kindn.

Brit.

/kʌɪnd/, U.S.

/kaɪnd/

Forms: Old English–early Middle English cynd, Old English (rare)–Middle English cund, Middle English cuinde, Middle English cunde, Middle English cuynde, Middle English keende, Middle English kend, Middle English kende, Middle English kennd, Middle English kindde, Middle English kuinde, Middle English kund, Middle English kunde, Middle English kuynde, Middle English kyngde, Middle English kynt, Middle English kynthe (in compounds), Middle English kyynde, Middle English–1500s kyend, Middle English–1600s kinde, Middle English–1600s kynd, Middle English–1600s (1900s– English regional (Yorkshire)) kynde, Middle English– kind, 1500s keynde, 1500s kiend, 1500s kyndde; also Scottish pre-1700 keynd, pre-1700 kyind, pre-1700 kyinde, 1700s kyne, 1800s kin', 1900s kynd, 1900s– keind.

Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly a word inherited from Germanic. Partly a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: i-cunde n.

Etymology: Probably partly (i) < the same Germanic base as Old English -cund (in e.g. godcund adj.), Old Saxon -kund , Old High German -chund , -chunt , Old Icelandic -kundr , Gothic -kunds , suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘of the nature of’ < a suffixed form of the Germanic base of kin n.¹, and partly (ii) aphetic < i-cunde n.Prefixed form. In Old English the prefixed form gecynd i-cunde n. is attested in all main sense branches. This form is significantly more frequent than unprefixed cynd in Old English overall, and particularly in those senses that are chiefly represented in early use. Moreover, it is attested earlier in a number of senses, including (in branch I.) senses 1b, 1c, 3, 4, and 6, (in branch III.) sense 13, and (in branch IV.) senses 15a and 16. See further i-cunde n. Semantic development. The semantic development of kind n. has apparently been influenced from Old English onwards by association with kin n.¹, which has counterparts in all sense branches except branch I., and is very common in Old English in senses relating to class or group and family relationships (compare branches II. and III.). kin n.¹ is attested earlier in several senses, including (in branch III.) senses 10b, 11b, and 12, and (in branch IV.) sense 16. The nouns are ultimately related and, although they remain distinct, they show considerable formal similarity (especially before lengthening of the stem vowel in kind n.) and the semantic association was probably reinforced by sporadic overlap of forms in compounds and derivatives (compare e.g. forms of kindred n. and adj. and discussion at that entry). Notes on senses. With in kind (see sense 1a) compare classical Latin in genere (see in genere adv.), in speciē (see in specie at specie n.). With senses 8a, 16, and 17 compare classical Latin genus genus n. In sense 15a probably after classical Latin nāturā the genitals (see nature n.). With sense 15b compare Anglo-Norman nature semen (see nature n.) and also nature n. 2b.

I. Nature, character, and related senses.In modern English only in common use when coloured strongly by an idea of class or type (see sense 1a, and cf. branch II.).

a. Originally: the inherent or essential quality or constitution of a thing; the inherent and inseparable combination of properties giving any object, event, quality, etc., its fundamental character. Later (from the 16th cent.) usually: this essential quality or fundamental character as determining the class or type to which a thing belongs; character, nature. In later use chiefly in in kind (often contrasted with in degree, in number, etc.).In later use strongly coloured by sense 8. There are numerous examples where kind could be glossed as either ‘nature’ or ‘sort’ without affecting the meaning of the sentence; see, e.g., quot. 1766 at sense 8a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun]

kindeOE

i-cundeOE

mannera1225

jetc1330

colour1340

hair1387

estrete1393

gendera1398

hedea1400

savourc1400

stockc1450

toucha1500

rate1509

barrel1542

suit1548

fashion1562

special1563

stamp1573

family1598

garb1600

espece1602

kidney1602

bran1610

formality1610

editiona1627

make1660

cast1673

tour1702

way1702

specie1711

tenor1729

ilk1790

genre1816

stripe1853

persuasion1855

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > in respect of kind [phrase]

in kindeOE

eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxii. 486 Nis nan gesceaft þe tiohhie [þæt hio] scyle winnan wið hire scippen[des willa]n gif hio hire cynd [lOE Bodl. gecynd] healdan wille.

c1175 ( Homily in A. O. Belfour 12th Cent. Homilies in MS Bodl. 343 (1909) 8 Þe Gast is unȝesæȝenlices cyndes [OE Cambr. Ii.4.6 gecyndes].

c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 1642 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 153 (MED) Bi-twene borgoyne and prouence..Gvode men beoth and al-mes-fole þoruȝ kuynde of þe londe.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 36 (MED) He [sc. a fruit] fettes fro þe rote his kynd. O gode pertre coms god peres.

?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 156, in Middle Eng. Dict. (at cited word) (MED) He maye neiþer consoude neiþer enducen cicatrice but ȝif þe medicine be competent in kynde to þe complexioun of þe fleische.

a1500 (?a1400) Stanzaic Life of Christ (Harl. 2250) (1926) l. 10314 (MED) Fir mas softe thyng harde be strengthe þat he has in his kynde.

1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere vii. p. ccclviii Must yt nedes folowe that theyr fayth was chaunged in kynde, bycause yt was augmented in degrees.

1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. I.viii The generall woorde, is spoken of many, that differ either in kynd, or els in nombre.

1661 G. Petter Learned, Pious, & Pract. Comm., upon Mark 425 All Meats though never so different in kind or nature when they enter into the body, yet in their issue go to the same place.

1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. ii. iii. sig. O3^v 'Tis all one..whether our Afflictions be the same with those of others, in Kind, or not Superiour to them in Degree.

1752 J. Mason Lord's-day Evening Entertainm. I. xii. 292 Practical Christianity differs from mere Morality, only as a perfective Rule differs from a defective one, not in kind, but in degree: It is Morality improved, enlarged, and refined.

1868 J. T. Nettleship Ess. Browning's Poetry iii. 105 There are such wide differences in degree as to constitute almost differences in kind.

1899 K. S. Guthrie Message of Master iii. v. 76 in My Message The word ‘better’ indicates a difference of kind; ‘rather’ or ‘more’ or ‘greater’ a difference of degree.

1975 Public Admin. Rev. 35 312/2 New programs and new directions are what have proliferated and swollen the national budget... They are new departures or a change in kind.

2002 D. DeGrazia Animal Rights i. 6 He also argued powerfully, if less influentially, that animals' and humans' capacities differ largely in degree and not in kind.

†b. The essential character or nature of God as contrasted with that of man, or of man as contrasted with that of God; divine or human nature, esp. as both present in Christ. Frequently as a count noun (cf. two natures n. at nature n. 9b). Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1175 ( Ælfric's Homily on Nativity of Christ (Bodl. 343) in A. O. Belfour 12th Cent. Homilies in MS Bodl. 343 (1909) 82 Þe Halȝæ Gast..ne ongan næfre, ac he wæs æfre God, heo ðreo an God wuniȝende on ane cynde, untodæledlic on ane mæȝenðrymme, & on ane godcundnesse iliche mihtiȝe.

c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 175 Swa swa he wæs soð mon þurh his menniscen cynde, swa eac he is soð God þurh his godcunde ȝecynde.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2676 Marȝess child wass mann. & godd. An had i twinne kinde.

a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 481 (MED) Godes sone haþ oure kynde ynome.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 131 In Crist beeþ tweie willes and tweie kyndes,..of þe Godhede and manhede.

c1450 in F. J. Furnivall Hymns to Virgin & Christ (1867) 13 (MED) Ihesu, sooþfast god and man, Two kindis knyt in oon persone.

c. The natural disposition, character, or temperament of a person or animal; innate character; nature. Also in extended use of things. See also Phrases 1b(b), Phrases 4. Now rare (Scottish and Irish English (northern) in later use).Common until the early 17th cent.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun]

heartOE

erda1000

moodOE

i-mindOE

i-cundeOE

costc1175

lundc1175

evena1200

kinda1225

custc1275

couragec1300

the manner ofc1300

qualityc1300

talentc1330

attemperancec1374

complexionc1386

dispositiona1387

propertyc1390

naturea1393

assay1393

inclinationa1398

gentlenessa1400

proprietya1400

habitudec1400

makingc1400

conditionc1405

habitc1405

conceitc1425

affecta1460

ingeny1477

engine1488

stomach?1510

mind?a1513

ingine1533

affection1534

vein1536

humour?1563

natural1564

facultyc1565

concept1566

frame1567

temperature1583

geniusa1586

bent1587

constitution1589

composition1597

character1600

tune1600

qualification1602

infusion1604

spirits1604

dispose1609

selfness1611

disposure1613

composurea1616

racea1616

tempera1616

crasisc1616

directiona1639

grain1641

turn1647

complexure1648

genie1653

make1674

personality1710

tonea1751

bearing1795

liver1800

make-up1821

temperament1821

naturalness1850

selfhood1854

Wesen1854

naturel1856

sit1857

fibre1864

character structure1873

mentality1895

mindset1909

psyche1910

where it's (he's, she's) at1967

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 51 Þis fis is of swulc cunde, þet, euer se he mare strengðdeð him to sw[i]mminde mid þe watere, se he mare swimmeð abac.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 185 And euerilcon in kinde good, Ðorquiles adam fro sinne stod.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. l. 3707 (MED) Þouȝ Eleyne fayn wolde die, Hir kynde nolde assent ȝet þer-to.

1513 Bk. Keruynge (de Worde) (new ed.) sig. B.iii The skynne of capon henne or chekyn ben not so clene..for it is not theyr kynde to entre in to y^e ryuer to make theyr mete voyde of y^e fylth.

1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes sig. Cc.iiii^v My kinde is to desire the honoure of the field.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. ii. sig. O5 But young Perissa was of other mynd..And quite contrary to her sisters kynd.

1609 W. Cowper Three Heauenly Treat. Romanes i. 84 Euery creature, as ye may see, hath an inclination to follow the owne kind, some liues in the earth, some in the water, euery one of them by instinct of that nature, which they receiued in their generation.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 81 Sweet Grapes degen'rate there, and Fruits..renounce their Kind .

1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 6 Th' associate of a mind Vast in its pow'rs, ethereal in its kind .

1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. viii. 524 For as to the men themselves, they merely acted after their kind.

1884 D. Grant Lays & Legends of North 71 Here there follow jokes an' laughter Rough an' ready in their kin'.

†2. A natural quality, property, or characteristic; a distinctive feature of a person or thing. Obsolete.Quot. OE has sometimes been alternatively interpreted as showing kind adj. in the sense ‘natural’ (taking æðele as athel n.¹ rather than athel adj.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [noun] > a property, quality, or attribute

i-cundeOE

kindOE

thingOE

quality1340

virtue1340

assizea1375

propertyc1390

principlea1398

conditionc1460

faculty1490

predicatea1513

epitheton1547

passion1570

propriety1584

affection1588

attribute1603

qualification1616

appropriate1618

intimacy1641

bedighting1674

belonger1674

cleaver1674

interiority1701

internal property1751

predicable1785

coloration1799

internality1839

OE Genesis A (1931) 2772 Cniht weox and þag, swa him cynde wæron æðele from yldrum.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 102 Pellican..haueð an oðer cunde þet hit is .aa. leane.

a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 8 An oðer kinde he haueð, wanne he is ikindled, Stille lið ðe leun.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 302 (MED) It es þe kind of þe sun be hatte.

?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 201 And þei han this kynde [Fr. nature], þat þei lete no thing ben empty among hem.

c1440 (a1349) R. Rolle in Eng. Writings (1931) 54 The bee has thre kyndis; Ane es þat scho es never ydill.

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxiiij/1 The north weeste wynde haue kynde to kiele and drye too mych trees that be newe sett for her vnmesurable gretnesse.

†3. Nature in the abstract or viewed collectively. Frequently in course n., law of kind at law n.¹ 9c.

a. The phenomena of the physical world collectively; the universe, creation; the natural world; the established order of things within the universe or natural world. Cf. nature n. 11a. Obsolete.Recorded earliest in again kind at Phrases 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > [noun]

kindlOE

worldc1175

framea1325

creaturec1384

universityc1450

engine?1510

universal1569

universality1577

mass1587

universe1589

all1598

cosmosie1600

macrocosm1602

existence1610

system1610

megacosm1617

cosmos1650

materialism1817

world-all1847

panarchy1848

multiverse1895

metaverse1994

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1107 Manege sædon þet hi on þam monan..mistlice tacna gesawon & ongean cynde his leoman wexende & waniende.

a1382 Prefatory Epist. St. Jerome in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) i. l. 35 Appolony..come to bragmans þat hyarch..emong fewe discypleȝ techyng of kynd [L.V. nature], of maners, of course of days & of starnes.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 11 (MED) Plinius..wroot seven and þritty bookes of the stories of kynde in þe whiche he descryveþ cleerliche þe world, and al þat is þerynne.

c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 584 O god..that madeste kynde Shal I noon other weyes dye?

c1600 (?c1395) Pierce Ploughman's Crede (Trin. Cambr. R.3.15) (1873) l. 834 Whouȝ may mannes wijt þoruȝ werk [of] him-selue, Knowen Cristes pryuitie þat all kynde passeþ?

b. The creative and regulative power which is conceived of as operating in the material world and as the immediate cause of its phenomena; = nature n. 10. Frequently personified (cf. nature n. 10b). Obsolete (archaic in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [noun] > nature

kindc1225

naturec1390

physis1606

nature-power1847

nature force1853

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) 686 Ich chulle halde me hal þurh þe grace of godd, as cunde me makede.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 335 Kynde bryngeþ hem [sc. barnacle-geese] forþ wonderliche out of trees, as it were kynde worchynge aȝenst kynde.

c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate Fabula Duorum Mercatorum (Harl.) l. 75 in Minor Poems (1934) ii. 489 So strong of nature is the myhty corde. Kynde is in werkyng a ful myhty lorde.

1582 T. Watson Ἑκατομπαθία: Passionate Cent. Loue lxxviii. sig. K3^v Venus..will haue it so, That Louers wanting sight shall followe kinde.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. iii. 84 The dooing of the deede of kind .

1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 124 Those bounds that Dame Kind before had pitcht upon.

1868 W. Morris Earthly Paradise 90 O ye who sought to find Unending life against the law of Kind.

†4.

a. The natural form, shape, or appearance of a person or thing; the natural or normal condition or state of something. Cf. Phrases 1c(d), Phrases 1e(a). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > [noun] > original or natural condition

i-cundeeOE

kindc1175

statea1387

disposition1581

natural1633

natural state1653

c1175 ( Ælfric Let. to Sigeweard (De Veteri et Novo Test.) (Bodl.) 18 Þa wrohte he þurh his wisdom tyn englæ werod on ðam forme dæge on mucelre fægernesse..swa wlitiges cyndes [OE Laud gecindes], swa we secgan ne magon.

c1390 (?c1350) St. Ambrose l. 538 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 16 (MED) His face..lyk to snouh hit wox al whit, But aftur to his oune kynde [L. ad suam speciem] turned hit.

?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 12 Þan sall scho turne agayne to hir awen kynde [Fr. estat] and be a womman.

a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) cxviii. §70. 421 Mylk in the kynd is fayre and clere, bot in lopirynge it waxis soure.

1540 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Catonis Disticha Moralia f. xxxv Cito ad naturam ficta redierint suam. Counterfeyted thynges wyll sone retourne agayn to theyr kynde.

1596 R. Johnson Famous Hist. Seauen Champions xv. 157 The gorgeous sunne shall loose his light by day, the siluer Moone by night, the skyes shall fall, the earth shall sinke, and euerie thing shall chaunge from his kinde and nature, before I..prooue disloyall to my beloued George.

b. spec. The human body (as the natural form or appearance of a person). Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Pref. l. 218 Crist..ras forr ure god. þe þridde daȝȝ off dæþe. & let te posstless sen himm wel. Inn hiss mennisske kinde.

?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 89 (MED) Of erþe and axen is ure kunde.

a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 587 (MED) Þan may we se..How foul þe kynd of man es here.

?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 148 (MED) Cryst in oure kend is clad.

†5. The natural constitution or capacities of a person or animal.

a. The natural instincts, desires, etc., that drive or determine the behaviour of a person or animal; (sometimes) spec. natural moral sentiments, humanity. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > tendency > [noun]

kinda1200

disposingc1380

disposition1393

aptc1400

hieldc1400

remotiona1425

inclination?a1439

incliningc1450

taste1477

intendment1509

benta1535

swing1538

approclivity1546

aptness1548

swinge1548

drift1549

set1567

addiction1570

disposedness1583

swaya1586

leaning1587

intention1594

inflection1597

inclinableness1608

appetite1626

vogue1626

tendency1628

tendence1632

aptitude1633

gravitation1644

propension1644

biasing1645

conducement1646

flexure1652

propendency1660

tend1663

vergencya1665

pend1674

to have a way of1748

polarity1767

appetency1802

drive1885

overleaning1896

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 31 (MED) Gef þe is lef þin hele, heald þin cunde.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 185 (MED) Þet uerste þing þet ssel man sterye to merci is kende.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 4297 (MED) It sit a man be weie of kinde To love.

c1440 Prose Life Alexander (Thornton) (1913) 66 (MED) We go till oure husbandes..& hase oure luste and oure disporte togedir as kynde askes.

a1450 (c1385) G. Chaucer Complaint of Mars (Tanner 346) (1871) l. 282 My ladyes that ben [true] and stabull Be way of kinde ye oghten to ben able To haue pite on folke that ben in peyn.

b. The physical nature of a person or animal; a person or animal's natural strength, health, or vitality. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > [noun]

naturec1275

kindc1300

complexion1398

habitudec1400

disposition1477

constitution1553

corporature1555

habit1576

composition1578

temper1601

composure1628

schesis1684

stamina1701

habitus1886

c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 677 (MED) If cunde hit þolie miȝte, Ihc oȝte deie tuye wiþ riȝte.

c1390 in C. Horstmann Minor Poems Vernon MS (1892) i. 46 (MED) Wiþ noble mete he [sc. Christ] norsched my kynde.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xi. l. 253 (MED) On a walnot with-oute is a bitter barke, And after þat bitter barke, be þe shelle aweye, Is a kirnelle of conforte kynde to restore.

a1475 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Harl.) (1927) l. 1612g (MED) Ther is noman soo strong of kynde But he may his make fynde.

a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) (1946) vi. xiv. 355 Romanis..makand terribill slauchter apoun the rude pepill, ageit men and wemen, quhilk owdir be febilnes of strenth or fragilite of kynde, mycht nocht fle þare ire.

c1600 in Poems A. Montgomerie (1910) 241 The bodie[s] of all beistis grow les,..thairby may ȝe planlie ges, thair kynd is feblit soir.

c. The natural capacity or power of the body to carry out vital physiological functions or heal itself. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vii. xii. 357 Palsie wiþ quakinge is more ese to hele..for..þe membre haþ not lost al kynde [L. non est..destitutum a natura].

?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 144 (MED) Many..diez for pure elde withouten sekeness, when þe kynde failez.

c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 127^v (MED) It bihoueþ þe leche þat haþ þe cure haue hope oonly in god & kynde þat comeþ of him.

†6.

a. Action or behaviour that is natural, habitual, or customary to a person or animal; activity that is found in the natural world as part of the normal or natural course of events. Frequently in to do (also work) one's kind: to do what is natural, act or behave naturally; spec. to have sexual intercourse, to procreate. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > doing > act or do [verb (intransitive)] > according to or against one's nature

to do (also work) one's kindc1225

the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual activity > engage in sexual activity [verb (intransitive)] > have sexual intercourse

playOE

to do (also work) one's kindc1225

bedc1315

couple1362

gendera1382

to go togetherc1390

to come togethera1398

meddlea1398

felterc1400

companya1425

swivec1440

japea1450

mellc1450

to have to do with (also mid, of, on)1474

engender1483

fuck?a1513

conversec1540

jostlec1540

confederate1557

coeate1576

jumble1582

mate1589

do1594

conjoin1597

grind1598

consortc1600

pair1603

to dance (a dance) between a pair of sheets1608

commix1610

cock1611

nibble1611

wap1611

bolstera1616

incorporate1622

truck1622

subagitate1623

occupya1626

minglec1630

copulate1632

fere1632

rut1637

joust1639

fanfreluche1653

carnalize1703

screw1725

pump1730

correspond1756

shag1770

hump1785

conjugate1790

diddle1879

to get some1889

fuckeec1890

jig-a-jig1896

perform1902

rabbit1919

jazz1920

sex1921

root1922

yentz1923

to make love1927

rock1931

mollock1932

to make (beautiful) music (together)1936

sleep1936

bang1937

lumber1938

to hop into bed (with)1951

to make out1951

ball1955

score1960

trick1965

to have it away1966

to roll in the hay1966

to get down1967

poontang1968

pork1968

shtup1969

shack1976

bonk1984

boink1985

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) 360 Leasse þen beastes ȝet, for þeos deð hare cunde..in a time of þe ȝer.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 8353 Mid wimmen of painime hii dude hor foule kunde.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 1795 (MED) It is an houndes kinde To berke upon a man behinde.

c1450 in F. J. Furnivall Hymns to Virgin & Christ (1867) 83 (MED) Þe kinde of childhode y dide also, Wiþ my felawis to fiȝte and þrete.

1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. Gij The stones of yonge bestis, nat yet able to do theyr kynde.

?a1560 in T. Wright Songs & Ballads Reign Philip & Mary (1860) 1 Fortune worketh but her kynde, To make the joyfull dolorus.

1648 R. Crashaw Steps to Temple (ed. 2) 108 Let froward dust then doe its kind.

1675 R. Allestree Art Contentm. x. 186 We expect no more of any thing but to do its kind.

1744 W. Warburton Remarks Occas. Refl. Pref. p.xii The Efficacy of Poison is without Malice; and does but do its kind; is a natural Power.

b. The natural or proper manner of doing something; a person's customary mode of behaviour; (in later use more generally) manner, way, fashion. In later use frequently in adverbial phrases with in, as in a kind, in no kind, etc. Obsolete.the worst kind: see worst adj. and n. Phrases 4c(a).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > [noun]

wayeOE

costOE

wise971

gatec1175

custc1275

form1297

guise13..

mannerc1300

kindc1330

assizea1375

plighta1393

makea1400

fashionc1400

reason?c1400

method1526

voye1541

how1551

way1563

garb1600

quality1600

mould1603

quomodo1623

modus1648

mode1649

turn1825

road1855

gait1866

methodology1932

stylee1982

c1330 Roland & Vernagu (Auch.) (1882) 310 Braunches of vines charls sett, In marche moneþ..As was þe riȝt kende.

c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 14 Þei mowe alle crie and siggen in heore kuynde.

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 903 Þis þing stont al in a noþer kynde.

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) cxxi. 161 An ordenaunce of a moche sauage and wyld guyse, and ageynst the kynde of the tyme.

1568 A. Scott Poems (1896) 16 Cast ȝow to conqueiss luve ane vþir kynd.

1585 W. Cotes Dialogue Diuerse Quections sig. Diii^v We must humbly, louingly and brotherly, yea & faithfully, reconcile our selues vnto suche as in any kind we haue offended euen vnto our enimies.

1631 W. Gouge Gods Three Arrowes iii. §75. 325 Such was Deborahs and Baraks kind of praising God.

1646 D. Evance Noble Order 29 The worke..tended in a kinde to Gods honour.

1691 T. Hale Acct. New Inventions 31 Being in no kind desirous that his Majesty should be under any Obligation.

1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 47. ⁋3 I have done Wonders in this Kind.

1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 468. (1713) 403 My Paper is in a kind a Letter of News, but it regards rather what passes in the World of Conversation than that of Business.

1807 W. Wordsworth Ode in Poems II. 151 Yearnings she hath in her own natural kind .

1859 Ld. Tennyson Elaine in Idylls of King 164 Mirthful he, but in a stately kind.

1901 H. Adams Let. 1–2 Apr. (1988) V. 227 He sprinkled me with a mass of political misinformation after his usual kind.

II. A class, sort, or type of people or things.

a. A group of animals or plants linked by common origin or characteristics; a species, breed, variety, or similar. Cf. kin n.¹ 5.cow-kind, deer kind, dogkind, dragon-kind, frog-kind, gourd-kind, humankind, insect kind, lion-kind, lizard-kind, humankind, monkey-kind, nut kind, penguin kind, pumpkin kind, rat-kind, raven kind, shark kind, sparrow-kind, spider-kind, weasel kind, whale-kind, etc.: see the first element or separate main entries.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [noun] > phylum

kin971

kindOE

genus1649

phylum1868

OE Homily: Sunnandæges Spell (Tiber. A.iii) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 218 Mycel yfel and menigfealdne wæan drihten gehet þurh Moyses menniscum cynde.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 663 Ure wrecche kinde iss swillc Ðatt itt maȝȝ ben forrfæredd. Ȝiff þatt itt ohht færlike seþ Þe wlite off enngle kinde.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 250 Ðe seuendai morgen spro[n]g, Ðat dai tokenede reste long..Ilc kinde newes ear was brog[t].

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 14909 Þar he for mans kind [Gött. manes-kind] wil dei.

c1475 (c1450) P. Idley Instr. to his Son (Cambr.) (1935) ii. B. l. 1522 (MED) An hounde..hateth his kynde most.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) vii. vi. 200 Twa stern stedis..Cummyn of the kynd of hevinly horssis.

1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum i. xi. 12 Without this societie of man, and woman, the kinde of man coulde not long endure.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 73 As when the total kind Of Birds..Came summond over Eden.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 52 Whence Men, a hard laborious Kind, were born.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 55 The rabbit kind.

1785 W. Cowper Task v. 69 The sparrows..often scared As oft return, a pert voracious kind.

1876 W. Morris Story of Sigurd iii. 212 The cunning of the Dwarf-kind.

1888 Amer. Bee Jrnl. 10 Oct. 663/2 To the naturalist the means by which living beings reproduce their kind is always a subject of interest.

1972 ‘R. Rhine’ Life in Bucket of Soil 63 A young spider will spin a web of exactly the right pattern for her species, even if she has never seen any other spiders of her kind making webs.

2006 R. Nerz Eat this Bk. xvii. 208 No one has proved to be a bigger enemy to chicken-kind than this young lady right here.

†b. Humankind. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > [noun]

maneOE

worldOE

all fleshc1000

mankinOE

earthOE

little worldc1175

man's kinda1200

mankinda1225

worldrichec1275

slimec1315

kindc1325

world1340

sectc1400

humanityc1450

microcosma1475

peoplea1500

the human kindred?1533

race1553

homo1561

humankind1561

universality1561

deadly?1590

mortality1598

rational1601

vicegerent1601

small world1604

flesh and blooda1616

mannity1621

human race1623

universea1645

nations1667

public1699

the species1711

Adamhood1828

Jock Tamson's bairns1832

folx1833

Bimana1839

human1841

peeps1847

menfolk1870

manfolk1876

amniota1879

peoplekind1956

personkind1972

c1325 in R. H. Robbins Secular Lyrics 14th & 15th Cent. (1952) 146 (MED) Kynd is come of loue, loue to craue.

c1350 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 58 (MED) Vnles bandes of sinful kinde.

c1405 (c1380) G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 41 Thow nobledest so ferforth oure nature That no desdaign the makere hadde of kynde [c1445 Holkham mankinde] His sone in blood & flessh to clothe & wynde.

a1475 Bk. Quinte Essence (1889) 1 God, maker of kynde, ordeyned for mannys nede.

c. In earlier use typically (usually with modifying adjective): a group of people united by shared beliefs, interests, or character. In later use chiefly (usually with a possessive adjective): the people with whom a specific individual has a great deal in common.Sometimes with reference to a nation, in which case overlapping with sense 10a; quot. OE at that sense could alternatively be interpreted as showing this sense.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > race > [noun]

strindc900

bloodOE

gest13..

strainc1330

nationa1382

kindc1390

markc1395

prosapy?a1475

stock1549

stem?c1550

caste1555

spring1597

race1612

issue1620

nationality1832

c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. xi. l. 282 Who dede wers þanne dauid..? Or poule þe apostil þat no pite ne hadde, Cristene kynde to kille to deþe?

?1577 L. Ramsay Practise of Diuell sig. B.iv^v These are one sort of the Babylonicall kinde, An other more finer, their praie to allure: Adulate creepers, in corners farre behinde.

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V ii. i. 74 Fetch forth the lazar kite of Cresides kinde.

1735 W. Somervile Chace iii. 309 Thus Man innum'rous Engines forms, t' assail The savage Kind.

1743 W. Collins Verses to T. Hanmer 11 Poets ever were a careless Kind.

1854 R. W. Emerson Let. 28 Aug. (1939) IV. 459 All American kind are delighted with ‘Walden’ as far as they have dared say.

1895 Critic (N.Y.) 23 Mar. 218/1 Chimmie and his kind are less generously gifted with ‘mother-wit’ than are their European confrères.

1916 W. Wellman German Republic i. 11 All German kind the world over gave to Fatherland loyalty that was complete.

1989 R. Rorty Contingency, Irony, & Solidarity 89 The ironist tells them that the language they speak is up for grabs by her and her kind.

2001 M. Blake 24 Karat Schmooze xvii. 194 His kind always slips away.

a. A class or category of things distinguished by common characteristics and attributes possessed by its members; (usually with of) each of the subordinate classes into which a specified class can be divided; (later also more generally) a particular variety or type; a sort. See also sense 1a.Now the usual sense.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class

kinc950

kindOE

distinction?c1225

rowc1300

spece1303

spice1303

fashionc1325

espicec1386

differencea1398

statec1450

sort?1523

notion1531

species1561

vein1568

brood1581

rank1585

order1588

race1590

breed1598

strain1612

batch1616

tap1623

siege1630

subdivision1646

notionality1651

category1660

denomination1664

footmark1666

genus1666

world1685

sortment1718

tribe1731

assortment1767

description1776

style1794

grouping1799

classification1803

subcategory1842

type1854

basket1916

OE tr. Alexander's Let. to Aristotle (1995) §9. 228 Þa sægdon us ða bigengean þæs londes þæt we us warnigan scoldon wið þa missenlican cynd nædrena & hrifra wildeora þy læs we on ða becwomon.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 251 So doþ þat boþ of þine cunde, Of liȝte nabbeþ hi none imunde.

c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 10979 Þar-in his four cunne fisc and ech fisc in his ende ware was his cunde.

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 201 (MED) Þe firste chapiter of engendering of humours & þe kindis of hem.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 90 (MED) Þe heþun men had sex kyndis of similacris.

1544 R. Tracy Supplycacion to Kynge Henry VIII sig. Aiij The Apostle Paul..descrybeth two kyndes of doctrynes.

1652 N. Culpeper Eng. Physician 8 The most usual kindes of Apples.

1694 Acct. Several Late Voy. (1711) ii. 79 I saw but this one of the Kind.

1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. ii. vii. 85 Suppose you saw a fruit of a new untried kind.

1766 J. Fordyce Serm. Young Women I. ii. 59 In affairs of this kind, it is but just to allow to women a degree of curiosity and care.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 321 Of the bear, there are three different kinds.

1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 74 Barbarisms and solecisms of all kinds abound.

1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) IV. 6 Before we can reply with exactness, we must know the kinds of pleasure and the kinds of knowledge.

1915 J. Buchan Thirty-nine Steps vi. 136 I tried the shutters, but they were the kind that lock with a key and I couldn't move them.

1959 M. Amsterdam Keep Laughing (1960) 66 Daddy, how many kinds of milk are there?

2014 New Yorker 10 Nov. 84/1 Japanese firms emphasized what came to be known as ‘lean production’, relentlessly looking to remove waste of all kinds from the production process.

b. In singular with of and a plural noun as complement, typically also with a plural determiner (esp. these, those) or a plural verb (see, e.g., quots. 1681, 1797). Formerly also occasionally without of (e.g. quot. a1648). See also all kind of at all adj., pron., n., adv., and conj. Phrases 4a.Apparently arising by analogy with use of the genitive of kin in similar contexts in Old English; as the genitive was typically placed before the head noun, it came to be treated as an attributive or adjective-like phrase once the inflection had been lost; an analogous treatment of kind of would explain the use in the singular within an otherwise plural syntax. For fuller details see kin n.¹ 6b. Occasional use without of is after either this use of kin, or the parallel construction of manner (see manner n. 1).

ΚΠ

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xiii. 47 A nette sent in to the see, and of alle kynd [L. genere] of fishis gedrynge.

1538 M. Coverdale tr. M. Luther Expos. Magnificat sig. F.iiii Such kynde of men heare no man, they can be persuaded of no man.

1566 Briefe Exam. Certaine Declar. A4^v It is not lawfull to vse these kinde of vestures.

1586 Ld. Burghley Let. 21 July in Earl of Leicester Corr. (1844) 360 Fittest to impeche thos kind of havens.

a1648 Ld. Herbert Life Henry VIII (1649) 481 Because of his Nephews minority, and other kind reasons.

1681 Heraclitus Ridens 22 Nov. 2/1 Such kind of Pamphlets work Wonders with the credulous multitude.

1735 J. Kirkby Arithm. Inst. iv. xi. 66 Which kind of Questions are called Determinate.

1797 T. Holcroft tr. F. L. Stolberg Trav. (ed. 2) III. lxxxii. 323 These kind of barracks..are..more expensive.

1854 Times 8 July 7/1 The reprovements of the noble earl, who kept these kind of remarks always ready..whenever the bench..took the liberty of not agreeing with him.

1909 Daily Chron. 14 Sept. 5/6 The other kind of banks are rent charge and banks.

1985 R. Bly Loving Woman in Two Worlds (1987) ii. 41 What kind of people are these?

2005 H. Mantel Beyond Black ii. 23 Those kind of dogs don't make old bones.

c. With of. A person or thing described in terms of being a member of a particular class or category; an example or member of the specified class. Frequently with modifying adjective indicating the distinguishing characteristic of the example in question. See also Phrases 3a(a).In early use probably the same attributive or adjective-like use of kind of as in sense 8b, but with a singular noun as the object of of. In early modern English the reference to individual members of a class becomes clear (e.g. quots. 1549, 1648). Where kind is singular, however, the use can still be understood as indistinct from sense 8b; cf. the modern development of kinda adj.Formerly occasionally without of (e.g. quot. 1582); cf. the note at sense 8b.

