autismn.

Brit.

/ˈɔːtɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈɔˌtɪz(ə)m/,

/ˈɑˌtɪz(ə)m/

Forms: 1900s autismus, 1900s– autism.

Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymon: German Autismus.

Etymology: < German Autismus (E. Bleuler 1910, in Psychiatrisch-Neurol. Wochenschr. 12 175/1) < ancient Greek αὐτός self (see auto- comb. form¹) + German -ismus -ism suffix. Compare autistic adj.

1. A condition or state of mind characterized by patterns of thought which are detached from reality and logic, formerly sometimes regarded as a manifestation of schizophrenia or other psychiatric illness. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > schizophrenia > autism

autism1912

1912 A. Hoch in Amer. Jrnl. Insanity 69 888 The chief traits which had existed before the mental breakdown were those which I at that time called the shut-in tendencies—tendencies to which Professor Bleuler has recently applied the term autism.

1921 J. Varendonck Psychol. of Day-dreams 17 In autism it is a rule that certain desires are directive and overgrow others and take them in tow.

1926 Amer. Anthropologist 28 357 My feeling is that the shaman is in a somewhat dangerous state of autism during the performance.

1937 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 11 Sept. 518/2 Schizoid psychopathy, one of the nuclear symptoms of which—autism—is manifestly rooted in the constitutional components of the personality.

1972 F. Tustin Autism & Childhood Psychosis vii. 88 A type of autism associated with a primitive fantasy life has been described as being characteristic of adult schizophrenia.

2. A neurodevelopmental condition of variable severity with lifelong effects which can be recognized from early childhood, chiefly characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted or repetitive patterns of thought and behaviour. In early use more fully infantile autism.The condition in its severe form is associated with intellectual impairment.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > congenital or hereditary syndromes > [noun]

amyelia1865

amelia1872

congenital myotonia1886

myotonia congenita1887

Thomsen's disease1890

von Recklinghausen's disease1899

pseudoxanthoma1900

Werdnig–Hoffmann1903

myotonia atrophica1908

Fröhlich1909

Milroy's disease1909

Lindau disease1928

Steinert's disease1932

von Hippel–Lindau disease1932

Werner's syndrome1934

Sturge–Weber syndrome1935

gargoylism1936

Morgagni's syndrome1936

Hurler's disease1937

von Willebrand1941

Turner1942

autism1944

hypophosphatasia1948

Klinefelter1950

mucopolysaccharidosis1952

progeria1957

Pendred1960

Down's syndrome1961

Patau's syndrome1961

Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome1962

cri du chat syndrome1964

Prader–Willi syndrome1964

Noonan syndrome1965

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome1966

Wernicke–Korsakoff1966

Down1967

mannosidosis1969

mucolipidosis1970

Asperger's syndrome1971

Angelman syndrome1972

adrenoleukodystrophy1973

SCID1973

severe combined immune deficiency1973

Miller–Dieker syndrome1980

Asperger1988

Asperger's disorder1994

1944 L. Kanner in Jrnl. Pediatrics 25 211 (title) Early infantile autism.

1946 L. Kanner in Amer. Jrnl. Psychiatry 103 242 I have designated this condition as ‘early infantile autism’. Phenomenologically, excessive aloneness and an anxiously obsessive desire for the preservation of sameness are the outstanding characteristics.

1953 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 286 30/2 The importance of emotional factors in the development of intelligence is brought out dramatically in a disease of children called ‘infantile autism’.

1967 B. Betthelheim Empty Fortress iv. 403 I do not accept the hypothesis that autism is due to an original organic defect.

1988 Jrnl. Child Neurol. 3 s48 It is argued that autism is a cover term for a spectrum disorder..of preschool children.

2001 Sun 27 Jan. 11/3 This week the Government launched a..campaign to assure parents there is no link between the MMR jab and autism.

2014 M. Kaku Future of Mind vi. 145 These people do not suffer from autism..but they share some of their skills.

Compounds

autism spectrum n. the range of conditions sharing features regarded as characteristic of autism (esp. difficulties with social interaction and communication), these being present in affected individuals to a varying degree causing mild to severe disability; cf. autistic spectrum n. at autistic adj. and n. Compounds, on the spectrum at spectrum n. Additions.

