justificationn.

Brit.

/ˌdʒʌstᵻfᵻˈkeɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌdʒəstəfəˈkeɪʃən/

Forms: Middle English iustificacioun, Middle English iustificacoun, Middle English iustificacyoun, Middle English–1500s iustyfycacyon, Middle English–1500s justyfycacyon, Middle English–1600s iustificacion, Middle English–1600s iustification, Middle English–1600s justificacion, Middle English–1600s justyficacion, 1500s iustefication, 1500s iustificacyon, 1500s iustificatyon, 1500s iustifycacion, 1500s iustifycacyon, 1500s iustifycatyon, 1500s iustyfycacion, 1500s iustyfycation, 1500s iustyfycatyon, 1500s justificacyon, 1500s justyffycasyon, 1500s–1600s iustifycation, 1500s– justification, 1600s justifycation; also Scottish pre-1700 iustificatioun, pre-1700 justificatiounn.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French justification; Latin justification-, justificatio.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman justificacioun, justificaciun, justificatioun, justificatiun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French justificacion, Anglo-Norman and Middle French justification (French justification ) action whereby God frees human beings from the penalty of sin, fact or condition of being justified in the eyes of God (first half of the 14th cent.), (in legal use) the showing or maintaining in court of sufficient reason for having committed the act to be answered for (a1342 or earlier), (in printing) action of adjusting matrices (1569), in Anglo-Norman also ordinance, commandment, precept (first half of the 12th cent.), administration of justice, punishment (c1440 or earlier), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin justification-, justificatio representation of a person or action as just or righteous (Vetus Latina), law, precept, ordinance, action whereby a person is justified and made righteous by God (Vulgate), act of testifying, oath or testimony (from 12th cent. in British sources), condemnation, punishment, exoneration, vindication, verification of a claim (from 13th cent. in British sources) < justificat- , past participial stem of justificare justify v. + classical Latin -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare justifying n.Compare Spanish justificación (a1412, earliest in sense 3), Portuguese justificação (15th cent.), Italian giustificazione (a1342). In sense 5b after justify v. 7b. In sense 6 after justify v. 8; compare French justification (1569 in Middle French in this sense).

1. Theology (Christian Church). The action whereby human beings are freed from the penalty of sin and accounted or made righteous by God; the fact or condition of being justified in the eyes of God. N.E.D (1901) states the divergent understandings of justification stemming from the Reformation as follows: ‘Protestant theologians regard justification as an act of grace in which God accounts human beings righteous, not owing to any merit of their own, but through imputation of Christ's righteousness, as apprehended and received by faith. Roman Catholic theologians hold that it consists in being made really righteous by infusion of grace, such justification being a work continuous and progressive from its initiation.’See also grace of justification n. at grace n. Phrases 1a.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > grace > righteousness > [noun] > justification

justificationc1384

justifyingc1384

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > exculpation > justification in theology

justificationc1384

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Rom. v. 16 Sothli dom of oon in to condempnacioun, grace forsothe of manye giltis..in to iustificacioun [L. iustificationem].

c1400 Prose Versions New Test.: Rom. (Selwyn) (1904) viii. 10 (MED) Ȝif þat Crist is in ȝow, þanne is þe body deed for sunne; but þe spiryt lyueþ for iustificacyoun.

c1520 M. Nisbet New Test. in Scots (1905) III. 135 (margin) Yit dois the scripture ofttymes ascriwe the justificatiounn to outwarde deidis.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection Pref. sig. a This grace is called the grace of iustifycacion, or grace iustifyeng, for it iustifyeth our soules before god.

1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. iii. xi. sig. f. 172 We simply expound iustification to be an acceptation, whereby God receiuing us into favour, taketh us for righteous.

?1563 tr. Articles agreed by Archbysshops, & Bisshops .M.D.lxii sig. Av^v Of the iustification of Man... That we are iustified by fayth only, it is a moste wholsome doctrine, and full of comforte.

a1600 R. Hooker Learned Disc. (1612) 5 The first receipt of grace in their [sc. Catholics'] divinity, is the first iustification; the increase thereof, the second iustification.

1675 T. Brooks Golden Key 73 Justification doth not increase or decrease, but all sin is pardoned at the first act of believing.

