lexicaladj.

Brit.

/ˈlɛksᵻkl/, U.S.

/ˈlɛksək(ə)l/

Etymology: < Greek λεξικός pertaining to words, λεξικόν lexicon n. + -al suffix¹.

1. Pertaining or relating to the words or vocabulary of a language. Often contrasted with grammatical.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > word > [adjective] > relating to words

vocabular1608

verbatical1612

vocabulary1616

verbarian1830

lexical1836

lexicalic1860

lexic1900

morpholexical1939

1836 N. Wiseman 12 Lect. Sci. & Relig. I. ii. 71 These methods may be respectively called, lexical and grammatical comparison.

1864 E. B. Pusey Daniel viii. 512 The grammatical and lexical peculiarities..which establish its late date.

1873 W. D. Whitney Oriental & Ling. Stud. 7 The language of the Vedas is an older dialect varying both in its grammatical and lexical character from the classical Sanskrit.

2. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or connected, with a lexicon.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > lexicography > [adjective]

lexicographal1685

dictionarial1736

dictionariana1774

lexicographical1791

lexicographian1815

lexicographic1816

lexigraphical1855

lexical1873

1873 Brit. Q. Rev. LVII. 602 All the most important grammatical, exegetical, and lexical works have been laid under tribute.

1885 Academy 3 Oct. 217/2 Lexical defining affords a wide scope for the application of the critical apparatus.

1885 Academy 3 Oct. 432/2 The lexical index is, we think, too long.

1892 F. S. Ellis (title) A lexical concordance to the poetical works of P. B. Shelley.

Compounds

C1.

lexical change n.

ΚΠ

1958 C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Linguistics 429 Back-formation can..lead to lexical change, in the form of new morphemes.

lexical class n.

ΚΠ

1963 M. W. Bloomfield & L. Newmark Ling. Introd. Hist. Eng. vi. 257 All lexical units generated from the same grammatical unit by the same lexical rule are said to belong to a single lexical class.

lexical form n.

ΚΠ

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. x. 166 To contrast the purely lexical character of a linguistic form with the habits of arrangement to which it is subject, we shall speak of it as a lexical form.

lexical item n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > word > [noun]

wordOE

diction1416

vocable1440

phrase1552

accent?1553

whid1567

vowel1578

mot1591

accenty1600

quatcha1635

verba1716

verbalism1787

word1825

word1843

dicky1893

vocabulary item1916

monolog1929

dicky bird1932

word-type1936

lexical item1964

lexon1964

1964 R. A. Hall Introd. Ling. liii. 254 Archaic features may be preserved in different lexical items in different places.

1966 G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising ii. 21 There are thousands of examples of lexical items composed of a sequence of words: put out (= ‘extinguish’).

1972 P. H. Matthews Inflectional Morphol. ii. 11 I shall use orthographic forms in small capitals..to refer to Latin verbs qua lexical items.

lexical morpheme n.

ΚΠ

1963 M. W. Bloomfield & L. Newmark Ling. Introd. Hist. Eng. iv. 145 Lexical morphemes are those whose grammatical characteristics can be accounted for by identifying them as members of morphological classes.

lexical rule n.

ΚΠ

1965 N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax ii. 85 The lexical rule..now allows us to insert sincerity for the first complex symbol.

lexical set n.

ΚΠ

1962 H. C. Conklin in F. W. Householder & S. Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 124 Minimally, a lexical set consists of all semantically contrastive lexemes which in a given, culturally relevant context share exclusively at least one defining feature.

1967 R. A. Waldron Sense & Sense Devel. v. 102 A system of this kind, a limited group of words forming some kind of range or scale of mutually excluding terms is often called a lexical set.

1971 J. B. Carroll et al. Word Frequency Bk. p. l The basic color terms have often been studied as a lexical set, or semantic field.

lexical unit n.

ΚΠ

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xvi. 277 The relative frequency of the various lexical and grammatical units (morphemes and tagmemes) in a language can be studied.

