† knowsadj.

Forms:

α. early Middle English icnawes.

β. early Middle English cnawes, early Middle English cwawes (transmission error).

Origin: Apparently formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: English icnawe , -s suffix¹.

Etymology: Apparently < icnawe (compare scribal emendation to quot. ?c1225 at α. ; the reflex of Old English gecnāwe , alteration (after gecnāwan yknow v.) of gecnǣwe conscious of, acknowledging, confessing < y- prefix + the Germanic base of know v. + Old English -e , suffix forming adjectives) + -s suffix¹. In β. forms aphetic < α. forms. See further S. R. T. O. d'Ardenne Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (1961) 164–5.Early Middle English icnawe , the reflex of Old English gecnāwe , is indistinguishable in form from icnawe , past participle of know v., and the two appear to have merged in sense (compare know v. 4b, and see further B. Millett & R. Dance Ancrene Wisse (2006) II. 113–14).

Obsolete.

That makes an acknowledgement or confession. Chiefly in certain fixed phrases. Cf. know v. 4b. beon (i-)ken and (i-)cnawes: to acknowledge, admit. soð cnawes beon: to acknowledge truthfully, to confess.The word is only found in texts written in the so-called ‘AB language’ of the south-west midlands.

ΚΠ

α.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 813 Nu þu art..ken ant icnawes [c1225 Royal icnawen] þet tu hauest deað ofseruet.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 191 Þet ha were..iken & i-cnawes [c1225 Bodl. ikennen ant icnawen], þet nis bute dusilec al þet ha driueð.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 227 His inwit beo icnawes [with final s erased by later scribe; c1230 Corpus Cambr. icnawes, a1250 Nero iknowen] þrof & beore witnesse.

β. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 2041 Beo nu ken ant cnawes, of þet þet tu isechen hauest, hu mihti..is þes cristenes godd.c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 499 (MED) Ah beo nu soð cnawes ȝef ich riht segge.c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) l. 517 (MED) Iuliene, sei me & beo soð cnawes, hwer were þe itaht þeose wicche creftes þet tu ne telest na tale of nanes cunnes tintreohe?c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 346 (MED) Is hit al for þi, oðer ane dale þer uore—beo nu soð cwawes [a1250 Titus cnawes]—forte keli þi lust wið fulðe of þi licome.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

P4. In —— knows, with God, heaven, etc., or later a (coarse) slang word, as subject, used (a) to emphasize the truth of a statement; (b) to imply that something is unknown to the speaker; ‘I don't know’; see also sense 11b(b).Chiefly in fixed phrases, which are more fully dealt with elsewhere, as God knows at god n. and int. Phrases 1d(b), Heaven knows at heaven n. Phrases 3d, (the) Lord knows at lord n. and int. Phrases 2e, etc.

ΚΠ

a1555 N. Ridley in M. Coverdale Certain Lett. Martyrs (1564) 77 It is impossible to set forth..al y^t was (God knoweth) tumultuously spoken.

1654 Trag. Alphonsus i. 12 Thus am I wrong'd, God knows, unguiltily.

1682 T. Otway Venice Preserv'd iv. 45 Heaven knows if yet there be an hour to come E'r Venice be no more!

1792 R. Burns Let. 6 Dec. (2003) II. 166 I am a Placeman, you know; a very humble one indeed, Heaven knows.

1839 M. Gardiner Governess 195 I found him out in his tricks, and that was, goodness knows, very often.

1862 J. R. Lowell Biglow Papers 2nd Ser. ii. ii. 80 ‘Lord knows’, protest the polliwogs, ‘We're anxious to be grown-up frogs’.

1892 W. H. Acklan Sterope xxvi. 82 Lordy knows I wants to see Marse Désiré marry Miss.

1896 McClure's Mag. Sept. 348/2 ‘Are they coming after us, my lord?’ ‘Heaven knows! I suppose so.’

1934 E. Pound Let. 2 Feb. (1971) 253 What was economics, or inevitable 30 years ago, is now just plain god damn stupidity, and people not having the guts to think what the monetary system is. Hell knows the neo-communists won't.

1948 G. H. Johnston Death takes Small Bites v. 107 ‘Who does he fix the deal with?’ ‘God knows! D'ye think the skulls tell us that?’

