kernkernen.1
/kəːn/, U.S. /kərn/, Irish English /kəːrn/ 1.
a. Historical. A light-armed Irish foot-soldier (cf. quot. c1600); one of the poorer class among the ‘wild Irish’, from whom such soldiers were drawn. (Sometimes applied to Scottish Highlanders.)Stanyhurst divides the followers of an Irish chief into five classes—daltins or boys, grooms, kerns, gallowglasses, and horsemen.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by branch of army > [noun] > foot-soldier > types of
kern1351
brigand?a1400
yeomana1400
peltast1600
miquelet1670
appointee1728
hoplite1728
light-bob1778
askar1826
zephyr1847
dough1909
society > society and the community > social class > the common people > low rank or condition > [noun] > person > specifically Irish
kernaugh1535
kern1589
shanty Irishman1934
1351 in Hist. MSS Comm.: 10th Rep.: App. Pt. V: MSS Marquis of Ormonde &c. (1885) 257 in Parl. Papers (C. 4576-I) XLII. 1 Que nul..ne tiegne kernes, hobelours ne udives gentz en terre.
1351 in Hist. MSS Comm.: 10th Rep.: App. Pt. V: MSS Marquis of Ormonde &c. (1885) 257 in Parl. Papers (C. 4576-I) XLII. 1 De kerne ou nul altre prenge nul manere des vitailles ou altre biens.
1358 Ord Hibern. (31 Edw. III, m. 11, 12) in Blount Law Dict. Nec non de illis qui dicuntur homines ociosi, et malefactoribus, qui etiam Kernys dicuntur.
1423 Rolls Parl. IV. 199/1 What tyme the same Kernes hadde hym in governance, they bette hym.
1589 Voy. W. Towrson in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations i. 112 The South part of Irelande..The countrey people, which were wilde Kernes.
1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II ii. i. 157 Now for our Irish wars, We must supplant those rough rugheaded kerne [1623 Kernes], Which liue like venome. View more context for this quotation
c1600 J. Dymmok Treat. Ireland (1842) 7 The kerne is a kinde of footeman, sleightly armed with a sworde, a targett of woode, or a bow and sheafe of arrows with barbed heades, or els 3 dartes.
1700 J. Dryden To Dutchess of Ormond in Fables sig. A2v Hibernia, prostrate at Your Feet... The sturdy Kerns in due Subjection stand.
1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake v. 210 Soars thy presumption, then, so high, Because a wretched kerne ye slew?
1873 W. H. Dixon Hist. Two Queens I. iv. viii. 227 He was..bribing Irish kernes to rise against the English rule.
b. In collective sense; †originally a troop or band of Irish foot-soldiers (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > warriors collectively > [noun] > Irish
kerna1500
Feinne1782
Shanavests1811
Fenian1816
society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by branch of army > [noun] > foot-soldier > types of > collectively
kern1612
a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 133 He slowe the same Waltere wyth a grete kerne dyscomfitid.
1550 in Acts Privy Council (1891) III. 79 To paie the waiges of the Kerne being at Chester and at London.
1612 J. Davies Discouerie Causes Ireland 243 Horsemen and Kearn shold not be imposed vppon the Common people, to bee fed and maintained by them.
1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia i. iv. 33 Iohn Fits Thomas accompanied with one hundred Kerne.
1813 W. Scott Rokeby v. x. 221 I've seen a ring of rugged kerne, With aspects shaggy, wild, and stern.
1872 Deeside Tales 125 (E.D.D.) The kern were makan' aff wi' a stirkie frae Rhineton as well.
2. transferred. A rustic, peasant, country person; †contemptuously vagabond, rascal (obsolete). Now rare.
