Taste and Opinion. 1773 J. Priestley Inst. Relig. II. 89 They cannot be considered as independent of one another. 1790 W. Paley Horæ Paulinæ i. ⁋13 The instances are independent of one another. 1814 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. II. ii. vii. 323 This is quite independent of the figure of the Earth, and would be the same though the Earth were truly spherical. 1885 S. Cox Expos. 1st Ser. ix. 107 An argument..wholly independent of the teaching of the Scripture. b. simply. Not depending upon the existence or action of others, or of each other; existing, acting, conducted, or obtained in a way apart from and unaffected by others, as independent action, independent inquiry, independent investigation, independent conclusion, independent results, independent account, independent record, independent information, independent evidence; independent suspension; also of the agent, as independent investigator, independent observer, independent witness, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > non-relation > [adjective] > independent or unaffected independent1790 1790 W. Paley Horæ Paulinæ i. ⁋6 No danger of confounding the production with original history, or of mistaking it for an independent authority. 1790 W. Paley Horæ Paulinæ iv. No. iv It is the junction of two conclusions, deduced from independent sources. 1790 W. Paley Horæ Paulinæ v. No. ii Two records..manifestly independent, that is manifestly written without any participation of intelligence. 1865 J. Earle Two Saxon Chron. Introd. 37 Some of the independent entries of C countenance its Abingdon origin. 1865 J. Earle Two Saxon Chron. 45 Other independent annals about the same date, e.g. 1031, 1032, 1043, argue the presence of such a source. 1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. vi. 510 Something is proved when two independent narratives agree. 1872 H. Watts Dict. Chem. II. 779 Scheeler's investigation..comprised another independent discovery of oxygen gas. 1879 J. A. H. Murray Synopsis Horæ Paul. 10 Here four independent witnesses, none of which give all the facts, confirm and supplement each other. 1879 J. A. H. Murray Synopsis Horæ Paul. 14 Have we any independent information connecting Erastus with Corinth? 1885 P. G. Tait Properties of Matter iii. §33 Air is made up of separate and independent particles. a1900 Mod. An independent inquiry has been instituted by the Local Board of Health. The work is the result of independent research. 1930 Engineering 7 Feb. 162/3 A special chapter on independent suspension systems. 1963 R. F. Webb Motorists' Dict. 135 Independent suspension, a form of suspension where each wheel is completely independent of the others and no connecting axle beams are used. 1973 Country Life 15 Dec. 1581/2 For absolute comfort and stability at very high speeds there is all round independent suspension. c. Often used adverbially in independent of (†on, †from) = Independently of, apart from, without regard to, irrespective of. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > non-relation > [adverb] > independently > independently of without regard to (also for, of )?1530 without reference to1600 on (also upon) one's own account1609 independently1659 independent of (on, from)1690 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding iii. v. 202 Put together in the Mind, independent from any original Patterns in Nature. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson iii. ii. 311 Independent of that attachment which all mankind have ever shown to the places of their birth..there were few countries more worthy to be regretted. a1871 G. Grote Fragm. Ethical Subj. (1876) i. 20 We pursue the one and avoid the other quite independent of regard to the feelings of others. d. Of one of a set of equations, axioms, or quantities in respect of the others: incapable of being expressed in terms of, or of being derived or deduced from, the others; hence applied to a set of axioms, etc., all of which have this property; linearly independent, (of each of a set of equations or quantities) incapable of being expressed as a linear combination of the others, i.e. satisfying no relation of the form a₁x₁+ a₂x₂+ …+ a_nx_n = o (where x_i are the quantities and a_i arbitrary constants) unless a₁ = a₂ =…= a_n = o. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > mathematics > [adjective] > relating to mathematical enquiry canonical1738 independenta1739 algorithmic1799 irreflexive1890 uninterpreted1898 consistent1928 polynomial time1972 the world > relative properties > number > algebra > [adjective] > relating to expressions > relating to equations > systems of holonomous1899 consistent1902 holonomic1904 linearly independent1959 a1739 N. Saunderson Elements Algebra (1740) I. ii. 105 If a problem be justly proposed, it ought to have as many independent conditions..as there are unknown quantities to be discovered by them. 1798 J. Wood Elem. Algebra (ed. 2) 73 These equations must also be independent, that is, not deducible one from another. 