ΚΠ

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 1626 The worste kynde of Infortune is þis A man to haue be in prosperite And it remembren whan it passed is.

c1470 King Estmere l. 194 in D. Laing Early Sc. Metrical Tales (1889) 244 He lett for no kind of thyng.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. iii^v A newe kynde of sicknes came sodenly..into this Isle.

1549 H. Latimer 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie 3rd Serm. sig. Gv Brybery is a pryncely kind of theauing.

1582 T. Watson Ἑκατομπαθία: Passionate Cent. Loue xcviii. sig. N^v Learne of me, what kinde a thing is Loue.

1648 J. Goodwin Νεοϕυτοπρεσβυτερος 123 A Satyr..is a nipping kind of Poetrie, rebuking vice sharply, and not regarding persons.

1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode iii. ii. 48 'Tis a pretty odd kind of game this, where each of us plays for double stakes.

1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy Pref. sig. A3 Vast Collections of all Kinds of Antiquities.

1798 J. Ferriar Illustr. Sterne vi. 166 They must be a different kind of people.

1842 J. Bischoff Comprehensive Hist. Woollen Manuf. II. 141 They have been generally crossing for bigger sheep, and..have produced a coarser kind of wool.

1906 H. James in Fortn. Rev. Nov. 866 I allowed that he was a capital kind of Southerner.

1969 Peoria (Illinois) Jrnl. Star 5 Sept. a6/1 The world is building some strange kinds of ‘heroes’ and legends these days.

2015 New Yorker 22 June 36/2 I'd never been a huggy kind of guy.

9. spec.

a. Christian Church. Each of the elements (bread and wine) used in the Eucharist. Esp. in (communion) in (also under, †with) one kind (also each kind, both kinds).

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > [noun]

houseleOE

bread and winea1225

sacrament?c1225

sacringc1290

spicec1425

kind?1531

Eucharistc1540

element1556

species1579

elemental1656

mystery1662

symbol1671

waybread1993

?1531 R. Barnes Supplic. Kinge Henrye VIII f. cxxiij Alle maner of Chrysten men, bothe sprytualle and temporalle are bound whan they wylle be houslyd to reseue the sacrament in bothe kyndes vnder the payne of dedly synne.

1539 Act 31 Henry VIII c. 14 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 739 Whether it be necessary..that all men shoulde be communycate with bothe kindes or noe.

1581 W. Fulke Deb. with E. Campion in J. V. Holleran Jesuit Challenge (1999) ii. 113 (modernized text) Do you say the scriptures do command both kinds not to be received?

1635 E. Pagitt Christianographie iii. 61 They must Communicate in both kindes, both of the bread and the wine.

1655 J. Spencer Script. Mistaken 327 In all good Theologie there must be a true Sacrament vnder each kind.

1711 G. Mackenzie Lives Writers Sc. Nation II. 133 Conforming themselves to all its Rites and Ceremonies, saving only the Communion under Both Kinds.

a1770 J. Jortin Serm. (1772) V. xiii. 293 The Church of Rome gives the Communion in one kind.

1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xi. 16 (note) Communion in both kinds was certainly usual at this time.

1880 R. F. Littledale Plain Reasons xxviii. 76 Christ is received entire under each kind.

1912 A. Fortescue Mass (1917) ix. 377 The Church makes no principle of Communion under one kind alone. Millions of Catholic Uniates receive both kinds always.

2002 Church Times 11 Oct. 10/1 Many practices that were part of pre-Vatican II Roman Catholicism—communion in one kind for the laity, eastward-facing celebrations..—have not died out.

b. A literary genre.Largely superseded by genre in the 18th cent. Later examples may exemplify the more general sense ‘type, class’.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [noun] > literary genre

kind1546

genre1770

1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke i. ix. f. xix Demetrius of Tharsus, and one Menippus a bondeman, whom Marcus Varro did counterfeit, were writers in this kynde [L. poeta satyricus].

1598 F. Meres Palladis Tamia f. 282 As Plautus and Seneca are accounted the best for Comedy and Tragedy among the Latines: so Shakespeare among y^e English is the most excellent in both kinds for the stage.

1667 J. Dryden Let. to Sir R. Howard in Annus Mirabilis 1666 Pref. Those who write correctly in this kind [sc. quatrains] must needs acknowledge, that the last line of the Stanza is to be consider'd in the composition of the first.

1714 Spectator No. 618. (1715) 337 In speaking, at present, of Epistolary Poetry, I would be understood to mean only such Writings in this Kind, as have been in Use amongst the Ancients, and have been copied from them by some Moderns.

1857 Gentleman's Mag. May 556 The first poem he presents is an anonymous one of the Heroi-comic kind.

1908 H. James Awkward Age Pref. p. xvii ‘Kinds’ are the very life of literature, and truth and strength come from the complete recognition of them.

2006 Narrative 14 295 The seven models..appear in a variety of different literary kinds.

III. Senses relating to family, descent, or inheritance; kin, kindred.

†10.

a. A group of people descended, or claiming descent, from a common ancestor; a family, a clan; an ethnic group, a tribe. Cf. kin n.¹ 1, kindred n. 3b. Obsolete (chiefly Scottish after Middle English).In quot. OE with reference to social class, where the three classes are seen as descended from the sons of Noah; perhaps alternatively interpretable as showing sense 7c.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinship group > stock, race, or family > [noun]

kinc825

strindc900

maegtheOE

i-cundeeOE

birdeOE

houseOE

kindOE

kindreda1225

bloodc1300

strainc1330

lineage?a1366

generationa1382

progenya1382

stock1382

nationc1395

tribec1400

ligneea1450

lifec1450

family1474

prosapy?a1475

parentage1490

stirpc1503

pedigree1532

racea1547

stem?c1550

breed1596

progenies1673

familia1842

uji1876

OE Note on Old Test. Figures (Tiber. A.iii) in Anglia (1889) 11 3 He [sc. God] on ðreo towearp þa cneordnysse, þæt wæs wælisc & on cyrlisc cynn & on gesyðcund cynd.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3301 Ðeȝȝ [sc. Joseph and Mary] baþe forenn ham Till þeȝȝre baþre kinde.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11565 King heo wolden habben of seoluen heore cunden [c1300 Otho cunde].

c1390 in C. Horstmann Minor Poems Vernon MS (1892) i. 249 At þe grete day of dome..Þei schul sitte on twelf seges wel And Iugge þe twelf kuyndes of Israel.

a1456 (a1402) J. Trevisa tr. Gospel of Nicodemus (BL Add.) f. 96^v (MED) Bycause of þe [sc. Christ], þe children of oure kynde were eslawe.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid xii. xiii. 111 The kynd of men discend from thir Troianis, Mydlyt with kyn of the Italianis.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 76 The affectione that ilk had to his awne kynde.

c1614 W. Mure tr. Virgil Dido & Æneas i. l. 157 in Wks. (1898) I. 66 His kinde she hates.

1716 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad II. vi. 575 No dire Presage so wounds my Mind, My Mother's Death, the Ruin of my Kind,..As thine Andromache!

b. A person's family or relations; one's kin or kinsfolk. Also: a kinsman, a relative. Cf. kin n.¹ 3, kindred n. 2. Obsolete (Scottish in later use).

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > relations or kindred > [noun]

kinc825

sibOE

kindredOE

sibness?a1300

kindc1325

affinity1357

cousinagea1382

cognationc1384

kinhoodc1440

kinsfolkc1450

evenkina1500

relation1502

kindsfolk1555

folks1715

cousinhood1748

loved onea1756

parentage1768

concerns1818

belonging1842

cousinry1844

cousinship1865

kinspeople1866

kinfolk1873

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 634 (MED) Vor honour of ire louerde & vor heo was of is kunde Ȝo..let clupie þe water after hire auerne.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 5 (MED) Ennias þe athel & his highe kynde..depreced prouinces.

a1500 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Douce) l. 370 (MED) Many erlys & barons hende Weren of þo barons kende.

1576 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (rev. ed.) I. 678/2 Excludyng the kynges vncle, and other temporall Lordes of the kings kynd, from hauyng knowledge of any great matter.

a1605 R. Bannatyne Memorials Trans. Scotl. (1836) 338 The king wald soult, except he gat that goud fatheris sone and gude kynd on the motheris syde to accumpany his grace.

1824 W. Scott Let. Dec. (1935) VIII. 463 A dirk with the mottoe ‘Better kind fremit as fremit kind’.

11.

a. Progeny, offspring, descendants. Also as a count noun: an offspring, a child. Cf. kin n.¹ 1b, kindred n. 3c. rare after 16th cent. (Scottish in later use). Sc. National Dict. (Suppl.) (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in Morayshire in 1975.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] > collectively

bairn-teamc885

kinc950

seedOE

teamOE

offspringOE

kindOE

childrenc1175

lineage1303

generationa1325

issuea1325

successiona1340

kindredc1350

progenya1382

posterityc1410

sequelc1440

ligneea1450

posterior1509

genealogy1513

propagation1536

racea1547

postery1548

after-spring1583

bowela1593

afterworld1594

loin1608

descendance1617

succession1618

proles1640

descent1667

ramage1936

OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Corpus Cambr. 196) 22 Aug. (2013) 164 Todæg þu cund [OE Julius cild] gewitest to ðære uplican æðelnysse.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 84 He [sc. God] sennde uss sone hiss word. hiss witt. Hiss sune. hiss mahht. hiss kinde.

c1250 in Stud. Philol. (1931) 28 595 Euerhuych mon þat hauet his munde godes word he clepet his cuynde.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 650 And or he was on werlde led, His kinde was wel wide spred.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xix. l. 224 (MED) A book of þe olde lawe, Þat a-corsed alle couples þat no kynde forth brouhte.

a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 52^v Proles, a kynde or a childe.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. vi. 60 I shall thi seede multyply,..The kynd of the shall sprede wide.

1582 Bible (Rheims) Acts xvii. 28 Of his kinde also we are.

1674 C. Phelpes Calling & Election 90 Though before they were not chosen, yet now they are an Elect Generation, Kind, or Offspring.

1911 in Buchan Observer (1962) 10 Apr. 7 His kynds wis braggin aboot hoo much their father wis tae make.

†b. A generation. Cf. kin n.¹ 1c, kindred n. 3a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] > collectively > at each stage of descent

kinc825

kindredlOE

kindc1350

generationa1387

offspringa1400

race1562

c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) lxxxviii. 2 Y shal tellen þy soþenesses in my mouþe fro kynde to kynde.

?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 118 (MED) Ȝa, þe mercy of hym fro þat kynde in to þe kynde of pes For all þat hym drede now is he cum.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke xvi. f. ciij The chyldren of this worlde, are in their kynde [1611 King James generation], wyser then the chyldren off light.

12.

a. The ancestral line or stock from which a person is descended; parentage, lineage, ancestry; origin, descent; (sometimes, esp. in later use) spec. character inherited from or appropriate to one's ancestry (cf. Phrases 1d(a), Phrases 1e(b)). Cf. kin n.¹ 2, kindred n. 4. Now rare (chiefly Scottish in later use). Sc. National Dict. (at kind) records this sense as still in use in southern Scotland in 1960.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > lineage or descent > [noun] > condition determined by

kindc1175

birthc1540

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > ancestor > [noun] > ancestral stock or root

kinc1100

kindc1175

kindredc1200

rootc1330

stockc1393

stirp?1573

radix1651

source1670

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7133 An child..Þatt shall ben þiss iudisskenn king All þurrh rihht aþell kinde.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 38 (MED) Sei me hwer þu wunest meast..& ti cunde cuð me.

c1300 St. Julian Hospitable (Laud) l. 1 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 256 (MED) Seint Iulian þe guode herebeger of noble kuynde com.

c1405 (c1380) G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 121 Cecilie..Was come of Romayns and of noble kynde.

a1500 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Rawl.) (1896) 23 (MED) Throgh the kynde of troy, we sholde be bolde.

1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes sig. d.vi^v Al we were Britaynes at the beginning, come of one kynde, and liuinge vnder one Monarchie.

1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Mowbray f. xii By byrth I came of noble kynde, The Mowbrayes heyre, a famous house and olde.

1609 W. Shakespeare Pericles xxi. 58 [If she] Came of a gentle kinde [1623 kind], and noble stocke.

1724 A. Ramsay Tea-table Misc. (1733) I. 114 My Cromie is a useful cow And she is come of a good kyne.

1781 W. Preston Poems 253 Oh Savage, doubly born of noble kind.

1816 W. Scott Antiquary III. xi. 220 The oyster loves the dredging sang, For they come of a gentle kind.

?c1890 M. A. M. Halloween Guest vi. 53 Baith the faither and mother mean weel, but Katie certainly breaks off kind.

†b. A person's genealogy or descent. Cf. kin n.¹ 1d, kindred n. 3d. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > lineage or descent > [noun]

kinc892

strindc900

i-cundeOE

bloodOE

kindredOE

birtha1250

strainc1275

gesta1300

offspring?a1300

lineagea1330

descentc1330

linec1330

progenya1382

generationc1384

engendrurec1390

ancestry?a1400

genealogya1400

kind?a1400

stranda1400

coming?a1425

bedc1430

descencec1443

descension1447

ligneea1450

originc1450

family1474

originala1475

extraction1477

nativityc1485

parentelea1492

stirpc1503

stem?c1550

race1563

parentage1565

brood1590

ancientry1596

descendance1599

breeding1600

descendancy1603

delineation1606

extract1631

ancestory1650

agnation1782

havage1799

engendure1867

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. 361 Þis is þe kynde fro gre to gre betuen Eneas & Noe.

†13.

a. That which properly belongs to or befits a person by birthright or inheritance, esp. territories or possessions held by right of inheritance. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > dueness or propriety > [noun] > what is fitting > that which naturally befits one

kindc1275

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 10724 Cador cuðe þene wæi þe toward his cunde [c1300 Otho cuþþe] læi.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 37 Þe children..þet hi heþ be spousbreche, berþ away þe kende.

c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 2345 (MED) A-cursid be the tyme þat I out of Rome went..Had I had wit & grace, & hold me lowe & boune, It were my kynd now.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 217 Ane Ersche mantill it war thi kynd to wer.

c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 199 Thay took ane of the tounes cullouris of Abirdein, and gave it to the toune of Abirbrothokis soldiouris..quhilk wes not thair kynd to cary.

b. The station or rank into which a person is born; one's natural status or position in the world. Obsolete.Frequently in of kind, in kind: cf. Phrases 1d, Phrases 1c.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > [noun] > hereditary > right by birth or birthright

i-cundelOE

kindc1300

forbirtha1400

birthright1530

inheritance1535

birthdoma1616

birthhood1651

c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 421 (MED) Ne feolle hit þe of cunde To spuse beo me bunde.

a1425 in M. Day Wheatley MS (1921) 12 Ihesu to hym the vptooke..Abouen aungels kynde, there he the [sc. the Virgin Mary] sett.

c1430 (c1380) G. Chaucer Parl. Fowls (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1871) l. 332 There myghte men the ryal egle fynde..And othere eglis of a lowere kynde.

a1450 ( Libel Eng. Policy (Laud) in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1861) II. 197 He [sc. kynge Edgar] hym selfe atte the shipp behynde As steris-man, it becam of kynde.

a1500 (a1475) G. Ashby Dicta Philosophorum l. 122 in Poems (1899) 48 That they be free, nat bonde in kynde.

†14. Right of inheritance; birthright. Also: the rightful line of inheritance. Usually in prepositional phrases: see Phrases 1. Obsolete.Recorded earliest in through kind at Phrases 1f.

ΚΠ

c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 12498 He..nou axeþ þorh cunde [c1275 Calig. mid icunde] truage of þis londe.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 2231 Þer nis no mon þat kunde abbe þer to.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 6467 (MED) Engelond com to kunde aȝen þoru þe gode quene.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 6664 He adde somdel to engelond More kunde þan þe oþer, Vor he was in is moder half seint edwardes broþer.

IV. Senses relating to sex or gender.

†15.

a. The genitals. Cf. nature n. 3, sex n.¹ 5. Obsolete.In quot. c1440 apparently: testicles. [Perhaps immediately after post-classical Latin natura cerui , denoting the testicles of a deer, prepared for medical use (4th cent.); see nature n.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > sex organs > [noun]

shapea1000

shameOE

i-cundeOE

memberc1300

privy memberc1325

kindc1330

privitiesc1375

harness1382

shameful parts1382

genitoriesa1387

partc1390

tailc1390

genitalsa1393

thingc1405

genitalc1450

privy parts1533

secret1535

loin?1541

genitures1548

filthy parts1553

shamefulness1561

ware1561

meatc1564

natural places1569

secret members1577

lady ware1592

natural parts1601

lady's ware1608

gear1611

private parts1623

groin1631

pudendums1634

natural1650

privacies1656

sex1664

secrecyc1675

nudities1677

affair1749

sexual parts1753

person1824

sex organ1847

privates1940

naughty bits1972

c1330 Adam & Eve (Auch.) 110 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 140 Aiþer of oþer aschamed was And hiled her kinde wiþ more and gras.

c1440 Liber de Diversis Med. 30 (MED) Take þe kynd of hert & drynk it with rede wyne.

b. Semen; = nature n. 2b. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > sperm > semen

seedOE

naturec1390

semena1398

kindc1400

semence1480

mettle1612

egg-fry1674

ammunition1695

spunkc1890

jism1899

scum1967

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xiv. l. 172 (MED) Whan þe pocok caukede..How vn-corteisliche þe cok hud [read hus] kynde forth strende.

a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk Instr. Parish Priests (Claud.) (1974) l. 934 Take also wel in mynde, Ȝef þou haue sched þyn owne kynde, Slepynge, or wakynge.

a1550 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Wemyss) xi. 1026 Fra þaim [sc. horses] sa haboundandly There kynd eschapis fervently.

1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Kynde naturall of euerye thynge, semen.

16.

†a. The state or fact of belonging to a particular sex; the quality of being either male or female; gender, sex. Cf. kin n.¹ 7. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > sex and gender > [noun]

i-cundeOE

kinc1000

birtha1250

kinda1382

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Num. i. 2 Tak ȝe..þe sonys of Irael by kynredys & þer housys & þe namys of eche what euer of maale kynde[L. sexus] fro þe twentyþe ȝeer & aboue.

?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 529 (MED) Hermofrodicia is þe nature of double kynde [L. sexus]..in men..sometyme it is in þe place þat is apperynge vnder þe stones.

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) viii. l. 1842 Off eylde na kynde sparyt þai.

a1538 A. Abell Roit or Quheill of Tyme f. 23^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at cited word I grant me ane weman of the quhilk kynd I cannocht denude me.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. ii. sig. Cc7 To aske..What inquest Made her dissemble her disguised kind.

1640 W. Habington Hist. Edward IV 121 The Female were excluded, as if the distinction of kind could make a difference in right, and the being borne a woman were to bee borne illigitimate.

1758 T. Nugent tr. C. Lancelot et al. New Method learning Lat. Tongue II. vi. 82 This confusion of genders has still continued in a great many nouns, though their [sc. the creatures denoted by the noun] kind is sufficiently distinguished.

b. Either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and many other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions; the males or females of a particular species, esp. the human race, considered collectively; a sex.From the 18th cent. increasingly associated with, and largely merging into, more general senses (see branch II.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > sex and gender > [noun] > sex > a sex

sexa1382

kinda1393

race1558

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. l. 1624 (MED) He mot him binde To such on which of alle kinde Of wommen is þunsemylieste.

c1451 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert (1910) 82 (MED) Gilbert be-gan his perfeccion at þe febiller kende.

1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia ii. sig. Riv All they which be of the male kind..sitte before the goodman of y^e house, and they of the female kynde before the goodwyfe.

1564 A. Bacon tr. J. Jewel Apol. Churche Eng. Ep. Ded. Besides the honour ye haue done to the kinde of women..ye haue done pleasure to the Author of the Latine boke.

?1616 W. Goddard Satirycall Dialogue sig. A2 We men, doe loue to see our selues vp-raisd And Iocond are, to heare our own selues praisd But (oh you springes of Wisdome) I doe find That is a thing most hatefull to your kind.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 106 Far from the Charms of that alluring Kind .

1735 A. Pope Of Char. of Women 11 In..Men we sev'ral Passions find, In Women, two almost divide the Kind.

1789 M. Madan in New & Literal Transl. Juvenal & Persius II. 453 Some pretended to so nice a taste, as to be able to distinguish whether the bird he was eating was of the male or female kind.

1855 Church of Eng. Mag. 3 Nov. 303/1 That priceless jewel which is entrusted to her; the possession of which makes her the first, the loss of which makes her the most degraded, of her kind.

1921 A. C. Perry & A. E. Eichmann Appl. Gram. II. 78 Note that man and woman are nouns; that man denotes a person of the male kind.

2011 A. Cheuse Song of Slaves in Desert vi. 43 Women are the frailer kind, are they not?

†17. Grammatical gender; = gender n. 1a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > gender > [noun]

genderc1390

kindc1400

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iv. l. 339 Adiectif and substantyf vnite asken, Acordaunce in kynde in cas and in numbre.

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 179 (MED) The fourthe acorde in grammar..is..ilet..whenne the noune partityf by tokenyth a thyng of o kynde and that at semyth genityf case by tokenyth an othyr kynde.

1641 J. Johnson Acad. Love 21 Al stones be of the feminine gender [in Latin], even those that are proper to men, are attributed to the female kinde.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. v. 252/2 Articles, are words which serve for the more full and distinct expression of Substantives, and to shew of what Genus and kind they are, whither Male, Femal, or Neuter, &c.

Phrases

P1. Phrases with prepositions.

†a. against kind: contrary to, or in violation of, nature; in an unnatural or immoral manner. In early use also again kind. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

lOEOngean cynde [see sense 3a].

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2320 All swa maȝȝ godd don þe full well. To childenn ȝæness kinde.

c1300 St. Brendan (Harl.) l. 195 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 225 Þeȝ hit þoȝte aȝe cunde þis fowel ansuerede anon.

a1400 Siege Jerusalem (Laud) (1932) l. 1029 (MED) In his synwys soudeynly a syknesse is fallen..croked aȝens kynde & as a crepel woxen.

?1541 R. Copland tr. Galen Terapeutyke sig. A.iv^v Yf any partyes are vlcerate with swellynge agaynste kynd, fyrste the swellynge must be cured.

1633 S. Otes Explan. Generall Epist. St. Iude ix. 111 The Sunne knew Christ, and therefore against kind was eclipsed.

1709 D. Manley Secret Mem. (ed. 2) II. 207 That bewitching Modesty, which is so becoming to the op'ning Veil, is against kind in the confirm'd, bold and agreeable Air of the Hat, Feather and Peruke.

b. by kind.

(a) By birth; (in early use also) spec. by right of birth or inheritance. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adverb] > innately or naturally

i-cundelyeOE

through kindc1225

proprementc1230

kindlya1250

naturallyc1275

kinda1325

by kindc1325

of kindc1325

in kind1340

properly1340

voluntarily1562

natively1590

alliably1593

physically1629

innately1632

natural1793

congenitally1862

connately1884

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 7276 Wo so were next king bi kunde, me clupede him aþeling.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1445 Þe..emperour of grece..has a sone..þat schal be emperour after him of heritage bi kynde.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Melibeus (Ellesmere) (1872) §2757 A free man by kynde or by [c1405 Hengwrt of] burthe.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 2800 (MED) I..am þe coron be kynd of clene all þat Iles.

1567 G. Fenton tr. M. Bandello Certaine Tragicall Disc. f. 10 There is no reason that..the son of hym that is a slaue and seruile borne by kynde, shoulde..beare office in a common welthe.

1612 W. S. Funerall Elegye sig. C2 Those are much more noble in the mind, Then many that haue noblenesse by kind. Birth, blood, and ancesters, are none of ours.

1649 J. Milton Εικονοκλαστης xxviii. 238 His Grand-mother Mary Queen of Scots,..from whom he seems to have learnt, as it were by heart, or els by kind,..his words and speeches heer.

1712 M. Henry Expos. Prophetical Bks. Old Test. (Lam. v. 7) sig. Ccc^v/1 We are a Seed of Evil doers, Children of Wrath, and Heirs of the Curse; we are sinful, and we have it by Kind.

(b) By virtue of, or in accordance with, the natural constitution, character, or condition of a person or thing; naturally. Now rare (Scottish and Irish English (northern) in later use).In Middle English sometimes with reference to innate moral feeling.

ΚΠ

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 101 (MED) Þet þou hatye zenne and uoulhedes..zuo þet þou naȝt ne do aye kende..Yef þou art ariȝt zone, þou sselt him [sc. God] anlykny be kende, be heste, and be riȝte.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 357 (MED) Euel custume..torneþ among hemself traisoun in to kynde so fer forthe, þat as þei be traytoures by kynde.

c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 6590 (MED) By kynde hem is bireued Þat hij ne haue no tunge in her heued.

a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Claud.) (2009) 23 At mydnyght Cryst was yboren, for þen al thyng by kynde takuth rest.

1568 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) III. 661 All fische with fyn That creat wer be kynd.

1636 A. Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae (new ed.) 853 By kinde ay we finde ay Few lackes them [sc. the senses] at the least.

1653 Duchess of Newcastle Poems & Fancies 153 Women, that inconstant are by kind, Can never in one place content their mind.

1792 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum IV. 411 Nae ferlie, tis tho' fickle she prove, A woman has't by kind.

1856 G. Henderson Pop. Rhymes Berwick 45 They hae it by kind, like the Blainslie Aits.

1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. 194/2 By kind, by nature, naturally e.g. She has it by kind i.e. she is naturally gifted.

c. in kind. See also sense 1a.

†(a) By right of inheritance. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adverb] > innately or naturally

i-cundelyeOE

through kindc1225

proprementc1230

kindlya1250

naturallyc1275

kinda1325

by kindc1325

of kindc1325

in kind1340

properly1340

voluntarily1562

natively1590

alliably1593

physically1629

innately1632

natural1793

congenitally1862

connately1884

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 149 (MED) Þe milde..ssel habbe þet land ine kende.

†(b) By virtue of, or in accordance with, the natural constitution, character, or condition of a person or thing; naturally. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 185 Euerilc-on in kinde good, Ðor-quiles adam fro sinne stod.

c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 51 (MED) Þo ben in complexioun Malancolik men & her blood is in kynde blak and þicke.

1508 Balade in Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. dv Thingis in kynde desyris thingis lyke.

(c) [After post-classical Latin in specie (see in specie at specie n.).]

(i) In the context of a repayment, distribution, bequest, etc.: in the form of the article or object in question, as opposed to its equivalent value in money. Now usually (of payment): consisting of goods or services, not money.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > merchandise > in goods [phrase]

in kind1578

society > trade and finance > payment > [adverb] > in kind

in kind1578

society > trade and finance > payment > [phrase] > in kind

in kind1578

1578 T. Rogers Godlie Treat. Lawfull Vse of Ritches vi. f. 8^v, in tr. P. Cæsar Gen. Disc. Damnable Sect Vsurers Lendyng is a contracte, whereby one manne giueth his right of a thyng to an other, without any price at all, but vppon condition that the same thyng in kinde be repaied.

1584 E. Bunny Scepter of Iudah 32 They would rather covet to give the valu of it in monie, than the thing it selfe in kind.

1607 T. Ridley View Civile & Eccl. Law 219 For such things as may be kept, & by keeping will not be the worse, he oght precisely to preserue them, specially where the Testator hath bequeathed any thing in kind.

1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 171 He did..giue the goods of all the Prisoners vnto those that had taken them; either to take them in Kind, or compound for them.

1670 I. Walton Life H. Wotton 49 in Lives His very Food and Rayment were plentifully provided for him in kind.

1713 J. Swift Part of 7th Epist. Horace Imitated 10 The Farmers..Force him to take his Tythes in kind.

1754 E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. II. xx. 148 Their Rent is chiefly paid in Kind, that is to say, great Part of it in several Species arising from the Product of the Farm; such as Barly, Oatmeal [etc.].

1800 W. Holland Diary in Paupers & Pig Killers (1984) 47 Farmer Morle dined with me and paid his small Tithes, his Great Tithe I take in kind.

a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1869) III. v. 329 Their revenues were mostly paid, not in money, but in kind, such as corn, wine and cattle.

1898 W. Wright Brontës in Ireland 116 The miller..was paid in kind.

1953 J. Cary Except the Lord 13 The Coytes would often pay their men partly in kind, in skim-milk or potatoes.

2015 Taupo (N.Z.) Times (Nexis) 24 July 21 Some of the officials at the meetings were paid in kind (often with meat).

(ii) In the context of responding or reacting to someone or something (esp. in retaliation): with something similar; in the same way. Frequently in to respond in kind at respond v. Phrases.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > exchange > [adverb]

therewithc1000

in changea1387

changeably1425

interchangeably1587

exchangeably1598

in kind1638

convertibly1710

interconvertibly1811

1638 G. Sandys Paraphr. Iob 39 in Paraphr. Divine Poems If I have waited at my Neighbours doore: Let my laicivious wife with others grin'd; And by her lust repay my guilt in kind.

1726 Four Years Voy. Capt. G. Roberts Ded. sig. Aij Obligations you have laid me under,..I despair of ever having the Opportunity to return them in Kind.

1750 D. Hume Let. 18 Apr. (1932) I. 141 You dare not revenge yourself in kind, by advising your patients to have nothing to do with the parson.

1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. xi. 272 The best of them are most willing to repay my follies in kind.

1873 Harper's Mag. June 57/2 Falcon observed Staines, saw at once he was a gentleman, and touched his hat to him, to which Christopher responded in kind.

1917 Boys' Life Aug. 4/2 The first thing that told him of her close proximity was a stream of bullets from Travers's automatic, as he tried to repay in kind the German's attentions.

1971 A. MacLean Bear Island (1972) iv. 70 I gave him a casually acknowledging wave of my hand and he answered in kind.

2006 W. Easterly White Man's Burden viii. 286 The Portuguese demand for slaves was so insatiable that the Kongo raided neighboring peoples, who retaliated in kind.

†(d) In proper or good condition; (of fresh produce) in season. Cf. earlier out of kind at Phrases 1e. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. iii. at Isæan Riuer Salmon, which is euer in kind all times of the yeare.

1657 T. Barker Barker's Delight 52 When you go to your pleasure again, put the bait in a little water it will come in kind again.

1712 J. Norris Profitable Advice for Rich & Poor 26 We take particular Care to store our Houses with Salt-Beef and Pork 'till Fresh comes again in Kind.

d. of kind.

(a) By birth; by dint of the character one has inherited or acquired from one's parents or ancestors; (also) by right of birth or inheritance. Obsolete (Scottish in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adverb] > innately or naturally

i-cundelyeOE

through kindc1225

proprementc1230

kindlya1250

naturallyc1275

kinda1325

by kindc1325

of kindc1325

in kind1340

properly1340

voluntarily1562

natively1590

alliably1593

physically1629

innately1632

natural1793

congenitally1862

connately1884

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 6680 (MED) Þo moste it nede come aȝen to þe riȝt eir of kunde.

c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 26 (MED) Feirnesse..makeþ mony mon beo biloued..Summe nobleye & hendelek and gentrise of kuynde.

a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Wolf & Lamb l. 2656 in Poems (1981) 98 Thy language rigorus Cummis the off kynd; swa thy father before Held me at bait.

a1525 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (St Andrews) ix. l. 2679 Hys ayre, þat was of kynd king.

a1628 J. Carmichaell Coll. Prov. in Scots (1957) No. 1358 Sche taks it of kynd, her mother had the same falt when she was young.

1825 Writer’s Clerk II. 124 He tak's it well o' kind, for his father is as worthy a man as is in Homeston.

(b) By virtue of, or in accordance with, the natural constitution, character, or condition of a person or thing; naturally. Obsolete (Scottish in later use).

ΚΠ

a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 429 He [sc. elephants] arn so kolde of kinde Ðat no golsipe is hem minde.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 60 Wommen of kynde desiren libertee.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 207 Thes Englyshe Bretouns be braggars of kynde.

1567 R. Sempill Test. & Trag. King Henrie (single sheet) O wickit [women]..Serpentis of kynde, thocht cumlie seme ȝour statuire.

1575 W. Stevenson Gammer Gurtons Nedle ii. v. sig. Cii She is geuen to it of kynde.

1714 J. Gay Shepherd's Week iv. 37 Last Valentine, the day when birds of kind Their paramours with mutual chirpings find.

†e. out of kind.

(a) In a debased, deformed, or unnatural condition. In later use: (of fresh produce) out of season. Cf. later in kind at Phrases 1c. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > in disorder [phrase]

at or on six and sevenOE

out of kinda1375

out of rulea1387

out of tonea1400

out of joint1415

out of nockc1520

out of tracea1529

out of order1530

out of tune1535

out of square1555

out of kilter1582

off the hinges?1608

out of (the) hinges?1608

in, out of gear1814

out of gearing1833

off the rails1848

on the bumc1870

society > morality > moral evil > moral or spiritual degeneration > degenerate [verb (intransitive)]

afallOE

fallOE

out of kinda1375

degender1539

degenerate1553

decline1604

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > irregularity > unconformity > abnormality > abnormal [phrase] > abnormal or unnatural

out of kinda1375

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 107 (MED) How þat best þerwe bale was brouȝt out of kinde, I wol ȝou telle.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iii. l. 247 Thi kyngdom þorw here couetyse wol out of kynde weynde [emended in ed. to wende].

c1475 Antichrist & Disciples in J. H. Todd Three Treat. J. Wycklyffe (1851) p. cxxx (MED) Þei han many puruyours..to gete metes..well diȝt wiþ spicerie..wiþ sauces & syropis colour out of kynde.

1566 Discr. Rare Most Monstrous Fishe (single sheet) Such shaples shapes for to amend, whych now are out of kynd.

1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 43 So garden with orchard, & hopyard..that want the like benefite, grow out a kinde.

