c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 149/1 Liber, seo inre hrind.

c1000 Leg. St. Swiðun, etc. (1861) 110 (Bosw.) Se leo gewat on ðæt inre westen.

c1400 Lanfranc's Cirurg. 148 He declineþ into þe ynnere [v.r. Innere] partie till þat he peerse þoruȝ þe mydrif.

R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Fire of Love 79 Behald, myn inhir partis has vpbolyd.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 749 Þai entrid full evyn into an Inner chamber.

1551 R. Record Pathway to Knowl. i. Defin. In a triangle al the angles bee called inner angles.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. viii. sig. H2 Those were the keyes of euery inner dore.

1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 507 Cinamom is the inner barke of a tree.

1703 R. Neve City & Countrey Purchaser 128 Inner-doors in large Buildings ought to be 3 Foot broad and upwards.

1725 D. Defoe Compl. Eng. Tradesman I. xxiii. 403 Her Inner-petticoats, Flannel and Swanskin, from Salisbury and Wales.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xiv. 302 He..maintains..the opinion, that ice has always an inner temperature lower than zero.

1884 B. Bosanquet et al. tr. H. Lotze Metaphysic 345 Of the inner movements of things we know nothing.

1480 W. Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxv. 230 The ynner loue of the peple was torned in to hate.

1816 P. B. Shelley Dæmon of World in Alastor 88 From nature's inner shrine, Where gods and fiends in worship bend.

1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xli. 64 Delights..That stir the spirit's inner deeps. View more context for this quotation

1875 ‘G. Eliot’ Let. ?2 Feb. (1956) VI. 121 Because we seclude ourselves from acquaintance that makes us only the more glad to have friends, and you are one of the inner circle.

1926 H. Crane Let. 20 June (1965) 262 An ‘inner circle’ of literary initiates.

a1930 D. H. Lawrence Etruscan Places (1932) iii. 78 Here in the tombs everything is in its sacred or inner-significant aspect.

1973 Times 28 May 9/1 It smacks too much of the confidential procedures of an inner circle for many churchmen to feel at ease with it.

1830 Ld. Tennyson Dying Swan in Poems 101 With an inner voice the river ran.

1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. 229 (caption) The Inner Form of a Sheet in Quarto.

1808 C. Stower Printer's Gram. vii. 171 Inner Form of the Outer Sheet... Inner Form of the Inner Sheet.

1841 W. Savage Dict. Art of Printing 422 Inner form, the form that has the second page in it; it is always worked before the outer form, except there be some particular reason to the contrary.

1841 T. C. Hansard Print. & Type-founding 89 This united mass is called a form; that one which contains the first page being called the outer form, the other the inner.

1875 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Inner-form, the form beginning with the second page of a sheet usually worked off first.

1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 65 Inner forme, the pages of type which fall on the inside of a printed sheet in ‘sheet’ work—the reverse of ‘outer’ forme.

1892 A. Oldfield Pract. Man. Typogr. vii. 56 Sheet work is arranged in two forms, the outer and inner.

1892 A. Powell Southward's Pract. Printing (ed. 4) xx. 159 The forme containing the first page is always called by printers the outside or outer forme, and that containing the second page the inside or inner forme.

1946 A. Monkman in H. Whetton Pract. Printing & Binding v. 61/2 So far as the four-page [imposition] schemes are concerned, therefore, it is only necessary to remember that if the job is to be worked as sheet work, pages 1 and 4 will be the outer forme and pages 2 and 3 the inner forme.

1965 Library XX. 14 In Table I..the data on choice of forme are abstracted from the list of books, showing for each the number of inner and outer formes printed first... Here is a grand total of 5,338 sheets [printed 1600–1800], of which 3,902, or 73 per cent were printed inner forme first.

1856 R. A. Vaughan Hours with Mystics II. xi. i. 259 Fox's inner light does not profess to supersede..the internal light of Revelation.

1909 G. K. Chesterton Orthodoxy v. 135 The Quaker doctrine of the Inner Light.

1957 F. L. Cross Oxf. Dict. Christian Church 692/1 Inner light, the principle of Christian certitude, consisting of inward knowledge or experience of salvation, which is upheld by the Society of Friends.

1867 A. M. Bell Visible Speech: Sci. Universal Alphabetics 62 If the breath within the mouth be compressed behind the articulating organs while an inner closure is held, a distinct, and in some cases, a powerfully percussive effect will be produced on the abrupt separation of the organs.