1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 541/1 A problem is limited when the conditions furnish just as many independent equations as there are unknown quantities to be determined: if there be fewer, the problem is indeterminate; but if there be more, the problem in general admits of no solution. 1885 A. R. Forsyth Treat. Differential Equations v. 152 We have now obtained the complete integral of Legendre's equation in all cases when n is a real constant, by deducing two integrals which are linearly independent..of one another. 1902 Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 3 142 Hilbert states..that his body of axioms consists of independent axioms, that is, that no one of the axioms is logically deducible from the remaining axioms. 1931 L. J. Rouse College Algebra v. 69 The equations 2x + y = 5 and x − y = 4 cannot be reduced to the same form and are therefore independent. 1941 O. Helmer tr. A. Tarski Introd. Logic §39. 131 We strive to arrive at an axiom system which does not contain a single superfluous statement..which can be derived from the remaining axioms... An axiom system of this kind is called independent (or a system of mutually independent axioms). 1944 A. Church Introd. Math. Logic I. i. 25 An axiom of a logistic system is said to be independent if, in the system whose axioms and rules consist of all axioms and rules of the original system except that one, the suppressed axiom is not a theorem. 1959 G. James & R. C. James Math. Dict. (ed. 2) 107/1 The numbers 3 and π are linearly independent with respect to rational numbers, since a₁·3 + a₂·π can not be zero if a₁ and a₂ are rational numbers, not both zero. Since −1·3 + (3/π)π = 0, 3 and π are linearly dependent with respect to real numbers. 1961 J. L. Powell & B. Crasemann Quantum Mech. v. 117 Two solutions of Eq. (5–47) (or, more generally, any two functions of x) are linearly independent if the equation C₁ψ₁ + C₂ψ₂ = 0 cannot be satisfied identically in x for any choice of the constants C₁ and C₂ except C₁ = C₂ = 0. 1961 J. L. Powell & B. Crasemann Quantum Mech. v. 118 To linearly independent solutions, ψ₁ and ψ₂, are a complete set in the sense that every solution of Eq. (5–47) can be expressed as a linear combination of ψ₁ and ψ₂. 1965 G. E. Hughes & D. G. Londey Elements Formal Logic xviii. 132 Since A₄ is non-independent, the axiom set for PM could be reduced by one. But no further reduction of this sort is possible; neither A1 nor A2 nor A3 nor A5 is a consequence of the other three under Substitution and Detachment, and these four are therefore said to be independent axioms. 4. Not dependent or having to rely on another for support or supplies. a. Const. as in sense A. 1. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] > self-sufficient suffisanta1340 sufficient for (to) oneself1382 substantive1543 self-suffisant1589 self-sufficient1596 self-sustaining1598 self-contained1605 self-subsisting1608 self-supporting1632 self-dependent1642 self-full1642 self-subsistent1646 self-sufficing1647 self-relying1648 self-depending1669 independent1670 self-sustained1675 unbenefitable1688 self-sufficed1709 self-supported1736 self-containing1826 self-reliant1834 autarkic1883 1670 R. Coke Disc. Trade Pref. sig. B While other Creatures live free and Independent from one another, only Man stands in need and help of another. a1788 N. Cotton Fables, Bee, Ant & Spar. Who..Are independent of the great, Nor know the wants of pride and state. 1837 E. Bulwer-Lytton Ernest Maltravers I. i. xii. 121 He was thus made independent of his father. 1880 J. H. Shorthouse John Inglesant (1883) ii. 18 His father had left him so considerable a fortune that he was independent of any profession. b. simply. (a) Not dependent on any one else for one's living; (b) not needing to earn one's livelihood; possessing a competency. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] > self-sufficient > not dependent on another for a living self-sufficient1596 independent1729 self-governing1845 the mind > possession > wealth > [adjective] > well-off wellc1405 sufficient1436 full?1483 suffisant1484 beina1525 warmc1571 well-breeched1571 meaned1605 well-meaned1605 well-lined1611 substanced?1614 well-circumstanced1643 forehanded1658 uppish1678 easy1701 brownstone1780 forehand1784 solid1788 well-to-do1794 snug1801 strong farmer1802 well-fixed1822 unindigent1830 well off1842 fixed1844 comfortably offc1850 heeled1871 well-heeled1871 well in1888 independent1893 1729 W. Law Serious Call x. 142 He has chosen to be idle and independent in the world. 