单词 | individual |
释义 | individualadj.n. A. adj. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > unity or undividedness > [adjective] > indivisible un-to-dealinglyeOE indivisiblec1380 individualc1425 coessential1471 indissoluble?1555 individuous1624 indispertiblea1641 indiscerpible1659 indissipable1661 indivisivea1706 indiscerptible1736 irresolvable1785 c1425 Bk. Found. St. Bartholomew's (1923) 11 (MED) To the laude And glorie of the hye and indyuyduall Trynyte. 1580 R. Bristow Reply to Fulke xii. 397 Ech person of the blessed indiuiduall Trinitie. a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) i. vii. §1. 50 Some make their god of Atomes, and indiuidual moates: some of diuidual numbers; as Epicurus, and Pythagoras. 1641 J. Milton Animadversions 16 This untheologicall Remonstrant would divide the individuall Catholicke Church into severall Republicks. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 611 It would be liable to misinterpretation, and to be taken in the Sabellian sence, for that which hath One and the Same Singular and Individual Essence. 1703 M. Chudleigh Poems Several Occasions 18 That blest Union which is ever there, Where Love, like Life, do's animate the whole, As if it were but one blest individual Soul. 1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers ii. xix. 260 If it is admitted that the divisibility of matter has no limit, it will follow, that no body can be called one individual substance. ΚΠ 1555 E. Bonner Profitable & Necessarye Doctryne sig. Bb.iv The learned doe defyne, or describe matrimonye, to be a lawefull coniunction of a man and of a woman, hauyng in it an indiuiduall or vnseperable bonde or knotte of lyuynge. c1600 Timon (1980) i. ii. 5 Where e're thou go'st I still will folowe thee An Indiuiduall mate. 1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ iii. ix. 61 He [sc. Don Carlos]..is an individuall companion to the King. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 486 To have thee by my side Henceforth an individual solace dear. View more context for this quotation 1754 R. Challoner Considerations Christian Truths (rev. ed.) II. 83 The body and soul are individual companions and partners in this life, in the good or evil we do. 3. a. Of, relating to, or characteristic of a single person, organism, or thing, or one particular member of a class or group. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or restricted in application > [adjective] > belonging to a particular thing or person specialc1230 proper1340 peculiara1475 specifical?a1475 singular?a1513 private1526 privy1560 personed1565 individual1570 particular1582 idiotical1655 specific1665 sacred1667 specific1667 specifiala1670 idiomatic1771 idiomatical1774 appropriate1796 exclusive1804 propriate1820 especial1854 dedicated1969 1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. b.iiiv The Nature, propre to the Indiuiduall Matrix, of the thing produced. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. D2v As touching the Manners of learned men, it is a thing personall and indiuiduall . View more context for this quotation 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 10 Their individuall imperfections being great, they are moreover enlarged by their aggregation. View more context for this quotation 1707 S. Clarke Def. Argument 17 The sole Reason urged..why a System of Matter cannot have a Power of Thinking or an Individual Consciousness. 1777 E. Burke Addr. to King Jan. in Writings & Speeches (1996) III. 395 We..several of the Peers of the Realm, and several Members of the House of Commons..do in our individual capacity,..beg leave [etc.]. 1859 J. S. Mill On Liberty i. 14 There is a limit to the legitimate interference of collective opinion with individual independence. 1862 J. Ruskin Unto this Last iv. 168 All effectual advancement..must be by individual, not public effort. 1900 R. M. Alden Art of Deb. vi. 110 When an authority is quoted..he [sc. the debater] may appeal from the alleged authority to the individual conscience. 1908 C. L. Morgan Animal Behaviour (ed. 2) vi. 282 Individual behaviour, in its first intent, is a biological legacy with ends predetermined through heredity. 1964 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 51 606 A biochemical focus which considers the importance of individual differences within the normal range. 2010 N. Piacente in R. Bellelli Internat. Criminal Justice xi. 257 The concept of collective liability is increasingly yielding to the notion of individual responsibility in international humanitarian law. b. Chiefly Grammar and Logic. Of a name, term, proposition, judgement, etc.: applied to, involving, or directed towards one particular person or thing. Cf. proper adj. 3a. ΚΠ 1597 Bp. J. King Lect. Ionas iii. 40 Pointing with his finger at the very transgressor, vnder his proper & individual name, he bringeth the accusation. 