1995 N. Blincoe Acid Casuals iii. 17 Was that good or bad? Fuck knows.

2006 M. S. Klise Regarding Bathrooms 18 Heck knows I could use some help running this town.

单词	knows
释义	† knowsadj. Forms: α. early Middle English icnawes. β. early Middle English cnawes, early Middle English cwawes (transmission error). Origin: Apparently formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: English icnawe , -s suffix¹. Etymology: Apparently < icnawe (compare scribal emendation to quot. ?c1225 at α. ; the reflex of Old English gecnāwe , alteration (after gecnāwan yknow v.) of gecnǣwe conscious of, acknowledging, confessing < y- prefix + the Germanic base of know v. + Old English -e , suffix forming adjectives) + -s suffix¹. In β. forms aphetic < α. forms. See further S. R. T. O. d'Ardenne Þe Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte Iuliene (1961) 164–5.Early Middle English icnawe , the reflex of Old English gecnāwe , is indistinguishable in form from icnawe , past participle of know v., and the two appear to have merged in sense (compare know v. 4b, and see further B. Millett & R. Dance Ancrene Wisse (2006) II. 113–14). Obsolete. That makes an acknowledgement or confession. Chiefly in certain fixed phrases. Cf. know v. 4b. beon (i-)ken and (i-)cnawes: to acknowledge, admit. soð cnawes beon: to acknowledge truthfully, to confess.The word is only found in texts written in the so-called ‘AB language’ of the south-west midlands. ΚΠ α. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Bodl.) (1981) l. 813 Nu þu art..ken ant icnawes [c1225 Royal icnawen] þet tu hauest deað ofseruet. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 191 Þet ha were..iken & i-cnawes [c1225 Bodl. ikennen ant icnawen], þet nis bute dusilec al þet ha driueð. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 227 His inwit beo icnawes [with final s erased by later scribe; c1230 Corpus Cambr. icnawes, a1250 Nero iknowen] þrof & beore witnesse. β. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (1973) l. 2041 Beo nu ken ant cnawes, of þet þet tu isechen hauest, hu mihti..is þes cristenes godd.c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 499 (MED) Ah beo nu soð cnawes ȝef ich riht segge.c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) l. 517 (MED) Iuliene, sei me & beo soð cnawes, hwer were þe itaht þeose wicche creftes þet tu ne telest na tale of nanes cunnes tintreohe?c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 346 (MED) Is hit al for þi, oðer ane dale þer uore—beo nu soð cwawes [a1250 Titus cnawes]—forte keli þi lust wið fulðe of þi licome. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online December 2020). > as lemmas —— knows P4. In —— knows, with God, heaven, etc., or later a (coarse) slang word, as subject, used (a) to emphasize the truth of a statement; (b) to imply that something is unknown to the speaker; ‘I don't know’; see also sense 11b(b).Chiefly in fixed phrases, which are more fully dealt with elsewhere, as God knows at god n. and int. Phrases 1d(b), Heaven knows at heaven n. Phrases 3d, (the) Lord knows at lord n. and int. Phrases 2e, etc. ΚΠ a1555 N. Ridley in M. Coverdale Certain Lett. Martyrs (1564) 77 It is impossible to set forth..al y^t was (God knoweth) tumultuously spoken. 1654 Trag. Alphonsus i. 12 Thus am I wrong'd, God knows, unguiltily. 1682 T. Otway Venice Preserv'd iv. 45 Heaven knows if yet there be an hour to come E'r Venice be no more! 1792 R. Burns Let. 6 Dec. (2003) II. 166 I am a Placeman, you know; a very humble one indeed, Heaven knows. 1839 M. Gardiner Governess 195 I found him out in his tricks, and that was, goodness knows, very often. 1862 J. R. Lowell Biglow Papers 2nd Ser. ii. ii. 80 ‘Lord knows’, protest the polliwogs, ‘We're anxious to be grown-up frogs’. 1892 W. H. Acklan Sterope xxvi. 82 Lordy knows I wants to see Marse Désiré marry Miss. 1896 McClure's Mag. Sept. 348/2 ‘Are they coming after us, my lord?’ ‘Heaven knows! I suppose so.’ 1934 E. Pound Let. 2 Feb. (1971) 253 What was economics, or inevitable 30 years ago, is now just plain god damn stupidity, and people not having the guts to think what the monetary system is. Hell knows the neo-communists won't. 1948 G. H. Johnston Death takes Small Bites v. 107 ‘Who does he fix the deal with?’ ‘God knows! D'ye think the skulls tell us that?’ 1995 N. Blincoe Acid Casuals iii. 17 Was that good or bad? Fuck knows. 2006 M. S. Klise Regarding Bathrooms 18 Heck knows I could use some help running this town. extracted from knowv. < adj.c1225 as lemmas
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† knowsadj.

> as lemmas