insulinn.

Brit.

/ˈɪnsjᵿlɪn/, U.S.

/ˈɪnsəlᵻn/

Forms: Also † insuline.

Etymology: < Latin insula island (because it is produced by the islets of Langerhans) + -in suffix¹.

Biochemistry.

A polypeptide hormone (the amino-acid composition differing slightly from species to species) which is concerned with carbohydrate metabolism in man and some other vertebrates, being produced by the islets of Langerhans and having effects that include the removal of sugar from the blood (so that a deficiency of insulin causes diabetes mellitus) and the promotion of protein synthesis and fat storage. The name insulin(e) was proposed for the hormone on three separate occasions, each time independently: see quot. 1926.

ΚΠ

1909 J. De Meyer in Archivio di Fisiol. VII. 96 Le produit de la sécrétion interne du pancréas (non denommé encore).., s'il dérive, comme nous le pensons, des ilots de Langerhans pourrait être appelé Insuline.]

1914 E. A. Schäfer Introd. Study Endocrine Glands 84 The results of pancreas-extirpation and pancreas-grafting can..be best explained by supposing that the islet-tissue produces an autacoid substance which passes into the blood and affects carbohydrate metabolism and carbohydrate storage in such a manner that there is no undue accumulation of glucose in the blood. Provisionally it will be convenient for description purposes to refer to this hypothetical autacoid as insuline.

1916 E. A. Schäfer Endocrine Organs xvii. 128 The islet tissue produces an autacoid which passes into the blood and affects carbohydrate metabolism... Provisionally it will be convenient to refer to this hypothetical autacoid as insuline.

1922 F. G. Banting et al. in Proc. & Trans. Royal Soc. Canada 16 v. 27 (heading) The preparation of pancreatic extracts containing insulin.

1922 F. G. Banting et al. in Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. LXII. 175 Purified alcoholic extracts of pancreas, for which we suggest the name insulin, when injected subcutaneously into normal rabbits cause the percentage of sugar in the blood to fall within a few hours.

1923 A. E. Housman Let. 16 May (1971) 213 When I saw the invention of Insulin I..expected to hear you were cured already.

1923 F. G. Banting Antidiabetic Funct. Pancreas 64 Insulin is administered from twenty minutes to a half hour before meals.

1926 E. A. Schäfer Endocrine Organs (ed. 2) II. xlix. 343 To this autacoid the name insulin is applied. [Note] The term was introduced by de Meyer (Arch. di fisiol., vii., 1909). In ignorance of this it was employed as a convenient term to denote the autacoid of the islet tissue in the first edition of this work, published in 1916. It was independently adopted by the Toronto workers [viz. F. G. Banting et al.] in 1922.

1930 Biochem. Jrnl. 24 1199 Insulin injected subcutaneously.

1956 Arch. Biochem. & Biophysics 65 427 The amino acid sequences in pig and sheep insulins were compared with that of cattle insulin... The only differences found were in the three residues occupying positions 8, 9, and 10 in the glycyl chain.

1959 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 82 340 Most commercial preparations are mixtures of beef and pork insulin.

1968 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxv. 43/1 Insulin promotes all the known pathways of glucose disposal and transformation including glycogen storage, fat formation, total oxidation and the use of the hexose-monophosphate pathway.

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations.

insulin shock n. hypoglycæmia resulting from excessive insulin in the body, producing nervousness, weakness, sweating and in extreme cases coma.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of blood > [noun] > deficiency of other substances

hypinosis1845

anaemotrophy1860

hypoglycaemia1894

hypoleucocytosis1897

acapnia1898

leucopenia1898

hypothyroidism1905

hypocapnia1908

lymphopenia1909

hypoparathyroidism1910

neutropenia1915

thrombopenia1915

thrombocytopenia1921

agranulocytosis1923

hypocalcaemia1925

insulin shock1925

hypochloraemia1927

granulocytopenia1931

hypopotassaemia1932

hypomagnesaemia1933

hypoproteinaemia1934

hyponatraemia1935

hypophosphataemia1935

hypoprothrombinaemia1936

hypoalbuminaemia1937

sideropenia1938

afibrinogenaemia1941

pancytopenia1941

hypokalaemia1949

agammaglobulinaemia1952

hypogammaglobulinaemia1955

haemoglobinopathy1957

1925 Ann. Clin. Med. III. 381/1 In diabetics whose blood sugars were high, that is above 300 mgm., symptoms of insulin shock frequently have been observed when their blood sugars were rapidly reduced to within usual normal range.

1936 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 85 504 Insulin shock stimulates metabolism in general and liver function in particular.