1602 R. Carew Surv. Cornwall i. f. 30^v The countrie people long retained a conceit, that in Summer time they weare out of kind.

1661 P. Enderbie Cambria Triumphans i. 10 When Salmons grow out of kind or season in Wye, in the River Usk..Salmons come in season, so that in the County of Monmouth all the whole year Salmons are fit to be presented to an Emperors Table.

(b) Having lost, declined from, or forsaken the qualities of character appropriate to one's birth or ancestry; not true to one's inheritance; degenerate. Usually in to go (also grow, swerve, etc.) out of kind. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 187 A man..coueyteþ as Mercurius, gooþ out of kynde [L. degenerat] as Jubiter, and is cruel as Saturnus.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. ccxlvij/1 Hast þ^u seen me, forsake my lygnage or go out of kynde [Fr. me as tu veu deslignager esprouue moy; L. numquid degenerem me probasti]?

a1547 Earl of Surrey tr. Virgil Certain Bks. Aenæis (1557) ii. sig. Cii^v On message to Pelide my father go:Shew vnto him my cruel dedes, and how Neoptolem is swarued out of kinde.

1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Heb. xi. f. xx^v Neither dyd Ioseph growe out of kynde, & become vnlike his auncestours in faith.

1611 T. Draxe Christian Armorie i. xii. 120 His children might haue growen out of kind, and haue obscured and blemished his name.

1679 L. Sharpe Reward of Diligence 25 You so far degenerated from the spirit and actions of men, that you are grown quite out of kind.

a1784 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherd in Sc. Wks. (1938) 125 For ye was born and hopes ye'll die a Laird. Ye're nae yet out of kind for a' your bra's.

1916 J. Mowat Caithness Prov. 8 ‘He's gaen oot o' e' kind’—he has broken the traditions of his ancestry.

(c) In a manner contrary to or in violation of nature or one's natural character; in an unnatural or immoral manner. Obsolete.The work cited in quot. 1762 is a burlesque of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales with pervasive use of archaic language.

ΚΠ

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 2889 Oute of kind þe sin was don.

1568 T. Drant tr. Gregory of Nazianzus Epigr. & Sentences sig. D.iiii My tonge doth talke, And tattle out of kinde.

1658 J. Jones in tr. Ovid Invective against Ibis Comm. 55 Lot cannot so properly be said to lie with his own daughters as they with him, for he knew not when they lay down or when they rose up. Neither can his drunkenness mitigate, but aggravate the sin. When bloud toucheth bloud in this kind, it is abominable out of kind.

1762 J. Hall-Stevenson Crazy Tales v. 81 Yet thereto, though I oft have been inclin'd, Have not I yvir practic'd out of kind.

†f. through kind.

(a) By virtue of, or in accordance with, the natural constitution, character, or condition of a person or thing; naturally. Obsolete.In Middle English sometimes with reference to innate moral feeling.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adverb] > innately or naturally

i-cundelyeOE

through kindc1225

proprementc1230

kindlya1250

naturallyc1275

kinda1325

by kindc1325

of kindc1325

in kind1340

properly1340

voluntarily1562

natively1590

alliably1593

physically1629

innately1632

natural1793

congenitally1862

connately1884

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) 134 Engles & sawlen, þurh þet ha bigunnen, ahten & mahten endin þurh cunde.

?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 171 (MED) I snurpe, i snobbe..Þroȝ kund i comble and kelde.

c1390 Castle of Love (Vernon) (1967) l. 169 (MED) Two lawen Adam scholde..Witen and holden in paradis; Þat on him was þorw kynde ilet, Þat oþer was clept lawe iset.

a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 801 (MED) Alle þir, thurgh kynd, to an ald man falles Þat clerkes propertes of eld calles.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 134 The body of this bold [sc. Hector]..may not..be keppit thurgh kynd for vnclene ayre.

(b) By birth; spec. by right of birth or inheritance. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1300Þorh cunde [see sense 14].

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 1057 Þurth kende of hem y can bo Telle of þing þat is ago And al þing þat is now.

?c1625 in E. Beveridge & J. D. Westwood Fergusson's Sc. Prov. (1924) No. 1624 Ye ar stout throw kynd your goodschir drew a sword to a plaitful of pottag.

P2. Postmodifying phrases with of and a determiner.

a. of a kind.

(a) Cards. Of a number of cards in a hand: having the same face value but of different suits. Used chiefly in ranking players' hands in games such as poker, esp. in three of a kind, four of a kind.

ΚΠ

1793 Matrimonial Mag. Jan. 26/2 When you hold two cards of a kind, and a third is upon the table, you may..lay down one of them.

1865 G. M. Evans How Gamblers Win 43 As a general thing, ‘pat hands’, that is, hands which fall complete without drawing (as flushes, fulls, or four of a kind)—should be avoided, as they tend to excite suspicion.

1940 O. Jacoby On Poker v. 36 The time to sandbag is when you have three of a kind or better.

1992 A. R. Taylor Guinness Bk. Trad. Pub Games 45/2 If the next player can play a similar card (i.e. lay out the third card of three-of-a-kind), he gets 6 points for a pair-royal.

2006 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 12 Nov. iii. 16/3 His four of a kind beat his remaining opponent's pair of queens.

(b) Following a numeral, with reference to a number of people or (less commonly) things: very similar, much the same. Esp. in two of a kind.In quot. 1691 with reference to things of the identical type.

ΚΠ

1691 Athenian Mercury 18 Apr. By Monster the Proposer means a monstrous product, from a Natural Generation, as when two of a kind, as Man and Woman, two Monkeys, &c. produce something of the same species, yet with less or more Limbs.]

1873 Trans. Royal Hist. Soc. 2 163 Two of a kind, whate'er they be, Are very certain to agree.

1909 Pharmaceut. Era 8 July 36/1 The intelligent doctor and this honest drug store are two of a kind.

1942 E. Ferber Saratoga Trunk (new ed.) vi. 100 In a way, chéri , we're two of a kind.

1970 R. D. Abrahams Positively Black v. 122 There were the Dalton Brothers, four of a kind.

2005 M. Lewycka Short Hist. Tractors in Ukrainian xvii. 182 I realise how much I have been depending on Big Sis to take on Valentina. Now I recognise that in some ways they are two of a kind.

(c) Used to indicate that something is not a good or typical example of its type. Cf. a kind of at Phrases 3a(a).

ΚΠ

1885 A. J. Wilson Life T. Wanless ix. 129 But had this maiden no guilt , then? Yes, she had guilt of a kind.

1951 ‘J. Wyndham’ Day of Triffids xiv. 250 With the aid of a cook-book Josella had managed to produce meals of a kind.

2005 J. M. Coetzee Slow Man xxviii. 232 Yes it is, marriage of a kind.

(d) one of a kind: see one-of-a-kind at one adj., n., and pron. Phrases 4g.

†b. of his (its, etc.) (own) kind: by its very nature; naturally, instinctively. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > intrinsic or inherent [phrase] > naturally or of itself

of his (its, etc.) (own) kindc1475

c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iii. l. 19 (MED) Þis beste, of his kynde Secheth and sercheth þo schrewed wormes.

1530 J. Rastell New Bk. Purgatory ii. x. sig. d^v Yet can the soule perceyve..of hys owne kynde.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. lx. 227 Hyssope groweth not of his owne kinde in this countrey.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) ii. i. 169 Nature should bring forth Of it owne kinde, all foyzon.

a1640 T. Jackson Treat. Primæval Estate First Man xxi, in Exact Coll. Wks. (1654) 3066 The Fear of any Disgrace or disrespect with men, were in themselves or of their own kind Absolutely Good.

c. of its kind: (used with reference to an example of something) (a) of its sort, type, or class; (b) within the limitations of its sort.

ΚΠ

1649 tr. R. Descartes Disc. Reason 94 'Tis not to be believed..that an Ape..which were the most perfect of its kinde [Fr. de son espèce], should..equall the most stupid child.

1700 G. Booth tr. Diodorus Siculus Hist. Libr. v. ii. 186 This..Amber, which for Beauty and Brightness, excels all others of its Kind.

1829 Foreign Q. Rev. Jan. 393 Their Russia leather..is by no means bad of its kind.

1861 C. Dickens Great Expectations II. vii. 107 Rather a stately house of its kind, but dolefully in want of painting.

1969 Times Lit. Suppl. 16 Jan. 61/1 Thomas's nature writing was good of its kind.

2014 New Scientist 1 Mar. 40/2 Burney points out a lone loulu palm tree, one of the last of its kind.

(a) nothing of the kind: nothing that is equivalent or similar to what has been mentioned or described. Also anything of the kind (in negative contexts). Frequently used to express emphatic denial.

ΚΠ

1700 F. Atterbury Rights Eng. Convocation 454 It not being touch'd on, or so much as hinted there, we might without further Authority conclude that nothing of the kind was done.

1798 T. Dutton tr. F. Nicolai Life & Opinions Sebaldus Nothanker II. i. 21 No..the Bible says nothing of the kind—and, let me tell you, if it did, I should not acknowledge it for God's word.

1862 A. Trollope Orley Farm II. xiv. 111 There was never anything of the kind before.

1908 App. Jrnl. Senate 77th Gen. Assembly Ohio ii. 575 Q. You say if in August, 1905, you bought oats from the Union Grain and Hay Company that your books will show that purchase? A. I didn't say anything of the kind. I couldn't tell you about that.

1961 New Scientist 7 Dec. 634/1 Nothing of the kind can be said in support of one of the most recent and most obnoxious of class distinctions.

1998 Contemp. Theatre Rev. 7 iv. 93 Then I understood that what I had thought was brilliant, wasn't anything of the kind.

2004 Isis 95 459/2 I said nothing of the kind.

(b) something of the kind: something like the thing which has been mentioned or described.

ΚΠ

1733 P. Shaw in tr. F. Bacon Philos. Wks. II. 484 This indeed would be a capital Work; and we conceive Hopes that something of the kind is the View and Design of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris.

1806 Trial R. Patch 60 It might be a shot fired from a police-boat, after a boat with some smuggled goods, or something of the kind.

1871 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) IV. xvii. 55 Something of the kind had been done.

1911 J. Conrad Let. 20 Oct. (1956) 234 Something of the kind must be done or else novel-writing becomes a mere debauch of the imagination.

2014 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 31 July 6 Mr Miliband is the only one of the four main party leaders who doesn't already do something of the kind.

P3. kind of. Cf. kinda adv. and adj.

a. Uses in which kind of limits or expresses a degree of reservation about the description or designation that follows it. See also in a kind of way at way n.¹ and int.¹ Phrases 6c(d).

(a) a kind of: a person or thing that is, or may be, included in the specified class or type, though not possessing all the appropriate or expected characteristics or properties; someone or something that can only doubtfully be described as belonging to the class or type in question. Also some kind of. Cf. of a kind (see Phrases 2a(c)).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > in the particular case [phrase] > an individual not typical of its class

a kind of?1565

a sort of‥1703

of sorts1902

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb] > to a limited extent

as (also so) far as it goes1533

a kind of?1565

not to say1590

in his (also her, etc.) way1700

for what it's worth1830

kinda1834

?1565 A. Hartwell tr. W. Haddon Sight of Portugall Pearle sig. Diii At length after a volume of raylynge & vncharitable checkes, you knyt vp a kynde of conclusion.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iii. i. 261 I haue the wit to thinke my Master is a kinde of a knaue.

1683 E. Hooker in J. Pordage Theologia Mystica Pref. Epist. 103 (note) There must be..in the passions..some kind of spiritualitie.

1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 353 I..thought my self a kind of a Monarch.

1738 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 2) I. 343 Only a kind of huts were built there.

1761 J. Wesley Jrnl. 10 June in Wks. (1827) III. 52 One, a kind of gentleman, seemed displeased.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. ix. 62 The rock..bent by the pressure so as to form a kind of arch.

a1898 W. Brann in J. D. Shaw Brann, Iconoclast (1905) II. 274 He was a kind of half-baked poetaster.

1976 F. Howerd On Way I lost It (1977) iv. 61 I thought it was some kind of sick joke.

2009 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 19 Aug. a9 His wife feeds him a potion that turns him into a kind of feminist.

(b) colloquial (originally U.S.). Used adverbially: in a way, in a manner of speaking; to some extent or degree, somewhat; in some way, somehow. In later use sometimes simply expressing a degree of uncertainty or diffidence on the speaker's part in making a comment.

ΚΠ

1775 in O. E. Winslow Amer. Broadside Verse (1930) 141 Captain Davis had a gun, He kind of clapt his head on 't.

1830 Massachusetts Spy 6 Jan. 1/5 I was kind of provoked at the way you came up.

1882 Cent. Mag. July 347/2 He was soft-spoken, and she was kind of high-strung.

1914 S. Lewis Our Mr. Wrenn xv. 195 It was great to be in England—though the people there are kind of chilly some ways.

1943 Collier's 15 May 62/3 ‘It's kind of terrible,’ she said at last.

1990 Rolling Stone 22 Mar. 80/3 You kind of feel sorry for him.

2005 J. Canseco Juiced 32 Gomez was kind of a smart ass.

(c) colloquial. In collocation with sort of, esp. in kind of sort of, typically for emphasis, expressing a greater degree of reservation or hesitation on the part of speaker. Cf. kinda sorta at kinda adv. and adj. Phrases, sort n.² 8c.

ΚΠ

1803 Goldfinch 131 A kind of sort of giddiness seiz'd me all over!

1823 L. Hunt in Noctes Ambrosianae Aug. 242/1 A pretty kind of-sort-of-kind of thing.

1830 M. R. Mitford Our Village IV. 82 Dash is a sort of a kind of a spaniel.

1901 F. Norris Octopus i. iii. 102 Makes it go down kind of sort of slick.

1984 B. Michaels Grey Beginning 163 This was sort of kind of meant to be an apology.

2002 L. Henderson Broken Record Technique 163 The mystery of a shadowplay, the sorrow of the battle, a kind of sort of tryst.

b. no kind of: used emphatically to denote the complete absence of anything of the kind specified, or to suggest that the subject could in no way be said to belong to the specified class. Later also any kind of (in negative contexts). Cf. no sort of.. at sort n.² 9.

ΚΠ

1546 S. Gardiner Declar. True Articles f. xli Goddes knowledge they saye is infallible in all thinges that shalbe, and that is moost true, but the infallibilitie is no kynd of cause, of y^e thinge thereby so to be caused, to be, but onely an assuraunce that the thinge as it is knowen of god, shall so be.

1571 T. Fortescue tr. P. Mexia Foreste iii. ii. 111 The first writers had no kinde, or maner of Paper, but wrote continually on the leaues of the Date tree.

a1672 Bp. J. Wilkins Of Princ. Nat. Relig. (1675) i. ix. 125 There is no kind or degree of perfection that our imaginations are able to conceive.

1762 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy V. xix. 83 The sash pullies, when the lead was gone, were of no kind of use.

1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 173 The embryo has no kind of vascular connexion with the sac that contains it.

1884 Cent. Mag. Dec. 189/2 A poor old woman like me, who hasn't any kind of a handle to her name.

1970 R. Thorp & R. Blake Music of their Laughter 118/2 When we talked, eventually he convinced me that he wasn't any kind of a nut.

1992 i-D July 53/3 The plot makes no kind of sense.

2013 Racing Post (Nexis) 2 July 6 I am no kind of expert in these matters.

(a) that (also this, such) kind of thing: used to refer generally to things of the same or a similar kind as that previously mentioned or implied. Cf. that or this sort of thing at sort n.² 10a.

ΚΠ

1680 School of Venus i, in B. K. Mudge When Flesh becomes Word (2004) 11 When a man thrusts his Prick into a Womans Cunt, it is called Fucking. But pray do'nt talk of such kind of thing before Company, for they will call you an immodest baudy Wench, and chide you for it.

1806 R. Semple Charles Ellis I. ii. 19 Ben used to say that Latin, and all that kind of thing, was of no more use to a sailor than a fourth mast to a ship.

1858 A. Trollope Dr. Thorne II. v. 100 Now, I like this kind of thing once in a way.

1889 A. T. Pask Eyes of Thames 100 The quiet waterside,..so villagey, and all that kind of thing, you know.

1953 B. Pym Jane & Prudence i. 10 I look after the humdrum side of his work, seeing books through the press and that kind of thing.

1997 W. Self Great Apes (1998) vii. 112 You shouldn't worry too much, the prognosis for this kind of thing is on the whole fairly good.

2011 Z. Strachan Ever fallen in Love 41 He wasn't a stoner, not really, though since I'd been hanging around with him I'd got a lot more into that kind of thing.

(b) colloquial. kind of thing: used conversationally to qualify a preceding statement, suggesting that the statement is approximate or captures the speaker's meaning only in a general way: ‘as it were’, ‘so to speak’, ‘or something of that kind’. Cf. earlier sort of thing at sort n.² 10b.

ΚΠ

1907 Church Eclectic July 282/1 The short, crisp, magazine article, which gives the cock-sure feeling, so satisfactory to the man in the street—‘all for sixpence, taught whilst you wait,’ as it were kind of thing.

1966 K. Amis Anti-Death League (1968) 114 How did you get on to it, kind of thing?

2002 S. Finnan in L. Purcell Black Chicks Talking 34 My grandmother had a large family, in two lots, kind of thing.

P4. Irish English. to be kind father for (a person): to be inherent or innate in the specified person's character or constitution by virtue of heredity; to be natural for (someone). Cf. sense 1c and kind adj. 2a. Now rare.In later use frequently interpreted as showing kind adj.; cf. note at kind adj. 2a.

ΚΠ

c1735 J. Swift Dialogue in Hybernian Stile (1977) 74 And a good warrant you have, it is kind father for you.

1830 W. Carleton Traits & Stories Irish Peasantry I. 199 To do him justice, he's very friendly in going to a neighbour's funeral; and, indeed, kind father for you, Mr. Morrow, for it's he that was a raal good hand at going to such places himself.

1902 S. Brenan in Eng. Dial. Dict. III. 441/2 [Antrim] It's kind father for him to be a good Nationalist.

1953 Irish Examiner 3 Feb. 8/5 It was kind father for him to have a rare liking for racing.

1973 Connacht Times 20 July 38/7 If ever the phrase ‘kind father for him’ was apt it was well and truly demonstrated in the play of..young Frank Stockwell who showed every promise of following his father on to the Galway team.

Compounds

† kind-blind adj. Obsolete blind by nature.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of eye > disordered vision > [adjective] > blind

star-blindeOE

bissonc950

blind-bornc975

blindc1000

darkOE

purblinda1325

sightlessa1325

start blinda1387

stark blinda1425

stone-blindc1480

beetle-blind1556

beetle1566

eyeless?1570

purblinded1572

high-gravel-blind1600

not-seeing?1602

kind-blind1608

bat-blind1609

unseeing1609

blindful1621

winking-eyed1621

lamplessa1625

deocular1632

lightless1638

bat-eyed1656

stock-blind1675

duncha1692

gazelessa1819

visionlessa1821

blind-eyed1887

stone-eyed1890

unsighted1983

1608 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iv. 138 Imitating right The Kinde-blinde Beast [sc. the mole], in russet Velvet dight [Fr. l'animal habillé de pannes de velous].

kind payment n. payment in goods or services as opposed to money; (also) a payment made in this way; cf. in kind at Phrases 1c.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > payment > [noun] > payment in things other than money

kind payment1814

1814 T. S. Raffles Substance of Minute on Java 199 The option of kind payment is still left to the Renter on many accounts.

1827 P. Cunningham Two Years New S. Wales II. xxii. 88 The Bank establishment..will, in all probability, ultimately extirpate even kind payments in part.

1883 Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. 15 7 That part of my district in which the kind payment is most developed.

1990 M. Upender Marketable & Marketed Surplus in Agric. ii. 19 In certain cases payments to hired labourers are being made in cash in addition to kind payments.

2000 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 13 May 1736/2 Cash wages are more difficult to manipulate than kind payment.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

kindadj.adv.

Brit.

/kʌɪnd/, U.S.

/kaɪnd/

Forms: late Old English cynde, Middle English cunde, Middle English cuyndeste (superlative), Middle English keend, Middle English kend, Middle English kiynde, Middle English kund, Middle English kunde, Middle English kuynde, Middle English kynt, Middle English kyynd, Middle English–1500s kende, Middle English–1500s kynde, Middle English–1600s kinde, Middle English–1600s kynd, Middle English– kind, late Middle English knydyst (superlative, transmission error), 1600s cinde, 1800s kyind (English regional (Worcestershire)); also Scottish pre-1700 keind, pre-1700 keynd, pre-1700 kyind, 1900s kin'; Irish English (northern) 1900s– kine.

Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: i-cunde adj.

Etymology: Aphetic < i-cunde adj. (and thus cognate with kind n.). With use as adverb compare kindly adv.It is possible that some uses may show conversion directly from kind n. (as i-cunde adj. does from i-cunde n.). For a possible, but doubtful, earlier attestation in sense A. 2 see quot. OE at kind n. 2 and discussion there. Compare also Old English uncynde unkind adj. (beside earlier ungecynde : see un-i-cunde adj.). In early use in senses A. 8a and A. 8b translating post-classical Latin grātus pleasing, also in post-classical Latin in sense ‘gentle, kindly, benevolent’ (see grate adj.). In later use in sense A. 8b with a stronger element of warmth or friendly affection, probably reinforced by association with sense A. 7b.

A. adj.

I. Natural, native, and related senses.

†1.

a. In accordance with the natural or normal course of things; naturally or predictably arising or resulting from the circumstances. Cf. kindly adj. 1b, natural adj. 2. Obsolete.In quot. lOE with complement of person in the dative; cf. i-cunde adj. 1a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [adjective] > natural or existing in nature

kindlOE

kindlyc1225

naturalc1390

kindlike1489

native1560

real1602

physiurgic1817

physioplastica1832

physiurgoscopica1832

lOE Prognostics (Hatton) (2007) 301 Gyf [him þince þæt] he gold findeð, god swefn þæt bið & yfel þemþe hit cynde [OE Tiber. gecynde] ne bið.

c1300 St. Michael (Laud) 563 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 315 Bi-tweone somer and wynter..þanne is þe þondre kuynde Inov.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 78 His firme kinde dei..Of foure and twenti time rigt. Ðes frenkis men..It nemnen un iur natural.

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. l. 970 Floures..Redressen hem a-yen þe sonne bryght And spreden on hire kynde cours by rowe.

a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. 10610 Of hym more men fynde In farre bokes, als ys kynde, Þan we haue in þys lond.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 135 So hit [sc. an embalming fluid] soght to the sydes & serchit within And keppit hom full cleane in hor kynd hew Þat as a lede vpon lyue to loke on þai ware.

1579 S. Gosson Ephemerides Phialo f. 2^v It is but kinde for a Cocks heade, to breede a Combe.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xvii. ii. 500 Trees with bearing of fruit, are drawne drie and have lost their naturall moisture, with shedding their leaves they bee poore and feeble; so that it is kind for them to be hungrie then.

b. Naturally suited to or required by a person, thing, activity, etc.; proper, fitting, appropriate. Cf. kindly adj. 1c. Frequently with for. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > suitability or appropriateness > [adjective] > suited to the nature of anything

i-cundeeOE

i-cundelyOE

kindly1340

kinda1400

connatural1604

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 9380 Til alking thing he gafe, þair kind scrud al for to haue.

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iv. l. 768 How sholde a plaunte or lyues creature Lyue with-oute his kynde noriture?

a1475 Recipe Painting in Archæol. Jrnl. (1844) 1 154 (MED) That the vessel stonde hote as in hors-dunge or in mattis or in good pese straw, but hors-dunge is the beste and most kinde therfor.

a1500 in G. Henslow Med. Wks. 14th Cent. (1899) 98 (MED) Thenne must on..leten out the brised blod, and don In oynement that is kynde there-fore.

1578 T. White Serm. Pawles Crosse 3 Nov. 1577 72 If one punishmente will not doe, a kynder muste bee putte in proofe.

1663 J. Beal Let. in R. Boyle Wks. (1772) VI. 357 What hay is kindest for sheep.

1694 W. Westmacott Θεολοβοτονολογια 9 Cyder is a kind vehicle and proper menstruum for medical matters.

2. Naturally existing or present; inherent in the very nature of a person or thing; innate, inborn; not acquired or assumed. Cf. kindly adj. 1a, natural adj. 1.

a. In predicative use, chiefly with anticipatory it as subject and infinitive as complement. In later use Irish English (northern) and rare.Modern use in Irish English probably shows a separate development from the phrase to be kind father for (see kind n. Phrases 4).

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective] > innate or natural

i-cundeeOE

fleshly971

kindlyOE

kindc1175

naturalc1275

kindc1390

innatea1420

nativea1425

inborn1513

innative1513

habitual1526

ingenerate1531

instincta1538

innated1545

inset1545

of one's nativity1582

inbreda1592

connatural1599

prognatec1600

ingenious1601

ingenit1604

congenite1610

connativea1618

intuitive1621

infusive1630

habituous1633

veined1633

genial1646

connatea1652

relollacean1654

relollaceous1657

relolleous1662

congenial1664

complanted1668

ingrown1670

ingenerated1677

unborrowed1704

cogenite1712

born1741

naturable1771

unacquired1793

congenerous1813

congenital1848

ingrain1852

indigenousa1864

ingenital1886

wired-in1957

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8336 Herode king,..wass ifell mann inoh & wel itt wass himm kinde.

c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) l. 2940 Kende hit is, wimman te be Schamfaste and ful of corteisie & hate dedes of fileinie.

c1450 W. Lichefeld Complaint of God (Lamb. 853) l. 614 in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 227 And how kinde and propir it is to þee..On hem to haue mercy and pitee.

1522 Worlde & Chylde (de Worde) (1909) sig. A.ii^v All rychelesnesse is kynde for the.

1902 S. Brenan in Eng. Dial. Dict. III. 441/2 [Antrim] It's kind for him to be a good Nationalist.

1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. at Kind It's kind of a kitten to kill a mouse.

†b. attributive, chiefly with reference to innate mental faculties, as kind wit, kind knowing, etc. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective] > innate or natural

i-cundeeOE

fleshly971

kindlyOE

kindc1175

naturalc1275

kindc1390

innatea1420

nativea1425

inborn1513

innative1513

habitual1526

ingenerate1531

instincta1538

innated1545

inset1545

of one's nativity1582

inbreda1592

connatural1599

prognatec1600

ingenious1601

ingenit1604

congenite1610

connativea1618

intuitive1621

infusive1630

habituous1633

veined1633

genial1646

connatea1652

relollacean1654

relollaceous1657

relolleous1662

congenial1664

complanted1668

ingrown1670

ingenerated1677

unborrowed1704

cogenite1712

born1741

naturable1771

unacquired1793

congenerous1813

congenital1848

ingrain1852

indigenousa1864

ingenital1886

wired-in1957

c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. i. l. 127 ‘Yit haue I no kuynde knowing,’ quod I, ‘þou most teche me betere’.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xii. l. 130 (MED) Kynde witte cometh of alkynnes siȝtes Of bryddes and of bestes, of tastes of treuthe and of deceytes.

a1500 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Rawl.) (1896) 137 (MED) Thay, by kynde falsnes and vnstabilnes that in ham is, lytel tell of othys and of mansynge.

1548 N. Lesse tr. F. Lambert Minde & Iudgem. ii. xiii. f. xlvi We wyl that the scripture be taken in hys owne kynde & naturall meanynge.

†3.

a. Of a person: having a claim or right by birth or inheritance; legitimately entitled to a property, position, or status; lawful, rightful. Cf. kindly adj. 2a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > [adjective]

righteOE

kindc1300

rightfulc1330

truec1384

righteous1391

lawfula1400

just?1435

legitimec1450

legitimatea1460

verya1466

justc1540

reable1581

sib1701

competent1765

c1300 St. Wulstan (Laud) l. 106 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 74 (MED) Seint wolston..was þo þe cuyndeste [a1325 Corpus Cambr. kundeste, ?a1425 Julius kendest] englische man þat was of enie manhede.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 6429 Hii bitoke þe qued hor soule þe kunde eirs to bitraye.

c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 46 (MED) Þat on lepi kuynde kyng coround in heuene.

a1450 MS Bodl. 779 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1889) 82 373 (MED) Oswald..king þey made þo, for oswin, here kende lord, of londe was I-go.

a1500 (?c1450) Bone Florence (1976) l. 1257 And crowne Mylys my brodur..For knydyst [read kyndyst] heyre ys hee.

b. Belonging to a person by right of birth or inheritance; legitimately claimed or held; lawful, rightful. Cf. kindly adj. 3. Obsolete (Scottish in later use).In quot. 1702: designating a lease of land on favourable terms because of the long continued possession of that land by the tenant's family or ancestors; cf. kindly adj. 4.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > [adjective] > resting on hereditary right > by birth or descent

i-cundeeOE

kindc1325

kindlyc1450

native1596

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 4822 (MED) Þe folc of englisse & saxons hor lond hom bi nome, & hor kunde eritage mid trayson & suikedome.

c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) 2940 Ȝif ich miȝte wiþ eni ginne Me kende eritage to winne.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1882) VIII. 35 (MED) Why art þu come to desherite me of my ryȝt of my kynde burþe [?a1475 anon. tr. naturalle enheritaunce; L. jure..nativo]?

?a1425 (a1415) Lanterne of Liȝt (Harl.) (1917) 118 (MED) Nabath seide he wolde not chaunge, ne selle his kynde eritage.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xi. l. 1069 And tak the croun, till ws It war kyndar, To bruk for ay, or fals Eduuard it war.

1570 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xiii. 130 Ȝe..Baneist his Gudschir from his kynde heritage.

1702 T. Morer Short Acct. Scotl. 4 Being without those long kind Leases the Tenants in England have.

†a. Of one's country, region, etc.: that is the place of a person's birth and early life; native. Also: designating one's native language or mother tongue. Cf. native adj. 9a, 10a. Obsolete.In quot. 1849 probably a deliberate archaism.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > a language > [adjective] > native or vernacular

kinda1325

maternal1481

vulgara1513

motherly1598

natural1617

vernacular1647

vernaculary1652

vernaculous1658

vernacule1669

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [adjective] > native (of country or place)

kinda1325

kindlya1400

nativea1438

natal?1440

naturalc1475

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1279 [It] was nogt is kinde lond.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 13258 (MED) To nazareth he went again Vntil his aun kind contre.

c1425 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Harl.) 364 Ich wene þer ne be man in world contreyes none, þat ne holdeþ to her kunde [c1325 Calig. owe, a1400 Trin. Cambr. kunde, ?a1425 Digby kynde] speche, bote Engelond one.

a1500 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Rawl.) (1896) 7 (MED) Man thynkyth no Place so Myrry lyghtly as in his Kynd Place.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid v. xiii. 82 As thi kind ground and cuntre naturale.

?1614 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses ii. 28 Royall Vlysses, farre from the embrace Of his kind countrie; in a land vnknowne.

1849 Anglo-Saxon 3 10 In their own kind language the poor have the Gospel of Christ preached to them.

b. Of a person or animal: native or indigenous to a country or region. Also with to. Cf. native adj. 11. Now Shetland and rare.The use in Shetland probably arises independently by analogy with kindly (see kindly adj. 3b). Sc. National Dict. records the sense as still in use in Shetland in 1960.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native people > [adjective]

inbornc1000

theodiscc1000

i-cundeOE

landisha1300

kindc1325

denizen1483

kindly born1483

native1488

naturally born1523

naturala1533

home-bred?1560

natural1574

home-born1577

homeling1577

natural-born1583

land-born1589

self-bred1590

self-born1597

indigene1598

land-breda1599

vernaculous1606

kindly1609

inbred1625

terrigenist1631

native-born1645

indigenous1646

indigenary1651

indigenital1656

aboriginal1698

own-born1699

indigenal1725

homegrown1737

terrigenous1769

indigenate1775

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 851 Many kundemen of þis lond Mid king leir hulde also.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 937 þe kunde volc of þe lond adde to hom onde.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) ix. 448 Thai war kynde [1489 Adv. kynd] to the cuntre.

1931 J. R. Nicolson Shetland Incidents & Tales 17 The statement was made that there was two distinct species in Shetland. One was known as the ‘kind sheep’.

†c. Having a specified character by nature or from birth; (typically in depreciative contexts) fully warranting a particular description or label by one's very nature; complete, utter. Cf. born adj. 8. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > character or nature > [adjective] > natural, born, or by birth

bornOE

kinda1375

naturate1509

natural1598

natural-born1835

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 513 Þouȝh he were komen of no ken, but of kende cherls.

c1450 W. Lichefeld Complaint of God (Lamb. 853) l. 380 in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 215 (MED) But y wole vse wrenchis & wilis Þe comoun uoice is, y schal not þrijf; Summe at me mowis, summe at me smylis, And counten me but a kynde caitif.

1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope v. v. f. lxxxj Suche supposeth to be moche wyse, whiche is a kynd and a very foole.

1589 R. Greene Menaphon sig. G3^v I thought no lesse..that you would proue such a kinde kistrell.

c1600 (?c1395) Pierce Ploughman's Crede (Trin. Cambr. R.3.15) (1873) l. 489 (MED) Crist calde hem him-self kynde ypocrites.

†5. Related by kinship; of one's own kin or people. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [adjective]

sibeOE

ysibbeOE

belengc1175

sibc1175

kinda1325

by-sybbec1440

evenkinc1450

of kin1486

sibbeda1500

akinc1515

kindred1530

allied1577

affined1586

cousin1590

kin1600

related1650

cognate1827

our1836

affinitative1855

relatival1899

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2276 Al ðo briðere..bedden him riche present..And he leuelike it under-stod, For alle he weren of kinde blod.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 8240 Þe sarazins..wende toward antioche, to helpe hor kunde blod.

c1400 Life St. Anne (Minn.) (1928) l. 1579 (MED) Þai had na gude wyll thyne, So þai wer kynde þer with no man.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 188 And thus was the Empyre kepte be my kynde elders.

1516 in J. Imrie et al. Burgh Court Bk. Selkirk (1960) 39 The said William sal tak Johne Champnaye..to prentes..doand to him favourablie as suld be done to an prentes or a kynd frend.