1951 G. A. Miller Lang. & Communication iv. 89 In the Oxford English Dictionary there are nearly half a million lexical units.

1967 Lingua 17 113 All members of the same paradigm are labeled as the same ‘word’ (lexical unit, lexeme).

lexical word n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > [noun] > content word

full word1854

object word1876

plereme1939

content word1940

lexical word1963

1963 M. W. Bloomfield & L. Newmark Ling. Introd. Hist. Eng. vi. 282 The lexical word debtors has the root debt and the affixes -or and -s.

1967 Lingua 17 34 Lexical words imply absence of grammatical meaning and vice versa.

C2.

lexical meaning n. the meaning of a base in a paradigm, e.g. of love in loves, loved, loving, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > meaning or signification > [noun] > of base in a paradigm

lexical meaning1933

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xvi. 271 Languages with an elaborate part-of-speech system..have parallel forms with the same lexical meaning for use in different syntactic positions.

1942 B. Bloch & G. L. Trager Outl. Ling. Anal. iv. 68 The meaning of the base itself..is called lexical meaning.

Derivatives

lexiˈcalic adj. rare = main sense.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > word > [adjective] > relating to words

vocabular1608

verbatical1612

vocabulary1616

verbarian1830

lexical1836

lexicalic1860

lexic1900

morpholexical1939

1860 G. P. Marsh Lect. Eng. Lang. 141 The new element does not much affect the lexicalic character, but exhibits itself in the structure, the inflections and the syntax.

ˈlexicalist adj.

ΚΠ

1970 N. Chomsky in R. A. Jacobs & P. S. Rosenbaum Readings Eng. Transformational Gram. 188 We might extend the base rules to accommodate the derived nominal directly (I will refer to this as the ‘lexicalist position’).

ˈlexicalness n. (see quot.)

ΚΠ

1967 Lingua 17 35 There seem to be degrees of both ‘lexicalness’ and ‘grammaticalness’ in English.

Draft additions 1993

lexical ambiguity n. ambiguity arising from homonymy rather than from grammatical structure (as between brake ‘restrainer’ and brake ‘fence’, or well noun and well adverb); contr. with structural ambiguity n. at structural adj. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > homonymy > [noun] > ambiguity arising from

lexical ambiguity1970

1956 Amer. Speech 31 102 The passage remains totally ambiguous; that is, its ambiguity is both structural and lexical.]

1970 F. Brengelman Eng. Lang. vi. 71 For example, the structural and lexical ambiguity which we can tolerate in speech because we have a whole array of supplementary signalling devices—intonation, gestures, facial expressions, the physical context—cannot be tolerated in writing.

1980 M. S. Seidenberg et al. Time-Course of Lexical Ambiguity Resolution in Context (ERIC Doc. 184–092) (microfiche) 2 Lexical ambiguity is one of the most extensively researched topics in the study of language composition.

Draft additions March 2014

lexical semantics n. Linguistics the branch of semantics (semantics n. 2a) concerned with the study or analysis of the meanings of words, and how such meanings relate to each other systematically.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > [noun] > branches of

semantics1886

lexical semantics1947

structural semantics1955

ethnosemantics1966

1947 Slavonic & E. European Rev. 26 277 A word, according to Meshchaninov, is subject to syntactic as well as to lexical change, and it cannot properly be a word unless it has full meaning, i.e. can be treated under ‘lexical semantics’.

1977 J. H. Greenberg New Invitation to Linguistics v. 58 Lexical semantics cannot be entirely separated from the other main branch of semantics, the problems of higher-level phrase, clause, and sentence interpretation.

1988 D. Geeraerts in B. Rudzka-Ostyn Topics in Cognitive Linguistics ii. 220 It is traditionally well-known in lexical semantics that there are relatively few true synonyms in natural languages, and the ways in which near-synonyms differ can be very diverse.