1641 J. Milton Animadversions 43 It is no individuall word, but a Collective. 1692 J. Edwards Enq. Four Remarkable Texts New Test. i. 20 This individual Name of Nazarene, or one of Nazareth, was used as a Reproachfull Appellative towards Christ. 1797 tr. J. S. Beck Princ. Crit. Philos. i. ii. 85 Every judgment may be considered..either an universal, a particular, or individual judgment. 1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic v. 122 A Singular or Individual Judgment, in which a Predicate is affirmed of one thing, or of a class of things taken as one whole. 1871 B. H. Kennedy Public School Lat. Gram. 23 Nouns or Names are Individual or Proper..which can only be applied to single persons, places, or objects. 1902 J. S. Rankin Everyday Eng. I. 194 One has still to determine whether or not the names he himself uses are individual names or class names. 1957 Aristotelian Soc. Suppl. Vol. 31 231 An individual name may designate a concrete entity like Socrates, the moon, this book, or it may designate an abstract entity like wisdom. 2004 W. Lenzen in D. M. Gabbay & J. Woods Handbk. Hist. Logic III. 76 In the case of a singular proposition—i.e. a proposition with an individual term such as ‘Apostle Peter’ as subject [etc.]. c. Of food or drink: intended to serve one person. Also (of tableware, etc.): designed to contain a serving for one person; for the use of one person. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > condition of being alone > [adjective] > for use of one person solo1774 sulky1786 individual1839 singlea1859 1839 A. Somerville Hist. Brit. Legion xvi. 328 The beef was served out to companies, and then divided into individual portions. 1895 Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 531/2 Individual Butter Plates. 1911 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 22 Apr. 2/1 (advt.) Table Necessities..Cut Glass Individual Salts, up from 35¢. 1951 Festival of Brit.: Catal. Exhibits: South Bank Exhib. (H.M.S.O.) 52/2 Individual casserole in heat-resisting glassware. 1970 K. Giles Death in Church i. 20 Node..dug his fork into the individual pudding. 2012 S. Copeland Newlywed Cookbk. 160/1 Depending on whether you are making two large or four individual pizzas. 4. a. Existing as a separate indivisible entity; numerically one; single, as distinct from others of the same kind; particular. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [adjective] > individual or single oneOE singularc1340 particulara1387 serea1400 serelepya1400 several1448 single?a1475 individual1593 numerical1643 versal1709 varsal1751 separate1907 the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > [adjective] oneeOE oneOE ofolda1200 lepia1300 singlerc1374 single1538 simple1600 simplar1610 individual1726 yaea1771 unal1883 1593 W. Rainolds Treat. Holy Sacrifice & Sacrament xxi. 383 Every man consisting of body and sowle, should to his humane nature have ioyned a particular, a singular or individual subsistence, which Theologie calleth a persone or personalitie. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. A2 The proprietie and excellencie of your indiuiduall person. View more context for this quotation 1651 R. Baxter Plain Script. Proof Infants Church-membership & Baptism 25 The whole Church must be so sanctified; therefore the individuall members. 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding iii. vi. 209 Our Idea of any individual Man, would be..far different. 1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. iii. 46 Every Man in his physical Nature is one individual single Agent. 1786 E. Burke Articles of Charge against W. Hastings in Wks. (1842) II. 227/1 All powers delegated from the board to any individual servant of the company. 1793 A. Hamilton in Papers (1969) XV. 429 Settlement of Accounts between the United and Individual States. 1833 L. Ritchie Wanderings by Loire ii. 23 The traveller takes it [sc. the château] for a town rather than an individual edifice. 1856 J. A. Froude Hist. Eng. II. viii. 244 A determination in each individual man to go his own way. 1896 Duke of Argyll Philos. Belief ii. 74 It is not in the use of individual words, alone, that this principle of explanation is adopted. 1936 N. Feather Introd. Nucl. Physics i. 6 The general luminosity of phosphorescent zinc sulphide under the impact of the radiations consisted of individual flashes of light separately visible to the dark-adapted eye, when suitably aided. 1968 Adv. Marine Biol. 6 75 I shall use the word mangal when dealing with the forest community, and the word mangrove for individual kinds of tree. 1996 W. C. Van den Hoonaard Origins Bahá'í Community of Canada xiv. 257 The accruing of civil recognition would characterize the Bahá'í community as a corporate body, more than merely an aggregate of individual members. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > identity > [adjective] the ilkeOE selfeOE oneOE no nothera1325 that ilk (thilk) same1390 one self?a1425 selfsamec1425 the same self1503 proper1523 one (and the) selfsame1531 self-said1548 one and the same1551 identical1581 the same very1590 the very same1597 individuala1602 individually the same1604 a (also one) selfly1605 very1611 same1621 numerical1624 numeric1663 identic1664 synonymous1789 a1602 W. Perkins Comm. Epist. Gal. (1604) vi. 503 Paul speaking of the same indiuiduall worke, saith, that it is partly good, and partly euill. 1633 W. Prynne Histrio-mastix 177 To sport themselves with those individuall sinnes upon the Stage, which the parties..are condoling now in Hell? 1663 Marquis of Worcester Cent. Names & Scantlings Inventions §1. 2 Seals..setting down..the individual place where any thing was sealed. 1701 J. Wallis in T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1885) I. 15 Which I do believe to be this individual Book. 1753 T. Smollett Ferdinand Count Fathom II. lix. 203 They were communicated to her by the nun, who was no other than the individual Wilhelmina. 1804 C. Smith Conversations I. 132 It is more probable that the individual insect in question had been produced this Summer. 5. Distinguished in nature or attributes from others; having a striking or unusual character; distinctive. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > quality of being special or extraordinary > [adjective] speciala1387 especialc1400 principal1417 peculiarc1449 extraordinaryc1460 enspeciala1533 individual1646 different1856 speciality1879 speshul1900 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica i. v. 19 A man should be something that men are not, and individuall in somewhat beside his proper nature. View more context for this quotation 1783 Monthly Rev. 68 App. 622 The primitive spring, the instinctive energy, that form its [sc. true greatness's] essence, and the medium through which it views objects—all this is too individual.., too peculiar,..to be justly represented. 1847 N.Y. Daily Tribune 2 Feb. 1/2 The expression of the whole mild, winning, yet highly individual. 1897 Brit. Weekly 27 May 97 In him Nonconformity has lost one of her most conspicuous and individual figures. 1915 W. Cather Song of Lark ii. vi. 203 Her low voice has a beautiful quality, very individual. 1970 Billboard 1 Aug. 22/4 The Columbia Records artists immediately captured the capacity crowd with their unique and individual style. 2002 J. Heskett Toothpicks & Logos vi. 121 Modern technology..offers the potential of micro-brewing, of beer brewed on the premises, with a highly individual character, in contrast to the standardized products of major brewers. B. n. 1. a. A single human being, as distinct from a particular group, or from society in general. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > [noun] > individual person headOE polla1350 singular1420 specialc1450 individuala1500 particular1576 monad1855 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [noun] > an individual thing or person > person singular man or person?c1400 individuala1500 particular1576 individuality1775 a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 21 The poletike Nature, that God hath yevin the to helpe, is nat ydill in his commission, but by the fair vertues that [he] shewith euery man in his ordir shulde to continewe mankynde in studye and to conserue the indiuiduale [a1500 Newberry Indyvyde] suppositif [Fr. le indiuiduel suppost]. 1618 E. Parr Plaine Expos. Epist. St. Paul to Romans xi. §1. 4 God hath not cast away the Iewes wholly: not euery indiuiduall. 1626 J. Yates Ibis ad Cæsarem ii. 12 (margin) The Prophet saith not, God saw euery particular man in his bloud, or had compassion to say to euery Indiuiduall, Thou shalt liue. 1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper iii. 213 Peace..is the very supporter of Individualls, Families, Churches, Common-wealths. 1743 H. Fielding Jonathan Wild i. x, in Misc. III. 60 How must we lament that Disposition in these lovely Creatures, which leads them to prefer in their Favour those Individuals of the other Sex, who do not seem intended by Nature as her greatest Master-piece. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. Introd. 2 Among the savage nations of hunters and fishers, every individual..is..employed in useful labour. View more context for this quotation 1868 M. Pattison Suggestions Acad. Organisation v. 141 We are most jealous of the rights of individuals, and careless of the common welfare. 1899 Expositor Feb. 144 It will not be as Churches but as individuals that we shall all stand before the Judgment seat of Christ. 