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the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > rustic or peasant
tillman940
churla1000
ploughman1223
bondmanc1250
bondc1275
ploughswain1296
countrymanc1300
boundec1320
Hobc1325
charla1400
landmana1400
Jack (John) Upland1402
carlc1405
bowerc1430
peasanta1450
rurala1475
agrest1480
bergier1480
carlleina1500
rustical?1532
ploughboy1544
boor1548
rusticc1550
kern1556
tillsman1561
clown1563
Jocka1568
Jock upalanda1568
John Uponlanda1568
russet coat1568
rustican1570
hind?1577
swain1579
Corydon1581
mountain man1587
Phillis1589
sylvan1589
russeting1597
Joan1598
stubble boy1598
paysan1609
carlota1616
swainling1615
raiyat1625
contadino1630
under-swaina1644
high shoe1647
boorinn1649
Bonhomme1660
high-shoon-man1664
countrywoman1679
villan1685
russet gown1694
ruralist1739
paysanne1748
bauer1799
bonderman1804
bodach1830
contadina1835
agrestian1837
peasantess1841
country jake1845
rufus1846
bonder1848
hayseed1851
bucolic1862
agricole1882
country jay1888
child (son, etc.) of the soil1891
hillbilly1900
palouser1903
kisan1935
woop woop1936
swede-basher1943
society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific classes of common people > peasant or rustic > [noun]
churlc1275
Hobc1325
Hodgec1386
charla1400
carlc1405
peasanta1450
hoggler1465
agrest1480
hoggener1488
rustical?1532
boor1548
rusticc1550
kern1556
clown1563
Jocka1568
John Uponlanda1568
russet coat1568
rustican1570
hind?1577
Corydon1581
gaffer1589
gran1591
russeting1597
dunghill1608
hog rubber1611
carlota1616
high shoe1647
Bonhomme1660
high-shoon-man1664
cot1695
ruralist1739
Johnnya1774
Harry1796
bodach1830
bucolic1862
cafone1872
bogman1891
country bookie1904
desi1907
middle peasant1929
woodchuck1931
swede-basher1943
moegoe1953
shit-kicker1961
society > morality > moral evil > wickedness > roguery, knavery, or rascalry > [noun] > rogue, knave, or rascal
harlot?c1225
knavec1275
truantc1290
shreward1297
boinarda1300
boyc1300
lidderon13..
cokinc1330
pautenerc1330
bribera1387
bricouna1400
losarda1400
rascal?a1400
knapea1450
lotterela1450
limmerc1485
Tutivillus1498
knavatec1506
smy?1507
koken?a1513
swinger1513
Cock Lorel?1518
pedlar's French1530
cust1535
rabiator1535
varletc1540
Jack1548
kern1556
wild rogue1567
miligant1568
rogue1568
tutiviller1568
rascallion1582
schelm1584
scoundrel1589
rampallion1593
Scanderbeg1601
scroyle1602
canter1608
cantler1611
skelm1611
gue1612
Cathayana1616
foiterer1616
tilt1620
picaro1622
picaroon1629
sheepmanc1640
rapscallion1648
marrow1656
Algerine1671
scaramouch1677
fripon1691
shake-bag1794
badling1825
tiger1827
two-for-his-heels1837
ral1846
skeezicks1850
nut1882
gun1890
scattermouch1892
tug1896
natkhat1901
jazzbo1914
scutter1940
bar steward1945
hoor1965
1556 N. Grimald tr. Cicero Thre Bks. Duties ii. f. 72 He commaunded a kerne, and him also..be printed with Thracian marks, to go before wt a drawne sworde.
1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil First Foure Bookes Æneis ii. 22 What curst Myrmidones, what karne of canckred Vlisses?
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. iii. lxix. 135 The countrie kernes that fled (to Rome,)..reported more foule and cruell outrages.
1656 T. Blount Glossographia (at cited word) We take a Kern most commonly for a Farmer or Country Bumpkin.
1856 W. E. Aytoun Bothwell (1857) 2 The villain kernes Who keep me fettered here.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
kernn.2
/kəːn/, U.S. /kərn/ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > fruit or reproductive product > nut > [noun] > kernel
nut kerneleOE
kernelc1000
gristle?1537
kern1570
nucleus1704
nut-meat1860
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > nut > [noun] > kernel
nut kerneleOE
gristle?1537
kern1570
almond1675
nut-meat1860
1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Gii/2 Kerne of a nut, nucleus.