II. Good, with regard to nature, character, or quality.

6. Of high quality.

†a. Of a person's birth: of high social rank; distinguished, noble. of kind blood: of noble birth, well-born. Cf. gentle adj. 1b. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > aristocracy or upper class > gentry > [adjective] > of birth

gentlec1300

kindc1300

gently-born1871

c1300 St. Margarete (Harl.) 2 in O. Cockayne Seinte Marherete (1866) 24 Ibore heo was in Antioche, icome of cunde blod.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1452 Ysaac he let al his god, For he was bi-geten of kinde blod.

†b. Of a person: of noble birth; having the personal qualities associated with, or befitting a person of, noble birth; noble in manners or conduct; spec. (a) generous, gracious, courteous; = gentle adj. 3a; (b) displaying knightly qualities; chivalrous; brave, courageous. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > [adjective] > well-mannered > well-bred

gentlec1325

kindc1330

inqueredc1440

well-born?c1450

well-bred1585

well nutrimenteda1592

well-reared1597

high-bred1604

jaunty1664

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > knight > [adjective]

hendc1275

kindc1330

knightlyc1384

most noble (——)1567

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 5110 (MED) We were coward & vnhende, Bot we holpen þo children kende.

a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 36 (MED) Cunde comely ase a knyht..in vch an hyrd þyn aþel ys hyht.

c1390 in C. Horstmann Minor Poems Vernon MS (1892) i. 135 Heil quene corteis, comely, and kynde.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 2459 (MED) Þai crosse ouir toward þe kyng as kyndmen [a1500 Trin. Dublin kene men] suld.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 184 For he was wys, rycht worthy, wicht and kynd.

a1522 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) i. Prol. 96 Quha mycht gaynsay a lord so gentill and kynd.

1578 J. Rolland Seuin Seages 3 He was courtes, cumlie and richt kynd.

c. Of a good or high quality; spec. (a) (of a crop, vegetation, etc.) thriving, healthy, in good condition; †(b) (of an animal) well-bred; thoroughbred (obsolete); (c) (of land, soil, etc.) fertile; = good adj. 2a. Cf. kindly adj. 8. Now rare (chiefly English regional in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > [adjective]

goodOE

winlyOE

snella1000

winc1275

boonc1325

cleana1375

tidya1375

positivea1398

comelyc1400

kindc1400

kindly?a1425

well-formeda1425

trim?a1513

wally?a1513

bonnya1525

delicatea1533

goodlike1562

sappy1563

bein1567

rum1567

benedict1576

warrantable1581

true (also good, sure) as touch1590

goodlisomea1603

respectable1603

clever1738

amusing1753

plummy1787

bone1793

brickish1843

mooi1850

ryebuck1859

spandy1868

greatisha1871

healthy1878

popular1884

beefy1903

onkus1910

quies1919

cushty1929

high-powered1969

not shabby1975

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iii. l. 29 No [emended in ed. to ne] on croked kene þorne kynde fygys wexe.

1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 41^v The kindest Mastife, when he is clapped on the back, fighteth best.

1587 T. Churchyard Worthines of Wales sig. M3^v Good welsh Nagges, that are of kindest race: With goodly nowt, both fat and bigge with bone.

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 163 Signes, not of bad ground, but rather of a kinde and fat soile.

a1656 J. Hales Golden Remains (1659) i. 182 As men graffe Apples and kind fruits upon Thornes.

1696 W. Nicholls Conf. with Theist 55 Tillage does macerate and break the Stony Earth again into a fine and kind soil, which is fit for vegetation.

1756 P. Browne Civil & Nat. Hist. Jamaica ii. ii. 136 It is a hardy and kind pasturage.

1893 J. Salisbury Gloss. Words S.E. Worcs. at Kyind We shaunt 'ave many curran's this year, but the plums seems very kyind.

1895 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 28 Mar. 2/7 Mr Fitzgerald said the valuers described this as ‘fairly kind sheep pasture’.

1911 C. G. Hopins Story of Soil viii. 48 This is a kind soil.

1957 H. Hall Parish's Dict. Sussex Dial. (new ed.) 70/1 Kind, said of land: good.

†a. Having or showing a normal, natural affection for one's family and close relatives; well-disposed towards one's kin. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 724 Þine sostren ssolleþ abbe al, vor hor herte is so kunde, & þou ssalt vor þin vnkundhede be out of al min munde.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 5725 (MED) As sche that was gentil and kinde, In worschipe of hir Sostres mynde, Sche made a riche enterement.

a1450 (c1400–25) H. Legat Serm. Passion in D. M. Grisdale 3 Middle Eng. Serm. (1939) 12 (MED) I lullid þe in þi cradil..& kissid þi lippus..as a kinde modur schulde.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 157 ‘Well,’ seyde the kyng, ‘she is a kynde sister! I shall so be avengid on hit and I lyve that all crystendom shall speke of hit.’

c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 35 (MED) We fynden mannes herte kynde to hise lungis, for þe herte ȝeueþ to þe nutriment of þe lungis of þe same blood þat it is norischid wiþ.

b. gen. Affectionate, loving, fond; (English regional (northern)) intimate, close. Now somewhat archaic, esp. in kind embrace.Many examples of kind embrace from the 20th cent. onwards probably show reinterpretation of the phrase as showing sense A. 11.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > love > affection > [adjective]

chisa700

lovewendeOE

lovingOE

lovelyOE

kinda1375

fond1539

fainingc1540

affectionate1576

affectioned1578

affectiousc1580

affectionateda1586

affecting1600

dear1609

affective1613

affectional1689

attached1734

aff1752

warm1765

lovey1920

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 3474 Wiþ clipping & kessing & alle kinde dedus.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 4028 (MED) I purpose..To wedde ȝou and ben ȝour trew man..And be to ȝou as lowly & as kynde..Þan whilom was ȝoure Menelaus.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Biii^v If they had ben kynde & louyng to god.

?1594 H. Constable Diana (new ed.) viii. i. sig. F4 Women are kind by kind, but coy by fashion.

1626 J. Gresham tr. Ovid Picture of Incest 22 Many nights exchange Of kind embrace betwixt these louers strange.

1709 A. Pope Autumn in Poet. Misc.: 6th Pt. vi. 741 Do Lovers dream, or is my Shepherd kind?

1735 A. Pope Of Char. of Women 9 A Spark too fickle, or a Spouse too kind.

1825 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words Kind, intimate—not kind, at enmity.

1854 M. Davis & J. L. Scott Scenes beyond Grave iii. 28 All eager to greet me, and receive me to their kind embrace.

1870 Ld. Tennyson Window 184 Stiles where we stay'd to be kind, Meadows in which we met.

1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 70/2 He's gettin ower kind with oor Polly.

2015 Times-Tribune (Scranton, Pa.) (Nexis) 18 Oct. He left St. Francis Commons with a clean shave, haircut and a kind embrace.

†c. euphemistic. Designating a woman who is available to be a person's mistress, lover, or sexual partner. Chiefly in kind girl. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > [noun] > illicit intimacy > person > a mistress

chevesea700

wifeOE

bed-sister1297

concubine1297

leman1297

file1303

speciala1400

womanc1400

chamberer?a1425

mistress?a1439

cousin1470

doxy?1515

doll1560

pinnacea1568

nobsya1575

lier-by1583

sweetheart1589

she-friend1600

miss1606

underput1607

concupy1609

lig-by1610

factoress1611

leveret1617

night-piece1621

belly-piece1632

dolly1648

lie-bya1656

madamc1660

small girl1671

natural1674

convenient1676

lady of the lake1678

pure1688

tackle1688

sultana1703

kind girl1712

bosom-slave1728

pop1785

chère amie1792

fancy-woman1819

hetaera1820

fancy-piece1821

poplolly1821

secondary wife1847

other woman1855

fancy-girl1892

querida1902

wifelet1983

1620 S. Rowlands Night-raven sig. D2^v I note the places of polluted sinne Where your kind wenches and their bawds put in.

1674 T. Duffett Span. Rogue Prol. sig. a3^v Tell me Gallants! which would you like best? The tedious Fool that stayes 'till she is drest, Or the kind Girl, who when the hour is come, Slips on the Morning Gown, and steals from home?

1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 110 The next Moon their Women flock to the Sacred Wells; where, they say, it is not difficult to persuade them to be kind.

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 486. ¶1 I am very particularly acquainted with one who is under entire Submission to a kind Girl, as he calls her... No longer than Tuesday last he took me with him to visit his Mistress.

1746 W. Hyland Ship-wreck v. 27 One kind Girl is worth a Dozen Wives—Matrimony is worse than the Galleys.

1778 C. Dibdin Poor Vulcan ii. ii. 32 Let constant lovers at the feet Of pale-fac'd wenches, sigh and pine, For me, the first kind girl I meet Shall be my toast.

†8.

a. Pleasant, agreeable, acceptable. Cf. kindly adj. 7. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > sensuous pleasure > [adjective] > pleasing to the senses

lithec888

fairOE

softOE

lickerousc1275

deliciousa1325

kindlya1382

favourablea1398

kinda1398

sugared1426

feelsomea1450

agreeablec1450

comfortablec1460

favourousc1485

grateful1553

sugar candy1575

lickerish1595

savouring1595

maumy1728

tasty1796

lekker1900

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. xcvii. 988 Þis flex is nouȝt most strong but..þerof is kynde [L. gratissimæ] vestymentes ymade for prestes.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 6509 Þis moyses was dere & kynde To god.

a1425 (a1400) Northern Pauline Epist. (1916) Coloss. iii. 15 (MED) Þe pees of crist, ioye it in ȝoure hertis..and be ȝee kynde [L. grati] to god.

1592 R. Greene Quip for Vpstart Courtier sig. B2^v Hard by grew the true louers primrose, whose kind sauour wisheth men to bee faithfull and women courteous.

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 657 So it is with the odours of flowers, which are very sweet to smell unto a good way off; whereas if a man come over-neere unto them, they yeeld nothing so kinde and pleasant a sent.

1664 P. D. C. tr. N. Le Fèvre Compend. Body Chymistry II. x. 308 This volatile salt and spirit are more subtile and penetrating, and of a kinder taste and smell then those that have been extracted out of plain Urine.

1706 N. Rowe Ulysses i. i. 98 I have the kindest Sounds to bless your Ear with.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth I. 32 Though at a kinder distance.

b. Grateful, appreciative. Obsolete (English regional in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adjective]

thankful971

kinda1475

grateful1552

grate1565

responsorya1643

resentive1648

appreciate1823

a1475 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Cambr. Gg.1.16) (1893) 82 (MED) Þou shuldest know my love, and be ever kynde [L. gratus] to my benefaytes.

a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 54 Be kynde þerfore for a litel þinge, & þou shalt be worþi to take gretter.

?1531 R. Whitford tr. Folowing of Christe ii. x. f. liii If a man desyre to holde the grace of god be he kinde and thankfull for suche grace as he hathe receyued.

1563 2nd Tome Homelyes Time of Prayer i, in J. Griffiths Two Bks. Homilies (1859) ii. 339 He should declare himself thankful and kind, for all those benefits.

1612 B. Jonson Alchemist v. iv. sig. M Sub. Why doe you not thanke her Grace? Dap. I cannot speake, for Ioy. Sub. See, the kinde wretch!

1700 J. Treffry Poems 56 I should have been kind, And grateful, for your former Courtesies.

1877 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. (at cited word) I'm very kind to Mrs...'cause she sent me them coals i' th' winter.

†9.

a. Of a substance or material: soft, yielding, and easy to work or manipulate. Obsolete (English regional in later use).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > types of material generally > [adjective] > mouldable or workable

freec1300

malleablec1395

pliablec1475

workable1545

hammerable1611

mouldable1626

soluble1650

kind1747

plastic1791

temperable1841

mild1878

manipulable1881

1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. Uijb We drive at the Vein Head in the first Place, because there it is likely that the Vein may be the most Kind or Leppey.

1770 C. Varlo New Syst. Husbandry III. xvi. 248 It is so absolutely necessary for the good of the flax to preserve this oily kind nature in it, in order to keep it from rotting, and make it kind, soft, and silky.

1831 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal I. 243 To distinguish between hard and kind steel, that is, between steel that has been more or less carbonated.

1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining 147 Kind generally signifies tender, soft, or easy to work.

b. English regional. Of hair, fur, etc.: soft and sleek to the touch. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Kind, soft. ‘As kind as a glove.’ Kind-harled, soft-haired.

1848 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 9 ii. 429 Breeders..are now fully alive to the importance of kind hair and good flesh in a feeding beast.

1886 W. Barnes Gloss. Dorset Dial. Kind, sleek, as spoken of fur.

III. Having a friendly, benevolent, or considerate disposition, and related senses.Now the usual use; senses A. 10, A. 11, A. 12 are the senses commonly found in standard modern English.

10.

a. Having or showing a benevolent, friendly, or warm-hearted nature or disposition; ready to assist, or show consideration for, others; sympathetic, obliging, considerate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > [adjective]

mildeOE

blitheOE

goodOE

well-willingOE

beina1200

goodfulc1275

blithefula1300

faira1300

benignc1320

gainc1330

sweetc1330

kinda1333

propicec1350

well-willeda1382

well-disposeda1393

well-hearteda1393

well-willinga1393

friendsomea1400

well-willya1400

charitablec1405

well-willed1417

good-heartedc1425

kindlyc1425

honeyed1435

propitious1440

affectuousc1441

willya1449

homelyc1450

benevolous1470

benigned1470

benevolent1482

favourousc1485

well-meaned1488

well-meaning1498

humanec1500

favourablec1503

affectionatea1516

well-mindedc1522

beneficial1526

propiciant1531

benignate1533

well-intendeda1535

beneficious1535

kind-hearted1535

well-given1535

affectioned1539

well-wishing1548

figgy?1549

good-meaning1549

affectedc1553

affectionated1561

well-natured1561

well-affected?1563

officious1565

well-inclined1569

good-natured1582

partial1587

graceful?1593

well-intentioned1598

beneficent1616

candid1633

kindlike1637

benefic1641

kindly-hearted1762

well-meant1765

benignanta1782

sweet-hearted1850

a1333 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 19 Helpe he wole ich wot, Vor loue þe chartre wrot... He þat ys so cunde, Þys euer haueth in munde.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 380 (MED) Sche wold haue sleie hire-self..ne hade þe kind kouherde conforted here þe betere.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 852 How gentil and how kynde Ye semed, by your speche, and your visage.

1536 R. Morison Lamentation Seditious Rebellyon sig. A.iv Alas what vnkyndnes may so kynde and so louynge a prince recken in these traytours?

1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 19 We thank our God baith kynde and liberall.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) iii. iii. 20 Giue vs kind keepers, heauens.

1649 O. Cromwell Let. 25 Nov. in Writings & Speeches (1939) (modernized text) II. 173 If the Father..be so kind, why should there be such jarrings and heart-burnings amongst the children?

1693 J. Kirkwood New Family-bk. (ed. 2) i. 47 What is there more common, than to see those neglected and slighted, who have been very kind and serviceable?

a1742 T. Story Jrnl. of Life (1747) 447 They did no personal Harm to any of us, but were very kind all along as we sailed to Port-a-pee.

1782 W. Cowper Truth in Poems 86 Some mansion..By some kind hospitable heart possess'd.

1841 J. R. Hope-Scott in R. Ornsby Mem. J. R. Hope-Scott (1884) II. 3 Your speedy reply and return of my proofs was very kind.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 424 We have..become, not only a wiser, but also a kinder people.

1890 Cent. Mag. Sept. 770/1 His good temper and kind heart.

1952 D. Thomas Let. 21 Nov. (1987) 847 Thank you both, a lot, I loved being there, you were awfully kind.

2003 C. Birch Turn again Home vi. 80 Walter's not all bad. He's a kind man.

b. With to. Behaving in a benevolent, friendly, or warm-hearted manner towards a particular person, group, or animal; considerate or helpful to.In quot. c1350 with dative personal pronoun (rather than to).

ΚΠ

c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 86 Ha wole be þe so kende, He wole be fo to þyne fon, And frend to þyne frende.

c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. xi. l. 243 Þat is, iche cristene man be kynde to oþer, And siþen hem to helpe.

c1450 W. Lichefeld Complaint of God (Lamb. 853) l. 491 in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 221 Euere þe kyndir to me þou art, Þe more vnkyndir am y agayn.

1528 W. Tyndale Obed. Christen Man f. cxv^v A wife after so many and oft pylgremages be moare chast, moare obediente vnto hyr husbande, morekynde to hyr maydes and other servauntes.

1570 T. North tr. A. F. Doni Morall Philos. Prol. f. 5 Oh this man is to kinde to mee, that to couer mine leaueth his owne heape bare.

1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iii. i. 156 Be kinde and curteous to this gentleman..Feede him with Apricocks, and Dewberries.

1693 N. Staphorst tr. L. Rauwolf Trav. Eastern Countries ii. x, in J. Ray Coll. Curious Trav. I. 214 These are good-hearted Christians, which have great Compassion on their Fellow-Christians, and love to entertain and to be kind to Strangers.

1707 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 2 May (1965) I. 3 I hope you intend to be kinder to me this Summer than you was the last.

1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. iii, in Poems 128 Kind to the Poor, and, ah! most kind to me.

1898 Cosmopolitan June 186/1 The agent of the mills was a single man, keen and business-like, but quietly kind to the people under his charge.

1928 N. Coward Mad about You in B. Day N. Coward: Compl. Lyrics (1998) 93/3 When you are inclined to be Encouraging and kind to me I simply walk on air.

2008 Y. Jerrold Case of Wild Justice? xiv. 85 What a pity Billy did not take after his father who was always kind to animals.

11. Of a comment or action: arising from or indicative of a friendly, benevolent, or considerate disposition; expressing generous, caring, or sympathetic thoughts or feelings.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > [adjective] > specifically of action or language

kinda1375

kindly1578

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1518 (MED) Alisandrine..comfort hire as sche couþe wiþ alle kinde speches.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 357 (MED) Eythir of them gaff other the pryse of the batayle, and there were many kynde wordys betwene them.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 35^v Myche comforth he caght of þaire kynd speche.

1551 R. Crowley Pleasure & Payne sig. Av You..gaue me wordis curteyse and kynde.

1591 Advt. from Britany & Low Countries f. 8 My Lord Generall was solempnly inuited..to visite their Cittie, and the thirde day after was receyued into the same with all those testimonies that might assure a most kinde and frendly welcome.

1636 R. Chamberlain Bk. Bulls 48 One being pray'd to sit down to dinner said, I thanke you for your kind invitation, but I can eat nothing.

1670 Earl of Anglesey in Hist. MSS Comm.: 12th Rep.: App. Pt. V: MSS Duke of Rutland (1889) 15 in Parl. Papers (C. 5889-II) XLIV. 393 My sonne is at Newmarket..or else would acknowledge your Ladyship's kind mention of him.

1719 James (the Pretender) Let. in Pearson's 76th Catal. (1894) 33 Pray make him my kind compliments.

1779 S. Johnson Milton in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets II. 119 Paradise Lost broke into open view with sufficient security of kind reception.

1846 Tennyson in Mem. (1897) 239 Your kind letter gave me very sincere pleasure.

1917 P. G. Wodehouse in Vanity Fair Mar. 39/1 I thank Mr. Sherwin for those kind words.

1977 A. J. P. Taylor Let. 24 Nov. in Lett. to Eva (1991) 371 I am inconsiderate. I don't spontaneously think of kind actions.

2001 Big Issue 20 Aug. 43/1 He always has a kind word to say to people.

12. figurative.

a. Esp. with reference to the weather or climate: beneficial, favourable, helpful. Also with to.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [adjective] > propitious or suitable

favourablec1460

kinda1616

a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iii. ii. 40 The Elements be kind to thee.

1637 J. Milton Comus 7 Such cooling fruit As the kind hospitable woods provide.

1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe iii. 45 Your kinder Stars a nobler choice have given.

1713 A. Pope Windsor-Forest 3 In vain kind Seasons swell'd the teeming Grain.

1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop i. i. 37 Night is kinder in this respect than day.

1874 Atlantic Monthly Feb. 186/2 The most beautiful and blooming place in the world, with a soil and climate kind to the husbandman.

1982 Backpacker Mar. 26/2 Water? There should be plenty. In the canyon country April is the kindest month.

2012 Sun (Nexis) 31 Dec. 11 Let's hope the Scottish weather is kind to us for once.

b. Of a thing (originally and esp. a commercial product): gentle with regard to action or impact; unlikely to cause harm or damage to someone or something; not harsh.

ΚΠ

1904 Football Echo 30 Apr. 1 (advt.) Fels-Naptha [soap] is kind to skin and clothes.

1937 Life 26 July 12/4 (advt.) La Cross Glycerated Nail Polish Remover contains no acetone and is kind to brittle nails.

1954 Househ. Guide & Almanac (News of World) 105/2 (advt.) Persil is kind to all your wash—whites, woollens, coloureds, fine things.

1981 New Scientist 10 Sept. 792/1 Methanol also appears to be kinder to the engine [than petrol].

2008 Independent on Sunday 6 Apr. 14/2 ‘Boiling’ bodies down to a handful of dust... can at least claim to be kinder to the planet than some traditional ways of disposing of the dead.

†13. Favourably disposed to; bearing good will to. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > [adjective] > kindly disposed to

benevolentc1503

kind1648

1648 Back-blow to Major Huntington 7 Now what is it that troubles this Major in all this? Is it because these gentlemen were so kinde to the King?

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xviii. 90 The ambition of some, that are kinder to the goverment of an Assembly, whereof they may hope to participate, than of Monarchy, which they despair to enjoy.

1680 W. Temple Ess. Advancem. Trade Ireland in Wks. (1731) I. 125 It is..little to be hoped, that a Breach with Spain should make us any kinder to the War than we were.

1708 W. Trumbull Let. 9 Apr. in A. Pope Corr. (1956) I. 45 I ought to suspect my self, by reason of the great affection I have for you, which might give too much biass, to be kind to every thing that comes from you.

B. adv.

†1. Naturally, by nature; = kindly adv. 1a. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adverb] > innately or naturally

i-cundelyeOE

through kindc1225

proprementc1230

kindlya1250

naturallyc1275

kinda1325

by kindc1325

of kindc1325

in kind1340

properly1340

voluntarily1562

natively1590

alliably1593

physically1629

innately1632

natural1793

congenitally1862

connately1884

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1999 Ioseph..wurð ðo so kinde cold, To don swilc dede adde he no wold.

c1330 Sir Degare (Auch.) l. 161 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale Middle Eng. Metrical Romances (1930) 291 (MED) A! gentil maiden kinde icoren, Help me, oþer ich am forloren!

2. In a kind manner; with benevolence or good nature; courteously; = kindly adv. 4a. Now colloquial or nonstandard.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > [adverb]

welleOE

blithec1000

blithelyc1000

goodfullya1300

blethelyc1300

milthlyc1300

kindlya1375

benignlyc1380

en-gree14..

homelya1425

benevolently1532

benign1535

obsequiously?1536

kindly1581

kind1592

propitiously1600

kindlily1625

well-meaningly1645

obligingly1646

candidly1650

beneficentlya1717

kindly-like1716

good-naturedly1725

benignantly1791

kindheartedly1803

1592 G. Babington Certaine Comfortable Notes Genesis (xxxvii.) f. 149 They comfort their father and yet cause his wo, much like our Usurers that speake so kinde, and cut so deepe into a mans estate till he be vndone.

1654 W. Blake Embassage from Kings of East 59 Speak very kind, d'off thy hat to any.

1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd i. i Ye..wha have sae kind Redd up my ravel'd doubts.

1775 R. B. Sheridan Songs Duenna iii. 17 Those lips that spoke so kind!

1800 E. Hervey Mourtray Family III. 102 All this would be mighty well..if Lady C. behaved kind and tenderly to you.

1850 C. Dickens David Copperfield xlii. 436 ‘How kind he puts it!’ said Uriah.

1901 C. T. Brady Bishop xii. in Harper's Mag. Jan. 238/2 Pete, he's my man. I treated him kind; I took him in; an' in return he's done Rena an' the kid to death.

2011 M. Anthony Same, Same but Different 16 Speak kind to your sister or brother, and others will speak kind to you.

Phrases

P1. to be so kind as (also kind enough) to do something: (a) to be well-disposed or benevolent enough to do the thing stated; (b) (used in making a polite or courteous request) to be obliging enough to do the favour solicited. Now formal or somewhat archaic, except in ironic use.Cf. to be good enough (also so good as) to at good adj., n., adv., and int. Phrases 5c.

ΚΠ

1532 J. Frith Myrrour to know Thy Selfe iii, in W. Tyndale et al. Wks. (1573) ii. 90/2 Yet was I neuer so kynde as to thancke him [sc. God] that he had not made me so vile a creature [as a toad].

a1652 R. Brome Queenes Exchange (1657) iv. i. F4^v2 Osr. Will you be so kind as to see my Trial? Mild. Indeed I must not leave you.

1781 T. Jefferson Let. 3 Feb. in Papers (1951) IV. 513 Be kind enough to send some Paper, wax, Inkpowder and wafers.

1816 J. Austen Emma II. i. 5 Mrs. Cole was so kind as to sit some time with us, talking of Jane.

1869 Eng. Mech. 12 Nov. 217/3 Will any of your numerous readers be kind enough to inform me of the best plan of gaiting a pair of cart wheels?

1953 A. Huxley Let. 19 July (1969) 679 Your publishers told me some time ago that they would send me proofs... Would you be kind enough to give them a little nudge?

1992 Independent 20 Jan. 14/7 As he left, he was kind enough to say that we had made his morning.

2013 E. Segerberg tr. H. Mankell Before Frost 125 ‘Would you be so kind as to keep it down, Miss Westin?’ ‘I'm sorry,’ Linda said. ‘I'll be quiet from now on.’

P2. to take (something) kind: to accept (something) with gratitude or pleasure; to count as a favour. Chiefly in to take it kind. Cf. to take (something) kindly at kindly adv. Phrases 1. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1608 S. Rowlands Humors Looking Glasse sig. A2 Esteemed friend, I pray thee take it kinde, That outward action beares an inward minde.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) i. ii. 219 I take all, and your seuerall visitations So kinde to heart.

1692 W. Temple Mem. Christendom ii. 225 I believ'd His Majesty would take it kinder, and as a piece of more confidence, if His Highness made no difficulty of explaining himself first.

1750 H. Walpole Lett. (1845) II. 354 He took it mighty kind.

1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1781 II. 405 [Johnson:] Tell him, if he'll call on me..I shall take it kind.

1896 F. H. Groome Kriegspiel ii. x. 208 I would take it kind, Miss, if you'd read me that story yourself.

1949 R. C. Hutchinson Elephant & Castle xxviii. 337 Take it very kind, coming here to cheer up the missis. Very kind of the lady, ain't it, Daise?

Compounds

C1.

a. Parasynthetic, as kind-minded, kind-tempered, etc. See also kind-hearted adj.

ΚΠ

1589 T. Wilcox Short Commentarie Prouerbes Salomon xxviii. f. 92 Not onely kinde minded but liberall handed also towards them.

1744 J. Thomson Summer in Seasons (new ed.) 56 The kind-temper'd Change of Night and Day.

1796 H. Flint On Dialogistic Instr. in C. Stearns Dramatic Dialogues for Schools (1798) 520 The kind-souled Daphne, acting nature's part.

1858 F. W. Faber Spiritual Conf. (1870) 25 The kind-thoughted man has no..self-importance to push.

1886 W. Carleton City Ballads 126 An' any kind-expressioned man, who acts a civil part, Can always find my soul to home, an' house-room in my heart.

1918 Amer. Mag. Art July 378/2 He had a high sense of duty, was friendly to all, kind intentioned, loyal and zealous.

1921 Amer. Photo-engraver Oct. 510/2 Of a gentle and kind mannered disposition, ‘Al’ was liked by all who came in contact with him.

2011 D. Brenegan Shame Devil 41 Sara usually sat at the table's end, near the door with..the kind-voiced, vacant-eyed William.

kind-eyed adj.

ΚΠ

1804 T. Batchelor Village Scenes 29 Here glows the ruddy bloom of cheerful youth, There kind-ey'd Charity, and heavenly Truth.

1907 M. Hewlett Stooping Lady xxx. 349 A charming, motherly, kind-eyed woman, soft and round and purring, was Mrs. George Fox.

2015 Hobart Mercury (Nexis) 18 Jan. (Lifestyle section) 5 I was stopped in the street by a kind-eyed, middle-aged lady.

kind-faced adj.

ΚΠ

1832 N.-Y. Mirror 14 July 13/2 I found myself in the presence of a kind-faced matron.

1918 Century Jan. 327/2 They entered another room, where an elderly, kind-faced officer was seated at a desk.

2015 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 3 Apr. a20 He became a Sunday-morning fixture in countless homes, a kind-faced, white-haired pastor.

kind-natured adj.

ΚΠ

1590 C. S. Briefe Resol. Right Relig. 10 These kinde natured children.

1679 J. Dryden Troilus & Cressida v. ii. 67 You good, kind-natur'd, well-believing fools.

1847 C. Brontë Jane Eyre I. xii. 203 Mrs. Fairfax turned out to be what she appeared, a placid-tempered, kind-natured woman, of competent education and average intelligence.

2000 Big Issue 20 Mar. 40/2 (advt.) Single Mum bubbly, lively, outgoing. WLTM special guy, 30–40, kind-natured and outgoing.

C2.

† kind-contending adj. poetic Obsolete engaging in a good-natured competition.

ΚΠ

1728 J. Thomson Spring 30 The Thrush, And Wood-Lark, o'er the kind-contending Throng Superior heard.

† kind-cruel adj. poetic Obsolete that is simultaneously both kind and cruel.

ΚΠ

1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. vi. 192 Pier'st with glance of a kinde-cruell eye.

† kind man n. Scottish Obsolete a bondman or tenant who belongs by birth to specified lands or a particular lord.

ΚΠ

1381 in W. Fraser Douglas Bk. (1885) III. 30 Owr awin kynde men born vtuthe hir forsaid thrid anyrly ovtakyn.

1456 in Bannatyne Misc. (1855) III. 97 To my barnes..and all my kyndmen and servandis.

1519 in C. Innes Bk. Thanes Cawdor (1859) 131 Sir Jhon beand till us a gud master as ane cheif suld be or ane ourlord to his kyndman and seruandis.

1622 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1896) 1st Ser. 744 I and my predecessores hes bein in continwall use of uplifting of calpis fra my..kynd men.

† kind name n. Obsolete (with possessive pronoun) a person's proper name.

ΚΠ

c1330 St. Mary Magdalene (Auch.) l. 8 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 163 To wille of bodi sche hir ches, Þat hir kinde nanre [read name] sche les & was ycleped..Mari þe sinful.

c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. ix. l. 62 A Muche Mon, me þouhte, lyk to my-seluen, Com and clepede me be my kuynde nome.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 3 A Romayn..That Cornelius was cald to his kynd name.

kind regards n. an expression of affection or friendship, typically used formulaically at the end of a letter, email, etc.

ΚΠ

1819 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) III. 518 My womankind join in kind regards.

1840 T. Hood Up Rhine 51 My paper being filled..I must conclude, with kind regards to yourself, and love to Emily.

1913 A. Solomon Let. 21 Feb. in R. A. Rockaway Words of Uprooted (1998) ii. 64 With kind regards to all in the office, I remain Sincerely, A. Solomon.

2005 N.Z. Herald (Nexis) 17 June Dear Max, Is ‘baloney’ a swear word? Yrs, Donny B. Dear Donny B, Yes it is... Kind regards, Max.

† kind-witted adj. Obsolete possessing natural reason or intelligence.

ΚΠ

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xii. l. 109 Namore kan a kynde witted man..Come for al his kynde witte to crystendome and be saued.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

† kindv.

Forms: late Middle English kind, 1500s kynd.

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: kind n.

Etymology: < kind n. Compare kindle v.²In sense 1, with allusion to a doe taking in the offspring of orphaned animals, perhaps instead < kind adj.

Obsolete. rare.

1. transitive. To treat kindly or with good will.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > treat kindly [verb (transitive)]

treatc1440

kind?c1450

caress1682

?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 112 The hynde..whanne the moder of other bestis be slaine, yet woll[e] she gladly, of her gentill[e] nature, norisshe the yonge..and kindithe hem till[e] they may susteine hem selff.

2. transitive. To beget. In quot. in passive. Cf. kind n. 11a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (transitive)]

kenc825

begeteOE

strenec893

raisec1175

breeda1250

kenec1275

felefolda1300

engendera1325

tiddera1325

multiplyc1350

genderc1384

producea1513

procreatea1525

propagate1535

generate1552

product1577

kind1596

traduce1599

pullulate1602

traduct1604

progenerate1611

store1611

spawna1616

spawna1617

reproduce1650

propage1695

to make a baby1911

1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. v. sig. Q5^v Not borne of Beares and Tygres, nor so saluage mynded, As that..She yet forgets, that she of men was kynded .