1722 H. Stebbing Disc. Several Subj. ii. 44 That justification..consists not merely in our being adjudged or declared righteous before God, but implies also our being accepted to the Reward of Eternal Life.

1771 J. Wesley Serm. in Wks. I. v. 101 The plain scriptural notion of justification is pardon, the forgiveness of sins.

1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. vi. 519 The tenet of justification or salvation by faith alone.

1857 G. Potessaro tr. P. G. Levshin Orthodox Doctr. Apostolic Eastern Church ii. xi. 93 As soon as man is justified by faith, he is bound to show such faith by his works, and keep the obtained justification by the observance of the Divine commandments.

1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) 495/2 To the Catholic, sanctification and justification are the same thing, or at most two aspects of the same thing—viz. of the act by which God makes a soul just and holy in his sight.

1920 Proc. Wesley Hist. Soc. 12 94 A section of the Nonconformists..had renounced the Calvinistic view of the imputation of the righteousness of Christ in Justification.

1971 J. R. W. Stott Basic Christianity (ed. 2) xi. 136 When we first come to Christ in repentance and faith, we receive a ‘bath’ (which is justification, and is outwardly symbolized in baptism).

2003 C. S. Tyneh Orthodox Christianity iii. xiv. 88 The primary conditions for our justification are our faith in Christ the Saviour and the good works that spring from our virtues and our holy life.

†2. Administration of justice or the law; legal redress, execution of sentence; Scottish capital punishment. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > [noun]

jurisdictiona1300

justicec1325

justificationa1419

justicinga1460

law?a1513

judicature1530

judicatorya1583

justice business1649

justicement1685

the Hall1738

justice system1837

society > authority > punishment > capital punishment > [noun]

deatheOE

justificationa1419

capital punishment1581

death penalty1836

rope1934

a1419 Let. in Mod. Lang. Rev. (1927) 22 74 (MED) We make a protestacon, and we may recovere here in þis court, þagh it lay in oure power to persewe elleswhere for our ryght, We holden my lordys court so suffisaunt for us þat we nyll never seche other iustificacoun.

c1450 tr. Secreta Secret. (Royal) 18 Criyng of vengeaunce for mannys deth, vnto the tyme that god hath herde hem and done his iustificacioun in vengeaunce doyng.

a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 211 (MED) Whan he shall Iustificacion done, he sholde noone dyuersite of Persones make.

1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxlix Howe shulde mercy ben proued and no trespeace were, by due iustifycacion to be punysshed?

1878 J. Veitch Hist. Sc. Border ix. 286 A not less memorable case of ‘justification’, was that of Adam Scott.

†3. An ordinance; a commandment; (also) an observance. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > command > command or bidding > [noun] > ordinance, prescription, or appointment > an ordinance or authoritative utterance

setnessc950

sandc1000

edict1297

statutec1300

proclamationa1325

justifyinga1382

rescritec1384

decree?a1400

thewsc1400

justification?a1475

ordinationc1499

dictamena1513

golden bull1537

dictate1604

process1604

dictament1615

dictation1651

fiata1750

diktat1941

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1871) III. 365 (MED) Aristotille..made..iustificationes [a1387 Trevisa tr. statutes to iustefie; L. justificationes] of cites of Grewe [i.e. Greece].

a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 131 Good it is to me, lorde, þat þou hast mekid me, þat I mowe lerne þi iustificacions.

1545 G. Joye Expos. Daniel (xii.) f. 218^v Tyranously shall they fyght for their owne inuented iustificacions and inuocacions of their dead saints.

1582 Bible (Rheims) Luke i. 6 Walking in al the commaundements and iustifications [L. iustificationibus] of our Lord without blame.

1609 Bible (Douay) I. Num. ix. 3 Let the children of Israel make the Pasch in his time..according to al the ceremonies and iustifications [L. iustificationes] therof.

1634 P. Harris Fratres Sobrii Estote ii. 51 He exposeth himselfe to labour, and danger, inclining his heart to all the justifications of our Lord.