2. A grain (of wheat, sand, etc.). rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a piece or bit > a particle > hard and round
cornc888
grainc1290
kernelc1450
cornel1590
sand1596
granule1652
kern1753
parvule1887
1753 [see kern-stone n. at Compounds].
1867 W. F. Rock Jim an' Nell cxiii. 32 With that Jones hullèd out a kern.
1880 R. D. Blackmore Mary Anerley I. 57 Grained with kerns of maxim'd thought.
3. Meteorology. [abstracted from German kernzähler kern (nucleus) counter (A. Wigand 1913, in Meteorol. Zeitschr. XXX. 13).] A particle which acts as a condensation nucleus in a kern counter (kern counter n. at Compounds).
ΚΠ
1951 H. G. Houghton in T. F. Malone Compendium Meteorol. 165/2 The sweeping action of the dust particles on the kerns.
1954 J. C. Johnson Physical Meteorol. vii. 206 These dusts, or kerns, as they are called, which make up most of the suspensoids in the atmosphere and are important for their light scattering effects on visibility, contribute little or nothing to the condensation process.
Compounds
kern counter n. Meteorology a device in which a sample of air is supersaturated and condensation nuclei made visible and collected for counting: originally intended to measure the concentration of condensation nuclei in the air, but now known to respond to particles too small to act as such under atmospheric conditions.
ΚΠ
1941 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 45 72 The Aitken nucleus or ‘kern’ counter determines the number of nuclei in an air sample by subjecting it to a rapid expansion. This causes a considerable degree of supersaturation, and the drops which form around each nucleus fall on to a ruled slide where they may be counted.
1954 J. C. Johnson Physical Meteorol. vii. 207 Dust counts made by instruments such as the Aitken kern counter have little correlation with the number of active condensation nuclei in the atmosphere.
1967 R. W. Fairbridge Encycl. Atmospheric Sci. & Astrogeol. 84/2 Such nuclei counters (or kern counters..) have some distinct advantages.
kern-stone n. ? coarse-grained sandstone; or perhaps oolite.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > sedimentary rock > [noun] > limestone > oolite
spawn-stone1668
ammonite1706
ammites1750
kern-stone1753
marlstone1766
oolite1802
roestone1804
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. at Kern-stone The little grains of sand are still visible in all parts of this stone, and are what induced the people to call it kern stone, as they call these kerns, or kernels.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
kernn.3
/kəːn/, U.S. /kərn/ Printing.
A part of a metal type projecting beyond the body or shank, as the curled head of f and tail of j, as formerly made, and parts of some italic letters. (Cf. kerned adj.3)
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > types, blocks, or plates > relating to type > [noun] > parts of type
eye1611
face1683
foot1683
kern1683
shank1683
shoulder1683
counter1798
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 182 Every next Letter is turned with its Nick downwards, that the Kern of each Letter may lie over the Beard of its next.
1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. 655 Kern of a Letter, that part which hangs over the body or shank.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
kernv.1
/kəːn/, U.S. /kərn/ 1. † b. transitive. To make into hard grains. Obsolete.
a. intransitive. Of corn: To form the hard grains in the ear, to seed; = corn v. 6. Also of fruit: To set.Halliwell's kerne ‘to sow with corn’, copied by later dictionaries, is an error: in Purvey's Isaiah xxviii. 24, misquoted by him, the correct reading is kerue, carve. The old edition of Roland & V. has also kerne for kerue in line 312. So in various other cases.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > flower or flowering plant > be a flowering plant [verb (intransitive)] > be fertilized
kern1297
set1718
self-fertilize1858
the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > seed > plant having seed > be a seed-bearing plant [verb (intransitive)] > produce or form seeds
kern1297
seeda1398
kernel1483
corn1632
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 10044 Þe þridde time þo grene corn in somer ssolde curne.
1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xiii. 180 Shal neuer spir springen vp ne spik on strawe curne [v.r. kerne, kurne].
a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 141 Reyne..makyth herbis..cornys, treis and rootes sprynge, blowe, and kerne.
1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Dict. at Granar To kerne as corne doth, in grana durescere.