1914 Pop. Sci. Monthly June 539 The perplexing problem of determining just how far the self-interest of the individual is consistent with the general good. 1957 Internat. & Compar. Law Q. 6 389 It is characteristic for the bureaucratist ideology not to inquire about the real needs of either society or individuals. 2011 Atlantic Nov. 108/1 The vulnerabilities and new rules of operation in the cloud era..involve corporations and institutions as well as individuals. b. In contexts where a group is not specified or implied: a human being, a person. In later use also (somewhat colloquial and frequently depreciative): a person of a specified type or character. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > [noun] hadc900 lifesmaneOE maneOE world-maneOE ghostOE wyeOE lifeOE son of manOE wightc1175 soulc1180 earthmanc1225 foodc1225 person?c1225 creaturec1300 bodyc1325 beera1382 poppetc1390 flippera1400 wat1399 corsec1400 mortal?a1425 deadly?c1450 hec1450 personagec1485 wretcha1500 human1509 mundane1509 member1525 worma1556 homo1561 piece of flesh1567 sconce1567 squirrel?1567 fellow creature1572 Adamite1581 bloat herringa1586 earthling1593 mother's child1594 stuff1598 a piece of flesh1600 wagtail1607 bosom1608 fragment1609 boots1623 tick1631 worthy1649 earthlies1651 snap1653 pippin1665 being1666 personal1678 personality1678 sooterkin1680 party1686 worldling1687 human being1694 water-wagtail1694 noddle1705 human subject1712 piece of work1713 somebody1724 terrestrial1726 anybody1733 individual1742 character1773 cuss1775 jig1781 thingy1787 bod1788 curse1790 his nabs1790 article1796 Earthite1814 critter1815 potato1815 personeityc1816 nibs1821 somebody1826 tellurian1828 case1832 tangata1840 prawn1845 nigger1848 nut1856 Snooks1860 mug1865 outfit1867 to deliver the goods1870 hairpin1879 baby1880 possum1894 hot tamale1895 babe1900 jobbie1902 virile1903 cup of tea1908 skin1914 pisser1918 number1919 job1927 apple1928 mush1936 face1944 jong1956 naked ape1965 oke1970 punter1975 1742 S. Johnson Deb. Senate Lillput in Gentleman's Mag. Dec. 613 Only one Individual was injur'd by another. 1771 O. Goldsmith Hist. Eng. III. 125 These she bequeathed to different individuals. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth i, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 5 The three individuals entered the boat with great precaution. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. x. 111 The individual whom I desired to meet. 1888 F. Hume Madame Midas i. Prol. 15 He appeared to be an exceedingly unpleasant individual. 1934 Mod. Psychologist June 13/1 There is no proof at present, of course, that an individual is constantly dreaming during the sleeping period. 1957 Times 15 Oct. 13/3 The plaintiff claimed that those words meant that he was a ridiculous individual who was unathletic and physically out of training. 2005 J. B. Kelly Governing with Charter iv. 118 An individual was arrested in connection with a shooting and informed of the right to counsel. 2010 G. Ridley Discov. Jeanne Baret iii. 92 Among the human flotsam of a major seaport, one more odd-looking individual was unlikely to attract anyone's notice. c. A distinctive or original person; someone who does not conform to a stereotype. ΚΠ 1947 D. R. Davies Sin of Age iv. 69 There is far more variety of individuality in communities predominantly agricultural even to-day... There are more personalities, real individuals, to the square yard in Spain than one is apt to find in the square mile in advanced capitalist countries. 1956 Princeton Alumni Weekly 6 July 19/1 Simple non-conformity does not produce a leader any more than it makes a true individual. 1970 Fitchburg (Mass.) Sentinel 26 Jan. 4/6 One gets the impression that Mike would worry if he found himself in the mainstream of current thought. Indeed he is such an individual that he would be disappointed in anyone who agreed with him. 2011 Bayside (Melbourne) Advertiser (Nexis) 29 Aug. 46 Lovett said he hadn't coached anyone quite like Gallagher, calling him an ‘individual’. 2. a. Logic. A thing which possesses properties peculiar to itself and which cannot be subdivided into other things of the same kind; spec. any of the entities occupying the lowest level of a system of classification; a member of a class or species. Cf. individuum n. 2a, 3. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [noun] > an individual thing or person > specific as determined by peculiar properties individual1582 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > being or entity > that exists by itself substance1340 subject1387 ens reale1565 individual1582 suppositum1593 supposite1612 substantiala1631 secondary substance1774 absolute1858 1582 S. Batman Vppon Bartholome, De Proprietatibus Rerum xi. f. 171v/2 There are also singular & wonderfull endowments as well in many of indiuidualls, as in the specialls. 