1662 G. Leyburn Holy Characters i. xix. 111 Priest Zacharias, and his wife Elizabeth were both iust before God, and walked in all the commandements, and iustifications of our lord without reproof.

a. The action of or result of showing something to be just, right, or reasonable; vindication. Also: the grounds on which this is done; a justifying circumstance; a good reason.In quot. 1641: verification, proof.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > proof, demonstration > [noun] > act of proving, verification

verifyinga1325

soothinga1400

averment1429

verefiancea1450

verment1472

justificationa1500

verification1523

demonstrating1598

evidencing1609

averral1611

averring1642

evincement1651

validation1656

substantiation1787

cross check1839

constatationa1916

a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 64 (MED) Sorowe and purpos of makyng confession to a preste with a perfite herte..ben sufficiaunt and tristefull þrouȝ iustificacion of the auctoritees beforeseide.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. cxxxiii^v With many couert wordys to the..Iustyfycacion of hymselfe and excusynge of his owne dedys.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 240^v Yet was he gladde to haue it tryed by iustice for the better iustification of his cause.

1641 Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia sig. D2 This Lord Norris, whose Father..in the busines of her Brother died in a noble cause, and in the Justification of her innocency.

a1680 S. Charnock Two Disc. (1699) 100 Many resolve upon some ways of wickedness, and then rake the Scripture to find out, at least Excuses and Evasions for it, if not a justification for their Crimes.

1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. ix. 164 Any thing..can be urged in Justification of Revenge.

1795 R. Adair Whig's Apol. 159 I am offering you nothing by way of justification for his conduct.

1823 T. De Quincey Lett. Young Man in London Mag. Feb. 191/2 The metre, and the style..would immediately have lost their justification.

1866 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 156 689 He does not enter into any explicit justification of the claims.

1870 C. E. L. Riddell Austin Friars iii She could plead so much in her own justification.

1928 Biochem. Jrnl. 22 790 There is..no justification for calling vitamin B₂ a ‘growth factor’ in contradistinction to vitamin B₁.

1970 R. F. Miller One Hundred Thousand Tractors iv. xiv. 341 They argued, with some justification perhaps, that the kolkhozes were unable to use and maintain their expensive equipment properly.

2002 M. Holroyd Wks. on Paper 21 Biography can humanise our history—that is one of its justifications.

b. A justifying statement; a spoken, written, or printed defence.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication > formal or written

justification?1568

apologetic1640

apologia1784

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > that which

warrant1597

justification1716

warranty1836

?1568 tr. Declar. Prince of Orange Def. against Duke of Alba sig. A.vii^v Of which pointes as of all other affairs of the low country, ye shal finde more ample declaration in our iustification now of late set-forth by vs.

1677 Bp. G. Burnet Mem. Dukes of Hamilton ii. 33 The Originals, and other authentick Justifications of that Declaration, are in my hands.

1716 J. Digby tr. A. de Wicquefort Embassador & his Functions ii. ix. 355/2 His Justification was not Well receiv'd.

1748 Gentleman's Mag. June 272/2 The people of North Holland..have printed a justification of their proceedings.

1800 New Ann. Reg. 1799 Brit. & Foreign Hist. 362/1 The former has since published a justification of his conduct.

1864 Brit. Controversialist 3rd Ser. 180 I remember to have read a justification of the stage by Mr. Bunn, on the score of its moral tendencies.

1911 G. L. Bell Amurath to Amurath viii. 294 Kas Mattai..shouted a justification of our existence.

1960 A. N. L. Munby Dispersal Phillipps Libr. iii. 24 This eloquent justification left Wilmanns unconvinced.

2004 R. Feltoe Gentleman of Substance viii. 81/1 The Conservative press wrote long justifications for the ‘natural’ anger of the population at a ‘betrayal’ perpetrated by their own Government.

5. Law.

a. The showing or maintaining in court of sufficient reason for having committed the act to be answered for; a circumstance affording grounds for, or offered as, such a defence.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [noun] > a pleading or plea > pleas in justification > maintaining or justifying a claim or act

averment1514

justification1527

avowry1531

avowance1642

1527 Statutes Prohemium Iohannis Rastell (new ed.) f. lvii^v Euery auouant and other person that makyth auowry conusaunce or iustificacyon as baylyf to a nother person.