ΚΠ

1986 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 149 86/2 There exist other children, far outnumbering those in the present study, with ‘autism spectrum’ problems.

1997 T. Peeters Autism iv. 94 More scientific research is needed to define precisely that wider group within the autism spectrum.

2004 Evening Standard (Nexis) 24 Feb. 25 A local doctor diagnosed Asperger's Syndrome—part of the autism spectrum.

2014 B. Conaghan When Mr Dog Bites (2015) vii. 35 Amir..was on this mad circle called the Autism Spectrum, which stopped him understanding people's feelings or personal boundaries.

autism spectrum disorder n. any of a group of developmental conditions of variable severity sharing features regarded as characteristic of autism (esp. difficulties with social interaction and communication), and together comprising the autism spectrum; also used as an overarching diagnosis, often in place of autism; abbreviated ASD.

ΚΠ

1981 L. Tsai et al. in Jrnl. Autism & Developmental Disorders 11 170 The autistic girls had more first-degree relatives affected with autism or autism spectrum disorder.

1996 Child Devel. 67 2062/2 The present study was designed to examine the performance of high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders.

2008 U. Frith Autism: Very Short Introd. i. 5 Gary has an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with a diffuse and atypical picture.

2015 Guardian 29 Aug. (Family section) 2/2 Most people would guess that Donald was..presenting with autism spectrum disorder.

autism spectrum condition n. = autism spectrum disorder n.

ΚΠ

1998 S. Ozonoff in E. Schopler et al. Asperger Syndrome xii. 276 The..rigid problem-solving strategies of individuals with autism spectrum conditions also affect school performance.

2006 Sci. News 12 Aug. 106/2 It sometimes seems that there are as many kinds of autism-spectrum conditions as there are people diagnosed with them.