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

> see also

also refers to : -kindsuffix

n.eOE

adj.adv.lOE

v.?c1450

单词	kind
释义	kindn. Brit. /kʌɪnd/, U.S. /kaɪnd/ Forms: Old English–early Middle English cynd, Old English (rare)–Middle English cund, Middle English cuinde, Middle English cunde, Middle English cuynde, Middle English keende, Middle English kend, Middle English kende, Middle English kennd, Middle English kindde, Middle English kuinde, Middle English kund, Middle English kunde, Middle English kuynde, Middle English kyngde, Middle English kynt, Middle English kynthe (in compounds), Middle English kyynde, Middle English–1500s kyend, Middle English–1600s kinde, Middle English–1600s kynd, Middle English–1600s (1900s– English regional (Yorkshire)) kynde, Middle English– kind, 1500s keynde, 1500s kiend, 1500s kyndde; also Scottish pre-1700 keynd, pre-1700 kyind, pre-1700 kyinde, 1700s kyne, 1800s kin', 1900s kynd, 1900s– keind. Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly a word inherited from Germanic. Partly a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: i-cunde n. Etymology: Probably partly (i) < the same Germanic base as Old English -cund (in e.g. godcund adj.), Old Saxon -kund , Old High German -chund , -chunt , Old Icelandic -kundr , Gothic -kunds , suffix forming adjectives with the sense ‘of the nature of’ < a suffixed form of the Germanic base of kin n.¹, and partly (ii) aphetic < i-cunde n.Prefixed form. In Old English the prefixed form gecynd i-cunde n. is attested in all main sense branches. This form is significantly more frequent than unprefixed cynd in Old English overall, and particularly in those senses that are chiefly represented in early use. Moreover, it is attested earlier in a number of senses, including (in branch I.) senses 1b, 1c, 3, 4, and 6, (in branch III.) sense 13, and (in branch IV.) senses 15a and 16. See further i-cunde n. Semantic development. The semantic development of kind n. has apparently been influenced from Old English onwards by association with kin n.¹, which has counterparts in all sense branches except branch I., and is very common in Old English in senses relating to class or group and family relationships (compare branches II. and III.). kin n.¹ is attested earlier in several senses, including (in branch III.) senses 10b, 11b, and 12, and (in branch IV.) sense 16. The nouns are ultimately related and, although they remain distinct, they show considerable formal similarity (especially before lengthening of the stem vowel in kind n.) and the semantic association was probably reinforced by sporadic overlap of forms in compounds and derivatives (compare e.g. forms of kindred n. and adj. and discussion at that entry). Notes on senses. With in kind (see sense 1a) compare classical Latin in genere (see in genere adv.), in speciē (see in specie at specie n.). With senses 8a, 16, and 17 compare classical Latin genus genus n. In sense 15a probably after classical Latin nāturā the genitals (see nature n.). With sense 15b compare Anglo-Norman nature semen (see nature n.) and also nature n. 2b. I. Nature, character, and related senses.In modern English only in common use when coloured strongly by an idea of class or type (see sense 1a, and cf. branch II.). 1. a. Originally: the inherent or essential quality or constitution of a thing; the inherent and inseparable combination of properties giving any object, event, quality, etc., its fundamental character. Later (from the 16th cent.) usually: this essential quality or fundamental character as determining the class or type to which a thing belongs; character, nature. In later use chiefly in in kind (often contrasted with in degree, in number, etc.).In later use strongly coloured by sense 8. There are numerous examples where kind could be glossed as either ‘nature’ or ‘sort’ without affecting the meaning of the sentence; see, e.g., quot. 1766 at sense 8a. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] kindeOE i-cundeOE mannera1225 jetc1330 colour1340 hair1387 estrete1393 gendera1398 hedea1400 savourc1400 stockc1450 toucha1500 rate1509 barrel1542 suit1548 fashion1562 special1563 stamp1573 family1598 garb1600 espece1602 kidney1602 bran1610 formality1610 editiona1627 make1660 cast1673 tour1702 way1702 specie1711 tenor1729 ilk1790 genre1816 stripe1853 persuasion1855 the world > relative properties > kind or sort > in respect of kind [phrase] in kindeOE eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) (2009) I. xxii. 486 Nis nan gesceaft þe tiohhie [þæt hio] scyle winnan wið hire scippen[des willa]n gif hio hire cynd [lOE Bodl. gecynd] healdan wille. c1175 ( Homily in A. O. Belfour 12th Cent. Homilies in MS Bodl. 343 (1909) 8 Þe Gast is unȝesæȝenlices cyndes [OE Cambr. Ii.4.6 gecyndes]. c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 1642 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 153 (MED) Bi-twene borgoyne and prouence..Gvode men beoth and al-mes-fole þoruȝ kuynde of þe londe. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 36 (MED) He [sc. a fruit] fettes fro þe rote his kynd. O gode pertre coms god peres. ?a1425 MS Hunterian 95 f. 156, in Middle Eng. Dict. (at cited word) (MED) He maye neiþer consoude neiþer enducen cicatrice but ȝif þe medicine be competent in kynde to þe complexioun of þe fleische. a1500 (?a1400) Stanzaic Life of Christ (Harl. 2250) (1926) l. 10314 (MED) Fir mas softe thyng harde be strengthe þat he has in his kynde. 1533 T. More 2nd Pt. Confut. Tyndals Answere vii. p. ccclviii Must yt nedes folowe that theyr fayth was chaunged in kynde, bycause yt was augmented in degrees. 1551 T. Wilson Rule of Reason sig. I.viii The generall woorde, is spoken of many, that differ either in kynd, or els in nombre. 1661 G. Petter Learned, Pious, & Pract. Comm., upon Mark 425 All Meats though never so different in kind or nature when they enter into the body, yet in their issue go to the same place. 1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. ii. iii. sig. O3^v 'Tis all one..whether our Afflictions be the same with those of others, in Kind, or not Superiour to them in Degree. 1752 J. Mason Lord's-day Evening Entertainm. I. xii. 292 Practical Christianity differs from mere Morality, only as a perfective Rule differs from a defective one, not in kind, but in degree: It is Morality improved, enlarged, and refined. 1868 J. T. Nettleship Ess. Browning's Poetry iii. 105 There are such wide differences in degree as to constitute almost differences in kind. 1899 K. S. Guthrie Message of Master iii. v. 76 in My Message The word ‘better’ indicates a difference of kind; ‘rather’ or ‘more’ or ‘greater’ a difference of degree. 1975 Public Admin. Rev. 35 312/2 New programs and new directions are what have proliferated and swollen the national budget... They are new departures or a change in kind. 2002 D. DeGrazia Animal Rights i. 6 He also argued powerfully, if less influentially, that animals' and humans' capacities differ largely in degree and not in kind. †b. The essential character or nature of God as contrasted with that of man, or of man as contrasted with that of God; divine or human nature, esp. as both present in Christ. Frequently as a count noun (cf. two natures n. at nature n. 9b). Obsolete. ΚΠ c1175 ( Ælfric's Homily on Nativity of Christ (Bodl. 343) in A. O. Belfour 12th Cent. Homilies in MS Bodl. 343 (1909) 82 Þe Halȝæ Gast..ne ongan næfre, ac he wæs æfre God, heo ðreo an God wuniȝende on ane cynde, untodæledlic on ane mæȝenðrymme, & on ane godcundnesse iliche mihtiȝe. c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine Old Eng. Homilies (1993) 175 Swa swa he wæs soð mon þurh his menniscen cynde, swa eac he is soð God þurh his godcunde ȝecynde. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2676 Marȝess child wass mann. & godd. An had i twinne kinde. a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 481 (MED) Godes sone haþ oure kynde ynome. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 131 In Crist beeþ tweie willes and tweie kyndes,..of þe Godhede and manhede. c1450 in F. J. Furnivall Hymns to Virgin & Christ (1867) 13 (MED) Ihesu, sooþfast god and man, Two kindis knyt in oon persone. c. The natural disposition, character, or temperament of a person or animal; innate character; nature. Also in extended use of things. See also Phrases 1b(b), Phrases 4. Now rare (Scottish and Irish English (northern) in later use).Common until the early 17th cent. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun] heartOE erda1000 moodOE i-mindOE i-cundeOE costc1175 lundc1175 evena1200 kinda1225 custc1275 couragec1300 the manner ofc1300 qualityc1300 talentc1330 attemperancec1374 complexionc1386 dispositiona1387 propertyc1390 naturea1393 assay1393 inclinationa1398 gentlenessa1400 proprietya1400 habitudec1400 makingc1400 conditionc1405 habitc1405 conceitc1425 affecta1460 ingeny1477 engine1488 stomach?1510 mind?a1513 ingine1533 affection1534 vein1536 humour?1563 natural1564 facultyc1565 concept1566 frame1567 temperature1583 geniusa1586 bent1587 constitution1589 composition1597 character1600 tune1600 qualification1602 infusion1604 spirits1604 dispose1609 selfness1611 disposure1613 composurea1616 racea1616 tempera1616 crasisc1616 directiona1639 grain1641 turn1647 complexure1648 genie1653 make1674 personality1710 tonea1751 bearing1795 liver1800 make-up1821 temperament1821 naturalness1850 selfhood1854 Wesen1854 naturel1856 sit1857 fibre1864 character structure1873 mentality1895 mindset1909 psyche1910 where it's (he's, she's) at1967 a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 51 Þis fis is of swulc cunde, þet, euer se he mare strengðdeð him to sw[i]mminde mid þe watere, se he mare swimmeð abac. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 185 And euerilcon in kinde good, Ðorquiles adam fro sinne stod. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. l. 3707 (MED) Þouȝ Eleyne fayn wolde die, Hir kynde nolde assent ȝet þer-to. 1513 Bk. Keruynge (de Worde) (new ed.) sig. B.iii The skynne of capon henne or chekyn ben not so clene..for it is not theyr kynde to entre in to y^e ryuer to make theyr mete voyde of y^e fylth. 1557 Earl of Surrey et al. Songes & Sonettes sig. Cc.iiii^v My kinde is to desire the honoure of the field. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. ii. sig. O5 But young Perissa was of other mynd..And quite contrary to her sisters kynd. 1609 W. Cowper Three Heauenly Treat. Romanes i. 84 Euery creature, as ye may see, hath an inclination to follow the owne kind, some liues in the earth, some in the water, euery one of them by instinct of that nature, which they receiued in their generation. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 81 Sweet Grapes degen'rate there, and Fruits..renounce their Kind . View more context for this quotation 1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 6 Th' associate of a mind Vast in its pow'rs, ethereal in its kind . View more context for this quotation 1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. viii. 524 For as to the men themselves, they merely acted after their kind. 1884 D. Grant Lays & Legends of North 71 Here there follow jokes an' laughter Rough an' ready in their kin'. †2. A natural quality, property, or characteristic; a distinctive feature of a person or thing. Obsolete.Quot. OE has sometimes been alternatively interpreted as showing kind adj. in the sense ‘natural’ (taking æðele as athel n.¹ rather than athel adj.). ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [noun] > a property, quality, or attribute i-cundeOE kindOE thingOE quality1340 virtue1340 assizea1375 propertyc1390 principlea1398 conditionc1460 faculty1490 predicatea1513 epitheton1547 passion1570 propriety1584 affection1588 attribute1603 qualification1616 appropriate1618 intimacy1641 bedighting1674 belonger1674 cleaver1674 interiority1701 internal property1751 predicable1785 coloration1799 internality1839 OE Genesis A (1931) 2772 Cniht weox and þag, swa him cynde wæron æðele from yldrum. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 102 Pellican..haueð an oðer cunde þet hit is .aa. leane. a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) 8 An oðer kinde he haueð, wanne he is ikindled, Stille lið ðe leun. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 302 (MED) It es þe kind of þe sun be hatte. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 201 And þei han this kynde [Fr. nature], þat þei lete no thing ben empty among hem. c1440 (a1349) R. Rolle in Eng. Writings (1931) 54 The bee has thre kyndis; Ane es þat scho es never ydill. c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lxiiij/1 The north weeste wynde haue kynde to kiele and drye too mych trees that be newe sett for her vnmesurable gretnesse. †3. Nature in the abstract or viewed collectively. Frequently in course n., law of kind at law n.¹ 9c. a. The phenomena of the physical world collectively; the universe, creation; the natural world; the established order of things within the universe or natural world. Cf. nature n. 11a. Obsolete.Recorded earliest in again kind at Phrases 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > [noun] kindlOE worldc1175 framea1325 creaturec1384 universityc1450 engine?1510 universal1569 universality1577 mass1587 universe1589 all1598 cosmosie1600 macrocosm1602 existence1610 system1610 megacosm1617 cosmos1650 materialism1817 world-all1847 panarchy1848 multiverse1895 metaverse1994 lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1107 Manege sædon þet hi on þam monan..mistlice tacna gesawon & ongean cynde his leoman wexende & waniende. a1382 Prefatory Epist. St. Jerome in Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) i. l. 35 Appolony..come to bragmans þat hyarch..emong fewe discypleȝ techyng of kynd [L.V. nature], of maners, of course of days & of starnes. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 11 (MED) Plinius..wroot seven and þritty bookes of the stories of kynde in þe whiche he descryveþ cleerliche þe world, and al þat is þerynne. c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 584 O god..that madeste kynde Shal I noon other weyes dye? c1600 (?c1395) Pierce Ploughman's Crede (Trin. Cambr. R.3.15) (1873) l. 834 Whouȝ may mannes wijt þoruȝ werk [of] him-selue, Knowen Cristes pryuitie þat all kynde passeþ? b. The creative and regulative power which is conceived of as operating in the material world and as the immediate cause of its phenomena; = nature n. 10. Frequently personified (cf. nature n. 10b). Obsolete (archaic in later use). ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [noun] > nature kindc1225 naturec1390 physis1606 nature-power1847 nature force1853 c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) 686 Ich chulle halde me hal þurh þe grace of godd, as cunde me makede. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 335 Kynde bryngeþ hem [sc. barnacle-geese] forþ wonderliche out of trees, as it were kynde worchynge aȝenst kynde. c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate Fabula Duorum Mercatorum (Harl.) l. 75 in Minor Poems (1934) ii. 489 So strong of nature is the myhty corde. Kynde is in werkyng a ful myhty lorde. 1582 T. Watson Ἑκατομπαθία: Passionate Cent. Loue lxxviii. sig. K3^v Venus..will haue it so, That Louers wanting sight shall followe kinde. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. iii. 84 The dooing of the deede of kind . View more context for this quotation 1674 N. Fairfax Treat. Bulk & Selvedge 124 Those bounds that Dame Kind before had pitcht upon. 1868 W. Morris Earthly Paradise 90 O ye who sought to find Unending life against the law of Kind. †4. a. The natural form, shape, or appearance of a person or thing; the natural or normal condition or state of something. Cf. Phrases 1c(d), Phrases 1e(a). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > [noun] > original or natural condition i-cundeeOE kindc1175 statea1387 disposition1581 natural1633 natural state1653 c1175 ( Ælfric Let. to Sigeweard (De Veteri et Novo Test.) (Bodl.) 18 Þa wrohte he þurh his wisdom tyn englæ werod on ðam forme dæge on mucelre fægernesse..swa wlitiges cyndes [OE Laud gecindes], swa we secgan ne magon. c1390 (?c1350) St. Ambrose l. 538 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 16 (MED) His face..lyk to snouh hit wox al whit, But aftur to his oune kynde [L. ad suam speciem] turned hit. ?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 12 Þan sall scho turne agayne to hir awen kynde [Fr. estat] and be a womman. a1500 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Univ. Oxf. 64) (1884) cxviii. §70. 421 Mylk in the kynd is fayre and clere, bot in lopirynge it waxis soure. 1540 R. Taverner tr. Erasmus Catonis Disticha Moralia f. xxxv Cito ad naturam ficta redierint suam. Counterfeyted thynges wyll sone retourne agayn to theyr kynde. 1596 R. Johnson Famous Hist. Seauen Champions xv. 157 The gorgeous sunne shall loose his light by day, the siluer Moone by night, the skyes shall fall, the earth shall sinke, and euerie thing shall chaunge from his kinde and nature, before I..prooue disloyall to my beloued George. b. spec. The human body (as the natural form or appearance of a person). Obsolete. ΚΠ c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Pref. l. 218 Crist..ras forr ure god. þe þridde daȝȝ off dæþe. & let te posstless sen himm wel. Inn hiss mennisske kinde. ?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 89 (MED) Of erþe and axen is ure kunde. a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 587 (MED) Þan may we se..How foul þe kynd of man es here. ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 148 (MED) Cryst in oure kend is clad. †5. The natural constitution or capacities of a person or animal. a. The natural instincts, desires, etc., that drive or determine the behaviour of a person or animal; (sometimes) spec. natural moral sentiments, humanity. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > tendency > [noun] kinda1200 disposingc1380 disposition1393 aptc1400 hieldc1400 remotiona1425 inclination?a1439 incliningc1450 taste1477 intendment1509 benta1535 swing1538 approclivity1546 aptness1548 swinge1548 drift1549 set1567 addiction1570 disposedness1583 swaya1586 leaning1587 intention1594 inflection1597 inclinableness1608 appetite1626 vogue1626 tendency1628 tendence1632 aptitude1633 gravitation1644 propension1644 biasing1645 conducement1646 flexure1652 propendency1660 tend1663 vergencya1665 pend1674 to have a way of1748 polarity1767 appetency1802 drive1885 overleaning1896 a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 31 (MED) Gef þe is lef þin hele, heald þin cunde. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 185 (MED) Þet uerste þing þet ssel man sterye to merci is kende. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 4297 (MED) It sit a man be weie of kinde To love. c1440 Prose Life Alexander (Thornton) (1913) 66 (MED) We go till oure husbandes..& hase oure luste and oure disporte togedir as kynde askes. a1450 (c1385) G. Chaucer Complaint of Mars (Tanner 346) (1871) l. 282 My ladyes that ben [true] and stabull Be way of kinde ye oghten to ben able To haue pite on folke that ben in peyn. b. The physical nature of a person or animal; a person or animal's natural strength, health, or vitality. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > [noun] naturec1275 kindc1300 complexion1398 habitudec1400 disposition1477 constitution1553 corporature1555 habit1576 composition1578 temper1601 composure1628 schesis1684 stamina1701 habitus1886 c1300 (c1250) Floris & Blauncheflur (Cambr.) (1966) l. 677 (MED) If cunde hit þolie miȝte, Ihc oȝte deie tuye wiþ riȝte. c1390 in C. Horstmann Minor Poems Vernon MS (1892) i. 46 (MED) Wiþ noble mete he [sc. Christ] norsched my kynde. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xi. l. 253 (MED) On a walnot with-oute is a bitter barke, And after þat bitter barke, be þe shelle aweye, Is a kirnelle of conforte kynde to restore. a1475 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Harl.) (1927) l. 1612g (MED) Ther is noman soo strong of kynde But he may his make fynde. a1600 (?c1535) tr. H. Boece Hist. Scotl. (Mar Lodge) (1946) vi. xiv. 355 Romanis..makand terribill slauchter apoun the rude pepill, ageit men and wemen, quhilk owdir be febilnes of strenth or fragilite of kynde, mycht nocht fle þare ire. c1600 in Poems A. Montgomerie (1910) 241 The bodie[s] of all beistis grow les,..thairby may ȝe planlie ges, thair kynd is feblit soir. c. The natural capacity or power of the body to carry out vital physiological functions or heal itself. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vii. xii. 357 Palsie wiþ quakinge is more ese to hele..for..þe membre haþ not lost al kynde [L. non est..destitutum a natura]. ?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 144 (MED) Many..diez for pure elde withouten sekeness, when þe kynde failez. c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 127^v (MED) It bihoueþ þe leche þat haþ þe cure haue hope oonly in god & kynde þat comeþ of him. †6. a. Action or behaviour that is natural, habitual, or customary to a person or animal; activity that is found in the natural world as part of the normal or natural course of events. Frequently in to do (also work) one's kind: to do what is natural, act or behave naturally; spec. to have sexual intercourse, to procreate. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > doing > act or do [verb (intransitive)] > according to or against one's nature to do (also work) one's kindc1225 the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual activity > engage in sexual activity [verb (intransitive)] > have sexual intercourse playOE to do (also work) one's kindc1225 bedc1315 couple1362 gendera1382 to go togetherc1390 to come togethera1398 meddlea1398 felterc1400 companya1425 swivec1440 japea1450 mellc1450 to have to do with (also mid, of, on)1474 engender1483 fuck?a1513 conversec1540 jostlec1540 confederate1557 coeate1576 jumble1582 mate1589 do1594 conjoin1597 grind1598 consortc1600 pair1603 to dance (a dance) between a pair of sheets1608 commix1610 cock1611 nibble1611 wap1611 bolstera1616 incorporate1622 truck1622 subagitate1623 occupya1626 minglec1630 copulate1632 fere1632 rut1637 joust1639 fanfreluche1653 carnalize1703 screw1725 pump1730 correspond1756 shag1770 hump1785 conjugate1790 diddle1879 to get some1889 fuckeec1890 jig-a-jig1896 perform1902 rabbit1919 jazz1920 sex1921 root1922 yentz1923 to make love1927 rock1931 mollock1932 to make (beautiful) music (together)1936 sleep1936 bang1937 lumber1938 to hop into bed (with)1951 to make out1951 ball1955 score1960 trick1965 to have it away1966 to roll in the hay1966 to get down1967 poontang1968 pork1968 shtup1969 shack1976 bonk1984 boink1985 c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) 360 Leasse þen beastes ȝet, for þeos deð hare cunde..in a time of þe ȝer. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 8353 Mid wimmen of painime hii dude hor foule kunde. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 1795 (MED) It is an houndes kinde To berke upon a man behinde. c1450 in F. J. Furnivall Hymns to Virgin & Christ (1867) 83 (MED) Þe kinde of childhode y dide also, Wiþ my felawis to fiȝte and þrete. 1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni sig. Gij The stones of yonge bestis, nat yet able to do theyr kynde. ?a1560 in T. Wright Songs & Ballads Reign Philip & Mary (1860) 1 Fortune worketh but her kynde, To make the joyfull dolorus. 1648 R. Crashaw Steps to Temple (ed. 2) 108 Let froward dust then doe its kind. 1675 R. Allestree Art Contentm. x. 186 We expect no more of any thing but to do its kind. 1744 W. Warburton Remarks Occas. Refl. Pref. p.xii The Efficacy of Poison is without Malice; and does but do its kind; is a natural Power. b. The natural or proper manner of doing something; a person's customary mode of behaviour; (in later use more generally) manner, way, fashion. In later use frequently in adverbial phrases with in, as in a kind, in no kind, etc. Obsolete.the worst kind: see worst adj. and n. Phrases 4c(a). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > [noun] wayeOE costOE wise971 gatec1175 custc1275 form1297 guise13.. mannerc1300 kindc1330 assizea1375 plighta1393 makea1400 fashionc1400 reason?c1400 method1526 voye1541 how1551 way1563 garb1600 quality1600 mould1603 quomodo1623 modus1648 mode1649 turn1825 road1855 gait1866 methodology1932 stylee1982 c1330 Roland & Vernagu (Auch.) (1882) 310 Braunches of vines charls sett, In marche moneþ..As was þe riȝt kende. c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 14 Þei mowe alle crie and siggen in heore kuynde. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 903 Þis þing stont al in a noþer kynde. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) cxxi. 161 An ordenaunce of a moche sauage and wyld guyse, and ageynst the kynde of the tyme. 1568 A. Scott Poems (1896) 16 Cast ȝow to conqueiss luve ane vþir kynd. 1585 W. Cotes Dialogue Diuerse Quections sig. Diii^v We must humbly, louingly and brotherly, yea & faithfully, reconcile our selues vnto suche as in any kind we haue offended euen vnto our enimies. 1631 W. Gouge Gods Three Arrowes iii. §75. 325 Such was Deborahs and Baraks kind of praising God. 1646 D. Evance Noble Order 29 The worke..tended in a kinde to Gods honour. 1691 T. Hale Acct. New Inventions 31 Being in no kind desirous that his Majesty should be under any Obligation. 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 47. ⁋3 I have done Wonders in this Kind. 1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 468. (1713) 403 My Paper is in a kind a Letter of News, but it regards rather what passes in the World of Conversation than that of Business. 1807 W. Wordsworth Ode in Poems II. 151 Yearnings she hath in her own natural kind . View more context for this quotation 1859 Ld. Tennyson Elaine in Idylls of King 164 Mirthful he, but in a stately kind. 1901 H. Adams Let. 1–2 Apr. (1988) V. 227 He sprinkled me with a mass of political misinformation after his usual kind. II. A class, sort, or type of people or things. 7. a. A group of animals or plants linked by common origin or characteristics; a species, breed, variety, or similar. Cf. kin n.¹ 5.cow-kind, deer kind, dogkind, dragon-kind, frog-kind, gourd-kind, humankind, insect kind, lion-kind, lizard-kind, humankind, monkey-kind, nut kind, penguin kind, pumpkin kind, rat-kind, raven kind, shark kind, sparrow-kind, spider-kind, weasel kind, whale-kind, etc.: see the first element or separate main entries. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > taxonomy > taxon > [noun] > phylum kin971 kindOE genus1649 phylum1868 OE Homily: Sunnandæges Spell (Tiber. A.iii) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 218 Mycel yfel and menigfealdne wæan drihten gehet þurh Moyses menniscum cynde. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 663 Ure wrecche kinde iss swillc Ðatt itt maȝȝ ben forrfæredd. Ȝiff þatt itt ohht færlike seþ Þe wlite off enngle kinde. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 250 Ðe seuendai morgen spro[n]g, Ðat dai tokenede reste long..Ilc kinde newes ear was brog[t]. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 14909 Þar he for mans kind [Gött. manes-kind] wil dei. c1475 (c1450) P. Idley Instr. to his Son (Cambr.) (1935) ii. B. l. 1522 (MED) An hounde..hateth his kynde most. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) vii. vi. 200 Twa stern stedis..Cummyn of the kynd of hevinly horssis. 1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum i. xi. 12 Without this societie of man, and woman, the kinde of man coulde not long endure. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 73 As when the total kind Of Birds..Came summond over Eden. View more context for this quotation 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 52 Whence Men, a hard laborious Kind, were born. View more context for this quotation 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 55 The rabbit kind. 1785 W. Cowper Task v. 69 The sparrows..often scared As oft return, a pert voracious kind. 1876 W. Morris Story of Sigurd iii. 212 The cunning of the Dwarf-kind. 1888 Amer. Bee Jrnl. 10 Oct. 663/2 To the naturalist the means by which living beings reproduce their kind is always a subject of interest. 1972 ‘R. Rhine’ Life in Bucket of Soil 63 A young spider will spin a web of exactly the right pattern for her species, even if she has never seen any other spiders of her kind making webs. 2006 R. Nerz Eat this Bk. xvii. 208 No one has proved to be a bigger enemy to chicken-kind than this young lady right here. †b. Humankind. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > people > [noun] maneOE worldOE all fleshc1000 mankinOE earthOE little worldc1175 man's kinda1200 mankinda1225 worldrichec1275 slimec1315 kindc1325 world1340 sectc1400 humanityc1450 microcosma1475 peoplea1500 the human kindred?1533 race1553 homo1561 humankind1561 universality1561 deadly?1590 mortality1598 rational1601 vicegerent1601 small world1604 flesh and blooda1616 mannity1621 human race1623 universea1645 nations1667 public1699 the species1711 Adamhood1828 Jock Tamson's bairns1832 folx1833 Bimana1839 human1841 peeps1847 menfolk1870 manfolk1876 amniota1879 peoplekind1956 personkind1972 c1325 in R. H. Robbins Secular Lyrics 14th & 15th Cent. (1952) 146 (MED) Kynd is come of loue, loue to craue. c1350 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 58 (MED) Vnles bandes of sinful kinde. c1405 (c1380) G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 41 Thow nobledest so ferforth oure nature That no desdaign the makere hadde of kynde [c1445 Holkham mankinde] His sone in blood & flessh to clothe & wynde. a1475 Bk. Quinte Essence (1889) 1 God, maker of kynde, ordeyned for mannys nede. c. In earlier use typically (usually with modifying adjective): a group of people united by shared beliefs, interests, or character. In later use chiefly (usually with a possessive adjective): the people with whom a specific individual has a great deal in common.Sometimes with reference to a nation, in which case overlapping with sense 10a; quot. OE at that sense could alternatively be interpreted as showing this sense. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > race > [noun] strindc900 bloodOE gest13.. strainc1330 nationa1382 kindc1390 markc1395 prosapy?a1475 stock1549 stem?c1550 caste1555 spring1597 race1612 issue1620 nationality1832 c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. xi. l. 282 Who dede wers þanne dauid..? Or poule þe apostil þat no pite ne hadde, Cristene kynde to kille to deþe? ?1577 L. Ramsay Practise of Diuell sig. B.iv^v These are one sort of the Babylonicall kinde, An other more finer, their praie to allure: Adulate creepers, in corners farre behinde. 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V ii. i. 74 Fetch forth the lazar kite of Cresides kinde. 1735 W. Somervile Chace iii. 309 Thus Man innum'rous Engines forms, t' assail The savage Kind. 1743 W. Collins Verses to T. Hanmer 11 Poets ever were a careless Kind. 1854 R. W. Emerson Let. 28 Aug. (1939) IV. 459 All American kind are delighted with ‘Walden’ as far as they have dared say. 1895 Critic (N.Y.) 23 Mar. 218/1 Chimmie and his kind are less generously gifted with ‘mother-wit’ than are their European confrères. 1916 W. Wellman German Republic i. 11 All German kind the world over gave to Fatherland loyalty that was complete. 1989 R. Rorty Contingency, Irony, & Solidarity 89 The ironist tells them that the language they speak is up for grabs by her and her kind. 2001 M. Blake 24 Karat Schmooze xvii. 194 His kind always slips away. 8. a. A class or category of things distinguished by common characteristics and attributes possessed by its members; (usually with of) each of the subordinate classes into which a specified class can be divided; (later also more generally) a particular variety or type; a sort. See also sense 1a.Now the usual sense. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > [noun] > a kind, sort, or class kinc950 kindOE distinction?c1225 rowc1300 spece1303 spice1303 fashionc1325 espicec1386 differencea1398 statec1450 sort?1523 notion1531 species1561 vein1568 brood1581 rank1585 order1588 race1590 breed1598 strain1612 batch1616 tap1623 siege1630 subdivision1646 notionality1651 category1660 denomination1664 footmark1666 genus1666 world1685 sortment1718 tribe1731 assortment1767 description1776 style1794 grouping1799 classification1803 subcategory1842 type1854 basket1916 OE tr. Alexander's Let. to Aristotle (1995) §9. 228 Þa sægdon us ða bigengean þæs londes þæt we us warnigan scoldon wið þa missenlican cynd nædrena & hrifra wildeora þy læs we on ða becwomon. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) l. 251 So doþ þat boþ of þine cunde, Of liȝte nabbeþ hi none imunde. c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 10979 Þar-in his four cunne fisc and ech fisc in his ende ware was his cunde. a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 201 (MED) Þe firste chapiter of engendering of humours & þe kindis of hem. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 90 (MED) Þe heþun men had sex kyndis of similacris. 1544 R. Tracy Supplycacion to Kynge Henry VIII sig. Aiij The Apostle Paul..descrybeth two kyndes of doctrynes. 1652 N. Culpeper Eng. Physician 8 The most usual kindes of Apples. 1694 Acct. Several Late Voy. (1711) ii. 79 I saw but this one of the Kind. 1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. ii. vii. 85 Suppose you saw a fruit of a new untried kind. 1766 J. Fordyce Serm. Young Women I. ii. 59 In affairs of this kind, it is but just to allow to women a degree of curiosity and care. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 321 Of the bear, there are three different kinds. 1845 M. Pattison in Christian Remembrancer Jan. 74 Barbarisms and solecisms of all kinds abound. 1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) IV. 6 Before we can reply with exactness, we must know the kinds of pleasure and the kinds of knowledge. 1915 J. Buchan Thirty-nine Steps vi. 136 I tried the shutters, but they were the kind that lock with a key and I couldn't move them. 1959 M. Amsterdam Keep Laughing (1960) 66 Daddy, how many kinds of milk are there? 2014 New Yorker 10 Nov. 84/1 Japanese firms emphasized what came to be known as ‘lean production’, relentlessly looking to remove waste of all kinds from the production process. b. In singular with of and a plural noun as complement, typically also with a plural determiner (esp. these, those) or a plural verb (see, e.g., quots. 1681, 1797). Formerly also occasionally without of (e.g. quot. a1648). See also all kind of at all adj., pron., n., adv., and conj. Phrases 4a.Apparently arising by analogy with use of the genitive of kin in similar contexts in Old English; as the genitive was typically placed before the head noun, it came to be treated as an attributive or adjective-like phrase once the inflection had been lost; an analogous treatment of kind of would explain the use in the singular within an otherwise plural syntax. For fuller details see kin n.¹ 6b. Occasional use without of is after either this use of kin, or the parallel construction of manner (see manner n. 1). ΚΠ c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xiii. 47 A nette sent in to the see, and of alle kynd [L. genere] of fishis gedrynge. 1538 M. Coverdale tr. M. Luther Expos. Magnificat sig. F.iiii Such kynde of men heare no man, they can be persuaded of no man. 1566 Briefe Exam. Certaine Declar. A4^v It is not lawfull to vse these kinde of vestures. 1586 Ld. Burghley Let. 21 July in Earl of Leicester Corr. (1844) 360 Fittest to impeche thos kind of havens. a1648 Ld. Herbert Life Henry VIII (1649) 481 Because of his Nephews minority, and other kind reasons. 1681 Heraclitus Ridens 22 Nov. 2/1 Such kind of Pamphlets work Wonders with the credulous multitude. 1735 J. Kirkby Arithm. Inst. iv. xi. 66 Which kind of Questions are called Determinate. 1797 T. Holcroft tr. F. L. Stolberg Trav. (ed. 2) III. lxxxii. 