1540 R. Taverner Princ. Lawes Customes & Estatutes Eng. sig. I.viii^v If y^e same avowrye conysaunce or iustification be found for them.., then they shal recouer their damagies and costes.

1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. Pp4^v/1 Iustification, is an vpholding or shewing a good reason in courte, why he did such a thing as he is called to answere.

1660 Exact Accompt Trial Regicides 19 If you have any thing of Justification, plead Not guilty.

1735 tr. Rep. Sir H. Yelverton (ed. 3) 116 The Defendant pleaded an insufficient Justification, on which thy were at Issue, and it was found for the Plaintiff.

1809 T. E. Tomlins Jacob's Law-dict. (at cited word) If the action concern a local thing, a Justification in one place is not a Justification in another place.

1852 G. Van Sandvoort Treat. Princ. Pleading vii. 406 A simple averment that it [sc. a libel] was true without setting forth..time, place, persons, and the particular acts which the defendant intends to give in evidence in support of his defence of justification is bad pleading.

1883 Wharton's Law-lexicon (ed. 7) (at cited word) A defence of justification is a defence showing the libel to be true, or in an action of assault showing the violence to have been necessary.

1907 Illinois Law Rev. Mar. 528 The defendant's justification for the trespass was that of individual right as a citizen at common law, not the State's authority to him under the New York statute.

1998 P. Mason & D. Smith Mag. Law iii. 19 Of the many ways there are to defend a libel action, justification is the most difficult to sustain.

b. The justifying of bail: see justify v. 7b.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > bailing or bail > [noun] > justifying of bail

justificationa1733

a1733 Ld. Raymond Rep. Courts King's Bench & Common Pleas (1743) 1 445 At the return of the writ he put in bail before Mr. justice Rokeby, to which not being sufficient, Dodd's attorney excepted; and for want of justification of this bail, or of putting in of better bail, obtained an assignment of the bail-bond.

1741 Clerk's Instructor Pract. Court King's Bench I. 68 (heading) Affidavit of Justification of Bail.

1781 W. Blackstone Rep. II. 1179 After many nugatory notices of justification, the defendant's bail appeared in Court to justify.

1840 Law Mag. 23 142 Defendant telling a bail that his principal was likely to abscond, procured from him directions for him to take his affidavit of justification off the file.

1886 Philadelphia Times 10 Apr. Mr. M—— said that Recorder S—— had fixed bail at $25,000, and justification in $50,000 would be enough.

1907 A. Weir Law of Probate App. 475 (heading) Affidavit of justification by sureties.

1991 F. E. Devine Commerc. Bail Bonding ii. 30 In the course of entering his suretyship he had made an affidavit in justification of bail in which he had sworn that he had not been indemnified.

6. Chiefly Printing and Computing. The action or result of adjusting something to an exact shape, size, or position; the action or result of justifying type, text, etc. See justify v. 8.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > type founding > [noun] > forming correct matrix

justification1672

justifying1672

1672 T. Marshall Let. 19 Jan. in H. Hart Notes Cent. Typogr. Oxf. (1900) 165/2 To expedite y^e justification of Matrices.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Foundry The Justification, as to Thickness, is made on a piece of Marble; and that for the Height, on an iron Compositor. The Justification of the Height, is guided by the m of some Body of Characters already justified.

1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. iv. 100 It is impracticable to bring a line to the same exact justification which it had before such alteration was made.

1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. 133 No reasonable excuse either for bad justification or improper spacing.

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) III. 644 When he comes to the end of his line, and finds that he has a syllable or word which will not fill out the measure, he has to perform a task which requires considerable care and taste. This is called justification.

1923 Los Angeles School Jrnl. 2 Jan. 28 Every line is..carefully analyzed in every detail of spacing and justification.

1960 B. L. Ullman Origin & Devel. Humanistic Script 128 The careful scribe avoided writing beyond the fourth rule. Thus complete justification at the right was not generally achieved.