2015 L. A. Wilkinson Overcoming Anxiety & Depression on Autism Spectrum i. 16 The term autism spectrum condition..communicates a value-free..perception as opposed to the negative impression associated with disorder.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	autism
释义	autismn. Brit. /ˈɔːtɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈɔˌtɪz(ə)m/, /ˈɑˌtɪz(ə)m/ Forms: 1900s autismus, 1900s– autism. Origin: A borrowing from German. Etymon: German Autismus. Etymology: < German Autismus (E. Bleuler 1910, in Psychiatrisch-Neurol. Wochenschr. 12 175/1) < ancient Greek αὐτός self (see auto- comb. form¹) + German -ismus -ism suffix. Compare autistic adj. 1. A condition or state of mind characterized by patterns of thought which are detached from reality and logic, formerly sometimes regarded as a manifestation of schizophrenia or other psychiatric illness. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > schizophrenia > autism autism1912 1912 A. Hoch in Amer. Jrnl. Insanity 69 888 The chief traits which had existed before the mental breakdown were those which I at that time called the shut-in tendencies—tendencies to which Professor Bleuler has recently applied the term autism. 1921 J. Varendonck Psychol. of Day-dreams 17 In autism it is a rule that certain desires are directive and overgrow others and take them in tow. 1926 Amer. Anthropologist 28 357 My feeling is that the shaman is in a somewhat dangerous state of autism during the performance. 1937 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 11 Sept. 518/2 Schizoid psychopathy, one of the nuclear symptoms of which—autism—is manifestly rooted in the constitutional components of the personality. 1972 F. Tustin Autism & Childhood Psychosis vii. 88 A type of autism associated with a primitive fantasy life has been described as being characteristic of adult schizophrenia. 2. A neurodevelopmental condition of variable severity with lifelong effects which can be recognized from early childhood, chiefly characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted or repetitive patterns of thought and behaviour. In early use more fully infantile autism.The condition in its severe form is associated with intellectual impairment. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > congenital or hereditary syndromes > [noun] amyelia1865 amelia1872 congenital myotonia1886 myotonia congenita1887 Thomsen's disease1890 von Recklinghausen's disease1899 pseudoxanthoma1900 Werdnig–Hoffmann1903 myotonia atrophica1908 Fröhlich1909 Milroy's disease1909 Lindau disease1928 Steinert's disease1932 von Hippel–Lindau disease1932 Werner's syndrome1934 Sturge–Weber syndrome1935 gargoylism1936 Morgagni's syndrome1936 Hurler's disease1937 von Willebrand1941 Turner1942 autism1944 hypophosphatasia1948 Klinefelter1950 mucopolysaccharidosis1952 progeria1957 Pendred1960 Down's syndrome1961 Patau's syndrome1961 Marinesco–Sjögren syndrome1962 cri du chat syndrome1964 Prader–Willi syndrome1964 Noonan syndrome1965 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome1966 Wernicke–Korsakoff1966 Down1967 mannosidosis1969 mucolipidosis1970 Asperger's syndrome1971 Angelman syndrome1972 adrenoleukodystrophy1973 SCID1973 severe combined immune deficiency1973 Miller–Dieker syndrome1980 Asperger1988 Asperger's disorder1994 1944 L. Kanner in Jrnl. Pediatrics 25 211 (title) Early infantile autism. 1946 L. Kanner in Amer. Jrnl. Psychiatry 103 242 I have designated this condition as ‘early infantile autism’. Phenomenologically, excessive aloneness and an anxiously obsessive desire for the preservation of sameness are the outstanding characteristics. 1953 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 286 30/2 The importance of emotional factors in the development of intelligence is brought out dramatically in a disease of children called ‘infantile autism’. 1967 B. Betthelheim Empty Fortress iv. 403 I do not accept the hypothesis that autism is due to an original organic defect. 1988 Jrnl. Child Neurol. 3 s48 It is argued that autism is a cover term for a spectrum disorder..of preschool children. 2001 Sun 27 Jan. 11/3 This week the Government launched a..campaign to assure parents there is no link between the MMR jab and autism. 2014 M. Kaku Future of Mind vi. 145 These people do not suffer from autism..but they share some of their skills. Compounds autism spectrum n. the range of conditions sharing features regarded as characteristic of autism (esp. difficulties with social interaction and communication), these being present in affected individuals to a varying degree causing mild to severe disability; cf. autistic spectrum n. at autistic adj. and n. Compounds, on the spectrum at spectrum n. Additions. ΚΠ 1986 Brit. Jrnl. Psychiatry 149 86/2 There exist other children, far outnumbering those in the present study, with ‘autism spectrum’ problems. 1997 T. Peeters Autism iv. 94 More scientific research is needed to define precisely that wider group within the autism spectrum. 2004 Evening Standard (Nexis) 24 Feb. 25 A local doctor diagnosed Asperger's Syndrome—part of the autism spectrum. 2014 B. Conaghan When Mr Dog Bites (2015) vii. 35 Amir..was on this mad circle called the Autism Spectrum, which stopped him understanding people's feelings or personal boundaries. autism spectrum disorder n. any of a group of developmental conditions of variable severity sharing features regarded as characteristic of autism (esp. difficulties with social interaction and communication), and together comprising the autism spectrum; also used as an overarching diagnosis, often in place of autism; abbreviated ASD. ΚΠ 1981 L. Tsai et al. in Jrnl. Autism & Developmental Disorders 11 170 The autistic girls had more first-degree relatives affected with autism or autism spectrum disorder. 1996 Child Devel. 67 2062/2 The present study was designed to examine the performance of high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. 2008 U. Frith Autism: Very Short Introd. i. 5 Gary has an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with a diffuse and atypical picture. 2015 Guardian 29 Aug. (Family section) 2/2 Most people would guess that Donald was..presenting with autism spectrum disorder. autism spectrum condition n. = autism spectrum disorder n. ΚΠ 1998 S. Ozonoff in E. Schopler et al. Asperger Syndrome xii. 276 The..rigid problem-solving strategies of individuals with autism spectrum conditions also affect school performance. 2006 Sci. News 12 Aug. 106/2 It sometimes seems that there are as many kinds of autism-spectrum conditions as there are people diagnosed with them. 2015 L. A. Wilkinson Overcoming Anxiety & Depression on Autism Spectrum i. 16 The term autism spectrum condition..communicates a value-free..perception as opposed to the negative impression associated with disorder. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1912
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