1587 H. Parry tr. Z. Ursinus Summe of Christian Relig. 345 A generall is a certain thing common to manie specials, & a general and special to manie indiuiduals. 1628 T. Spencer Art of Logick viii. 44 It is not possible to know vntill wee come vnto indiuidualls..vntill we ataine vnto those things which doe not admit division. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The usual Division in Logic is made into Genera, or Genus's, those Genera into Species, and those Species into Individuals. 1795 J. Collard Epitome of Logic iii. vii. 102 In a moral universality, the predicate only applies to the greatest part of the individuals comprehended in the subject. 1840 W. Whewell Philos. Inductive Sci. I. viii. iii. 504 Our idea of an individual is, that it is a whole composed of parts, which are not similar to the whole, and have not an independent existence, while the whole has an independent existence and a definite form. 1860 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 5) §56. 86 An individual is that which cannot be divided without ceasing to be what it is. 1905 S. H. Mellone Introd. Text-bk. Logic (ed. 2) v. 126 We may begin with a genus which has no class above it, and hence is called summum genus; and we may end with a species which cannot be further subdivided except into individuals. 1977 D. L. Hull in R. E. Butts J. Hintikka 98 There is something about evolutionary processes that requires that the units of mutation, selection, and evolution be treated as individuals integrated by the part–whole relation. 1991 M. J. Loux Primary Ousia vi. 198 Form..by Woods's account is predicated universally, since it is predicated only accidentally of the independently identifiable parcels of matter constituting the individuals belonging to the associated species. 2002 S. J. Gould Struct. Evolutionary Theory viii. 764 The hierarchical theory of selection recognizes many kinds of evolutionary individuals, banded together in a rising series of increasingly greater inclusion, one within the next—genes in cells, cells in organisms, organisms in demes, demes in species, species in clades. b. A single entity, esp. as distinct from a group of like entities; a single member of a conceptual category or class. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > [noun] > one thing singularityc1374 simple1483 one1543 othing1555 unary1576 item1578 unity1587 single1646 individual1659 1659 H. Stubbe Light Shining out of Darknes 23 They are otherwise individualls, of which the name of Church is predicated, as the Church of Corinth, Ephesus, Philippi, &c. 1715 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad I. Pref. We see each Circumstance and Individual of Nature summon'd together by the Extent and Fecundity of his Imagination. 1828 J. Quain Elements Anat. 396 The abductor indicis muscle..is usually placed amongst some of the other groups of muscles, though in position, mode of attachment, and structure, it is strictly analogous to the other individuals of this set. 1858 W. Tully Materia Medica I. 1090 It may indeed be difficult to specify in words the peculiarities of each individual of this group of articles, in comparison with the rest. 2001 E. J. N. Wilson & E. J. N. Wilson Introd. Particle Accelerators xiv. 208 Unless the initial driving bunch is specially shaped, the energy gain by a particle in the second beam can be no greater than the loss experienced by each individual in the drive bunch. c. A group or body of people regarded as a single entity; spec. a corporation. Frequently with specifying adjective, as corporate individual. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > corporation or body corporate towna1382 body corporate1461 corporation1579 corporalty1603 university1607 individual1828 communitas1841 1828 Cases House of Lords on Appeal from Courts of Scotl.1824 II. 416 The creditors under the sequestration form a corporate individual, who has, in the first place, acquired the debtor's whole existing funds. 1837 Amer. Monthly Mag. Sept. 224 A corporation is a sort of legal individual, which the States by general consent, and Congress by assumption, have power to create. 1868 J. E. T. Rogers Man. Polit. Econ. vi. 53 It makes no difference whether the individual be a numerical unit, or an aggregate unit, as a partnership, company, or corporation of traffickers. 1903 L. F. Ward Pure Sociol. xx. 548 All collective action must be regarded as the action of a unit or collective individual pursuing ends that are its own. 1977 Times 18 June 12/6 The marks devised for groups of Austrian and German craftsmen—corporate individuals, as it were—are also excellent. 2011 L. Westra Human Rights iii. vii. 248 It would be extremely hard to bring home the responsibility for these results to either corporate individuals or complicit governments. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > [noun] > close, intimate, or permanent joining > condition of being inseparable > inseparable things individuals?1623 ?1623 O. Felltham Resolues xix. 57 Humanitie, and misery, are alwayes paralels: sometimes indiuiduals. 1652 O. Felltham Brief Char. Low-Countries 48 They are here Individuals, for no Demonstrance of Duty or Authority can distinguish them. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > [noun] > individuality or selfhood > self individual1655 self1826 1655 in E. Nicholas Nicholas Papers (1892) II. 305 As to what concernes my owne poore indiuiduall, I am armed against all euents and deffy fortune to her teeth. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. v. 674 They could not propagate their kind by Generation, as neither indeed Preserve their own Individuals. 1732 B. Mandeville Enq. Origin Honour 39 It is obvious likewise, that he neither loves nor esteems any Thing so well as he does his own Individual. 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 189 A transient compliment made to his own individual in particular, or to his country in general. 1800 W. Godwin in C. K. Paul William Godwin (1876) II. 5 Driven back..to consider of my own miserable individual. 5. a. Biology. A single animal or plant (as opposed to a group); a single member of a species. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [noun] > species or sub-species > individual member of fellowc1300 individual1679 1679 T. Trapham Disc. Health Jamaica 59 A food easy of digestion may well be admitted likewise the young Ocra an agreeable Food as well for the species as individual. 1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Palamon & Arcite iii, in Fables 87 That Individuals die, his Will ordains; The propagated Species still remains. 1762 tr. Comte de Buffon Nat. Hist. Horse 46 Nature has in every species a general prototype, after which every individual is formed. 1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species ii. 45 No one supposes that all the individuals of the same species are cast in the very same mould. 1940 Amer. Midland Naturalist 24 203 All but one of ten individuals of a group of A. scabra forcibly removed from their pits failed to return. 1973 A. d'A. Bellairs & J. F. D. Frazer Smith's Brit. Amphibians & Reptiles (ed. 5) viii. 269 Having entered an individual of the right species, the miracidium..proceeds to migrate through its soft tissue. 2011 H. Nordhaus Beekeeper's Lament iii. 58 In winter, the population in any one hive drops to fewer than thirty-five thousand individuals. b. Zoology. Each of the distinct beings which make up a colonial organism, and which typically have different forms and functions. Cf. person n. 9. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > [noun] structure1683 organization1707 individual1746 series1748 organism1834 macroorganism1941 the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [noun] > aggregate or colony > individual of individual1746 zoonite1838 zooid1851 zoon1851 zoid1856 allozooid1857 person1876 1746 G. Adams Micrographia Illustrata xxxiv. 157 All the fresh Water Polypes, with Arms in Form of Horns, are Mothers, for each Individual of this Sort produce [sic] young ones. 1847 W. B. Carpenter Zool.: Systematic Acct. I. §46 In the Polypes..a number of individuals, each capable (like a leaf-bud) of living by itself, are arranged on one common plant-like structure. 1880 Athenæum 23 Oct. 536/1 Each individual of a colony of Polyzoa is encased in a cell known as the ectocyst. 1913 W. E. Kellicott Textbk. Gen. Embryol. i. 9 In Volvox, where the fully developed colony may include as many as twelve thousand or more individuals, only five to fifty cells..are gonidial, the remainder being vegetative. 1979 E. N. K. Clarkson Invertebr. Palaeontol. & Evol. v. 62/2 Though each polyp is an individual, the polyps are all connected together by a tubular system. 2007 Dive Oct. 87/1 These parts are so highly coordinated that biologists can't quite decide if siphonopores are colonies or individuals. Phrases† in the individual: with regard to the individual instance; = in the particular at particular n. 4b. Opposed to in the general (see general adj. and n. Phrases 2d). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > in the particular case [phrase] in the individual1613 in the particular1639 1613 T. Jackson Eternall Truth Script. ii. v. §5 Whether [things] indifferent in the general, or vnto many..be indifferent in the indiuiduall, to this or that particular man. 1645 R. Stapylton in tr. Pliny the Younger Panegyricke Pref. to Rdr. sig. A4 Howsoever the designe failed in the Individuall, yet it tooke in the generall. Compounds individual constant n. Logic an unvarying specific individual (sense B. 2a); cf. individual variable n. ΚΠ 1936 R. Carnap in Philos. Sci. 3 433 We take ‘a’, ‘b’, etc. as names of space-time-points..; we call them individual constants. 