1990 Amiga Computing Dec. 30/1 (advt.) Alternatively you can switch to line-by-line mode, which offers word-wrap, justification and proportional spacing so that you can edit each line before it's printed.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	justification
释义	justificationn. Brit. /ˌdʒʌstᵻfᵻˈkeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌdʒəstəfəˈkeɪʃən/ Forms: Middle English iustificacioun, Middle English iustificacoun, Middle English iustificacyoun, Middle English–1500s iustyfycacyon, Middle English–1500s justyfycacyon, Middle English–1600s iustificacion, Middle English–1600s iustification, Middle English–1600s justificacion, Middle English–1600s justyficacion, 1500s iustefication, 1500s iustificacyon, 1500s iustificatyon, 1500s iustifycacion, 1500s iustifycacyon, 1500s iustifycatyon, 1500s iustyfycacion, 1500s iustyfycation, 1500s iustyfycatyon, 1500s justificacyon, 1500s justyffycasyon, 1500s–1600s iustifycation, 1500s– justification, 1600s justifycation; also Scottish pre-1700 iustificatioun, pre-1700 justificatiounn. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French justification; Latin justification-, justificatio. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman justificacioun, justificaciun, justificatioun, justificatiun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French justificacion, Anglo-Norman and Middle French justification (French justification ) action whereby God frees human beings from the penalty of sin, fact or condition of being justified in the eyes of God (first half of the 14th cent.), (in legal use) the showing or maintaining in court of sufficient reason for having committed the act to be answered for (a1342 or earlier), (in printing) action of adjusting matrices (1569), in Anglo-Norman also ordinance, commandment, precept (first half of the 12th cent.), administration of justice, punishment (c1440 or earlier), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin justification-, justificatio representation of a person or action as just or righteous (Vetus Latina), law, precept, ordinance, action whereby a person is justified and made righteous by God (Vulgate), act of testifying, oath or testimony (from 12th cent. in British sources), condemnation, punishment, exoneration, vindication, verification of a claim (from 13th cent. in British sources) < justificat- , past participial stem of justificare justify v. + classical Latin -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare justifying n.Compare Spanish justificación (a1412, earliest in sense 3), Portuguese justificação (15th cent.), Italian giustificazione (a1342). In sense 5b after justify v. 7b. In sense 6 after justify v. 8; compare French justification (1569 in Middle French in this sense). 1. Theology (Christian Church). The action whereby human beings are freed from the penalty of sin and accounted or made righteous by God; the fact or condition of being justified in the eyes of God. N.E.D (1901) states the divergent understandings of justification stemming from the Reformation as follows: ‘Protestant theologians regard justification as an act of grace in which God accounts human beings righteous, not owing to any merit of their own, but through imputation of Christ's righteousness, as apprehended and received by faith. Roman Catholic theologians hold that it consists in being made really righteous by infusion of grace, such justification being a work continuous and progressive from its initiation.’See also grace of justification n. at grace n. Phrases 1a. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > grace > righteousness > [noun] > justification justificationc1384 justifyingc1384 society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > exculpation > justification in theology justificationc1384 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Rom. v. 16 Sothli dom of oon in to condempnacioun, grace forsothe of manye giltis..in to iustificacioun [L. iustificationem]. c1400 Prose Versions New Test.: Rom. (Selwyn) (1904) viii. 10 (MED) Ȝif þat Crist is in ȝow, þanne is þe body deed for sunne; but þe spiryt lyueþ for iustificacyoun. c1520 M. Nisbet New Test. in Scots (1905) III. 135 (margin) Yit dois the scripture ofttymes ascriwe the justificatiounn to outwarde deidis. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection Pref. sig. a This grace is called the grace of iustifycacion, or grace iustifyeng, for it iustifyeth our soules before god. 