1888 H. Sweet Hist. Eng. Sounds (new ed.) 5 Most of these [point and blade consonants] admit also of ‘inner’ and ‘outer’ varieties.

1869 Bradshaw's Railway Man. 21 217 Metropolitan District. Incorporated..(29th July, 1864), to construct a series of lines to complete an inner circle of railway north of the Thames.

1882 Times 24 July 10/4 The Inner Circle would connect..with the railways south of the Thames.

1884 Times 22 Feb. 11/3 As to the Inner Circle line, by the 1st of June, or certainly by the beginning of the second half of the current year, that great work would be finished.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 944/1 This company combines with the Metropolitan District to form the Inner Circle line, which has stations close to all the great railway termini north of the Thames.

1938 G. Greene Brighton Rock iv. iii. 177 He could feel his blood pumped from the heart and moving indifferently back along the arteries like trains on the inner circle.

1966 J. Chamier Cannonball i. 11 Planes whizzing around a damn sight quicker than the Inner Circle.

1895 Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 556/3 Pneumatic Tires..Inner Tubes complete with valve stem and valve.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 535/1 In most tyres for cycles and motor-cars, an inner tube of indiarubber is made separate from the outer cover.

1902 W. W. Beaumont in A. C. Harmsworth et al. Motors & Motor-driving (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) x. 223 Half the number of spare covers and inner tubes are required as compared with the requirements when the wheels are of different sizes.

1904 A. B. F. Young Compl. Motorist (ed. 2) ix. 250 The piercing of the outer cover and inner tube by a nail or other puncturing agent.

1912 Motor Man. (ed. 14) iii. 106 The inner tube has become nipped between one of the security bolts and the cover.

1923 Michelin Guide Great Brit. (ed. 7) 883 Covers, inner tubes or pneumatic tyres.

1967 N. Freeling Strike Out 42 He had done two hundred kilometres a day, on rough country roads with spare inner tubes slung round the neck.

1900 Westm. Gaz. 13 Nov. 2/2 No one imagines that this Committee of twenty really decides critical matters of high policy. Those are deputed to the ‘inner Cabinet’.

1936 H. Nicolson Diary 24 Feb. (1966) 245 J. H. Thomas..says that our group is not consulted; that there is an inner Cabinet which discuss things between themselves.

1970 Times 3 Mar. 2 The meeting was also told that Hebdomadal council, the university's ‘inner cabinet’, had appointed a committee to listen to the views of the students' elected representatives.

1972 Guardian 11 Jan. 20/1 The TUC ‘inner cabinet’—the finance and general purposes committee.

1920 T. Muir Theory of Determinants III. i. 7 The theorem on the inner product of two magnitudes each of the m^th ‘Stufe’ and consisting of m simple factors.

1922 E. H. Neville Prolegomena Analyt. Geom. iv. i. 192 Let an ordered set of three numbers be called a triplet, and let the number fp + gq + hr be called the inner product of the triplets (f, g, h), (p, q, r).

1941 G. Birkhoff & S. MacLane Surv. Mod. Algebra vii. 181 Physicists often speak of our inner product as a ‘scalar product’ of two vectors.

1966 A. L. Rabenstein Introd. Ordinary Differential Equations vi. 156 The inner product of f(x) and g(x) with respect to the weight function w(x) on the interval (a, b) is defined to be (f, g) = ^b_aw(x)f(x)g(x)dx.

1966 A. L. Rabenstein Introd. Ordinary Differential Equations vi. 157 If the inner product of f(x) and g(x) is zero,..then f(x) and g(x) are said to be orthogonal with respect to the weight function w(x) on the interval a < x < b.

1968 E. T. Copson Metric Spaces ix. 139 In order to avoid confusion between multiplication of a vector by a scalar and the scalar product of two vectors, the scalar product of two vectors is often called their inner product.

1968 E. T. Copson Metric Spaces ix. 140 A vector space on which an inner product is defined is called an inner product space.

1923 H. L. Brose tr. A. J. W. Sommerfeld Atomic Struct. & Spectral Lines vi. 364 If we wish to exclude the forbidden lines by a principle of selection, we must..introduce a new quantum number; we call it the inner quantum number and designate it by n_i.