1953 Mind 62 509 A strictly semantic language must..contain no individual constants. 2008 Jrnl. Philos. Logic 37 240 Let c be an individual constant of L. individual enterprise n. work or business that is undertaken by private individuals rather than a state organization; an example of this; cf. private enterprise n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > business affairs > a business or company > [noun] > free of state control private enterprise1789 individual enterprise1790 free enterprise1814 1790 J. B. Burges Lett. on Present Dispute Spain iii. 7 Such was the nature of the two establishments; the one, a national concern..; the other, an individual enterprize. 1859 Fraser's Mag. Dec. 643/2 There is this difference between our doings and those of the great military nations of the Continent; our labours are mostly commercial, the result of individual enterprise..; theirs are more or less governmental. 1957 P. I. Rosenteur Morpheus & Me xvi. 270 Our system of individual enterprise has made it possible for anyone, whatever his original social or economic status, to work and worry himself right into the front ranks of the insomniac army. 2010 J. Knight Brit. Politics for Dummies xxiv. 364 Nixon's visit also heralded China's opening up to Western ideas such as freeing up markets and promoting individual enterprise. individual psychology n. Psychology (a) (an approach to) psychology based on the study of individuals, as opposed to that of groups or societies; (b) the theories and methods advanced by or associated with Alfred Adler, considered collectively (see Adlerian adj.). ΚΠ 1886 Mind 11 490 What is true of one is true of all alike, and of all as individuals. Nor do we positively know of any consciousness which is not an individual's. In studying psychology, therefore, even individual psychology, we seem to have before us the whole content of consciousness to study. 1898 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 10 330 Individual Psychology, on the contrary, studies those psychical processes which vary from one individual to another. 1917 B. Glueck & J. E. Lind tr. A. Adler Neurotic Constit. (1921) p. v An empiric basis is made use of in comparative individual-psychology for the purpose of establishing a fictive standard of normality in order to enable one to measure and compare with it grades of deviation from it. 1985 D. L. Horowitz Ethnic Groups in Confl. iv. 183 If there is a group psychology, can it be understood without exploring the idiosyncratic recesses of each individual culture from which it springs? And how separate from individual psychology is it? 2010 D. Henderson Defying Gravity vi. 86 Alfred Adler, the Austrian psychiatrist whose influential system of individual psychology introduced the term ‘inferiority feeling’ (later widely..called ‘inferiority complex’). individual-psychological adj. Psychology of or relating to individual psychology. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > social psychology > [adjective] > relating to individual individual-psychological1912 1912 Mind 21 299 Milloud..is wrong in deriving the individual-psychological from the social-psychological concept. 1933 T. S. Eliot Use of Poetry 17 I cannot accept any such theory which is erected upon purely individual-psychological foundations. 2003 N. Bakker in M. Gijswijt-Hofstra & H. Marland Cultures of Child Health in Brit. & Netherlands in 20th Cent. vi. 142 Waterink did not only use individual-psychological language; he also introduced a medical interpretation of children's problems. individual variable n. Logic a variable that ranges over individuals (sense B. 2a); cf. individual constant n. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > predicate or propositional logic > [noun] > variable variable1910 individual variable1925 one-argument1941 1925 A. N. Whitehead & B. Russell Principia Mathematica (ed. 2) I. p. xxix The generalizations..involve a class of elementary propositions which cannot be obtained from an individual-variable. 1954 I. M. Copi Symbolic Logic iv. 67 The small letter ‘x’—called an ‘individual variable’—is a mere place marker which serves to indicate where an individual constant may be written for a singular proposition to result. 2012 C. Dobrovie-Sorin & C. Beyssade Redefining Indefinites iii. 117 For the sentence to be grammatical, the variable has to obey Heim's constraint, according to which, in existential sentences, the argument cannot be an individual variable. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2014; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.c1425 |
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