1699 Poor Man's Plea against Price of Corn 5 The continued good Weather..gave the Corn so much time to knit and kearn, as they call it.
1741 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman May xi. 150 Unless Wheat blooms well, it cannot kern well.
1880 M. A. Courtney W. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch Gloss. Words Cornwall 32/1 Kerned,..turned from flower to fruit. ‘The apple blowths have kerned’.
1897 R. D. Blackmore Dariel vii. 63 While the corn began to kern.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [verb (transitive)] > make into hard grains
kerna1571
a1571 J. Jewel Serm. Matt. ix. 37–8 The corn..was ripened, and kerned by the Spirit of God.
a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1752) 159 I told in those chests five compleat grains full kerned.
a. transitive. To cause to granulate; to make (salt) into grains; = corn v. 1. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > salt manufacture > [verb (transitive)] > granulate
kern1589
1589 J. Jane in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations iii. 790 Salt kerned on the rockes very white.
1628 The World Enc. by Sir F. Drake 9 Salt..is increased upon the sands by the flowing of the sea, and the heate of the Sunne kerning the same.
1726 Four Years Voy. Capt. G. Roberts 262 If too deep, those Hollows..could not, in so short time, kern any Salt.
b. To cover with crystalline grains of salt; to salt (meat); = corn v. 3. Obsolete exc. dialect.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being scattered or dispersed > scatter [verb (transitive)] > sprinkle > sprinkle (a surface) with something > (as) with specific substance
sandc1374
snowc1400
be-ash1530
gravel1543
bemeal1598
kern1613
meal1613
powder-sugar1654
ash1655
sawdust1882
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preserving or pickling > pickle or preserve [verb (transitive)] > preserve with salt
salta1398
powder?c1425
corn1565
muriate1699
rouse1711
kern1721
strike1780
to dress down1843
roil1848
1613 S. Purchas Pilgrimage 333 (note) If..a bird toucheth it with her wings they are kerned with salt.
1687 P. Rycaut Hist. Turks II. 101 Masts, Yards, and Decks were querned with a white Salt.
1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. To Kern, to corn, to salt or powder, as Beef, Pork, etc.
1888 F. T. Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk. at Kerned That'll be a beautiful bit when he's well a kerned—not to zalt.
c. intransitive. Of salt, sugar, etc.: To crystallize in grains; to granulate; = corn v. 2. Obsolete exc. dialect.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > granular texture > become granular or form grains [verb (intransitive)]
corn1562
kern1657
granulate1667
grain1749
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > sugar manufacture > [verb (intransitive)] > granulate
kern1657
grain1749
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > salt manufacture > [verb (intransitive)] > granulate
kern1657
grain1749
1657 R. Ligon True Hist. Barbados 90 A liquor..which they call Temper, without which, the Sugar would continue a Clammy substance and never kerne.
1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World iii. 56 The Salt begins to kern, or grain, in April.
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. (at cited word).
1880 M. A. Courtney W. Cornwall Words in M. A. Courtney & T. Q. Couch Gloss. Words Cornwall 32/1 Kerned,..Metal fixed or concreted around quartz is also said ‘to have kerned’.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
kernv.2
/kəːn/, U.S. /kərn/ Printing.
transitive. To furnish (a type) with a kern; to make a kern on.
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society > communication > printing > type founding > [verb (transitive)] > provide with kern or beard
beard1683
kern1683
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 177 Amongst the Italick-Letters many are to be Kern'd, some only on one side, and some both sides. The Kern'd-Letters are such as have part of their Face hanging over one side or both sides of their Shanck.
1824 J. Johnson Typographia II. 23 Some founders have been more liberal than others in kerning letters.
Derivatives
ˈkerner n. a workman who makes or adjusts kerned type.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > type founding > type-founder > [noun] > maker of kerned type
kerner1683
1683 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises II. 119 They..left the Letter-Kerner, after the Letter was Cast, to Kern away the Sholdering.
1865 Standard, Police News May [A witness described himself as a kerner in Messrs..'s letter foundry].
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1901; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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