2010 M. L. Murphy Lexical Meaning ii. 39 There are many aspects to meaning, but..the exploration of denotative meaning is the heart of lexical semantics.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	lexical
释义	lexicaladj. Brit. /ˈlɛksᵻkl/, U.S. /ˈlɛksək(ə)l/ Etymology: < Greek λεξικός pertaining to words, λεξικόν lexicon n. + -al suffix¹. 1. Pertaining or relating to the words or vocabulary of a language. Often contrasted with grammatical. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > word > [adjective] > relating to words vocabular1608 verbatical1612 vocabulary1616 verbarian1830 lexical1836 lexicalic1860 lexic1900 morpholexical1939 1836 N. Wiseman 12 Lect. Sci. & Relig. I. ii. 71 These methods may be respectively called, lexical and grammatical comparison. 1864 E. B. Pusey Daniel viii. 512 The grammatical and lexical peculiarities..which establish its late date. 1873 W. D. Whitney Oriental & Ling. Stud. 7 The language of the Vedas is an older dialect varying both in its grammatical and lexical character from the classical Sanskrit. 2. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or connected, with a lexicon. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > lexicography > [adjective] lexicographal1685 dictionarial1736 dictionariana1774 lexicographical1791 lexicographian1815 lexicographic1816 lexigraphical1855 lexical1873 1873 Brit. Q. Rev. LVII. 602 All the most important grammatical, exegetical, and lexical works have been laid under tribute. 1885 Academy 3 Oct. 217/2 Lexical defining affords a wide scope for the application of the critical apparatus. 1885 Academy 3 Oct. 432/2 The lexical index is, we think, too long. 1892 F. S. Ellis (title) A lexical concordance to the poetical works of P. B. Shelley. Compounds C1. lexical change n. ΚΠ 1958 C. F. Hockett Course in Mod. Linguistics 429 Back-formation can..lead to lexical change, in the form of new morphemes. lexical class n. ΚΠ 1963 M. W. Bloomfield & L. Newmark Ling. Introd. Hist. Eng. vi. 257 All lexical units generated from the same grammatical unit by the same lexical rule are said to belong to a single lexical class. lexical form n. ΚΠ 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. x. 166 To contrast the purely lexical character of a linguistic form with the habits of arrangement to which it is subject, we shall speak of it as a lexical form. lexical item n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > word > [noun] wordOE diction1416 vocable1440 phrase1552 accent?1553 whid1567 vowel1578 mot1591 accenty1600 quatcha1635 verba1716 verbalism1787 word1825 word1843 dicky1893 vocabulary item1916 monolog1929 dicky bird1932 word-type1936 lexical item1964 lexon1964 1964 R. A. Hall Introd. Ling. liii. 254 Archaic features may be preserved in different lexical items in different places. 1966 G. N. Leech Eng. in Advertising ii. 21 There are thousands of examples of lexical items composed of a sequence of words: put out (= ‘extinguish’). 1972 P. H. Matthews Inflectional Morphol. ii. 11 I shall use orthographic forms in small capitals..to refer to Latin verbs qua lexical items. lexical morpheme n. ΚΠ 1963 M. W. Bloomfield & L. Newmark Ling. Introd. Hist. Eng. iv. 145 Lexical morphemes are those whose grammatical characteristics can be accounted for by identifying them as members of morphological classes. lexical rule n. ΚΠ 1965 N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax ii. 85 The lexical rule..now allows us to insert sincerity for the first complex symbol. lexical set n. ΚΠ 1962 H. C. Conklin in F. W. Householder & S. Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 124 Minimally, a lexical set consists of all semantically contrastive lexemes which in a given, culturally relevant context share exclusively at least one defining feature. 1967 R. A. Waldron Sense & Sense Devel. v. 102 A system of this kind, a limited group of words forming some kind of range or scale of mutually excluding terms is often called a lexical set. 1971 J. B. Carroll et al. Word Frequency Bk. p. l The basic color terms have often been studied as a lexical set, or semantic field. lexical unit n. ΚΠ 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xvi. 277 The relative frequency of the various lexical and grammatical units (morphemes and tagmemes) in a language can be studied. 