323 These kind of barracks..are..more expensive. 1854 Times 8 July 7/1 The reprovements of the noble earl, who kept these kind of remarks always ready..whenever the bench..took the liberty of not agreeing with him. 1909 Daily Chron. 14 Sept. 5/6 The other kind of banks are rent charge and banks. 1985 R. Bly Loving Woman in Two Worlds (1987) ii. 41 What kind of people are these? 2005 H. Mantel Beyond Black ii. 23 Those kind of dogs don't make old bones. c. With of. A person or thing described in terms of being a member of a particular class or category; an example or member of the specified class. Frequently with modifying adjective indicating the distinguishing characteristic of the example in question. See also Phrases 3a(a).In early use probably the same attributive or adjective-like use of kind of as in sense 8b, but with a singular noun as the object of of. In early modern English the reference to individual members of a class becomes clear (e.g. quots. 1549, 1648). Where kind is singular, however, the use can still be understood as indistinct from sense 8b; cf. the modern development of kinda adj.Formerly occasionally without of (e.g. quot. 1582); cf. the note at sense 8b. ΚΠ a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iii. l. 1626 The worste kynde of Infortune is þis A man to haue be in prosperite And it remembren whan it passed is. c1470 King Estmere l. 194 in D. Laing Early Sc. Metrical Tales (1889) 244 He lett for no kind of thyng. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. iii^v A newe kynde of sicknes came sodenly..into this Isle. 1549 H. Latimer 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie 3rd Serm. sig. Gv Brybery is a pryncely kind of theauing. 1582 T. Watson Ἑκατομπαθία: Passionate Cent. Loue xcviii. sig. N^v Learne of me, what kinde a thing is Loue. 1648 J. Goodwin Νεοϕυτοπρεσβυτερος 123 A Satyr..is a nipping kind of Poetrie, rebuking vice sharply, and not regarding persons. 1673 J. Dryden Marriage a-la-Mode iii. ii. 48 'Tis a pretty odd kind of game this, where each of us plays for double stakes. 1705 J. Addison Remarks Italy Pref. sig. A3 Vast Collections of all Kinds of Antiquities. 1798 J. Ferriar Illustr. Sterne vi. 166 They must be a different kind of people. 1842 J. Bischoff Comprehensive Hist. Woollen Manuf. II. 141 They have been generally crossing for bigger sheep, and..have produced a coarser kind of wool. 1906 H. James in Fortn. Rev. Nov. 866 I allowed that he was a capital kind of Southerner. 1969 Peoria (Illinois) Jrnl. Star 5 Sept. a6/1 The world is building some strange kinds of ‘heroes’ and legends these days. 2015 New Yorker 22 June 36/2 I'd never been a huggy kind of guy. 9. spec. a. Christian Church. Each of the elements (bread and wine) used in the Eucharist. Esp. in (communion) in (also under, †with) one kind (also each kind, both kinds). ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > [noun] houseleOE bread and winea1225 sacrament?c1225 sacringc1290 spicec1425 kind?1531 Eucharistc1540 element1556 species1579 elemental1656 mystery1662 symbol1671 waybread1993 ?1531 R. Barnes Supplic. Kinge Henrye VIII f. cxxiij Alle maner of Chrysten men, bothe sprytualle and temporalle are bound whan they wylle be houslyd to reseue the sacrament in bothe kyndes vnder the payne of dedly synne. 1539 Act 31 Henry VIII c. 14 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 739 Whether it be necessary..that all men shoulde be communycate with bothe kindes or noe. 1581 W. Fulke Deb. with E. Campion in J. V. Holleran Jesuit Challenge (1999) ii. 113 (modernized text) Do you say the scriptures do command both kinds not to be received? 1635 E. Pagitt Christianographie iii. 61 They must Communicate in both kindes, both of the bread and the wine. 1655 J. Spencer Script. Mistaken 327 In all good Theologie there must be a true Sacrament vnder each kind. 1711 G. Mackenzie Lives Writers Sc. Nation II. 133 Conforming themselves to all its Rites and Ceremonies, saving only the Communion under Both Kinds. a1770 J. Jortin Serm. (1772) V. xiii. 293 The Church of Rome gives the Communion in one kind. 1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest III. xi. 16 (note) Communion in both kinds was certainly usual at this time. 1880 R. F. Littledale Plain Reasons xxviii. 76 Christ is received entire under each kind. 1912 A. Fortescue Mass (1917) ix. 377 The Church makes no principle of Communion under one kind alone. Millions of Catholic Uniates receive both kinds always. 2002 Church Times 11 Oct. 10/1 Many practices that were part of pre-Vatican II Roman Catholicism—communion in one kind for the laity, eastward-facing celebrations..—have not died out. b. A literary genre.Largely superseded by genre in the 18th cent. Later examples may exemplify the more general sense ‘type, class’. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > [noun] > literary genre kind1546 genre1770 1546 T. Langley tr. P. Vergil Abridgem. Notable Worke i. ix. f. xix Demetrius of Tharsus, and one Menippus a bondeman, whom Marcus Varro did counterfeit, were writers in this kynde [L. poeta satyricus]. 1598 F. Meres Palladis Tamia f. 282 As Plautus and Seneca are accounted the best for Comedy and Tragedy among the Latines: so Shakespeare among y^e English is the most excellent in both kinds for the stage. 1667 J. Dryden Let. to Sir R. Howard in Annus Mirabilis 1666 Pref. Those who write correctly in this kind [sc. quatrains] must needs acknowledge, that the last line of the Stanza is to be consider'd in the composition of the first. 1714 Spectator No. 618. (1715) 337 In speaking, at present, of Epistolary Poetry, I would be understood to mean only such Writings in this Kind, as have been in Use amongst the Ancients, and have been copied from them by some Moderns. 1857 Gentleman's Mag. May 556 The first poem he presents is an anonymous one of the Heroi-comic kind. 1908 H. James Awkward Age Pref. p. xvii ‘Kinds’ are the very life of literature, and truth and strength come from the complete recognition of them. 2006 Narrative 14 295 The seven models..appear in a variety of different literary kinds. III. Senses relating to family, descent, or inheritance; kin, kindred. †10. a. A group of people descended, or claiming descent, from a common ancestor; a family, a clan; an ethnic group, a tribe. Cf. kin n.¹ 1, kindred n. 3b. Obsolete (chiefly Scottish after Middle English).In quot. OE with reference to social class, where the three classes are seen as descended from the sons of Noah; perhaps alternatively interpretable as showing sense 7c. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinship group > stock, race, or family > [noun] kinc825 strindc900 maegtheOE i-cundeeOE birdeOE houseOE kindOE kindreda1225 bloodc1300 strainc1330 lineage?a1366 generationa1382 progenya1382 stock1382 nationc1395 tribec1400 ligneea1450 lifec1450 family1474 prosapy?a1475 parentage1490 stirpc1503 pedigree1532 racea1547 stem?c1550 breed1596 progenies1673 familia1842 uji1876 OE Note on Old Test. Figures (Tiber. A.iii) in Anglia (1889) 11 3 He [sc. God] on ðreo towearp þa cneordnysse, þæt wæs wælisc & on cyrlisc cynn & on gesyðcund cynd. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 3301 Ðeȝȝ [sc. Joseph and Mary] baþe forenn ham Till þeȝȝre baþre kinde. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11565 King heo wolden habben of seoluen heore cunden [c1300 Otho cunde]. c1390 in C. Horstmann Minor Poems Vernon MS (1892) i. 249 At þe grete day of dome..Þei schul sitte on twelf seges wel And Iugge þe twelf kuyndes of Israel. a1456 (a1402) J. Trevisa tr. Gospel of Nicodemus (BL Add.) f. 96^v (MED) Bycause of þe [sc. Christ], þe children of oure kynde were eslawe. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid xii. xiii. 111 The kynd of men discend from thir Troianis, Mydlyt with kyn of the Italianis. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 76 The affectione that ilk had to his awne kynde. c1614 W. Mure tr. Virgil Dido & Æneas i. l. 157 in Wks. (1898) I. 66 His kinde she hates. 1716 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad II. vi. 575 No dire Presage so wounds my Mind, My Mother's Death, the Ruin of my Kind,..As thine Andromache! b. A person's family or relations; one's kin or kinsfolk. Also: a kinsman, a relative. Cf. kin n.¹ 3, kindred n. 2. Obsolete (Scottish in later use). ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > relations or kindred > [noun] kinc825 sibOE kindredOE sibness?a1300 kindc1325 affinity1357 cousinagea1382 cognationc1384 kinhoodc1440 kinsfolkc1450 evenkina1500 relation1502 kindsfolk1555 folks1715 cousinhood1748 loved onea1756 parentage1768 concerns1818 belonging1842 cousinry1844 cousinship1865 kinspeople1866 kinfolk1873 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 634 (MED) Vor honour of ire louerde & vor heo was of is kunde Ȝo..let clupie þe water after hire auerne. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 5 (MED) Ennias þe athel & his highe kynde..depreced prouinces. a1500 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Douce) l. 370 (MED) Many erlys & barons hende Weren of þo barons kende. 1576 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (rev. ed.) I. 678/2 Excludyng the kynges vncle, and other temporall Lordes of the kings kynd, from hauyng knowledge of any great matter. a1605 R. Bannatyne Memorials Trans. Scotl. (1836) 338 The king wald soult, except he gat that goud fatheris sone and gude kynd on the motheris syde to accumpany his grace. 1824 W. Scott Let. Dec. (1935) VIII. 463 A dirk with the mottoe ‘Better kind fremit as fremit kind’. 11. a. Progeny, offspring, descendants. Also as a count noun: an offspring, a child. Cf. kin n.¹ 1b, kindred n. 3c. rare after 16th cent. (Scottish in later use). Sc. National Dict. (Suppl.) (at cited word) records this sense as still in use in Morayshire in 1975. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] > collectively bairn-teamc885 kinc950 seedOE teamOE offspringOE kindOE childrenc1175 lineage1303 generationa1325 issuea1325 successiona1340 kindredc1350 progenya1382 posterityc1410 sequelc1440 ligneea1450 posterior1509 genealogy1513 propagation1536 racea1547 postery1548 after-spring1583 bowela1593 afterworld1594 loin1608 descendance1617 succession1618 proles1640 descent1667 ramage1936 OE Old Eng. Martyrol. (Corpus Cambr. 196) 22 Aug. (2013) 164 Todæg þu cund [OE Julius cild] gewitest to ðære uplican æðelnysse. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 84 He [sc. God] sennde uss sone hiss word. hiss witt. Hiss sune. hiss mahht. hiss kinde. c1250 in Stud. Philol. (1931) 28 595 Euerhuych mon þat hauet his munde godes word he clepet his cuynde. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 650 And or he was on werlde led, His kinde was wel wide spred. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xix. l. 224 (MED) A book of þe olde lawe, Þat a-corsed alle couples þat no kynde forth brouhte. a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 52^v Proles, a kynde or a childe. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. vi. 60 I shall thi seede multyply,..The kynd of the shall sprede wide. 1582 Bible (Rheims) Acts xvii. 28 Of his kinde also we are. 1674 C. Phelpes Calling & Election 90 Though before they were not chosen, yet now they are an Elect Generation, Kind, or Offspring. 1911 in Buchan Observer (1962) 10 Apr. 7 His kynds wis braggin aboot hoo much their father wis tae make. †b. A generation. Cf. kin n.¹ 1c, kindred n. 3a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > descendant > [noun] > collectively > at each stage of descent kinc825 kindredlOE kindc1350 generationa1387 offspringa1400 race1562 c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) lxxxviii. 2 Y shal tellen þy soþenesses in my mouþe fro kynde to kynde. ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 118 (MED) Ȝa, þe mercy of hym fro þat kynde in to þe kynde of pes For all þat hym drede now is he cum. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke xvi. f. ciij The chyldren of this worlde, are in their kynde [1611 King James generation], wyser then the chyldren off light. 12. a. The ancestral line or stock from which a person is descended; parentage, lineage, ancestry; origin, descent; (sometimes, esp. in later use) spec. character inherited from or appropriate to one's ancestry (cf. Phrases 1d(a), Phrases 1e(b)). Cf. kin n.¹ 2, kindred n. 4. Now rare (chiefly Scottish in later use). Sc. National Dict. (at kind) records this sense as still in use in southern Scotland in 1960. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > lineage or descent > [noun] > condition determined by kindc1175 birthc1540 society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > ancestor > [noun] > ancestral stock or root kinc1100 kindc1175 kindredc1200 rootc1330 stockc1393 stirp?1573 radix1651 source1670 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7133 An child..Þatt shall ben þiss iudisskenn king All þurrh rihht aþell kinde. c1225 (?c1200) St. Margaret (Bodl.) (1934) 38 (MED) Sei me hwer þu wunest meast..& ti cunde cuð me. c1300 St. Julian Hospitable (Laud) l. 1 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 256 (MED) Seint Iulian þe guode herebeger of noble kuynde com. c1405 (c1380) G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 121 Cecilie..Was come of Romayns and of noble kynde. a1500 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Rawl.) (1896) 23 (MED) Throgh the kynde of troy, we sholde be bolde. 1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes sig. d.vi^v Al we were Britaynes at the beginning, come of one kynde, and liuinge vnder one Monarchie. 1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates Mowbray f. xii By byrth I came of noble kynde, The Mowbrayes heyre, a famous house and olde. 1609 W. Shakespeare Pericles xxi. 58 [If she] Came of a gentle kinde [1623 kind], and noble stocke. View more context for this quotation 1724 A. Ramsay Tea-table Misc. (1733) I. 114 My Cromie is a useful cow And she is come of a good kyne. 1781 W. Preston Poems 253 Oh Savage, doubly born of noble kind. 1816 W. Scott Antiquary III. xi. 220 The oyster loves the dredging sang, For they come of a gentle kind. ?c1890 M. A. M. Halloween Guest vi. 53 Baith the faither and mother mean weel, but Katie certainly breaks off kind. †b. A person's genealogy or descent. Cf. kin n.¹ 1d, kindred n. 3d. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > lineage or descent > [noun] kinc892 strindc900 i-cundeOE bloodOE kindredOE birtha1250 strainc1275 gesta1300 offspring?a1300 lineagea1330 descentc1330 linec1330 progenya1382 generationc1384 engendrurec1390 ancestry?a1400 genealogya1400 kind?a1400 stranda1400 coming?a1425 bedc1430 descencec1443 descension1447 ligneea1450 originc1450 family1474 originala1475 extraction1477 nativityc1485 parentelea1492 stirpc1503 stem?c1550 race1563 parentage1565 brood1590 ancientry1596 descendance1599 breeding1600 descendancy1603 delineation1606 extract1631 ancestory1650 agnation1782 havage1799 engendure1867 ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. 361 Þis is þe kynde fro gre to gre betuen Eneas & Noe. †13. a. That which properly belongs to or befits a person by birthright or inheritance, esp. territories or possessions held by right of inheritance. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > morality > dueness or propriety > [noun] > what is fitting > that which naturally befits one kindc1275 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 10724 Cador cuðe þene wæi þe toward his cunde [c1300 Otho cuþþe] læi. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 37 Þe children..þet hi heþ be spousbreche, berþ away þe kende. c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 2345 (MED) A-cursid be the tyme þat I out of Rome went..Had I had wit & grace, & hold me lowe & boune, It were my kynd now. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 217 Ane Ersche mantill it war thi kynd to wer. c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 199 Thay took ane of the tounes cullouris of Abirdein, and gave it to the toune of Abirbrothokis soldiouris..quhilk wes not thair kynd to cary. b. The station or rank into which a person is born; one's natural status or position in the world. Obsolete.Frequently in of kind, in kind: cf. Phrases 1d, Phrases 1c. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > [noun] > hereditary > right by birth or birthright i-cundelOE kindc1300 forbirtha1400 birthright1530 inheritance1535 birthdoma1616 birthhood1651 c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) l. 421 (MED) Ne feolle hit þe of cunde To spuse beo me bunde. a1425 in M. Day Wheatley MS (1921) 12 Ihesu to hym the vptooke..Abouen aungels kynde, there he the [sc. the Virgin Mary] sett. c1430 (c1380) G. Chaucer Parl. Fowls (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1871) l. 332 There myghte men the ryal egle fynde..And othere eglis of a lowere kynde. a1450 ( Libel Eng. Policy (Laud) in T. Wright Polit. Poems & Songs (1861) II. 197 He [sc. kynge Edgar] hym selfe atte the shipp behynde As steris-man, it becam of kynde. a1500 (a1475) G. Ashby Dicta Philosophorum l. 122 in Poems (1899) 48 That they be free, nat bonde in kynde. †14. Right of inheritance; birthright. Also: the rightful line of inheritance. Usually in prepositional phrases: see Phrases 1. Obsolete.Recorded earliest in through kind at Phrases 1f. ΚΠ c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Otho) (1978) l. 12498 He..nou axeþ þorh cunde [c1275 Calig. mid icunde] truage of þis londe. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 2231 Þer nis no mon þat kunde abbe þer to. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 6467 (MED) Engelond com to kunde aȝen þoru þe gode quene. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 6664 He adde somdel to engelond More kunde þan þe oþer, Vor he was in is moder half seint edwardes broþer. IV. Senses relating to sex or gender. †15. a. The genitals. Cf. nature n. 3, sex n.¹ 5. Obsolete.In quot. c1440 apparently: testicles. [Perhaps immediately after post-classical Latin natura cerui , denoting the testicles of a deer, prepared for medical use (4th cent.); see nature n.] ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > sex organs > [noun] shapea1000 shameOE i-cundeOE memberc1300 privy memberc1325 kindc1330 privitiesc1375 harness1382 shameful parts1382 genitoriesa1387 partc1390 tailc1390 genitalsa1393 thingc1405 genitalc1450 privy parts1533 secret1535 loin?1541 genitures1548 filthy parts1553 shamefulness1561 ware1561 meatc1564 natural places1569 secret members1577 lady ware1592 natural parts1601 lady's ware1608 gear1611 private parts1623 groin1631 pudendums1634 natural1650 privacies1656 sex1664 secrecyc1675 nudities1677 affair1749 sexual parts1753 person1824 sex organ1847 privates1940 naughty bits1972 c1330 Adam & Eve (Auch.) 110 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 140 Aiþer of oþer aschamed was And hiled her kinde wiþ more and gras. c1440 Liber de Diversis Med. 30 (MED) Take þe kynd of hert & drynk it with rede wyne. b. Semen; = nature n. 2b. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [noun] > sperm > semen seedOE naturec1390 semena1398 kindc1400 semence1480 mettle1612 egg-fry1674 ammunition1695 spunkc1890 jism1899 scum1967 c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xiv. l. 172 (MED) Whan þe pocok caukede..How vn-corteisliche þe cok hud [read hus] kynde forth strende. a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk Instr. Parish Priests (Claud.) (1974) l. 934 Take also wel in mynde, Ȝef þou haue sched þyn owne kynde, Slepynge, or wakynge. a1550 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Wemyss) xi. 1026 Fra þaim [sc. horses] sa haboundandly There kynd eschapis fervently. 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Kynde naturall of euerye thynge, semen. 16. †a. The state or fact of belonging to a particular sex; the quality of being either male or female; gender, sex. Cf. kin n.¹ 7. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > sex and gender > [noun] i-cundeOE kinc1000 birtha1250 kinda1382 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1961) Num. i. 2 Tak ȝe..þe sonys of Irael by kynredys & þer housys & þe namys of eche what euer of maale kynde[L. sexus] fro þe twentyþe ȝeer & aboue. ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 529 (MED) Hermofrodicia is þe nature of double kynde [L. sexus]..in men..sometyme it is in þe place þat is apperynge vnder þe stones. a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) viii. l. 1842 Off eylde na kynde sparyt þai. a1538 A. Abell Roit or Quheill of Tyme f. 23^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at cited word I grant me ane weman of the quhilk kynd I cannocht denude me. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. ii. sig. Cc7 To aske..What inquest Made her dissemble her disguised kind. 1640 W. Habington Hist. Edward IV 121 The Female were excluded, as if the distinction of kind could make a difference in right, and the being borne a woman were to bee borne illigitimate. 1758 T. Nugent tr. C. Lancelot et al. New Method learning Lat. Tongue II. vi. 82 This confusion of genders has still continued in a great many nouns, though their [sc. the creatures denoted by the noun] kind is sufficiently distinguished. b. Either of the two main categories (male and female) into which humans and many other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions; the males or females of a particular species, esp. the human race, considered collectively; a sex.From the 18th cent. increasingly associated with, and largely merging into, more general senses (see branch II.). ΘΚΠ the world > life > sex and gender > [noun] > sex > a sex sexa1382 kinda1393 race1558 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) i. l. 1624 (MED) He mot him binde To such on which of alle kinde Of wommen is þunsemylieste. c1451 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert (1910) 82 (MED) Gilbert be-gan his perfeccion at þe febiller kende. 1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia ii. sig. Riv All they which be of the male kind..sitte before the goodman of y^e house, and they of the female kynde before the goodwyfe. 1564 A. Bacon tr. J. Jewel Apol. Churche Eng. Ep. Ded. Besides the honour ye haue done to the kinde of women..ye haue done pleasure to the Author of the Latine boke. ?1616 W. Goddard Satirycall Dialogue sig. A2 We men, doe loue to see our selues vp-raisd And Iocond are, to heare our own selues praisd But (oh you springes of Wisdome) I doe find That is a thing most hatefull to your kind. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 106 Far from the Charms of that alluring Kind . View more context for this quotation 1735 A. Pope Of Char. of Women 11 In..Men we sev'ral Passions find, In Women, two almost divide the Kind. 1789 M. Madan in New & Literal Transl. Juvenal & Persius II. 453 Some pretended to so nice a taste, as to be able to distinguish whether the bird he was eating was of the male or female kind. 1855 Church of Eng. Mag. 3 Nov. 303/1 That priceless jewel which is entrusted to her; the possession of which makes her the first, the loss of which makes her the most degraded, of her kind. 1921 A. C. Perry & A. E. Eichmann Appl. Gram. II. 78 Note that man and woman are nouns; that man denotes a person of the male kind. 2011 A. Cheuse Song of Slaves in Desert vi. 43 Women are the frailer kind, are they not? †17. Grammatical gender; = gender n. 1a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > gender > [noun] genderc1390 kindc1400 c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iv. l. 339 Adiectif and substantyf vnite asken, Acordaunce in kynde in cas and in numbre. c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 179 (MED) The fourthe acorde in grammar..is..ilet..whenne the noune partityf by tokenyth a thyng of o kynde and that at semyth genityf case by tokenyth an othyr kynde. 1641 J. Johnson Acad. Love 21 Al stones be of the feminine gender [in Latin], even those that are proper to men, are attributed to the female kinde. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. v. 252/2 Articles, are words which serve for the more full and distinct expression of Substantives, and to shew of what Genus and kind they are, whither Male, Femal, or Neuter, &c. Phrases P1. Phrases with prepositions. †a. against kind: contrary to, or in violation of, nature; in an unnatural or immoral manner. In early use also again kind. Obsolete. ΚΠ lOEOngean cynde [see sense 3a]. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 2320 All swa maȝȝ godd don þe full well. To childenn ȝæness kinde. c1300 St. Brendan (Harl.) l. 195 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 225 Þeȝ hit þoȝte aȝe cunde þis fowel ansuerede anon. a1400 Siege Jerusalem (Laud) (1932) l. 1029 (MED) In his synwys soudeynly a syknesse is fallen..croked aȝens kynde & as a crepel woxen. ?1541 R. Copland tr. Galen Terapeutyke sig. A.iv^v Yf any partyes are vlcerate with swellynge agaynste kynd, fyrste the swellynge must be cured. 1633 S. Otes Explan. Generall Epist. St. Iude ix. 111 The Sunne knew Christ, and therefore against kind was eclipsed. 1709 D. Manley Secret Mem. (ed. 2) II. 207 That bewitching Modesty, which is so becoming to the op'ning Veil, is against kind in the confirm'd, bold and agreeable Air of the Hat, Feather and Peruke. b. by kind. (a) By birth; (in early use also) spec. by right of birth or inheritance. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adverb] > innately or naturally i-cundelyeOE through kindc1225 proprementc1230 kindlya1250 naturallyc1275 kinda1325 by kindc1325 of kindc1325 in kind1340 properly1340 voluntarily1562 natively1590 alliably1593 physically1629 innately1632 natural1793 congenitally1862 connately1884 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 7276 Wo so were next king bi kunde, me clupede him aþeling. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1445 Þe..emperour of grece..has a sone..þat schal be emperour after him of heritage bi kynde. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Melibeus (Ellesmere) (1872) §2757 A free man by kynde or by [c1405 Hengwrt of] burthe. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 2800 (MED) I..am þe coron be kynd of clene all þat Iles. 1567 G. Fenton tr. M. Bandello Certaine Tragicall Disc. f. 10 There is no reason that..the son of hym that is a slaue and seruile borne by kynde, shoulde..beare office in a common welthe. 1612 W. S. Funerall Elegye sig. C2 Those are much more noble in the mind, Then many that haue noblenesse by kind. Birth, blood, and ancesters, are none of ours. 1649 J. Milton Εικονοκλαστης xxviii. 238 His Grand-mother Mary Queen of Scots,..from whom he seems to have learnt, as it were by heart, or els by kind,..his words and speeches heer. 1712 M. Henry Expos. Prophetical Bks. Old Test. (Lam. v. 7) sig. Ccc^v/1 We are a Seed of Evil doers, Children of Wrath, and Heirs of the Curse; we are sinful, and we have it by Kind. (b) By virtue of, or in accordance with, the natural constitution, character, or condition of a person or thing; naturally. Now rare (Scottish and Irish English (northern) in later use).In Middle English sometimes with reference to innate moral feeling. ΚΠ 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 101 (MED) Þet þou hatye zenne and uoulhedes..zuo þet þou naȝt ne do aye kende..Yef þou art ariȝt zone, þou sselt him [sc. God] anlykny be kende, be heste, and be riȝte. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 357 (MED) Euel custume..torneþ among hemself traisoun in to kynde so fer forthe, þat as þei be traytoures by kynde. c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) l. 6590 (MED) By kynde hem is bireued Þat hij ne haue no tunge in her heued. a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Claud.) (2009) 23 At mydnyght Cryst was yboren, for þen al thyng by kynde takuth rest. 1568 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS (1928) III. 661 All fische with fyn That creat wer be kynd. 1636 A. Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae (new ed.) 853 By kinde ay we finde ay Few lackes them [sc. the senses] at the least. 1653 Duchess of Newcastle Poems & Fancies 153 Women, that inconstant are by kind, Can never in one place content their mind. 1792 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum IV. 411 Nae ferlie, tis tho' fickle she prove, A woman has't by kind. 1856 G. Henderson Pop. Rhymes Berwick 45 They hae it by kind, like the Blainslie Aits. 1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. 194/2 By kind, by nature, naturally e.g. She has it by kind i.e. she is naturally gifted. c. in kind. See also sense 1a. †(a) By right of inheritance. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adverb] > innately or naturally i-cundelyeOE through kindc1225 proprementc1230 kindlya1250 naturallyc1275 kinda1325 by kindc1325 of kindc1325 in kind1340 properly1340 voluntarily1562 natively1590 alliably1593 physically1629 innately1632 natural1793 congenitally1862 connately1884 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 149 (MED) Þe milde..ssel habbe þet land ine kende. †(b) By virtue of, or in accordance with, the natural constitution, character, or condition of a person or thing; naturally. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 185 Euerilc-on in kinde good, Ðor-quiles adam fro sinne stod. c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 51 (MED) Þo ben in complexioun Malancolik men & her blood is in kynde blak and þicke. 1508 Balade in Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. dv Thingis in kynde desyris thingis lyke. (c) [After post-classical Latin in specie (see in specie at specie n.).] (i) In the context of a repayment, distribution, bequest, etc.: in the form of the article or object in question, as opposed to its equivalent value in money. Now usually (of payment): consisting of goods or services, not money. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > merchandise > in goods [phrase] in kind1578 society > trade and finance > payment > [adverb] > in kind in kind1578 society > trade and finance > payment > [phrase] > in kind in kind1578 1578 T. Rogers Godlie Treat. Lawfull Vse of Ritches vi. f. 8^v, in tr. P. Cæsar Gen. Disc. Damnable Sect Vsurers Lendyng is a contracte, whereby one manne giueth his right of a thyng to an other, without any price at all, but vppon condition that the same thyng in kinde be repaied. 1584 E. Bunny Scepter of Iudah 32 They would rather covet to give the valu of it in monie, than the thing it selfe in kind. 1607 T. Ridley View Civile & Eccl. Law 219 For such things as may be kept, & by keeping will not be the worse, he oght precisely to preserue them, specially where the Testator hath bequeathed any thing in kind. 1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 171 He did..giue the goods of all the Prisoners vnto those that had taken them; either to take them in Kind, or compound for them. 1670 I. Walton Life H. Wotton 49 in Lives His very Food and Rayment were plentifully provided for him in kind. 1713 J. Swift Part of 7th Epist. Horace Imitated 10 The Farmers..Force him to take his Tythes in kind. 1754 E. Burt Lett. N. Scotl. II. xx. 148 Their Rent is chiefly paid in Kind, that is to say, great Part of it in several Species arising from the Product of the Farm; such as Barly, Oatmeal [etc.]. 1800 W. Holland Diary in Paupers & Pig Killers (1984) 47 Farmer Morle dined with me and paid his small Tithes, his Great Tithe I take in kind. a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1869) III. v. 329 Their revenues were mostly paid, not in money, but in kind, such as corn, wine and cattle. 1898 W. Wright Brontës in Ireland 116 The miller..was paid in kind. 1953 J. Cary Except the Lord 13 The Coytes would often pay their men partly in kind, in skim-milk or potatoes. 2015 Taupo (N.Z.) Times (Nexis) 24 July 21 Some of the officials at the meetings were paid in kind (often with meat). (ii) In the context of responding or reacting to someone or something (esp. in retaliation): with something similar; in the same way. Frequently in to respond in kind at respond v. Phrases. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > exchange > [adverb] therewithc1000 in changea1387 changeably1425 interchangeably1587 exchangeably1598 in kind1638 convertibly1710 interconvertibly1811 1638 G. Sandys Paraphr. Iob 39 in Paraphr. Divine Poems If I have waited at my Neighbours doore: Let my laicivious wife with others grin'd; And by her lust repay my guilt in kind. 1726 Four Years Voy. Capt. G. Roberts Ded. sig. Aij Obligations you have laid me under,..I despair of ever having the Opportunity to return them in Kind. 1750 D. Hume Let. 18 Apr. (1932) I. 141 You dare not revenge yourself in kind, by advising your patients to have nothing to do with the parson. 1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. xi. 272 The best of them are most willing to repay my follies in kind. 1873 Harper's Mag. June 57/2 Falcon observed Staines, saw at once he was a gentleman, and touched his hat to him, to which Christopher responded in kind. 1917 Boys' Life Aug. 4/2 The first thing that told him of her close proximity was a stream of bullets from Travers's automatic, as he tried to repay in kind the German's attentions. 1971 A. MacLean Bear Island (1972) iv. 70 I gave him a casually acknowledging wave of my hand and he answered in kind. 2006 W. Easterly White Man's Burden viii. 286 The Portuguese demand for slaves was so insatiable that the Kongo raided neighboring peoples, who retaliated in kind. †(d) In proper or good condition; (of fresh produce) in season. Cf. earlier out of kind at Phrases 1e. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. iii. at Isæan Riuer Salmon, which is euer in kind all times of the yeare. 1657 T. Barker Barker's Delight 52 When you go to your pleasure again, put the bait in a little water it will come in kind again. 1712 J. Norris Profitable Advice for Rich & Poor 26 We take particular Care to store our Houses with Salt-Beef and Pork 'till Fresh comes again in Kind. d. of kind. (a) By birth; by dint of the character one has inherited or acquired from one's parents or ancestors; (also) by right of birth or inheritance. Obsolete (Scottish in later use). ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adverb] > innately or naturally i-cundelyeOE through kindc1225 proprementc1230 kindlya1250 naturallyc1275 kinda1325 by kindc1325 of kindc1325 in kind1340 properly1340 voluntarily1562 natively1590 alliably1593 physically1629 innately1632 natural1793 congenitally1862 connately1884 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 6680 (MED) Þo moste it nede come aȝen to þe riȝt eir of kunde. c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 26 (MED) Feirnesse..makeþ mony mon beo biloued..Summe nobleye & hendelek and gentrise of kuynde. a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Wolf & Lamb l. 2656 in Poems (1981) 98 Thy language rigorus Cummis the off kynd; swa thy father before Held me at bait. a1525 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (St Andrews) ix. l. 2679 Hys ayre, þat was of kynd king. a1628 J. Carmichaell Coll. Prov. in Scots (1957) No. 1358 Sche taks it of kynd, her mother had the same falt when she was young. 1825 Writer’s Clerk II. 124 He tak's it well o' kind, for his father is as worthy a man as is in Homeston. (b) By virtue of, or in accordance with, the natural constitution, character, or condition of a person or thing; naturally. Obsolete (Scottish in later use). ΚΠ a1300 (c1275) Physiologus (1991) l. 429 He [sc. elephants] arn so kolde of kinde Ðat no golsipe is hem minde. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 60 Wommen of kynde desiren libertee. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 207 Thes Englyshe Bretouns be braggars of kynde. 1567 R. Sempill Test. & Trag. King Henrie (single sheet) O wickit [women]..Serpentis of kynde, thocht cumlie seme ȝour statuire. 1575 W. Stevenson Gammer Gurtons Nedle ii. v. sig. Cii She is geuen to it of kynde. 