1958 H. Beckman Drugs xxxiv. 351/2 Epinephrine is used adjuvantly in combating insulin shock.

insulin coma n. = insulin shock n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > stupor or coma > [noun] > specific coma

coma vigil1708

hydrocephaloid disease1842

nitrogen narcosis1937

insulin coma1942

rapture of the deep1953

narks1962

1942 M. Dickens One Pair of Feet viii. 167 A policeman, who had mistaken an Insulin coma for a drunken stupor.

1959 Times 26 Mar. 15/5 Not for them the hashish-dream and the insulin-coma.

1972 Chem. Abstr. 77 135684 After more than 45 min in an insulin coma, administration of glucose..to the affected animals did not interrupt the coma.

insulin treatment n. (also insulin shock treatment) a treatment for mental illness consisting of a course of artificially produced insulin comas (see quot. 1951).

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > psychiatry > [noun] > shock treatments

shock therapy1917

insulin treatment1938

photoshock1953

1938 Arch. Neurol. & Psychiatry (Chicago) 39 1 (title) Insulin shock treatment of schizophrenic patients.

1940 Ann. Internal Med. 14 393 The insulin treatment of schizophrenia owes its origin to an accidental observation made by Sakel in his treatment of morphine addicts.

1951 F. Hopkins in E. N. Chamberlain Text-bk. Med. ix. 692 Insulin shock treatment..consists of the induction of coma by the injection of insulin. When the optimum dose for the individual case has been ascertained, a coma is induced each day for five or six days a week until a course of 50 or thereabouts has been given.

1958 I. Murdoch Bell xxvi. 302 Catherine had been having insulin treatment and was continually under the influence of drugs.

Derivatives

ˈinsulinase n. [-ase suffix] an enzyme or enzyme system that breaks down insulin.

ΚΠ

1949 Mirsky & Broh-Kahn in Arch. Biochem. XX. 8 Pending further investigation, it is proposed..to characterize the active principle in these extracts as ‘insulinase’.

1959 Metabolism 8 99 The liver is rich in an enzyme system designated ‘insulinase’, which causes cleavage of insulin; this system may be comprised of more than one enzyme.

1966 Chem. Abstr. 65 1157 The increased sensitivity of aged humans and animals towards hypoglycemics is probably due to decreased insulinase activity.

ˈinsulinized adj. treated with insulin.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > [adjective] > treated with specific drugs

citrated1757

oxalated1893

mercurialized1897

insulinized1928

strychninized1938

heparinized1940

reserpinized1955

1928 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 84 571 In both of these fishes the normal sugars are often even lower than the reduced sugars of the insulinized trout, scup and menhaden.

1969 Physiol. Chem. & Physics I. 355 (heading) The subsequent accumulation of labeled glucose by insulinized frog muscle at 0°C.

Draft additions 1997

insulin-dependent adj. Pathology designating or pertaining to a form of diabetes caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting cells, which is characterized by low or absent production of insulin and usually develops in childhood or youth.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > metabolic disorders > [adjective] > diabetes > types of

maturity-onset1959

insulin-dependent1961

non-insulin-dependent1970

juvenile-onset1975

type 11977

type 21977

1961 Dunlop & Duncan in D. Dunlop et al. Textbk. Med. Treatm. (ed. 8) 355 All diabetic children have insulin-dependent juvenile-type diabetes.

1983 K. G. M. M. Alberti & T. D. R. Hockaday in D. J. Weatherall et al. Oxf. Textbk. Med. I. ix. 6/1 It is probably preferable to use the type I, type II scheme, in that considerable confusion arises from the term ‘insulin-dependent’, which is often equated in practice with insulin-treated, which will depend on clinical practice and the state of the patient at a particular time.

1991 Lancet 3 Aug. 310/1 In December, 1989, a letter was published in The Lancet describing the results of administration of a microemulsion-derived formulation of oral insulin to three insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

Draft additions June 2013

insulin resistance n. impaired response to insulin resulting in elevated levels of glucose in the blood, originally described in diabetics receiving exogenous insulin and later recognized as a key component of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.

ΚΠ

1927 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 29 Oct. 66/2 The use of synthalin is a matter for each individual case, and..it should be tried in subjects with insulin resistance.

1962 Lancet 29 Dec. 1350/2 The diabetic syndrome in this patient was unusual in that he had severe hyperglycæmia, insulin resistance, and no ketonæmia.