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. iii. xi. sig. f. 172 We simply expound iustification to be an acceptation, whereby God receiuing us into favour, taketh us for righteous. ?1563 tr. Articles agreed by Archbysshops, & Bisshops .M.D.lxii sig. Av^v Of the iustification of Man... That we are iustified by fayth only, it is a moste wholsome doctrine, and full of comforte. a1600 R. Hooker Learned Disc. (1612) 5 The first receipt of grace in their [sc. Catholics'] divinity, is the first iustification; the increase thereof, the second iustification. 1675 T. Brooks Golden Key 73 Justification doth not increase or decrease, but all sin is pardoned at the first act of believing. 1722 H. Stebbing Disc. Several Subj. ii. 44 That justification..consists not merely in our being adjudged or declared righteous before God, but implies also our being accepted to the Reward of Eternal Life. 1771 J. Wesley Serm. in Wks. I. v. 101 The plain scriptural notion of justification is pardon, the forgiveness of sins. 1837 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe I. vi. 519 The tenet of justification or salvation by faith alone. 1857 G. Potessaro tr. P. G. Levshin Orthodox Doctr. Apostolic Eastern Church ii. xi. 93 As soon as man is justified by faith, he is bound to show such faith by his works, and keep the obtained justification by the observance of the Divine commandments. 1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) 495/2 To the Catholic, sanctification and justification are the same thing, or at most two aspects of the same thing—viz. of the act by which God makes a soul just and holy in his sight. 1920 Proc. Wesley Hist. Soc. 12 94 A section of the Nonconformists..had renounced the Calvinistic view of the imputation of the righteousness of Christ in Justification. 1971 J. R. W. Stott Basic Christianity (ed. 2) xi. 136 When we first come to Christ in repentance and faith, we receive a ‘bath’ (which is justification, and is outwardly symbolized in baptism). 2003 C. S. Tyneh Orthodox Christianity iii. xiv. 88 The primary conditions for our justification are our faith in Christ the Saviour and the good works that spring from our virtues and our holy life. †2. Administration of justice or the law; legal redress, execution of sentence; Scottish capital punishment. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > [noun] jurisdictiona1300 justicec1325 justificationa1419 justicinga1460 law?a1513 judicature1530 judicatorya1583 justice business1649 justicement1685 the Hall1738 justice system1837 society > authority > punishment > capital punishment > [noun] deatheOE justificationa1419 capital punishment1581 death penalty1836 rope1934 a1419 Let. in Mod. Lang. Rev. (1927) 22 74 (MED) We make a protestacon, and we may recovere here in þis court, þagh it lay in oure power to persewe elleswhere for our ryght, We holden my lordys court so suffisaunt for us þat we nyll never seche other iustificacoun. c1450 tr. Secreta Secret. (Royal) 18 Criyng of vengeaunce for mannys deth, vnto the tyme that god hath herde hem and done his iustificacioun in vengeaunce doyng. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 211 (MED) Whan he shall Iustificacion done, he sholde noone dyuersite of Persones make. 1532 (c1385) Usk's Test. Loue in Wks. G. Chaucer ii. f. cccxlix Howe shulde mercy ben proued and no trespeace were, by due iustifycacion to be punysshed? 1878 J. Veitch Hist. Sc. Border ix. 286 A not less memorable case of ‘justification’, was that of Adam Scott. †3. An ordinance; a commandment; (also) an observance. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > command > command or bidding > [noun] > ordinance, prescription, or appointment > an ordinance or authoritative utterance setnessc950 sandc1000 edict1297 statutec1300 proclamationa1325 justifyinga1382 rescritec1384 decree?a1400 thewsc1400 justification?a1475 ordinationc1499 dictamena1513 golden bull1537 dictate1604 process1604 dictament1615 dictation1651 fiata1750 diktat1941 ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1871) III. 365 (MED) Aristotille..made..iustificationes [a1387 Trevisa tr. statutes to iustefie; L. justificationes] of cites of Grewe [i.e. Greece]. a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 131 Good it is to me, lorde, þat þou hast mekid me, þat I mowe lerne þi iustificacions. 1545 G. Joye Expos. Daniel (xii.) f. 218^v Tyranously shall they fyght for their owne inuented iustificacions and inuocacions of their dead saints. 1582 Bible (Rheims) Luke i. 6 Walking in al the commaundements and iustifications [L. iustificationibus] of our Lord without blame. 1609 Bible (Douay) I. Num. ix. 3 Let the children of Israel make the Pasch in his time..according to al the ceremonies and iustifications [L. iustificationes] therof. 1634 P. Harris Fratres Sobrii Estote ii. 51 He exposeth himselfe to labour, and danger, inclining his heart to all the justifications of our Lord. 1662 G. Leyburn Holy Characters i. xix. 111 Priest Zacharias, and his wife Elizabeth were both iust before God, and walked in all the commandements, and iustifications of our lord without reproof. 