1786 R. Burns Poems 179 Gather gear by ev'ry wile, That's justify'd by Honor..for the glorious priviledge Of being independant. 1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 8 He was really independent, because he had learned how to support himself either by the labours of his head or of his hands. 1847 C. Brontë Jane Eyre II. ii. 26 She [a servant] has saved enough to keep her independent if she liked to leave. 1893 Westm. Gaz. 10 Apr. 5/2 A room occupied by an independent elderly gentleman. in extended use.1785 W. Cowper Task iv. 409 A dry but independent crust, hard earned And eaten with a sigh. c. transferred. Sufficient to make one independent; constituting a competency. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [adjective] > sufficient to make one independent independent?1790 ?1790 J. Imison School of Arts (ed. 2) 215 The prices..being..out of the reach of any, but such as are possessed of independent fortunes. 1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxxiii. 369 A gentleman of considerable independent property. 1885 Daily News 3 Oct. 4/6 A person of independent means. 5. a. Not depending on others for the formation of opinions or guidance of conduct; not influenced or biased by the opinions of others; thinking or acting, or disposed to think or act, for oneself. (Of persons, their dispositions, etc.) ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] > not influenced by others self-lived1642 self-governed1709 self-guided1733 independent1735 uninfluenced1735 sole1747 go-alone1807 autonomic1810 maverick1886 go-it-alone1895 1735 Visct. Bolingbroke Diss. upon Parties (ed. 2) 9 On this Foundation all the reasonable, independent Whigs and Tories unite. 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 110 I believed there was not a more independent and incorruptible member in the house. 1796 R. Burns Honest Man vi. 3 The man of independent mind, Can look and laugh at a' that. 1849 R. Cobden Speeches 52 An independent and energetic man who will vote as he pleases. 1852 N. Hawthorne Blithedale Romance xix. 197 A person capable of taking an independent stand. 1861 ‘G. Eliot’ Silas Marner i. 22 This would have been an effort of independent thought such as he had never known. 1889 Daily News 28 June 5/2 Perhaps the best bon-mot attributed to the late Lord Derby is his definition of an independent politician as ‘a politician who cannot be depended on’. b. Used in the names of various political or other parties, as Independent Republicans (U.S.: see B. 2b); Independent Labour Party (abbrev. I.L.P.: see I n.¹ Initialisms): the title of the political organization founded at Bradford in January 1893 by James Keir Hardie as an offshoot of the Social Democratic Federation, for the support of parliamentary candidates of approved socialistic views; originally as opposed to the Conservative and Liberal parties, later distinct from the Labour Party; also in the names of newspapers, as the Cambridge Independent Press. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > British politics > British party politics > [noun] > Labourism > Labour Party > Independent Labour Party Independent Labour Party1888 I.L.P.1893 1888 Scottish Labour Party Manifesto in Socialist Rev. (1914) Apr. 116 The formation of a distinct, separate, and Independent Labour Party. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXII. 668/2 Attempts had been made to influence politics directly by means of an Independent Labour Party..which bound itself to support only candidates of sound socialist views. 1922 Encycl. Brit. XXXII. 507/1 The Labour party..included the Independent Labour party and the Fabian Society and one or two smaller Socialist bodies. 1953 D. E. Butler Electoral Syst. in Brit. ii. v. 154 The total of 5 [members of parliament from outside the three major parties] for 1935 is made up of 4 Independent Labour Party members from Glasgow—where a substantial part of the Labour party had split away—and 1 Communist. 1955 Times 24 May 14/3 An election manifesto issued last night by the Independent Labour Party reaffirms the party's belief that workers' control ‘is an essential part of Socialism’. 1971 D. E. Butler & M. Pinto-Duschinsky Brit. Gen. Election of 1970 v. 112 The failure of those other traditional spokesmen of the left, the Independent Labour party and the Socialist Party of Great Britain, was still more complete. c. Also (with some colouring of 4), Refusing to be under obligation to others; having a self-respect which declines unearned assistance. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] > self-sufficient > refusing obligation to others independent1900 1900 N.E.D. at Independent Mod. The widow has a hard struggle, but is very independent, and refuses all pecuniary aid. He is too independent to accept as a favour what he cannot earn by his own exertions. d. Of schools: receiving no grant from the government and not subject to the control of a local authority. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > school > [adjective] > charging fees private1574 fee-charging1897 non-provided1904 independent1944 1944 Act 7 & 8 Geo. VI c. 31 §70 The Minister shall appoint one of his officers to be Registrar of Independent (i.e. private) Schools. 1957 Encycl. Brit. VII. 989/1 The Independent Schools association..; its official publication is the Independent School. 1966 Rep. Comm. Inq. (Univ. of Oxf.) II. 45 Independent schools are subdivided into independent boarding and independent day schools according to whether the majority of pupils were boarders or day pupils. e. Independent Television (Authority) (abbrev. I.T.A., I.T.V.: see I n.¹ Initialisms): a corporation, independent of direct government control, engaged in commercial television broadcasting in Great Britain; also, the channel carrying their programmes; renamed in 1972 the Independent Broadcasting Authority (abbrev. I.B.A.: see I n.¹ Initialisms), and widened to include commercial radio broadcasting. ΘΚΠ society > communication > broadcasting > broadcasting service > [noun] > broadcasting company B.B.C.1923 British Broadcasting Corporation1926 C.B.S.1930 ABC1931 Portland Place1937 Independent Broadcasting Authority1954 ORTF1964 PBS1969 I.B.A.1971 LBC1973 society > communication > broadcasting > television > [noun] > organization or service television station1926 television network1930 TV station1945 TV network1947 channel1952 Independent Television (Authority)1954 I.T.A.1955 I.T.V.1958 side1961 Channel 41964 MTV1981 1954 Act 2 & 3 Eliz. II c. 55 §1 There shall be an authority, to be called the Independent Television Authority..whose function shall be to provide, in accordance with the provisions of this Act, and for the period of ten years from the passing of this Act, television broadcasting services, additional to those of the British Broadcasting Corporation. 1958 Times Lit. Suppl. 15 Aug. p. xl/1 This brings sharply into the picture the B.B.C.'s rival, Independent Television. 1959 Chambers's Encycl. XI. 349/2 (heading) Independent Television Authority. 1959 Chambers's Encycl. XI. 349/2 This corporation is controlled by directors appointed by the government and leases facilities to privately financed companies, which draw their revenues from advertisements. 1960 B.B.C. Handbk. 165 The Postmaster General issued a broadcasting licence, for television only, at a later stage to the Independent Television Authority, which was set up under the Television Act of 1954. 1971 Guardian 12 Nov. 1/8 The Sound Broadcasting Bill..authorises the new stations under the control of the Independent Television Authority—renamed the Independent Broadcasting Authority... The IBA could be advanced up to £2 millions to set up the services. 1973 Times 13 Dec. 4/5 The Independent Broadcasting Authority will hold meetings today..about advertising which will be lost as a result of the shorter hours of transmission announced yesterday. 1973 Times 15 Dec. 2 BBC and independent television agreed last night to spread their closing hours. 6. a. Mathematics. Not depending upon another for its value. independent variable n. a quantity whose variation does not depend on that of another. ΚΠ 1852 I. Todhunter Diff. Calculus i. §1 Frequently when we are considering two or more variables it is in our power to fix upon whichever we please as the independent variable. 1873 B. Williamson Elem. Treat. Differential Calculus (ed. 2) i. §2 [If u, v, w, be functions of x], x is said to be the independent variable, to which any value may be assigned at pleasure; and u, v, w, are called dependent variables, as their values depend on that of x. 1892 J. Edwards Differential Calculus i. §5 An Independent variable is one which may take up any arbitrary value that may be assigned to it. b. independent float n. in Critical Path Analysis, the amount of ‘float’ or leeway in any one activity which can occur without affecting the timing of the whole operation. ΘΚΠ the world > time > spending time > [noun] > amount of spare time for an activity independent float1963 total float1964 1963 R. E. McGarrah Production & Logistics Managem. viii. 211 ‘Independent float’ pertains to those non~critical activities whose leeway is not affected by the starting or completion time of its preceding or succeeding activities. 1964 K. G. Lockyer Introd. Crit. Path Anal. v. 48 Independent float, the time by which an activity can expand without affecting any other activity either previous or subsequent. 