1951 G. A. Miller Lang. & Communication iv. 89 In the Oxford English Dictionary there are nearly half a million lexical units. 1967 Lingua 17 113 All members of the same paradigm are labeled as the same ‘word’ (lexical unit, lexeme). lexical word n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > [noun] > content word full word1854 object word1876 plereme1939 content word1940 lexical word1963 1963 M. W. Bloomfield & L. Newmark Ling. Introd. Hist. Eng. vi. 282 The lexical word debtors has the root debt and the affixes -or and -s. 1967 Lingua 17 34 Lexical words imply absence of grammatical meaning and vice versa. C2. lexical meaning n. the meaning of a base in a paradigm, e.g. of love in loves, loved, loving, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > meaning or signification > [noun] > of base in a paradigm lexical meaning1933 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xvi. 271 Languages with an elaborate part-of-speech system..have parallel forms with the same lexical meaning for use in different syntactic positions. 1942 B. Bloch & G. L. Trager Outl. Ling. Anal. iv. 68 The meaning of the base itself..is called lexical meaning. Derivatives lexiˈcalic adj. rare = main sense. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > linguistic unit > word > [adjective] > relating to words vocabular1608 verbatical1612 vocabulary1616 verbarian1830 lexical1836 lexicalic1860 lexic1900 morpholexical1939 1860 G. P. Marsh Lect. Eng. Lang. 141 The new element does not much affect the lexicalic character, but exhibits itself in the structure, the inflections and the syntax. ˈlexicalist adj. ΚΠ 1970 N. Chomsky in R. A. Jacobs & P. S. Rosenbaum Readings Eng. Transformational Gram. 188 We might extend the base rules to accommodate the derived nominal directly (I will refer to this as the ‘lexicalist position’). ˈlexicalness n. (see quot.) ΚΠ 1967 Lingua 17 35 There seem to be degrees of both ‘lexicalness’ and ‘grammaticalness’ in English. Draft additions 1993 lexical ambiguity n. ambiguity arising from homonymy rather than from grammatical structure (as between brake ‘restrainer’ and brake ‘fence’, or well noun and well adverb); contr. with structural ambiguity n. at structural adj. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > homonymy > [noun] > ambiguity arising from lexical ambiguity1970 1956 Amer. Speech 31 102 The passage remains totally ambiguous; that is, its ambiguity is both structural and lexical.] 1970 F. Brengelman Eng. Lang. vi. 71 For example, the structural and lexical ambiguity which we can tolerate in speech because we have a whole array of supplementary signalling devices—intonation, gestures, facial expressions, the physical context—cannot be tolerated in writing. 1980 M. S. Seidenberg et al. Time-Course of Lexical Ambiguity Resolution in Context (ERIC Doc. 184–092) (microfiche) 2 Lexical ambiguity is one of the most extensively researched topics in the study of language composition. Draft additions March 2014 lexical semantics n. Linguistics the branch of semantics (semantics n. 2a) concerned with the study or analysis of the meanings of words, and how such meanings relate to each other systematically. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > semantics > [noun] > branches of semantics1886 lexical semantics1947 structural semantics1955 ethnosemantics1966 1947 Slavonic & E. European Rev. 26 277 A word, according to Meshchaninov, is subject to syntactic as well as to lexical change, and it cannot properly be a word unless it has full meaning, i.e. can be treated under ‘lexical semantics’. 1977 J. H. Greenberg New Invitation to Linguistics v. 58 Lexical semantics cannot be entirely separated from the other main branch of semantics, the problems of higher-level phrase, clause, and sentence interpretation. 1988 D. Geeraerts in B. Rudzka-Ostyn Topics in Cognitive Linguistics ii. 220 It is traditionally well-known in lexical semantics that there are relatively few true synonyms in natural languages, and the ways in which near-synonyms differ can be very diverse. 2010 M. L. Murphy Lexical Meaning ii. 39 There are many aspects to meaning, but..the exploration of denotative meaning is the heart of lexical semantics. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1836
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