4. a. The action of or result of showing something to be just, right, or reasonable; vindication. Also: the grounds on which this is done; a justifying circumstance; a good reason.In quot. 1641: verification, proof. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > proof, demonstration > [noun] > act of proving, verification verifyinga1325 soothinga1400 averment1429 verefiancea1450 verment1472 justificationa1500 verification1523 demonstrating1598 evidencing1609 averral1611 averring1642 evincement1651 validation1656 substantiation1787 cross check1839 constatationa1916 a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 64 (MED) Sorowe and purpos of makyng confession to a preste with a perfite herte..ben sufficiaunt and tristefull þrouȝ iustificacion of the auctoritees beforeseide. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. cxxxiii^v With many couert wordys to the..Iustyfycacion of hymselfe and excusynge of his owne dedys. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 240^v Yet was he gladde to haue it tryed by iustice for the better iustification of his cause. 1641 Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia sig. D2 This Lord Norris, whose Father..in the busines of her Brother died in a noble cause, and in the Justification of her innocency. a1680 S. Charnock Two Disc. (1699) 100 Many resolve upon some ways of wickedness, and then rake the Scripture to find out, at least Excuses and Evasions for it, if not a justification for their Crimes. 1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. ix. 164 Any thing..can be urged in Justification of Revenge. 1795 R. Adair Whig's Apol. 159 I am offering you nothing by way of justification for his conduct. 1823 T. De Quincey Lett. Young Man in London Mag. Feb. 191/2 The metre, and the style..would immediately have lost their justification. 1866 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 156 689 He does not enter into any explicit justification of the claims. 1870 C. E. L. Riddell Austin Friars iii She could plead so much in her own justification. 1928 Biochem. Jrnl. 22 790 There is..no justification for calling vitamin B₂ a ‘growth factor’ in contradistinction to vitamin B₁. 1970 R. F. Miller One Hundred Thousand Tractors iv. xiv. 341 They argued, with some justification perhaps, that the kolkhozes were unable to use and maintain their expensive equipment properly. 2002 M. Holroyd Wks. on Paper 21 Biography can humanise our history—that is one of its justifications. b. A justifying statement; a spoken, written, or printed defence. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication > formal or written justification?1568 apologetic1640 apologia1784 society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > that which warrant1597 justification1716 warranty1836 ?1568 tr. Declar. Prince of Orange Def. against Duke of Alba sig. A.vii^v Of which pointes as of all other affairs of the low country, ye shal finde more ample declaration in our iustification now of late set-forth by vs. 1677 Bp. G. Burnet Mem. Dukes of Hamilton ii. 33 The Originals, and other authentick Justifications of that Declaration, are in my hands. 1716 J. Digby tr. A. de Wicquefort Embassador & his Functions ii. ix. 355/2 His Justification was not Well receiv'd. 1748 Gentleman's Mag. June 272/2 The people of North Holland..have printed a justification of their proceedings. 1800 New Ann. Reg. 1799 Brit. & Foreign Hist. 362/1 The former has since published a justification of his conduct. 1864 Brit. Controversialist 3rd Ser. 180 I remember to have read a justification of the stage by Mr. Bunn, on the score of its moral tendencies. 1911 G. L. Bell Amurath to Amurath viii. 294 Kas Mattai..shouted a justification of our existence. 1960 A. N. L. Munby Dispersal Phillipps Libr. iii. 24 This eloquent justification left Wilmanns unconvinced. 2004 R. Feltoe Gentleman of Substance viii. 81/1 The Conservative press wrote long justifications for the ‘natural’ anger of the population at a ‘betrayal’ perpetrated by their own Government. 5. Law. a. The showing or maintaining in court of sufficient reason for having committed the act to be answered for; a circumstance affording grounds for, or offered as, such a defence. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [noun] > a pleading or plea > pleas in justification > maintaining or justifying a claim or act averment1514 justification1527 avowry1531 avowance1642 1527 Statutes Prohemium Iohannis Rastell (new ed.) f. lvii^v Euery auouant and other person that makyth auowry conusaunce or iustificacyon as baylyf to a nother person. 