1926 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 111 84 Each term..in general will be a multiple term consisting of several members with different values of the ‘inner quantum number’ j.

1967 W. R. Hindmarsh Atomic Spectra ii. 18 The regularities of the multiplet structure of spectra were considered in some detail by Sommerfeld... He introduced an ‘inner’ quantum number to distinguish the various states of a multiplet, and suggested that it may be connected with a property of the electrons in inner shells (the core electrons). The true explanation of the doublet structure of the terms of alkali metal atoms is provided by the concept of electron spin.

1930 Daily Express 16 Aug. 10/1 Former Inner Reserves are now brought from the Assets in which they were hidden and are grouped in an exposed Reserve on the Liability side of the Sheet.

1955 Times 10 May 18/5 Your directors have now decided to transfer a part of these inner reserves in order to increase the contingencies reserve.

1950 D. Riesman et al. Lonely Crowd i. 9 The society of transitional population growth develops in its typical members a social character whose conformity is insured by their tendency to acquire early in life an internalized set of goals. These I shall term inner-directed people and the society in which they live a society dependent on inner-direction.

1950 D. Riesman et al. Lonely Crowd i. 16 The inner-directed person becomes capable of maintaining a delicate balance between the demands upon him of his life goal and the buffetings of his external environment.

1959 Spectator 4 Sept. 307/2 A criticism renewed by sociology—he [sc. C. Wilson in The Age of Defeat] seems to imply—can help to renew literature by restoring ‘the hero’, and ‘the hero’ will re~accredit in real life the image of the ‘inner-directed’ man.

1959 Listener 3 Sept. 363/2 Mr. Wilson discerns a similar awareness of the difference between ‘inner-direction’ and ‘other-direction’ in the existentialist writings of Camus and Sartre.

1961 M. Singer in B. Kaplan Studying Personality 51 The influence of parents and teachers, so vital in the formation of ‘inner-direction’, is being superseded by the influence of ‘peer-groups’ and the mass media.

1964 J. M. Argyle Psychol. & Social Probl. xv. 186 The life of managers is also changing: as in America the inner-directed individualist is being replaced by the other-directed organization man, who fits in easily with the ideas of others, and subordinates his interests to those of the concern.

1968 P. McKellar Exper. & Behaviour xi. 288 The capacity to ‘go it alone’ is characteristic of the inner-directed personality.

1972 Jrnl. Social Psychol. 86 224 Low authoritarian subjects are more inner-directed.

1968 Sat. Rev. (U.S.) 16 Nov. 95 The twin concepts of decentralization and community control of the schools developed in response to the failure of schools in the inner city.

1973 Black Panther 17 Mar. 11/1 I'm..interested in getting a little more practical and down to present social policies in the cities, in the inner-cities; the continuing and ever occurring crisis in the inner-cities, where large numbers of people are trapped in a cycle of poverty.

1974 Times 19 Jan. 10/2 The problems of the inner city—a work area where almost everyone has gone home.

c900 tr. Bede Eccl. Hist. (1722) iv. xiii. 582 On ðam inneran godum ge on ðam uttran.

a1050 Liber Scintill. (1889) ix. 44 Se inra dema geþanc swyþor þaenne þa word besceawaþ.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 73 Hwa se ȝemeleseliche wit hire utre echȝenen. þurch godes richte dome ha blindeð þet inre.

a1340 R. Rolle Psalter ix. 20 Þat..þe utter man haf noght maistry of þe inere.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. S4^v But th'Elfin knight with wonder all the way Did feed his eyes, and fild his inner thought.

1813 P. B. Shelley Queen Mab vii. 87 The sense By which thy inner nature was apprised Of outward shews.

1854 M. Evans tr. L. Feuerbach Essence Christianity i. 2 The inner life of man is the life which has relation to his species.

1860 J. W. Palmer tr. M. J. Michelet Love 118 A feeling that the woman's inner self will not be reached, her soul not attained.

1874 W. B. Carpenter Princ. Mental Physiol. (1879) i. ii. §4 120 The Cerebrum,—the instrument of our Psychical or inner life.

1880 W. James Coll. Ess. & Rev. (1920) 217 The point of application of the volitional effort always lies within the inner world, being an idea or representation.

1885 J. Martineau Types Ethical Theory I. i. i. §3. 165 Our own mind we know by what is called the ‘Inner Sense’ or consciousness.