1714 J. Gay Shepherd's Week iv. 37 Last Valentine, the day when birds of kind Their paramours with mutual chirpings find. †e. out of kind. (a) In a debased, deformed, or unnatural condition. In later use: (of fresh produce) out of season. Cf. later in kind at Phrases 1c. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > disorder > in disorder [phrase] at or on six and sevenOE out of kinda1375 out of rulea1387 out of tonea1400 out of joint1415 out of nockc1520 out of tracea1529 out of order1530 out of tune1535 out of square1555 out of kilter1582 off the hinges?1608 out of (the) hinges?1608 in, out of gear1814 out of gearing1833 off the rails1848 on the bumc1870 society > morality > moral evil > moral or spiritual degeneration > degenerate [verb (intransitive)] afallOE fallOE out of kinda1375 degender1539 degenerate1553 decline1604 the world > relative properties > order > disorder > irregularity > unconformity > abnormality > abnormal [phrase] > abnormal or unnatural out of kinda1375 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 107 (MED) How þat best þerwe bale was brouȝt out of kinde, I wol ȝou telle. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iii. l. 247 Thi kyngdom þorw here couetyse wol out of kynde weynde [emended in ed. to wende]. c1475 Antichrist & Disciples in J. H. Todd Three Treat. J. Wycklyffe (1851) p. cxxx (MED) Þei han many puruyours..to gete metes..well diȝt wiþ spicerie..wiþ sauces & syropis colour out of kynde. 1566 Discr. Rare Most Monstrous Fishe (single sheet) Such shaples shapes for to amend, whych now are out of kynd. 1573 T. Tusser Fiue Hundreth Points Good Husbandry (new ed.) f. 43 So garden with orchard, & hopyard..that want the like benefite, grow out a kinde. 1602 R. Carew Surv. Cornwall i. f. 30^v The countrie people long retained a conceit, that in Summer time they weare out of kind. 1661 P. Enderbie Cambria Triumphans i. 10 When Salmons grow out of kind or season in Wye, in the River Usk..Salmons come in season, so that in the County of Monmouth all the whole year Salmons are fit to be presented to an Emperors Table. (b) Having lost, declined from, or forsaken the qualities of character appropriate to one's birth or ancestry; not true to one's inheritance; degenerate. Usually in to go (also grow, swerve, etc.) out of kind. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 187 A man..coueyteþ as Mercurius, gooþ out of kynde [L. degenerat] as Jubiter, and is cruel as Saturnus. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. ccxlvij/1 Hast þ^u seen me, forsake my lygnage or go out of kynde [Fr. me as tu veu deslignager esprouue moy; L. numquid degenerem me probasti]? a1547 Earl of Surrey tr. Virgil Certain Bks. Aenæis (1557) ii. sig. Cii^v On message to Pelide my father go:Shew vnto him my cruel dedes, and how Neoptolem is swarued out of kinde. 1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. Heb. xi. f. xx^v Neither dyd Ioseph growe out of kynde, & become vnlike his auncestours in faith. 1611 T. Draxe Christian Armorie i. xii. 120 His children might haue growen out of kind, and haue obscured and blemished his name. 1679 L. Sharpe Reward of Diligence 25 You so far degenerated from the spirit and actions of men, that you are grown quite out of kind. a1784 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherd in Sc. Wks. (1938) 125 For ye was born and hopes ye'll die a Laird. Ye're nae yet out of kind for a' your bra's. 1916 J. Mowat Caithness Prov. 8 ‘He's gaen oot o' e' kind’—he has broken the traditions of his ancestry. (c) In a manner contrary to or in violation of nature or one's natural character; in an unnatural or immoral manner. Obsolete.The work cited in quot. 1762 is a burlesque of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales with pervasive use of archaic language. ΚΠ a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 2889 Oute of kind þe sin was don. 1568 T. Drant tr. Gregory of Nazianzus Epigr. & Sentences sig. D.iiii My tonge doth talke, And tattle out of kinde. 1658 J. Jones in tr. Ovid Invective against Ibis Comm. 55 Lot cannot so properly be said to lie with his own daughters as they with him, for he knew not when they lay down or when they rose up. Neither can his drunkenness mitigate, but aggravate the sin. When bloud toucheth bloud in this kind, it is abominable out of kind. 1762 J. Hall-Stevenson Crazy Tales v. 81 Yet thereto, though I oft have been inclin'd, Have not I yvir practic'd out of kind. †f. through kind. (a) By virtue of, or in accordance with, the natural constitution, character, or condition of a person or thing; naturally. Obsolete.In Middle English sometimes with reference to innate moral feeling. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adverb] > innately or naturally i-cundelyeOE through kindc1225 proprementc1230 kindlya1250 naturallyc1275 kinda1325 by kindc1325 of kindc1325 in kind1340 properly1340 voluntarily1562 natively1590 alliably1593 physically1629 innately1632 natural1793 congenitally1862 connately1884 c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) 134 Engles & sawlen, þurh þet ha bigunnen, ahten & mahten endin þurh cunde. ?c1335 in W. Heuser Kildare-Gedichte (1904) 171 (MED) I snurpe, i snobbe..Þroȝ kund i comble and kelde. c1390 Castle of Love (Vernon) (1967) l. 169 (MED) Two lawen Adam scholde..Witen and holden in paradis; Þat on him was þorw kynde ilet, Þat oþer was clept lawe iset. a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 801 (MED) Alle þir, thurgh kynd, to an ald man falles Þat clerkes propertes of eld calles. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 134 The body of this bold [sc. Hector]..may not..be keppit thurgh kynd for vnclene ayre. (b) By birth; spec. by right of birth or inheritance. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1300Þorh cunde [see sense 14]. c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 1057 Þurth kende of hem y can bo Telle of þing þat is ago And al þing þat is now. ?c1625 in E. Beveridge & J. D. Westwood Fergusson's Sc. Prov. (1924) No. 1624 Ye ar stout throw kynd your goodschir drew a sword to a plaitful of pottag. P2. Postmodifying phrases with of and a determiner. a. of a kind. (a) Cards. Of a number of cards in a hand: having the same face value but of different suits. Used chiefly in ranking players' hands in games such as poker, esp. in three of a kind, four of a kind. ΚΠ 1793 Matrimonial Mag. Jan. 26/2 When you hold two cards of a kind, and a third is upon the table, you may..lay down one of them. 1865 G. M. Evans How Gamblers Win 43 As a general thing, ‘pat hands’, that is, hands which fall complete without drawing (as flushes, fulls, or four of a kind)—should be avoided, as they tend to excite suspicion. 1940 O. Jacoby On Poker v. 36 The time to sandbag is when you have three of a kind or better. 1992 A. R. Taylor Guinness Bk. Trad. Pub Games 45/2 If the next player can play a similar card (i.e. lay out the third card of three-of-a-kind), he gets 6 points for a pair-royal. 2006 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 12 Nov. iii. 16/3 His four of a kind beat his remaining opponent's pair of queens. (b) Following a numeral, with reference to a number of people or (less commonly) things: very similar, much the same. Esp. in two of a kind.In quot. 1691 with reference to things of the identical type. ΚΠ 1691 Athenian Mercury 18 Apr. By Monster the Proposer means a monstrous product, from a Natural Generation, as when two of a kind, as Man and Woman, two Monkeys, &c. produce something of the same species, yet with less or more Limbs.] 1873 Trans. Royal Hist. Soc. 2 163 Two of a kind, whate'er they be, Are very certain to agree. 1909 Pharmaceut. Era 8 July 36/1 The intelligent doctor and this honest drug store are two of a kind. 1942 E. Ferber Saratoga Trunk (new ed.) vi. 100 In a way, chéri , we're two of a kind. 1970 R. D. Abrahams Positively Black v. 122 There were the Dalton Brothers, four of a kind. 2005 M. Lewycka Short Hist. Tractors in Ukrainian xvii. 182 I realise how much I have been depending on Big Sis to take on Valentina. Now I recognise that in some ways they are two of a kind. (c) Used to indicate that something is not a good or typical example of its type. Cf. a kind of at Phrases 3a(a). ΚΠ 1885 A. J. Wilson Life T. Wanless ix. 129 But had this maiden no guilt , then? Yes, she had guilt of a kind. 1951 ‘J. Wyndham’ Day of Triffids xiv. 250 With the aid of a cook-book Josella had managed to produce meals of a kind. 2005 J. M. Coetzee Slow Man xxviii. 232 Yes it is, marriage of a kind. (d) one of a kind: see one-of-a-kind at one adj., n., and pron. Phrases 4g. †b. of his (its, etc.) (own) kind: by its very nature; naturally, instinctively. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > intrinsic or inherent [phrase] > naturally or of itself of his (its, etc.) (own) kindc1475 c1475 (c1399) Mum & Sothsegger (Cambr. Ll.4.14) (1936) iii. l. 19 (MED) Þis beste, of his kynde Secheth and sercheth þo schrewed wormes. 1530 J. Rastell New Bk. Purgatory ii. x. sig. d^v Yet can the soule perceyve..of hys owne kynde. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball ii. lx. 227 Hyssope groweth not of his owne kinde in this countrey. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) ii. i. 169 Nature should bring forth Of it owne kinde, all foyzon. a1640 T. Jackson Treat. Primæval Estate First Man xxi, in Exact Coll. Wks. (1654) 3066 The Fear of any Disgrace or disrespect with men, were in themselves or of their own kind Absolutely Good. c. of its kind: (used with reference to an example of something) (a) of its sort, type, or class; (b) within the limitations of its sort. ΚΠ 1649 tr. R. Descartes Disc. Reason 94 'Tis not to be believed..that an Ape..which were the most perfect of its kinde [Fr. de son espèce], should..equall the most stupid child. 1700 G. Booth tr. Diodorus Siculus Hist. Libr. v. ii. 186 This..Amber, which for Beauty and Brightness, excels all others of its Kind. 1829 Foreign Q. Rev. Jan. 393 Their Russia leather..is by no means bad of its kind. 1861 C. Dickens Great Expectations II. vii. 107 Rather a stately house of its kind, but dolefully in want of painting. 1969 Times Lit. Suppl. 16 Jan. 61/1 Thomas's nature writing was good of its kind. 2014 New Scientist 1 Mar. 40/2 Burney points out a lone loulu palm tree, one of the last of its kind. d. (a) nothing of the kind: nothing that is equivalent or similar to what has been mentioned or described. Also anything of the kind (in negative contexts). Frequently used to express emphatic denial. ΚΠ 1700 F. Atterbury Rights Eng. Convocation 454 It not being touch'd on, or so much as hinted there, we might without further Authority conclude that nothing of the kind was done. 1798 T. Dutton tr. F. Nicolai Life & Opinions Sebaldus Nothanker II. i. 21 No..the Bible says nothing of the kind—and, let me tell you, if it did, I should not acknowledge it for God's word. 1862 A. Trollope Orley Farm II. xiv. 111 There was never anything of the kind before. 1908 App. Jrnl. Senate 77th Gen. Assembly Ohio ii. 575 Q. You say if in August, 1905, you bought oats from the Union Grain and Hay Company that your books will show that purchase? A. I didn't say anything of the kind. I couldn't tell you about that. 1961 New Scientist 7 Dec. 634/1 Nothing of the kind can be said in support of one of the most recent and most obnoxious of class distinctions. 1998 Contemp. Theatre Rev. 7 iv. 93 Then I understood that what I had thought was brilliant, wasn't anything of the kind. 2004 Isis 95 459/2 I said nothing of the kind. (b) something of the kind: something like the thing which has been mentioned or described. ΚΠ 1733 P. Shaw in tr. F. Bacon Philos. Wks. II. 484 This indeed would be a capital Work; and we conceive Hopes that something of the kind is the View and Design of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. 1806 Trial R. Patch 60 It might be a shot fired from a police-boat, after a boat with some smuggled goods, or something of the kind. 1871 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) IV. xvii. 55 Something of the kind had been done. 1911 J. Conrad Let. 20 Oct. (1956) 234 Something of the kind must be done or else novel-writing becomes a mere debauch of the imagination. 2014 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 31 July 6 Mr Miliband is the only one of the four main party leaders who doesn't already do something of the kind. P3. kind of. Cf. kinda adv. and adj. a. Uses in which kind of limits or expresses a degree of reservation about the description or designation that follows it. See also in a kind of way at way n.¹ and int.¹ Phrases 6c(d). (a) a kind of: a person or thing that is, or may be, included in the specified class or type, though not possessing all the appropriate or expected characteristics or properties; someone or something that can only doubtfully be described as belonging to the class or type in question. Also some kind of. Cf. of a kind (see Phrases 2a(c)). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > individual character or quality > an individual case or instance > in the particular case [phrase] > an individual not typical of its class a kind of?1565 a sort of‥1703 of sorts1902 the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [adverb] > to a limited extent as (also so) far as it goes1533 a kind of?1565 not to say1590 in his (also her, etc.) way1700 for what it's worth1830 kinda1834 ?1565 A. Hartwell tr. W. Haddon Sight of Portugall Pearle sig. Diii At length after a volume of raylynge & vncharitable checkes, you knyt vp a kynde of conclusion. a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iii. i. 261 I haue the wit to thinke my Master is a kinde of a knaue. View more context for this quotation 1683 E. Hooker in J. Pordage Theologia Mystica Pref. Epist. 103 (note) There must be..in the passions..some kind of spiritualitie. 1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 353 I..thought my self a kind of a Monarch. 1738 tr. C. Rollin Anc. Hist. (ed. 2) I. 343 Only a kind of huts were built there. 1761 J. Wesley Jrnl. 10 June in Wks. (1827) III. 52 One, a kind of gentleman, seemed displeased. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. ix. 62 The rock..bent by the pressure so as to form a kind of arch. a1898 W. Brann in J. D. Shaw Brann, Iconoclast (1905) II. 274 He was a kind of half-baked poetaster. 1976 F. Howerd On Way I lost It (1977) iv. 61 I thought it was some kind of sick joke. 2009 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 19 Aug. a9 His wife feeds him a potion that turns him into a kind of feminist. (b) colloquial (originally U.S.). Used adverbially: in a way, in a manner of speaking; to some extent or degree, somewhat; in some way, somehow. In later use sometimes simply expressing a degree of uncertainty or diffidence on the speaker's part in making a comment. ΚΠ 1775 in O. E. Winslow Amer. Broadside Verse (1930) 141 Captain Davis had a gun, He kind of clapt his head on 't. 1830 Massachusetts Spy 6 Jan. 1/5 I was kind of provoked at the way you came up. 1882 Cent. Mag. July 347/2 He was soft-spoken, and she was kind of high-strung. 1914 S. Lewis Our Mr. Wrenn xv. 195 It was great to be in England—though the people there are kind of chilly some ways. 1943 Collier's 15 May 62/3 ‘It's kind of terrible,’ she said at last. 1990 Rolling Stone 22 Mar. 80/3 You kind of feel sorry for him. 2005 J. Canseco Juiced 32 Gomez was kind of a smart ass. (c) colloquial. In collocation with sort of, esp. in kind of sort of, typically for emphasis, expressing a greater degree of reservation or hesitation on the part of speaker. Cf. kinda sorta at kinda adv. and adj. Phrases, sort n.² 8c. ΚΠ 1803 Goldfinch 131 A kind of sort of giddiness seiz'd me all over! 1823 L. Hunt in Noctes Ambrosianae Aug. 242/1 A pretty kind of-sort-of-kind of thing. 1830 M. R. Mitford Our Village IV. 82 Dash is a sort of a kind of a spaniel. 1901 F. Norris Octopus i. iii. 102 Makes it go down kind of sort of slick. 1984 B. Michaels Grey Beginning 163 This was sort of kind of meant to be an apology. 2002 L. Henderson Broken Record Technique 163 The mystery of a shadowplay, the sorrow of the battle, a kind of sort of tryst. b. no kind of: used emphatically to denote the complete absence of anything of the kind specified, or to suggest that the subject could in no way be said to belong to the specified class. Later also any kind of (in negative contexts). Cf. no sort of.. at sort n.² 9. ΚΠ 1546 S. Gardiner Declar. True Articles f. xli Goddes knowledge they saye is infallible in all thinges that shalbe, and that is moost true, but the infallibilitie is no kynd of cause, of y^e thinge thereby so to be caused, to be, but onely an assuraunce that the thinge as it is knowen of god, shall so be. 1571 T. Fortescue tr. P. Mexia Foreste iii. ii. 111 The first writers had no kinde, or maner of Paper, but wrote continually on the leaues of the Date tree. a1672 Bp. J. Wilkins Of Princ. Nat. Relig. (1675) i. ix. 125 There is no kind or degree of perfection that our imaginations are able to conceive. 1762 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy V. xix. 83 The sash pullies, when the lead was gone, were of no kind of use. 1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 173 The embryo has no kind of vascular connexion with the sac that contains it. 1884 Cent. Mag. Dec. 189/2 A poor old woman like me, who hasn't any kind of a handle to her name. 1970 R. Thorp & R. Blake Music of their Laughter 118/2 When we talked, eventually he convinced me that he wasn't any kind of a nut. 1992 i-D July 53/3 The plot makes no kind of sense. 2013 Racing Post (Nexis) 2 July 6 I am no kind of expert in these matters. c. (a) that (also this, such) kind of thing: used to refer generally to things of the same or a similar kind as that previously mentioned or implied. Cf. that or this sort of thing at sort n.² 10a. ΚΠ 1680 School of Venus i, in B. K. Mudge When Flesh becomes Word (2004) 11 When a man thrusts his Prick into a Womans Cunt, it is called Fucking. But pray do'nt talk of such kind of thing before Company, for they will call you an immodest baudy Wench, and chide you for it. 1806 R. Semple Charles Ellis I. ii. 19 Ben used to say that Latin, and all that kind of thing, was of no more use to a sailor than a fourth mast to a ship. 1858 A. Trollope Dr. Thorne II. v. 100 Now, I like this kind of thing once in a way. 1889 A. T. Pask Eyes of Thames 100 The quiet waterside,..so villagey, and all that kind of thing, you know. 1953 B. Pym Jane & Prudence i. 10 I look after the humdrum side of his work, seeing books through the press and that kind of thing. 1997 W. Self Great Apes (1998) vii. 112 You shouldn't worry too much, the prognosis for this kind of thing is on the whole fairly good. 2011 Z. Strachan Ever fallen in Love 41 He wasn't a stoner, not really, though since I'd been hanging around with him I'd got a lot more into that kind of thing. (b) colloquial. kind of thing: used conversationally to qualify a preceding statement, suggesting that the statement is approximate or captures the speaker's meaning only in a general way: ‘as it were’, ‘so to speak’, ‘or something of that kind’. Cf. earlier sort of thing at sort n.² 10b. ΚΠ 1907 Church Eclectic July 282/1 The short, crisp, magazine article, which gives the cock-sure feeling, so satisfactory to the man in the street—‘all for sixpence, taught whilst you wait,’ as it were kind of thing. 1966 K. Amis Anti-Death League (1968) 114 How did you get on to it, kind of thing? 2002 S. Finnan in L. Purcell Black Chicks Talking 34 My grandmother had a large family, in two lots, kind of thing. P4. Irish English. to be kind father for (a person): to be inherent or innate in the specified person's character or constitution by virtue of heredity; to be natural for (someone). Cf. sense 1c and kind adj. 2a. Now rare.In later use frequently interpreted as showing kind adj.; cf. note at kind adj. 2a. ΚΠ c1735 J. Swift Dialogue in Hybernian Stile (1977) 74 And a good warrant you have, it is kind father for you. 1830 W. Carleton Traits & Stories Irish Peasantry I. 199 To do him justice, he's very friendly in going to a neighbour's funeral; and, indeed, kind father for you, Mr. Morrow, for it's he that was a raal good hand at going to such places himself. 1902 S. Brenan in Eng. Dial. Dict. III. 441/2 [Antrim] It's kind father for him to be a good Nationalist. 1953 Irish Examiner 3 Feb. 8/5 It was kind father for him to have a rare liking for racing. 1973 Connacht Times 20 July 38/7 If ever the phrase ‘kind father for him’ was apt it was well and truly demonstrated in the play of..young Frank Stockwell who showed every promise of following his father on to the Galway team. Compounds † kind-blind adj. Obsolete blind by nature. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of eye > disordered vision > [adjective] > blind star-blindeOE bissonc950 blind-bornc975 blindc1000 darkOE purblinda1325 sightlessa1325 start blinda1387 stark blinda1425 stone-blindc1480 beetle-blind1556 beetle1566 eyeless?1570 purblinded1572 high-gravel-blind1600 not-seeing?1602 kind-blind1608 bat-blind1609 unseeing1609 blindful1621 winking-eyed1621 lamplessa1625 deocular1632 lightless1638 bat-eyed1656 stock-blind1675 duncha1692 gazelessa1819 visionlessa1821 blind-eyed1887 stone-eyed1890 unsighted1983 1608 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. (new ed.) ii. iv. 138 Imitating right The Kinde-blinde Beast [sc. the mole], in russet Velvet dight [Fr. l'animal habillé de pannes de velous]. kind payment n. payment in goods or services as opposed to money; (also) a payment made in this way; cf. in kind at Phrases 1c. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > payment > [noun] > payment in things other than money kind payment1814 1814 T. S. Raffles Substance of Minute on Java 199 The option of kind payment is still left to the Renter on many accounts. 1827 P. Cunningham Two Years New S. Wales II. xxii. 88 The Bank establishment..will, in all probability, ultimately extirpate even kind payments in part. 1883 Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. 15 7 That part of my district in which the kind payment is most developed. 1990 M. Upender Marketable & Marketed Surplus in Agric. ii. 19 In certain cases payments to hired labourers are being made in cash in addition to kind payments. 2000 Econ. & Polit. Weekly 13 May 1736/2 Cash wages are more difficult to manipulate than kind payment. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). kindadj.adv. Brit. /kʌɪnd/, U.S. /kaɪnd/ Forms: late Old English cynde, Middle English cunde, Middle English cuyndeste (superlative), Middle English keend, Middle English kend, Middle English kiynde, Middle English kund, Middle English kunde, Middle English kuynde, Middle English kynt, Middle English kyynd, Middle English–1500s kende, Middle English–1500s kynde, Middle English–1600s kinde, Middle English–1600s kynd, Middle English– kind, late Middle English knydyst (superlative, transmission error), 1600s cinde, 1800s kyind (English regional (Worcestershire)); also Scottish pre-1700 keind, pre-1700 keynd, pre-1700 kyind, 1900s kin'; Irish English (northern) 1900s– kine. Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: i-cunde adj. Etymology: Aphetic < i-cunde adj. (and thus cognate with kind n.). With use as adverb compare kindly adv.It is possible that some uses may show conversion directly from kind n. (as i-cunde adj. does from i-cunde n.). For a possible, but doubtful, earlier attestation in sense A. 2 see quot. OE at kind n. 2 and discussion there. Compare also Old English uncynde unkind adj. (beside earlier ungecynde : see un-i-cunde adj.). In early use in senses A. 8a and A. 8b translating post-classical Latin grātus pleasing, also in post-classical Latin in sense ‘gentle, kindly, benevolent’ (see grate adj.). In later use in sense A. 8b with a stronger element of warmth or friendly affection, probably reinforced by association with sense A. 7b. A. adj. I. Natural, native, and related senses. †1. a. In accordance with the natural or normal course of things; naturally or predictably arising or resulting from the circumstances. Cf. kindly adj. 1b, natural adj. 2. Obsolete.In quot. lOE with complement of person in the dative; cf. i-cunde adj. 1a. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [adjective] > natural or existing in nature kindlOE kindlyc1225 naturalc1390 kindlike1489 native1560 real1602 physiurgic1817 physioplastica1832 physiurgoscopica1832 lOE Prognostics (Hatton) (2007) 301 Gyf [him þince þæt] he gold findeð, god swefn þæt bið & yfel þemþe hit cynde [OE Tiber. gecynde] ne bið. c1300 St. Michael (Laud) 563 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 315 Bi-tweone somer and wynter..þanne is þe þondre kuynde Inov. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 78 His firme kinde dei..Of foure and twenti time rigt. Ðes frenkis men..It nemnen un iur natural. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) ii. l. 970 Floures..Redressen hem a-yen þe sonne bryght And spreden on hire kynde cours by rowe. a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. 10610 Of hym more men fynde In farre bokes, als ys kynde, Þan we haue in þys lond. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 135 So hit [sc. an embalming fluid] soght to the sydes & serchit within And keppit hom full cleane in hor kynd hew Þat as a lede vpon lyue to loke on þai ware. 1579 S. Gosson Ephemerides Phialo f. 2^v It is but kinde for a Cocks heade, to breede a Combe. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xvii. ii. 500 Trees with bearing of fruit, are drawne drie and have lost their naturall moisture, with shedding their leaves they bee poore and feeble; so that it is kind for them to be hungrie then. b. Naturally suited to or required by a person, thing, activity, etc.; proper, fitting, appropriate. Cf. kindly adj. 1c. Frequently with for. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > suitability or appropriateness > [adjective] > suited to the nature of anything i-cundeeOE i-cundelyOE kindly1340 kinda1400 connatural1604 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 9380 Til alking thing he gafe, þair kind scrud al for to haue. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1882) iv. l. 768 How sholde a plaunte or lyues creature Lyue with-oute his kynde noriture? a1475 Recipe Painting in Archæol. Jrnl. (1844) 1 154 (MED) That the vessel stonde hote as in hors-dunge or in mattis or in good pese straw, but hors-dunge is the beste and most kinde therfor. a1500 in G. Henslow Med. Wks. 14th Cent. (1899) 98 (MED) Thenne must on..leten out the brised blod, and don In oynement that is kynde there-fore. 1578 T. White Serm. Pawles Crosse 3 Nov. 1577 72 If one punishmente will not doe, a kynder muste bee putte in proofe. 1663 J. Beal Let. in R. Boyle Wks. (1772) VI. 357 What hay is kindest for sheep. 1694 W. Westmacott Θεολοβοτονολογια 9 Cyder is a kind vehicle and proper menstruum for medical matters. 2. Naturally existing or present; inherent in the very nature of a person or thing; innate, inborn; not acquired or assumed. Cf. kindly adj. 1a, natural adj. 1. a. In predicative use, chiefly with anticipatory it as subject and infinitive as complement. In later use Irish English (northern) and rare.Modern use in Irish English probably shows a separate development from the phrase to be kind father for (see kind n. Phrases 4). ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective] > innate or natural i-cundeeOE fleshly971 kindlyOE kindc1175 naturalc1275 kindc1390 innatea1420 nativea1425 inborn1513 innative1513 habitual1526 ingenerate1531 instincta1538 innated1545 inset1545 of one's nativity1582 inbreda1592 connatural1599 prognatec1600 ingenious1601 ingenit1604 congenite1610 connativea1618 intuitive1621 infusive1630 habituous1633 veined1633 genial1646 connatea1652 relollacean1654 relollaceous1657 relolleous1662 congenial1664 complanted1668 ingrown1670 ingenerated1677 unborrowed1704 cogenite1712 born1741 naturable1771 unacquired1793 congenerous1813 congenital1848 ingrain1852 indigenousa1864 ingenital1886 wired-in1957 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8336 Herode king,..wass ifell mann inoh & wel itt wass himm kinde. c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) l. 2940 Kende hit is, wimman te be Schamfaste and ful of corteisie & hate dedes of fileinie. c1450 W. Lichefeld Complaint of God (Lamb. 853) l. 614 in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 227 And how kinde and propir it is to þee..On hem to haue mercy and pitee. 1522 Worlde & Chylde (de Worde) (1909) sig. A.ii^v All rychelesnesse is kynde for the. 1902 S. Brenan in Eng. Dial. Dict. III. 441/2 [Antrim] It's kind for him to be a good Nationalist. 1996 C. I. Macafee Conc. Ulster Dict. at Kind It's kind of a kitten to kill a mouse. †b. attributive, chiefly with reference to innate mental faculties, as kind wit, kind knowing, etc. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective] > innate or natural i-cundeeOE fleshly971 kindlyOE kindc1175 naturalc1275 kindc1390 innatea1420 nativea1425 inborn1513 innative1513 habitual1526 ingenerate1531 instincta1538 innated1545 inset1545 of one's nativity1582 inbreda1592 connatural1599 prognatec1600 ingenious1601 ingenit1604 congenite1610 connativea1618 intuitive1621 infusive1630 habituous1633 veined1633 genial1646 connatea1652 relollacean1654 relollaceous1657 relolleous1662 congenial1664 complanted1668 ingrown1670 ingenerated1677 unborrowed1704 cogenite1712 born1741 naturable1771 unacquired1793 congenerous1813 congenital1848 ingrain1852 indigenousa1864 ingenital1886 wired-in1957 c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. i. l. 127 ‘Yit haue I no kuynde knowing,’ quod I, ‘þou most teche me betere’. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xii. l. 130 (MED) Kynde witte cometh of alkynnes siȝtes Of bryddes and of bestes, of tastes of treuthe and of deceytes. a1500 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Rawl.) (1896) 137 (MED) Thay, by kynde falsnes and vnstabilnes that in ham is, lytel tell of othys and of mansynge. 1548 N. Lesse tr. F. Lambert Minde & Iudgem. ii. xiii. f. xlvi We wyl that the scripture be taken in hys owne kynde & naturall meanynge. †3. a. Of a person: having a claim or right by birth or inheritance; legitimately entitled to a property, position, or status; lawful, rightful. Cf. kindly adj. 2a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > [adjective] righteOE kindc1300 rightfulc1330 truec1384 righteous1391 lawfula1400 just?1435 legitimec1450 legitimatea1460 verya1466 justc1540 reable1581 sib1701 competent1765 c1300 St. Wulstan (Laud) l. 106 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 74 (MED) Seint wolston..was þo þe cuyndeste [a1325 Corpus Cambr. kundeste, ?a1425 Julius kendest] englische man þat was of enie manhede. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 6429 Hii bitoke þe qued hor soule þe kunde eirs to bitraye. c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 46 (MED) Þat on lepi kuynde kyng coround in heuene. a1450 MS Bodl. 779 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1889) 82 373 (MED) Oswald..king þey made þo, for oswin, here kende lord, of londe was I-go. a1500 (?c1450) Bone Florence (1976) l. 1257 And crowne Mylys my brodur..For knydyst [read kyndyst] heyre ys hee. b. Belonging to a person by right of birth or inheritance; legitimately claimed or held; lawful, rightful. Cf. kindly adj. 3. Obsolete (Scottish in later use).In quot. 1702: designating a lease of land on favourable terms because of the long continued possession of that land by the tenant's family or ancestors; cf. kindly adj. 4. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > right to succeed to title, position, or estate > [adjective] > resting on hereditary right > by birth or descent i-cundeeOE kindc1325 kindlyc1450 native1596 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 4822 (MED) Þe folc of englisse & saxons hor lond hom bi nome, & hor kunde eritage mid trayson & suikedome. c1330 (?c1300) Bevis of Hampton (Auch.) 2940 Ȝif ich miȝte wiþ eni ginne Me kende eritage to winne. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1882) VIII. 35 (MED) Why art þu come to desherite me of my ryȝt of my kynde burþe [?a1475 anon. tr. naturalle enheritaunce; L. jure..nativo]? ?a1425 (a1415) Lanterne of Liȝt (Harl.) (1917) 118 (MED) Nabath seide he wolde not chaunge, ne selle his kynde eritage. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) xi. l. 1069 And tak the croun, till ws It war kyndar, To bruk for ay, or fals Eduuard it war. 1570 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xiii. 130 Ȝe..Baneist his Gudschir from his kynde heritage. 1702 T. Morer Short Acct. Scotl. 4 Being without those long kind Leases the Tenants in England have. 4. †a. Of one's country, region, etc.: that is the place of a person's birth and early life; native. Also: designating one's native language or mother tongue. Cf. native adj. 9a, 10a. Obsolete.In quot. 1849 probably a deliberate archaism. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > a language > [adjective] > native or vernacular kinda1325 maternal1481 vulgara1513 motherly1598 natural1617 vernacular1647 vernaculary1652 vernaculous1658 vernacule1669 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [adjective] > native (of country or place) kinda1325 kindlya1400 nativea1438 natal?1440 naturalc1475 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1279 [It] was nogt is kinde lond. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 13258 (MED) To nazareth he went again Vntil his aun kind contre. c1425 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Harl.) 364 Ich wene þer ne be man in world contreyes none, þat ne holdeþ to her kunde [c1325 Calig. owe, a1400 Trin. Cambr. kunde, ?a1425 Digby kynde] speche, bote Engelond one. a1500 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Rawl.) (1896) 7 (MED) Man thynkyth no Place so Myrry lyghtly as in his Kynd Place. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid v. xiii. 82 As thi kind ground and cuntre naturale. ?1614 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses ii. 28 Royall Vlysses, farre from the embrace Of his kind countrie; in a land vnknowne. 1849 Anglo-Saxon 3 10 In their own kind language the poor have the Gospel of Christ preached to them. b. Of a person or animal: native or indigenous to a country or region. Also with to. Cf. native adj. 11. Now Shetland and rare.The use in Shetland probably arises independently by analogy with kindly (see kindly adj. 3b). Sc. National Dict. records the sense as still in use in Shetland in 1960. ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native people > [adjective] inbornc1000 theodiscc1000 i-cundeOE landisha1300 kindc1325 denizen1483 kindly born1483 native1488 naturally born1523 naturala1533 home-bred?1560 natural1574 home-born1577 homeling1577 natural-born1583 land-born1589 self-bred1590 self-born1597 indigene1598 land-breda1599 vernaculous1606 kindly1609 inbred1625 terrigenist1631 native-born1645 indigenous1646 indigenary1651 indigenital1656 aboriginal1698 own-born1699 indigenal1725 homegrown1737 terrigenous1769 indigenate1775 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 851 Many kundemen of þis lond Mid king leir hulde also. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 937 þe kunde volc of þe lond adde to hom onde. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) ix. 448 Thai war kynde [1489 Adv. kynd] to the cuntre. 1931 J. R. Nicolson Shetland Incidents & Tales 17 The statement was made that there was two distinct species in Shetland. One was known as the ‘kind sheep’. †c. Having a specified character by nature or from birth; (typically in depreciative contexts) fully warranting a particular description or label by one's very nature; complete, utter. Cf. born adj. 8. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > character or nature > [adjective] > natural, born, or by birth bornOE kinda1375 naturate1509 natural1598 natural-born1835 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 513 Þouȝh he were komen of no ken, but of kende cherls. c1450 W. Lichefeld Complaint of God (Lamb. 853) l. 380 in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 215 (MED) But y wole vse wrenchis & wilis Þe comoun uoice is, y schal not þrijf; Summe at me mowis, summe at me smylis, And counten me but a kynde caitif. 1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope v. v. f. lxxxj Suche supposeth to be moche wyse, whiche is a kynd and a very foole. 1589 R. Greene Menaphon sig. G3^v I thought no lesse..that you would proue such a kinde kistrell. c1600 (?c1395) Pierce Ploughman's Crede (Trin. Cambr. R.3.15) (1873) l. 489 (MED) Crist calde hem him-self kynde ypocrites. †5. Related by kinship; of one's own kin or people. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [adjective] sibeOE ysibbeOE belengc1175 sibc1175 kinda1325 by-sybbec1440 evenkinc1450 of kin1486 sibbeda1500 akinc1515 kindred1530 allied1577 affined1586 cousin1590 kin1600 related1650 cognate1827 our1836 affinitative1855 relatival1899 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2276 Al ðo briðere..bedden him riche present..And he leuelike it under-stod, For alle he weren of kinde blod. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 8240 Þe sarazins..wende toward antioche, to helpe hor kunde blod. c1400 Life St. Anne (Minn.) (1928) l. 1579 (MED) Þai had na gude wyll thyne, So þai wer kynde þer with no man. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 188 And thus was the Empyre kepte be my kynde elders. 1516 in J. Imrie et al. Burgh Court Bk. Selkirk (1960) 39 The said William sal tak Johne Champnaye..to prentes..doand to him favourablie as suld be done to an prentes or a kynd frend. II. Good, with regard to nature, character, or quality. 6. Of high quality. †a. Of a person's birth: of high social rank; distinguished, noble. of kind blood: of noble birth, well-born. Cf. gentle adj. 1b. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > nobility > aristocracy or upper class > gentry > [adjective] > of birth gentlec1300 kindc1300 gently-born1871 c1300 St. Margarete (Harl.) 2 in O. Cockayne Seinte Marherete (1866) 24 Ibore heo was in Antioche, icome of cunde blod. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1452 Ysaac he let al his god, For he was bi-geten of kinde blod. †b. Of a person: of noble birth; having the personal qualities associated with, or befitting a person of, noble birth; noble in manners or conduct; spec. (a) generous, gracious, courteous; = gentle adj. 3a; (b) displaying knightly qualities; chivalrous; brave, courageous. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > [adjective] > well-mannered > well-bred gentlec1325 kindc1330 inqueredc1440 well-born?c1450 well-bred1585 well nutrimenteda1592 well-reared1597 high-bred1604 jaunty1664 society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > knight > [adjective] hendc1275 kindc1330 knightlyc1384 most noble (——)1567 c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 5110 (MED) We were coward & vnhende, Bot we holpen þo children kende. a1350 in G. L. Brook Harley Lyrics (1968) 36 (MED) Cunde comely ase a knyht..in vch an hyrd þyn aþel ys hyht. c1390 in C. Horstmann Minor Poems Vernon MS (1892) i. 135 Heil quene corteis, comely, and kynde. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 2459 (MED) Þai crosse ouir toward þe kyng as kyndmen [a1500 Trin. Dublin kene men] suld. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) i. l. 184 For he was wys, rycht worthy, wicht and kynd. a1522 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) i. Prol. 96 Quha mycht gaynsay a lord so gentill and kynd. 1578 J. Rolland Seuin Seages 3 He was courtes, cumlie and richt kynd. c. Of a good or high quality; spec. (a) (of a crop, vegetation, etc.) thriving, healthy, in good condition; †(b) (of an animal) well-bred; thoroughbred (obsolete); (c) (of land, soil, etc.) fertile; = good adj. 2a. Cf. kindly adj. 8. Now rare (chiefly English regional in later use). ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > [adjective] goodOE winlyOE snella1000 winc1275 boonc1325 cleana1375 tidya1375 positivea1398 comelyc1400 kindc1400 kindly?a1425 well-formeda1425 trim?a1513 wally?a1513 bonnya1525 delicatea1533 goodlike1562 sappy1563 bein1567 rum1567 benedict1576 warrantable1581 true (also good, sure) as touch1590 goodlisomea1603 respectable1603 clever1738 amusing1753 plummy1787 bone1793 brickish1843 mooi1850 ryebuck1859 spandy1868 greatisha1871 healthy1878 popular1884 beefy1903 onkus1910 quies1919 cushty1929 high-powered1969 not shabby1975 c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iii. l. 29 No [emended in ed. to ne] on croked kene þorne kynde fygys wexe. 1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 41^v The kindest Mastife, when he is clapped on the back, fighteth best. 1587 T. Churchyard Worthines of Wales sig. M3^v Good welsh Nagges, that are of kindest race: With goodly nowt, both fat and bigge with bone. 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 163 Signes, not of bad ground, but rather of a kinde and fat soile. a1656 J. Hales Golden Remains (1659) i. 182 As men graffe Apples and kind fruits upon Thornes. 1696 W. Nicholls Conf. with Theist 55 Tillage does macerate and break the Stony Earth again into a fine and kind soil, which is fit for vegetation. 1756 P. Browne Civil & Nat. Hist. Jamaica ii. ii. 136 It is a hardy and kind pasturage. 1893 J. Salisbury Gloss. Words S.E. Worcs. at Kyind We shaunt 'ave many curran's this year, but the plums seems very kyind. 1895 Freeman's Jrnl. (Dublin) 28 Mar. 2/7 Mr Fitzgerald said the valuers described this as ‘fairly kind sheep pasture’. 1911 C. G. Hopins Story of Soil viii. 48 This is a kind soil. 1957 H. Hall Parish's Dict. Sussex Dial. (new ed.) 70/1 Kind, said of land: good. 7. †a. Having or showing a normal, natural affection for one's family and close relatives; well-disposed towards one's kin. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 724 Þine sostren ssolleþ abbe al, vor hor herte is so kunde, & þou ssalt vor þin vnkundhede be out of al min munde. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 5725 (MED) As sche that was gentil and kinde, In worschipe of hir Sostres mynde, Sche made a riche enterement. a1450 (c1400–25) H. Legat Serm. Passion in D. M. Grisdale 3 Middle Eng. Serm. (1939) 12 (MED) I lullid þe in þi cradil..& kissid þi lippus..as a kinde modur schulde. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 157 ‘Well,’ seyde the kyng, ‘she is a kynde sister! I shall so be avengid on hit and I lyve that all crystendom shall speke of hit.’ c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 35 (MED) We fynden mannes herte kynde to hise lungis, for þe herte ȝeueþ to þe nutriment of þe lungis of þe same blood þat it is norischid wiþ. b. gen. Affectionate, loving, fond; (English regional (northern)) intimate, close. Now somewhat archaic, esp. in kind embrace.Many examples of kind embrace from the 20th cent. onwards probably show reinterpretation of the phrase as showing sense A. 11. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > love > affection > [adjective] chisa700 lovewendeOE lovingOE lovelyOE kinda1375 fond1539 fainingc1540 affectionate1576 affectioned1578 affectiousc1580 affectionateda1586 affecting1600 dear1609 affective1613 affectional1689 attached1734 aff1752 warm1765 lovey1920 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 3474 Wiþ clipping & kessing & alle kinde dedus. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 4028 (MED) I purpose..To wedde ȝou and ben ȝour trew man..And be to ȝou as lowly & as kynde..Þan whilom was ȝoure Menelaus. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Biii^v If they had ben kynde & louyng to god. ?1594 H. Constable Diana (new ed.) viii. i. sig. F4 Women are kind by kind, but coy by fashion. 1626 J. Gresham tr. Ovid Picture of Incest 22 Many nights exchange Of kind embrace betwixt these louers strange. 1709 A. Pope Autumn in Poet. Misc.: 6th Pt. vi. 741 Do Lovers dream, or is my Shepherd kind? 1735 A. Pope Of Char. of Women 9 A Spark too fickle, or a Spouse too kind. 1825 J. T. Brockett Gloss. North Country Words Kind, intimate—not kind, at enmity. 1854 M. Davis & J. L. Scott Scenes beyond Grave iii. 28 All eager to greet me, and receive me to their kind embrace. 1870 Ld. Tennyson Window 184 Stiles where we stay'd to be kind, Meadows in which we met. 1928 A. E. Pease Dict. Dial. N. Riding Yorks. 70/2 He's gettin ower kind with oor Polly. 2015 Times-Tribune (Scranton, Pa.) (Nexis) 18 Oct. He left St. Francis Commons with a clean shave, haircut and a kind embrace. †c. euphemistic. Designating a woman who is available to be a person's mistress, lover, or sexual partner. Chiefly in kind girl. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > [noun] > illicit intimacy > person > a mistress chevesea700 wifeOE bed-sister1297 concubine1297 leman1297 file1303 speciala1400 womanc1400 chamberer?a1425 mistress?a1439 cousin1470 doxy?1515 doll1560 pinnacea1568 nobsya1575 lier-by1583 sweetheart1589 she-friend1600 miss1606 underput1607 concupy1609 lig-by1610 factoress1611 leveret1617 night-piece1621 belly-piece1632 dolly1648 lie-bya1656 madamc1660 small girl1671 natural1674 convenient1676 lady of the lake1678 pure1688 tackle1688 sultana1703 kind girl1712 bosom-slave1728 pop1785 chère amie1792 fancy-woman1819 hetaera1820 fancy-piece1821 poplolly1821 secondary wife1847 other woman1855 fancy-girl1892 querida1902 wifelet1983 1620 S. Rowlands Night-raven sig. D2^v I note the places of polluted sinne Where your kind wenches and their bawds put in. 1674 T. Duffett Span. Rogue Prol. sig. a3^v Tell me Gallants! which would you like best? The tedious Fool that stayes 'till she is drest, Or the kind Girl, who when the hour is come, Slips on the Morning Gown, and steals from home? 1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 110 The next Moon their Women flock to the Sacred Wells; where, they say, it is not difficult to persuade them to be kind. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 486. ¶1 I am very particularly acquainted with one who is under entire Submission to a kind Girl, as he calls her... No longer than Tuesday last he took me with him to visit his Mistress. 1746 W. Hyland Ship-wreck v. 27 One kind Girl is worth a Dozen Wives—Matrimony is worse than the Galleys. 1778 C. Dibdin Poor Vulcan ii. ii. 32 Let constant lovers at the feet Of pale-fac'd wenches, sigh and pine, For me, the first kind girl I meet Shall be my toast. †8. a. Pleasant, agreeable, acceptable. Cf. kindly adj. 7. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > sensuous pleasure > [adjective] > pleasing to the senses lithec888 fairOE softOE lickerousc1275 deliciousa1325 kindlya1382 favourablea1398 kinda1398 sugared1426 feelsomea1450 agreeablec1450 comfortablec1460 favourousc1485 grateful1553 sugar candy1575 lickerish1595 savouring1595 maumy1728 tasty1796 lekker1900 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. xcvii. 988 Þis flex is nouȝt most strong but..þerof is kynde [L. gratissimæ] vestymentes ymade for prestes. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 6509 Þis moyses was dere & kynde To god. a1425 (a1400) Northern Pauline Epist. (1916) Coloss. iii. 15 (MED) Þe pees of crist, ioye it in ȝoure hertis..and be ȝee kynde [L. grati] to god. 1592 R. Greene Quip for Vpstart Courtier sig. B2^v Hard by grew the true louers primrose, whose kind sauour wisheth men to bee faithfull and women courteous. 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 657 So it is with the odours of flowers, which are very sweet to smell unto a good way off; whereas if a man come over-neere unto them, they yeeld nothing so kinde and pleasant a sent. 1664 P. D. C. tr. N. Le Fèvre Compend. Body Chymistry II. x. 308 This volatile salt and spirit are more subtile and penetrating, and of a kinder taste and smell then those that have been extracted out of plain Urine. 1706 N. Rowe Ulysses i. i. 98 I have the kindest Sounds to bless your Ear with. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth I. 32 Though at a kinder distance. b. Grateful, appreciative. Obsolete (English regional in later use). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > gratitude > [adjective] thankful971 kinda1475 grateful1552 grate1565 responsorya1643 resentive1648 appreciate1823 a1475 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Cambr. Gg.1.16) (1893) 82 (MED) Þou shuldest know my love, and be ever kynde [L. gratus] to my benefaytes. a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 54 Be kynde þerfore for a litel þinge, & þou shalt be worþi to take gretter. ?1531 R. Whitford tr. Folowing of Christe ii. x. f. liii If a man desyre to holde the grace of god be he kinde and thankfull for suche grace as he hathe receyued. 1563 2nd Tome Homelyes Time of Prayer i, in J. Griffiths Two Bks. Homilies (1859) ii. 339 He should declare himself thankful and kind, for all those benefits. 1612 B. Jonson Alchemist v. iv. sig. M Sub. Why doe you not thanke her Grace? Dap. I cannot speake, for Ioy. Sub. See, the kinde wretch! View more context for this quotation 1700 J. Treffry Poems 56 I should have been kind, And grateful, for your former Courtesies. 1877 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. (at cited word) I'm very kind to Mrs...'cause she sent me them coals i' th' winter. †9. a. Of a substance or material: soft, yielding, and easy to work or manipulate. Obsolete (English regional in later use). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > types of material generally > [adjective] > mouldable or workable freec1300 malleablec1395 pliablec1475 workable1545 hammerable1611 mouldable1626 soluble1650 kind1747 plastic1791 temperable1841 mild1878 manipulable1881 1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. Uijb We drive at the Vein Head in the first Place, because there it is likely that the Vein may be the most Kind or Leppey. 1770 C. Varlo New Syst. Husbandry III. xvi. 248 It is so absolutely necessary for the good of the flax to preserve this oily kind nature in it, in order to keep it from rotting, and make it kind, soft, and silky. 1831 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal I. 243 To distinguish between hard and kind steel, that is, between steel that has been more or less carbonated. 1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining 147 Kind generally signifies tender, soft, or easy to work. b. English regional. Of hair, fur, etc.: soft and sleek to the touch. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Kind, soft. ‘As kind as a glove.’ Kind-harled, soft-haired. 1848 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 9 ii. 429 Breeders..are now fully alive to the importance of kind hair and good flesh in a feeding beast. 1886 W. Barnes Gloss. Dorset Dial. Kind, sleek, as spoken of fur. III. Having a friendly, benevolent, or considerate disposition, and related senses.Now the usual use; senses A. 10, A. 11, A. 12 are the senses commonly found in standard modern English. 10. a. Having or showing a benevolent, friendly, or warm-hearted nature or disposition; ready to assist, or show consideration for, others; sympathetic, obliging, considerate. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > [adjective] mildeOE blitheOE goodOE well-willingOE beina1200 goodfulc1275 blithefula1300 faira1300 benignc1320 gainc1330 sweetc1330 kinda1333 propicec1350 well-willeda1382 well-disposeda1393 well-hearteda1393 well-willinga1393 friendsomea1400 well-willya1400 charitablec1405 well-willed1417 good-heartedc1425 kindlyc1425 honeyed1435 propitious1440 affectuousc1441 willya1449 homelyc1450 benevolous1470 benigned1470 benevolent1482 favourousc1485 well-meaned1488 well-meaning1498 humanec1500 favourablec1503 affectionatea1516 well-mindedc1522 beneficial1526 propiciant1531 benignate1533 well-intendeda1535 beneficious1535 kind-hearted1535 well-given1535 affectioned1539 well-wishing1548 figgy?1549 good-meaning1549 affectedc1553 affectionated1561 well-natured1561 well-affected?1563 officious1565 well-inclined1569 good-natured1582 partial1587 graceful?1593 well-intentioned1598 beneficent1616 candid1633 kindlike1637 benefic1641 kindly-hearted1762 well-meant1765 benignanta1782 sweet-hearted1850 a1333 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 19 Helpe he wole ich wot, Vor loue þe chartre wrot... He þat ys so cunde, Þys euer haueth in munde. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 380 (MED) Sche wold haue sleie hire-self..ne hade þe kind kouherde conforted here þe betere. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Clerk's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 852 How gentil and how kynde Ye semed, by your speche, and your visage. 1536 R. Morison Lamentation Seditious Rebellyon sig. A.iv Alas what vnkyndnes may so kynde and so louynge a prince recken in these traytours? 1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 19 We thank our God baith kynde and liberall. a1616 W. Shakespeare Tempest (1623) iii. iii. 20 Giue vs kind keepers, heauens. View more context for this quotation 1649 O. Cromwell Let. 25 Nov. in Writings & Speeches (1939) (modernized text) II. 173 If the Father..be so kind, why should there be such jarrings and heart-burnings amongst the children? 1693 J. Kirkwood New Family-bk. (ed. 2) i. 47 What is there more common, than to see those neglected and slighted, who have been very kind and serviceable? a1742 T. Story Jrnl. of Life (1747) 447 They did no personal Harm to any of us, but were very kind all along as we sailed to Port-a-pee. 1782 W. Cowper Truth in Poems 86 Some mansion..By some kind hospitable heart possess'd. 1841 J. R. Hope-Scott in R. Ornsby Mem. J. R. Hope-Scott (1884) II. 3 Your speedy reply and return of my proofs was very kind. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iii. 424 We have..become, not only a wiser, but also a kinder people. 1890 Cent. Mag. Sept. 770/1 His good temper and kind heart. 1952 D. Thomas Let. 21 Nov. (1987) 847 Thank you both, a lot, I loved being there, you were awfully kind. 2003 C. Birch Turn again Home vi. 80 Walter's not all bad. He's a kind man. b. With to. Behaving in a benevolent, friendly, or warm-hearted manner towards a particular person, group, or animal; considerate or helpful to.In quot. c1350 with dative personal pronoun (rather than to). ΚΠ c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 86 Ha wole be þe so kende, He wole be fo to þyne fon, And frend to þyne frende. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. xi. l. 243 Þat is, iche cristene man be kynde to oþer, And siþen hem to helpe. c1450 W. Lichefeld Complaint of God (Lamb. 853) l. 491 in F. J. Furnivall Polit., Relig., & Love Poems (1903) 221 Euere þe kyndir to me þou art, Þe more vnkyndir am y agayn. 1528 W. Tyndale Obed. Christen Man f. cxv^v A wife after so many and oft pylgremages be moare chast, moare obediente vnto hyr husbande, morekynde to hyr maydes and other servauntes. 1570 T. North tr. A. F. Doni Morall Philos. Prol. f. 5 Oh this man is to kinde to mee, that to couer mine leaueth his owne heape bare. 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream iii. i. 156 Be kinde and curteous to this gentleman..Feede him with Apricocks, and Dewberries. View more context for this quotation 1693 N. Staphorst tr. L. Rauwolf Trav. Eastern Countries ii. x, in J. Ray Coll. Curious Trav. I. 214 These are good-hearted Christians, which have great Compassion on their Fellow-Christians, and love to entertain and to be kind to Strangers. 1707 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 2 May (1965) I. 3 I hope you intend to be kinder to me this Summer than you was the last. 1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. iii, in Poems 128 Kind to the Poor, and, ah! most kind to me. 1898 Cosmopolitan June 186/1 The agent of the mills was a single man, keen and business-like, but quietly kind to the people under his charge. 1928 N. Coward Mad about You in B. Day N. Coward: Compl. Lyrics (1998) 93/3 When you are inclined to be Encouraging and kind to me I simply walk on air. 2008 Y. Jerrold Case of Wild Justice? xiv. 85 What a pity Billy did not take after his father who was always kind to animals. 11. Of a comment or action: arising from or indicative of a friendly, benevolent, or considerate disposition; expressing generous, caring, or sympathetic thoughts or feelings. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > [adjective] > specifically of action or language kinda1375 kindly1578 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1518 (MED) Alisandrine..comfort hire as sche couþe wiþ alle kinde speches. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 357 (MED) Eythir of them gaff other the pryse of the batayle, and there were many kynde wordys betwene them. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 35^v Myche comforth he caght of þaire kynd speche. 1551 R. Crowley Pleasure & Payne sig. Av You..gaue me wordis curteyse and kynde. 1591 Advt. from Britany & Low Countries f. 8 My Lord Generall was solempnly inuited..to visite their Cittie, and the thirde day after was receyued into the same with all those testimonies that might assure a most kinde and frendly welcome. 1636 R. Chamberlain Bk. Bulls 48 One being pray'd to sit down to dinner said, I thanke you for your kind invitation, but I can eat nothing. 1670 Earl of Anglesey in Hist. MSS Comm.: 12th Rep.: App. Pt. V: MSS Duke of Rutland (1889) 15 in Parl. Papers (C. 5889-II) XLIV. 393 My sonne is at Newmarket..or else would acknowledge your Ladyship's kind mention of him. 1719 James (the Pretender) Let. in Pearson's 76th Catal. (1894) 33 Pray make him my kind compliments. 1779 S. Johnson Milton in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets II. 119 Paradise Lost broke into open view with sufficient security of kind reception. 1846 Tennyson in Mem. (1897) 239 Your kind letter gave me very sincere pleasure. 1917 P. G. Wodehouse in Vanity Fair Mar. 39/1 I thank Mr. Sherwin for those kind words. 1977 A. J. P. Taylor Let. 24 Nov. in Lett. to Eva (1991) 371 I am inconsiderate. I don't spontaneously think of kind actions. 2001 Big Issue 20 Aug. 43/1 He always has a kind word to say to people. 12. figurative. a. Esp. with reference to the weather or climate: beneficial, favourable, helpful. Also with to. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [adjective] > propitious or suitable favourablec1460 kinda1616 a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) iii. ii. 40 The Elements be kind to thee. View more context for this quotation 1637 J. Milton Comus 7 Such cooling fruit As the kind hospitable woods provide. 1676 J. Dryden Aureng-Zebe iii. 45 Your kinder Stars a nobler choice have given. 1713 A. Pope Windsor-Forest 3 In vain kind Seasons swell'd the teeming Grain. 1841 C. Dickens Old Curiosity Shop i. i. 37 Night is kinder in this respect than day. 1874 Atlantic Monthly Feb. 186/2 The most beautiful and blooming place in the world, with a soil and climate kind to the husbandman. 1982 Backpacker Mar. 26/2 Water? There should be plenty. In the canyon country April is the kindest month. 2012 Sun (Nexis) 31 Dec. 11 Let's hope the Scottish weather is kind to us for once. b. Of a thing (originally and esp. a commercial product): gentle with regard to action or impact; unlikely to cause harm or damage to someone or something; not harsh. ΚΠ 1904 Football Echo 30 Apr. 1 (advt.) Fels-Naptha [soap] is kind to skin and clothes. 1937 Life 26 July 12/4 (advt.) La Cross Glycerated Nail Polish Remover contains no acetone and is kind to brittle nails. 1954 Househ. Guide & Almanac (News of World) 105/2 (advt.) Persil is kind to all your wash—whites, woollens, coloureds, fine things. 1981 New Scientist 10 Sept. 792/1 Methanol also appears to be kinder to the engine [than petrol]. 2008 Independent on Sunday 6 Apr. 14/2 ‘Boiling’ bodies down to a handful of dust... can at least claim to be kinder to the planet than some traditional ways of disposing of the dead. †13. Favourably disposed to; bearing good will to. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > [adjective] > kindly disposed to benevolentc1503 kind1648 1648 Back-blow to Major Huntington 7 Now what is it that troubles this Major in all this? Is it because these gentlemen were so kinde to the King? 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan ii. xviii. 90 The ambition of some, that are kinder to the goverment of an Assembly, whereof they may hope to participate, than of Monarchy, which they despair to enjoy. 1680 W. Temple Ess. Advancem. Trade Ireland in Wks. (1731) I. 125 It is..little to be hoped, that a Breach with Spain should make us any kinder to the War than we were. 1708 W. Trumbull Let. 9 Apr. in A. Pope Corr. (1956) I. 45 I ought to suspect my self, by reason of the great affection I have for you, which might give too much biass, to be kind to every thing that comes from you. B. adv. †1. Naturally, by nature; = kindly adv. 1a. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adverb] > innately or naturally i-cundelyeOE through kindc1225 proprementc1230 kindlya1250 naturallyc1275 kinda1325 by kindc1325 of kindc1325 in kind1340 properly1340 voluntarily1562 natively1590 alliably1593 physically1629 innately1632 natural1793 congenitally1862 connately1884 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 1999 Ioseph..wurð ðo so kinde cold, To don swilc dede adde he no wold. c1330 Sir Degare (Auch.) l. 161 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale Middle Eng. Metrical Romances (1930) 291 (MED) A! gentil maiden kinde icoren, Help me, oþer ich am forloren! 2. In a kind manner; with benevolence or good nature; courteously; = kindly adv. 4a. Now colloquial or nonstandard. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > [adverb] welleOE blithec1000 blithelyc1000 goodfullya1300 blethelyc1300 milthlyc1300 kindlya1375 benignlyc1380 en-gree14.. homelya1425 benevolently1532 benign1535 obsequiously?1536 kindly1581 kind1592 propitiously1600 kindlily1625 well-meaningly1645 obligingly1646 candidly1650 beneficentlya1717 kindly-like1716 good-naturedly1725 benignantly1791 kindheartedly1803 1592 G. Babington Certaine Comfortable Notes Genesis (xxxvii.) f. 149 They comfort their father and yet cause his wo, much like our Usurers that speake so kinde, and cut so deepe into a mans estate till he be vndone. 1654 W. Blake Embassage from Kings of East 59 Speak very kind, d'off thy hat to any. 1725 A. Ramsay Gentle Shepherd i. i Ye..wha have sae kind Redd up my ravel'd doubts. 1775 R. B. Sheridan Songs Duenna iii. 17 Those lips that spoke so kind! 1800 E. Hervey Mourtray Family III. 102 All this would be mighty well..if Lady C. behaved kind and tenderly to you. 1850 C. Dickens David Copperfield xlii. 436 ‘How kind he puts it!’ said Uriah. 1901 C. T. Brady Bishop xii. in Harper's Mag. Jan. 238/2 Pete, he's my man. I treated him kind; I took him in; an' in return he's done Rena an' the kid to death. 2011 M. Anthony Same, Same but Different 16 Speak kind to your sister or brother, and others will speak kind to you. Phrases P1. to be so kind as (also kind enough) to do something: (a) to be well-disposed or benevolent enough to do the thing stated; (b) (used in making a polite or courteous request) to be obliging enough to do the favour solicited. Now formal or somewhat archaic, except in ironic use.Cf. to be good enough (also so good as) to at good adj., n., adv., and int. Phrases 5c. ΚΠ 1532 J. Frith Myrrour to know Thy Selfe iii, in W. Tyndale et al. Wks. (1573) ii. 90/2 Yet was I neuer so kynde as to thancke him [sc. God] that he had not made me so vile a creature [as a toad]. a1652 R. Brome Queenes Exchange (1657) iv. i. F4^v2 Osr. Will you be so kind as to see my Trial? Mild. Indeed I must not leave you. 1781 T. Jefferson Let. 3 Feb. in Papers (1951) IV. 513 Be kind enough to send some Paper, wax, Inkpowder and wafers. 1816 J. Austen Emma II. i. 5 Mrs. Cole was so kind as to sit some time with us, talking of Jane. 1869 Eng. Mech. 12 Nov. 217/3 Will any of your numerous readers be kind enough to inform me of the best plan of gaiting a pair of cart wheels? 1953 A. Huxley Let. 19 July (1969) 679 Your publishers told me some time ago that they would send me proofs... Would you be kind enough to give them a little nudge? 1992 Independent 20 Jan. 14/7 As he left, he was kind enough to say that we had made his morning. 2013 E. Segerberg tr. H. Mankell Before Frost 125 ‘Would you be so kind as to keep it down, Miss Westin?’ ‘I'm sorry,’ Linda said. ‘I'll be quiet from now on.’ P2. to take (something) kind: to accept (something) with gratitude or pleasure; to count as a favour. Chiefly in to take it kind. Cf. to take (something) kindly at kindly adv. Phrases 1. Now rare. ΚΠ 1608 S. Rowlands Humors Looking Glasse sig. A2 Esteemed friend, I pray thee take it kinde, That outward action beares an inward minde. a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) i. ii. 219 I take all, and your seuerall visitations So kinde to heart. View more context for this quotation 1692 W. Temple Mem. Christendom ii. 225 I believ'd His Majesty would take it kinder, and as a piece of more confidence, if His Highness made no difficulty of explaining himself first. 1750 H. Walpole Lett. (1845) II. 354 He took it mighty kind. 1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1781 II. 405 [Johnson:] Tell him, if he'll call on me..I shall take it kind. 1896 F. H. Groome Kriegspiel ii. x. 208 I would take it kind, Miss, if you'd read me that story yourself. 1949 R. C. Hutchinson Elephant & Castle xxviii. 337 Take it very kind, coming here to cheer up the missis. Very kind of the lady, ain't it, Daise? Compounds C1. a. Parasynthetic, as kind-minded, kind-tempered, etc. See also kind-hearted adj. ΚΠ 1589 T. Wilcox Short Commentarie Prouerbes Salomon xxviii. f. 92 Not onely kinde minded but liberall handed also towards them. 1744 J. Thomson Summer in Seasons (new ed.) 56 The kind-temper'd Change of Night and Day. 1796 H. Flint On Dialogistic Instr. in C. Stearns Dramatic Dialogues for Schools (1798) 520 The kind-souled Daphne, acting nature's part. 1858 F. W. Faber Spiritual Conf. (1870) 25 The kind-thoughted man has no..self-importance to push. 1886 W. Carleton City Ballads 126 An' any kind-expressioned man, who acts a civil part, Can always find my soul to home, an' house-room in my heart. 1918 Amer. Mag. Art July 378/2 He had a high sense of duty, was friendly to all, kind intentioned, loyal and zealous. 1921 Amer. Photo-engraver Oct. 510/2 Of a gentle and kind mannered disposition, ‘Al’ was liked by all who came in contact with him. 2011 D. Brenegan Shame Devil 41 Sara usually sat at the table's end, near the door with..the kind-voiced, vacant-eyed William. b. kind-eyed adj. ΚΠ 1804 T. Batchelor Village Scenes 29 Here glows the ruddy bloom of cheerful youth, There kind-ey'd Charity, and heavenly Truth. 1907 M. Hewlett Stooping Lady xxx. 349 A charming, motherly, kind-eyed woman, soft and round and purring, was Mrs. George Fox. 2015 Hobart Mercury (Nexis) 18 Jan. (Lifestyle section) 5 I was stopped in the street by a kind-eyed, middle-aged lady. kind-faced adj. ΚΠ 1832 N.-Y. Mirror 14 July 13/2 I found myself in the presence of a kind-faced matron. 1918 Century Jan. 327/2 They entered another room, where an elderly, kind-faced officer was seated at a desk. 2015 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 3 Apr. a20 He became a Sunday-morning fixture in countless homes, a kind-faced, white-haired pastor. kind-natured adj. ΚΠ 1590 C. S. Briefe Resol. Right Relig. 10 These kinde natured children. 1679 J. Dryden Troilus & Cressida v. ii. 67 You good, kind-natur'd, well-believing fools. 1847 C. Brontë Jane Eyre I. xii. 203 Mrs. Fairfax turned out to be what she appeared, a placid-tempered, kind-natured woman, of competent education and average intelligence. 2000 Big Issue 20 Mar. 40/2 (advt.) Single Mum bubbly, lively, outgoing. WLTM special guy, 30–40, kind-natured and outgoing. C2. † kind-contending adj. poetic Obsolete engaging in a good-natured competition. ΚΠ 1728 J. Thomson Spring 30 The Thrush, And Wood-Lark, o'er the kind-contending Throng Superior heard. † kind-cruel adj. poetic Obsolete that is simultaneously both kind and cruel. ΚΠ 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. vi. 192 Pier'st with glance of a kinde-cruell eye. † kind man n. Scottish Obsolete a bondman or tenant who belongs by birth to specified lands or a particular lord. ΚΠ 1381 in W. Fraser Douglas Bk. (1885) III. 30 Owr awin kynde men born vtuthe hir forsaid thrid anyrly ovtakyn. 1456 in Bannatyne Misc. (1855) III. 97 To my barnes..and all my kyndmen and servandis. 1519 in C. Innes Bk. Thanes Cawdor (1859) 131 Sir Jhon beand till us a gud master as ane cheif suld be or ane ourlord to his kyndman and seruandis. 1622 in D. Masson Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1896) 1st Ser. 744 I and my predecessores hes bein in continwall use of uplifting of calpis fra my..kynd men. † kind name n. Obsolete (with possessive pronoun) a person's proper name. ΚΠ c1330 St. Mary Magdalene (Auch.) l. 8 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 163 To wille of bodi sche hir ches, Þat hir kinde nanre [read name] sche les & was ycleped..Mari þe sinful. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. ix. l. 62 A Muche Mon, me þouhte, lyk to my-seluen, Com and clepede me be my kuynde nome. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 3 A Romayn..That Cornelius was cald to his kynd name. kind regards n. an expression of affection or friendship, typically used formulaically at the end of a letter, email, etc. ΚΠ 1819 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) III. 518 My womankind join in kind regards. 1840 T. Hood Up Rhine 51 My paper being filled..I must conclude, with kind regards to yourself, and love to Emily. 1913 A. Solomon Let. 21 Feb. in R. A. Rockaway Words of Uprooted (1998) ii. 64 With kind regards to all in the office, I remain Sincerely, A. Solomon. 2005 N.Z. Herald (Nexis) 17 June Dear Max, Is ‘baloney’ a swear word? Yrs, Donny B. Dear Donny B, Yes it is... Kind regards, Max. † kind-witted adj. Obsolete possessing natural reason or intelligence. ΚΠ c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xii. l. 109 Namore kan a kynde witted man..Come for al his kynde witte to crystendome and be saued. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † kindv. Forms: late Middle English kind, 1500s kynd. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: kind n. Etymology: < kind n. Compare kindle v.²In sense 1, with allusion to a doe taking in the offspring of orphaned animals, perhaps instead < kind adj. Obsolete. rare. 1. transitive. To treat kindly or with good will. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > kindness > treat kindly [verb (transitive)] treatc1440 kind?c1450 caress1682 ?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 112 The hynde..whanne the moder of other bestis be slaine, yet woll[e] she gladly, of her gentill[e] nature, norisshe the yonge..and kindithe hem till[e] they may susteine hem selff. 2. transitive. To beget. In quot. in passive. Cf. kind n. 11a. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (transitive)] kenc825 begeteOE strenec893 raisec1175 breeda1250 kenec1275 felefolda1300 engendera1325 tiddera1325 multiplyc1350 genderc1384 producea1513 procreatea1525 propagate1535 generate1552 product1577 kind1596 traduce1599 pullulate1602 traduct1604 progenerate1611 store1611 spawna1616 spawna1617 reproduce1650 propage1695 to make a baby1911 1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. v. sig. Q5^v Not borne of Beares and Tygres, nor so saluage mynded, As that..She yet forgets, that she of men was kynded . View more context for this quotation This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2020). > see also also refers to : -kindsuffix < n.eOEadj.adv.lOEv.?c1450 see also
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