1540 R. Taverner Princ. Lawes Customes & Estatutes Eng. sig. I.viii^v If y^e same avowrye conysaunce or iustification be found for them.., then they shal recouer their damagies and costes. 1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. Pp4^v/1 Iustification, is an vpholding or shewing a good reason in courte, why he did such a thing as he is called to answere. 1660 Exact Accompt Trial Regicides 19 If you have any thing of Justification, plead Not guilty. 1735 tr. Rep. Sir H. Yelverton (ed. 3) 116 The Defendant pleaded an insufficient Justification, on which thy were at Issue, and it was found for the Plaintiff. 1809 T. E. Tomlins Jacob's Law-dict. (at cited word) If the action concern a local thing, a Justification in one place is not a Justification in another place. 1852 G. Van Sandvoort Treat. Princ. Pleading vii. 406 A simple averment that it [sc. a libel] was true without setting forth..time, place, persons, and the particular acts which the defendant intends to give in evidence in support of his defence of justification is bad pleading. 1883 Wharton's Law-lexicon (ed. 7) (at cited word) A defence of justification is a defence showing the libel to be true, or in an action of assault showing the violence to have been necessary. 1907 Illinois Law Rev. Mar. 528 The defendant's justification for the trespass was that of individual right as a citizen at common law, not the State's authority to him under the New York statute. 1998 P. Mason & D. Smith Mag. Law iii. 19 Of the many ways there are to defend a libel action, justification is the most difficult to sustain. b. The justifying of bail: see justify v. 7b. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > bailing or bail > [noun] > justifying of bail justificationa1733 a1733 Ld. Raymond Rep. Courts King's Bench & Common Pleas (1743) 1 445 At the return of the writ he put in bail before Mr. justice Rokeby, to which not being sufficient, Dodd's attorney excepted; and for want of justification of this bail, or of putting in of better bail, obtained an assignment of the bail-bond. 1741 Clerk's Instructor Pract. Court King's Bench I. 68 (heading) Affidavit of Justification of Bail. 1781 W. Blackstone Rep. II. 1179 After many nugatory notices of justification, the defendant's bail appeared in Court to justify. 1840 Law Mag. 23 142 Defendant telling a bail that his principal was likely to abscond, procured from him directions for him to take his affidavit of justification off the file. 1886 Philadelphia Times 10 Apr. Mr. M—— said that Recorder S—— had fixed bail at $25,000, and justification in $50,000 would be enough. 1907 A. Weir Law of Probate App. 475 (heading) Affidavit of justification by sureties. 1991 F. E. Devine Commerc. Bail Bonding ii. 30 In the course of entering his suretyship he had made an affidavit in justification of bail in which he had sworn that he had not been indemnified. 6. Chiefly Printing and Computing. The action or result of adjusting something to an exact shape, size, or position; the action or result of justifying type, text, etc. See justify v. 8. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > type founding > [noun] > forming correct matrix justification1672 justifying1672 1672 T. Marshall Let. 19 Jan. in H. Hart Notes Cent. Typogr. Oxf. (1900) 165/2 To expedite y^e justification of Matrices. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Foundry The Justification, as to Thickness, is made on a piece of Marble; and that for the Height, on an iron Compositor. The Justification of the Height, is guided by the m of some Body of Characters already justified. 1755 J. Smith Printer's Gram. iv. 100 It is impracticable to bring a line to the same exact justification which it had before such alteration was made. 1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. 133 No reasonable excuse either for bad justification or improper spacing. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) III. 644 When he comes to the end of his line, and finds that he has a syllable or word which will not fill out the measure, he has to perform a task which requires considerable care and taste. This is called justification. 1923 Los Angeles School Jrnl. 2 Jan. 28 Every line is..carefully analyzed in every detail of spacing and justification. 1960 B. L. Ullman Origin & Devel. Humanistic Script 128 The careful scribe avoided writing beyond the fourth rule. Thus complete justification at the right was not generally achieved. 1990 Amiga Computing Dec. 30/1 (advt.) Alternatively you can switch to line-by-line mode, which offers word-wrap, justification and proportional spacing so that you can edit each line before it's printed. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1384
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