2012 Western Mail (Nexis) 10 Sept. The principal causes of insulin resistance are genetic predisposition, obesity, lack of exercise..and an unhealthy diet.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1933; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	insulin
释义	insulinn. Brit. /ˈɪnsjᵿlɪn/, U.S. /ˈɪnsəlᵻn/ Forms: Also † insuline. Etymology: < Latin insula island (because it is produced by the islets of Langerhans) + -in suffix¹. Biochemistry. A polypeptide hormone (the amino-acid composition differing slightly from species to species) which is concerned with carbohydrate metabolism in man and some other vertebrates, being produced by the islets of Langerhans and having effects that include the removal of sugar from the blood (so that a deficiency of insulin causes diabetes mellitus) and the promotion of protein synthesis and fat storage. The name insulin(e) was proposed for the hormone on three separate occasions, each time independently: see quot. 1926. ΚΠ 1909 J. De Meyer in Archivio di Fisiol. VII. 96 Le produit de la sécrétion interne du pancréas (non denommé encore).., s'il dérive, comme nous le pensons, des ilots de Langerhans pourrait être appelé Insuline.] 1914 E. A. Schäfer Introd. Study Endocrine Glands 84 The results of pancreas-extirpation and pancreas-grafting can..be best explained by supposing that the islet-tissue produces an autacoid substance which passes into the blood and affects carbohydrate metabolism and carbohydrate storage in such a manner that there is no undue accumulation of glucose in the blood. Provisionally it will be convenient for description purposes to refer to this hypothetical autacoid as insuline. 1916 E. A. Schäfer Endocrine Organs xvii. 128 The islet tissue produces an autacoid which passes into the blood and affects carbohydrate metabolism... Provisionally it will be convenient to refer to this hypothetical autacoid as insuline. 1922 F. G. Banting et al. in Proc. & Trans. Royal Soc. Canada 16 v. 27 (heading) The preparation of pancreatic extracts containing insulin. 1922 F. G. Banting et al. in Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. LXII. 175 Purified alcoholic extracts of pancreas, for which we suggest the name insulin, when injected subcutaneously into normal rabbits cause the percentage of sugar in the blood to fall within a few hours. 1923 A. E. Housman Let. 16 May (1971) 213 When I saw the invention of Insulin I..expected to hear you were cured already. 1923 F. G. Banting Antidiabetic Funct. Pancreas 64 Insulin is administered from twenty minutes to a half hour before meals. 1926 E. A. Schäfer Endocrine Organs (ed. 2) II. xlix. 343 To this autacoid the name insulin is applied. [Note] The term was introduced by de Meyer (Arch. di fisiol., vii., 1909). In ignorance of this it was employed as a convenient term to denote the autacoid of the islet tissue in the first edition of this work, published in 1916. It was independently adopted by the Toronto workers [viz. F. G. Banting et al.] in 1922. 1930 Biochem. Jrnl. 24 1199 Insulin injected subcutaneously. 1956 Arch. Biochem. & Biophysics 65 427 The amino acid sequences in pig and sheep insulins were compared with that of cattle insulin... The only differences found were in the three residues occupying positions 8, 9, and 10 in the glycyl chain. 1959 Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 82 340 Most commercial preparations are mixtures of beef and pork insulin. 1968 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. xxv. 43/1 Insulin promotes all the known pathways of glucose disposal and transformation including glycogen storage, fat formation, total oxidation and the use of the hexose-monophosphate pathway. Compounds attributive and in other combinations. insulin shock n. hypoglycæmia resulting from excessive insulin in the body, producing nervousness, weakness, sweating and in extreme cases coma. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of blood > [noun] > deficiency of other substances hypinosis1845 anaemotrophy1860 hypoglycaemia1894 hypoleucocytosis1897 acapnia1898 leucopenia1898 hypothyroidism1905 hypocapnia1908 lymphopenia1909 hypoparathyroidism1910 neutropenia1915 thrombopenia1915 thrombocytopenia1921 agranulocytosis1923 hypocalcaemia1925 insulin shock1925 hypochloraemia1927 granulocytopenia1931 hypopotassaemia1932 hypomagnesaemia1933 hypoproteinaemia1934 hyponatraemia1935 hypophosphataemia1935 hypoprothrombinaemia1936 hypoalbuminaemia1937 sideropenia1938 afibrinogenaemia1941 pancytopenia1941 hypokalaemia1949 agammaglobulinaemia1952 hypogammaglobulinaemia1955 haemoglobinopathy1957 1925 Ann. Clin. Med. III. 381/1 In diabetics whose blood sugars were high, that is above 300 mgm., symptoms of insulin shock frequently have been observed when their blood sugars were rapidly reduced to within usual normal range. 1936 Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 85 504 Insulin shock stimulates metabolism in general and liver function in particular. 1958 H. Beckman Drugs xxxiv. 