1967 A. Battersby Network Anal. (ed. 2) App. iv. 335 Independent float is so called because it is what remains if all proceeding jobs finish as late as possible and all succeeding jobs begin as early as possible. 1967 S. Woodgate in G. Wills & Yearsley Handbk. Managem. Technol. 80 Independent float is the minimum spare time available under any condition, i.e. either early or late. 1968 Gloss. Terms Project Network Analysis (B.S.I.) 8 Independent float, earliest date of succeeding event minus latest date of preceding event minus activity duration. (If negative, the independent float is taken as zero.) B. n. 1. An adherent of Independency; a member or adherent of an Independent church; a Congregationalist.Also Historical a member of the Independent party in the 17th century: see A. 2. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [noun] > Congregationalist > person Brownist1583 Barrowist1589 independent1644 Congregationer1654 congregational1655 Congregationist1660 Congregationalist1692 1644 (title) Apologetical Narration of the Independents. 1646 in Hamilton Pap. (1880) 113 Cheesely says the Independents intend not to demaund the King. 1692 J. Washington tr. J. Milton Def. People Eng. Pref. They that we call independents..hold, that no classes or synods have a superiority over any particular church. 1710 R. Steele & J. Addison Tatler No. 257. ⁋12 Camaronians, Muggletonians, Brownists, Independents, Masonites, Camisars, and the like. 1870 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Gleanings II. 74 In modern times the credit of being the first to advocate the doctrine of toleration must be shared between the Independents and Quakers. 1884 Stoughton Relig. in Eng. I. 236 The old historic name of Independent began [at the beginning of the 19th century] to be merged in that of Congregationalist. 2. a. A person or thing that is independent (in various senses). nonce-uses. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > [noun] > independent or self-existence > one who has independent or self-existence self-essence1548 beer1587 self-being1587 noun substantive1592 independent1675 1675 J. Ogilby Britannia Pref. 2 Roads we have divided into Independants, such as commence actually at London [etc.]. 1742 E. Young Complaint: Night the Second 23 That awful Independent on To-morrow!..Whose Yesterdays look backwards with a Smile. 1886 Daily News 4 June 5/2 There is a school of independents in domestic service, as there is in literature. b. A person who acts (in politics, art, etc.) independently of any organized party; also, a member of any organized party called Independent (see A. 5b). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > party politics > [noun] > non-party positions > person independent1808 indifferentist1817 freelance1854 straddle-bug1872 maverick1880 mugwump1884 1808 Z. M. Pike Acct. Exped. Sources Mississippi (1810) iii. App. 50 Twenty thousand auxiliaries from the United States..joined to the independents of the country [Texas]. 1888 J. Bryce Amer. Commonw. II. lvi. 379 The Independent Republicans..Independents, or Mugwumps. 1896 A. Hillier in Daily News 16 Jan. 6/3 If later painters arrived at more harmonious results..the Independents have still the glory of being the bold hussars of the vanguard, the Jacobins of the revolution in art which has since been accomplished throughout all Europe. c. A frequent name of a newspaper, as the New York Independent (cf. A. 5b). ΚΠ 1836 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers (1837) xiii. 121 That disgraceful and dastardly journal, the [Eatanswill] Independent. 1855 W. M. Thackeray Newcomes II. xvii. 166 He endeavoured to be civil to the ‘Newcome Independent’..as well as to the ‘Newcome Sentinel’. Compounds C1. ΚΠ 1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxviii. 292 A kind, excellent, independent-spirited..man. 1890 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer (1891) 143 A certain independent-minded young lady friend. C2. independent seconds watch n. (also independent seconds) see quots. ΘΚΠ the world > time > instruments for measuring time > watch > [noun] > particular types of watch German watch1611 larum watch1619 clock-watch1625 minute watch1660 pendulum watch1664 watch1666 alarm watch1669 finger watch1679 string-watch1686 scout1688 balance-watch1690 hour-watch1697 warming-pan1699 minute pendulum watch1705 jewel watch1711 suit1718 repeater1725 Tompion1727 pendulum spring1728 second-watch1755 Geneva watch1756 cylinder-watch1765 watch-paper1777 ring watch1788 verge watch1792 watch lamp1823 hack1827 bull's-eye1833 vertical watch1838 quarter-repeater1840 turnip1840 hunting-watch1843 minute repeater1843 hunter1851 job watch1851 Geneva1852 watch-lining1856 touch watch1860 musical watch1864 