1886 J. A. Symonds Renaissance in Italy I. ii. 139 Lorraine..felt his inner self expand in the rich climate of pontifical Rome.

1899 W. James Talks to Teachers ii. 15 There is a stream, a succession of states, or waves, or fields (or of whatever you please to call them), of knowledge, of feeling, of desire, of deliberation, etc., that constantly pass and repass, and that constitute our inner life.

1902 W. James Varieties Relig. Experience i. 7 Often they [sc. religious leaders] have led a discordant inner life, and had melancholy during a part of their career.

1905 A. Lang Adv. among Bks. 122 She [sc. Mrs. Radcliffe] delighted in descriptions of scenery, the more romantic the better, and usually drawn entirely from her inner consciousness.

1915 V. W. Brooks World of H. G. Wells v. 106 The force of a work of art does not reside in its ‘inner meanings’.

1927 B. Russell Outl. Philos. ii. 20 We all have an inner life, open to our own inspection but to no one else's.

1930 Amer. Jrnl. Psychiatry 1019 The former is derived from persona meaning the essential or inner self.

1944 W. H. Auden For Time Being (1945) 35 The manifestations of the inner life should always remain so easy and habitual.

1952 H. H. Gerth & D. A. Martindale tr. M. Weber Anc. Judaism p. xi He displayed an inner-worldly, stoic attitude in the face of death.

1953 R. G. Davis Ten Mod. Masters p. xiv Even a fairy-tale or fantasy must have its inner logic.

1971 Daily Tel. 6 Aug. 9/7 This is a girl with an intense inner life.

1974 Listener 17 Jan. 76/1 Each [Buddhist monk]..inhabits his private inner world, and yet they're in harmony with each other.

1885 D. G. Brinton in Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 22 iv. 319 Besides the grammatical form of a language, Humboldt recognized another which he called its internal form.]

1888 H. A. Strong tr. H. Paul Princ. Hist. Lang. xx. 460 The influencing force extends merely to what Humboldt and Steinthal have described as the inner language form (‘innere Sprachform’).

1888 H. A. Strong tr. H. Paul Princ. Hist. Lang. xx. 471 A language suffers influence in its inner linguistic form principally in the mouths of those who speak it as a foreign tongue.

1901 H. Oertel Lect. Study Lang. i. 64 This is the ‘outer speech form’, the external, phonetic aspect of the speech symbols. The ‘inner speech form’ is the definite arrangement of the prelinguistic psychical material into definite groups, the coherence of each group being secured by labelling each with one definite sound-tag.

1930 J. R. Firth Speech v. 44 The early discussions on inner speech did not touch the bigger question of the extensive motor accompaniment of thought.

1934 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Inner speech, Psychol., use of words or word images in thinking, without audible or visible speaking.

1934 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Inner speech form (trans. of G. innere Sprachform, used by Humboldt and Steinthal), the mental concept or image associated with a word prior to its use or upon hearing or reading it, as the concept of a quadruped associated with the word ‘animal’; abstractly, the quality by which a word evokes such a mental picture.

1970 H. C. Shands Semiotic Approaches to Psychiatry 10 Inner speech systems are constructed throughout the developmental period in human beings.

c1000 Confess. Ecgberti iv. §63 in B. Thorpe Anc. Laws Eng. (1840) II. 224 Se innra man ðæt is seo sawl.

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Ephes. iii. 16 That he ȝyue to ȝou..vertu for to be strengthid by his spirit in the ynnere man [L. in interiorem hominem].

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) iii. i. 48 Isidore spekyth..of the inner man and vtter man.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 477 This attracts the Soul, Governs the inner man, the nobler part. View more context for this quotation

1857 A. Trollope Barchester Towers III. x. 184 She ate and drank, and as the inner woman was recruited she felt a little more charitable.

1858 N. Hawthorne Jrnl. 3 Apr. in French & Ital. Notebks. (1980) iii. 158 To behave as her inner woman prompts.

1860 F. W. Farrar Ess. Origin Lang. i. 32 The living product of the whole inner man.

1892 Gentlewoman's Bk. Sports I. 44 After refreshing the inner woman, I was all for trying the Sandhills again.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xx. 204 With my inner man well refreshed with auk-livers, I was soon asleep.

1865 Day of Rest Oct. 609 The New Englander, who had been strengthening the inner man during the remarks of the abbé.