351/2 Epinephrine is used adjuvantly in combating insulin shock. insulin coma n. = insulin shock n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > stupor or coma > [noun] > specific coma coma vigil1708 hydrocephaloid disease1842 nitrogen narcosis1937 insulin coma1942 rapture of the deep1953 narks1962 1942 M. Dickens One Pair of Feet viii. 167 A policeman, who had mistaken an Insulin coma for a drunken stupor. 1959 Times 26 Mar. 15/5 Not for them the hashish-dream and the insulin-coma. 1972 Chem. Abstr. 77 135684 After more than 45 min in an insulin coma, administration of glucose..to the affected animals did not interrupt the coma. insulin treatment n. (also insulin shock treatment) a treatment for mental illness consisting of a course of artificially produced insulin comas (see quot. 1951). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > psychiatry > [noun] > shock treatments shock therapy1917 insulin treatment1938 photoshock1953 1938 Arch. Neurol. & Psychiatry (Chicago) 39 1 (title) Insulin shock treatment of schizophrenic patients. 1940 Ann. Internal Med. 14 393 The insulin treatment of schizophrenia owes its origin to an accidental observation made by Sakel in his treatment of morphine addicts. 1951 F. Hopkins in E. N. Chamberlain Text-bk. Med. ix. 692 Insulin shock treatment..consists of the induction of coma by the injection of insulin. When the optimum dose for the individual case has been ascertained, a coma is induced each day for five or six days a week until a course of 50 or thereabouts has been given. 1958 I. Murdoch Bell xxvi. 302 Catherine had been having insulin treatment and was continually under the influence of drugs. Derivatives ˈinsulinase n. [-ase suffix] an enzyme or enzyme system that breaks down insulin. ΚΠ 1949 Mirsky & Broh-Kahn in Arch. Biochem. XX. 8 Pending further investigation, it is proposed..to characterize the active principle in these extracts as ‘insulinase’. 1959 Metabolism 8 99 The liver is rich in an enzyme system designated ‘insulinase’, which causes cleavage of insulin; this system may be comprised of more than one enzyme. 1966 Chem. Abstr. 65 1157 The increased sensitivity of aged humans and animals towards hypoglycemics is probably due to decreased insulinase activity. ˈinsulinized adj. treated with insulin. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by medicine or drug > [adjective] > treated with specific drugs citrated1757 oxalated1893 mercurialized1897 insulinized1928 strychninized1938 heparinized1940 reserpinized1955 1928 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 84 571 In both of these fishes the normal sugars are often even lower than the reduced sugars of the insulinized trout, scup and menhaden. 1969 Physiol. Chem. & Physics I. 355 (heading) The subsequent accumulation of labeled glucose by insulinized frog muscle at 0°C. Draft additions 1997 insulin-dependent adj. Pathology designating or pertaining to a form of diabetes caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting cells, which is characterized by low or absent production of insulin and usually develops in childhood or youth. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > metabolic disorders > [adjective] > diabetes > types of maturity-onset1959 insulin-dependent1961 non-insulin-dependent1970 juvenile-onset1975 type 11977 type 21977 1961 Dunlop & Duncan in D. Dunlop et al. Textbk. Med. Treatm. (ed. 8) 355 All diabetic children have insulin-dependent juvenile-type diabetes. 1983 K. G. M. M. Alberti & T. D. R. Hockaday in D. J. Weatherall et al. Oxf. Textbk. Med. I. ix. 6/1 It is probably preferable to use the type I, type II scheme, in that considerable confusion arises from the term ‘insulin-dependent’, which is often equated in practice with insulin-treated, which will depend on clinical practice and the state of the patient at a particular time. 1991 Lancet 3 Aug. 310/1 In December, 1989, a letter was published in The Lancet describing the results of administration of a microemulsion-derived formulation of oral insulin to three insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Draft additions June 2013 insulin resistance n. impaired response to insulin resulting in elevated levels of glucose in the blood, originally described in diabetics receiving exogenous insulin and later recognized as a key component of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. ΚΠ 1927 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 29 Oct. 66/2 The use of synthalin is a matter for each individual case, and..it should be tried in subjects with insulin resistance. 1962 Lancet 29 Dec. 1350/2 The diabetic syndrome in this patient was unusual in that he had severe hyperglycæmia, insulin resistance, and no ketonæmia. 2012 Western Mail (Nexis) 10 Sept. The principal causes of insulin resistance are genetic predisposition, obesity, lack of exercise..and an unhealthy diet. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1933; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1914
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