lever1865 neep1866 verge1871 independent seconds watch1875 stem-winder1875 demi-hunter1884 fob-watch1884 three-quarter plate1884 wrist-watch1897 turnip-watch1898 sedan-chair watch1904 Rolex1922 Tank watch1923 strap watch1926 chatelaine watch1936 sedan clock1950 quartz watch1969 pulsar1970 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. II. 1179/1 Independent seconds-watch, a watch in which the action of the center seconds-hand is independent of the regular going works of the watch... For great nicety in timing, quarter and fifth second watches are now made. 1962 E. Bruton Dict. Clocks & Watches 93 Independent seconds, clock or watch with seconds hand..which jumps from one second to the next, i.e. it is dead beat. Independent Day n. = Independence Day at independence n. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > time > particular time > an anniversary > [noun] > of battles, wars, treaties, etc. day of truce1486 Evil May Dayc1590 Bonfire Night1661 Pope Day1769 Pope Night1773 the Fourth (of July)1779 Town Taking Day1788 Independence Day1791 Independent Day1803 Guy Fawkes day1825 Bastille Day1837 Trafalgar Day1837 Turkey Day1870 Canada Day1882 Juneteenth1890 flag-day1894 Patriots' Day1894 Remembrance Day1895 twelfth1896 Quatorze Juillet1899 quatorze1915 Armistice Day1918 Poppy Day1921 Remembrance Sunday1925 VJ-day1944 Commonwealth Day1958 1803 E. S. Bowne Girl's Life Eighty Years Ago (1888) 161 We are in expectation of great entertainment on fourth of July—Independent day! as they laugh at us Yankees for calling it. 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast xxxi Monday, July 4th. This was ‘independent day’ in Boston. Derivatives † indeˈpendented adj. Obsolete made independent, formed according to Independency.Apparently an isolated use. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [adjective] > Congregational > organized according to congregated1653 independented1659 congregate1680 1659 J. Gauden Ἱερα Δακρυα 43 The new titles..of bodyed and congregated, associated or independented and new-fangled Churches. † indeˈpendentish adj. Obsolete having a flavour of Independency. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Presbyterianism > Presbyterian sects and groups > [adjective] > Congregational independent1612 Brownistical1636 congregational1639 independentish1655 Congregationalist1692 1655 R. Baillie Disswasive Vindic. 44 Presbyterian water, exceedingly weakened with Independentish ingredients. Draft additions December 2004 independent assortment n. Genetics the random distribution of chromosomes or genes to the gametes during meiosis, provided the chromosomes or genes are not linked; cf. law of independent assortment n. at law n.¹ Additions. ΚΠ 1913 T. H. Morgan Heredity & Sex iii. 88 This result works out on the assumption that there is independent assortment of the original determiners that entered into the combination. 1962 R. P. Levine Genetics ix. 115 Gene recombination among the sexually reproducing nucleate organisms can occur as a result of both independent assortment and crossing over. 1993 Genetics 134 387 A simple monohybrid cross to explore dominance and recessiveness, a dihybrid cross to demonstrate independent assortment, [etc.]. Draft additions March 2004 independent contractor n. a person or company providing a service or goods on a contractual basis, and not regarded as the legal responsibility of those with whom the contract is made, or formally accorded employee status. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > employer > [noun] > contractor undertaker1602 contractor1724 mail contractor1821 lumper1851 independent contractor1857 1857 N.Y. Times 19 Dec. 3/4 Tucker was an independent contractor, and the defendants are not liable for his acts. 1951 W. G. Friedmann Law & Social Change in Contemp. Brit. iv. 99 Certain defences, like common employment, have disappeared, and others are becoming steadily more difficult, e.g., non-liability for an independent contractor,.., or the selection of adequate supervisors. 2003 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. (Nexis) 30 June a4 The strip club owners, however, are ducking their responsibilities by claiming their dancers are independent contractors instead of employees. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.1612
随便看	go into liquidation go into mourning go into one's naked bed go into overdrive go into parliament go into raptures go into remission go into society go into the church go into the committee go into the discard go into the field go into the hat go into the kitchen go into the melting pot go into the woodshed go into use go into, through the weather go it go it alone go it bald-headed go it baldheaded go it blind go it strong go kaboom