lethaladj.n.

Brit.

/ˈliːθl/, U.S.

/ˈliθəl/

Forms: Also 1500s–1600s lethall, læthall.

Etymology: < Latin lēt(h)ālis deadly, < lēt(h)um death.

A. adj.

a. That may or will cause death; deadly, mortal. Said, e.g. of weapons, drugs, wounds. Now esp. of a dose of poison: Sufficient to cause death.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > cause of death > [adjective]

deadlyc893

deathlyOE

deathfula1250

mortalc1390

capitalc1426

exitialc1475

fey1488

mortuala1500

perishinga1500

fatal?1518

ferial1528

mortiferousa1538

deadc1540

exitious?1545

deathlike1548

mortifying1555

starvingc1600

lethal1604

speedingc1604

vital1612

irrecoverable1614

feral1621

lethiferous1651

mortific1651

mortifical1657

daggering1694

exitiose1727

fateful1764

kill-devil1831

unsurvivable1839

lethiferal1848

tachythanatous1860

1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Lethall, mortall, deadly.

1659 T. Pecke Parnassi Puerperium 127 There's no more need to throw the lethal Spear.

1671 E. Panton Speculum Juventutis 96 Among beasts some live by what is lethal to others.

1706 Hist. Picts (ESTC T142053) x. 53 Lethal Wounds.

1816 R. Southey Lay of Laureate liv There needs no outward wound! Through her whole frame benumb'd, a lethal sleep, Like the cold poison of the asp will creep.

1855 A. B. Garrod Essentials Materia Medica (1877) 123 Small doses raise the blood pressure..lethal ones cause immediate paralysis of the heart.

1860 P. H. Gosse Romance Nat. Hist. 240 Implements so terribly lethal, that the slightest puncture of the skin..is inevitably..followed by..death.

1885 T. H. Huxley Addr. Royal Soc. 30 Nov. Those lethal agencies which are commonly known as the pleasures of society.

b. Resulting in death.

ΚΠ

1850 J. S. Blackie in tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas I. 104 The occasion..out of which the lethal quarrel arose.

c. lethal chamber n. a chamber containing gases, in which to destroy animals or human beings painlessly; also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > capital punishment > [noun] > place of > gas chamber

lethal chamber1884

gas chamber1945

gas oven1945

gas van1946

the world > life > death > killing > killing of animals > [noun] > by specific method > gas chamber

lethal chamber1884

1884 Punch 27 Dec. 309/1 A sort of Lethal Chamber and Cat Trap combined.

1888 in New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon

1901 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 50/1 They were quietly disposed of by euthanasia in a lethal chamber.

1928 ‘M. Hoffe’ Many Waters iii. ix. 106 It [sc. the Bankruptcy Court] lacks of all the glitter of splendid sin; it is simply the paltry lethal chamber of the vanquished.

1933 Punch 4 Oct. 366/2 To a modern it is clear that age must be abhorrent. The best modern thought advocates a lethal chamber for all over fifty years of age.

d. Genetics. Of an allele or chromosomal abnormality (such as a deletion): resulting in the death of an individual possessing it before the normal span or before sexual maturity, or (if recessive) capable of causing such premature death when homozygous.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [adjective] > chromosomal or allele abnormality

lethal1917

sublethal1918

subvital1948

1917 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 3 620 The difficulty which was experienced in getting pure stock was due to the fact that the chief factor for beaded—B_d′—is lethal, killing all flies homozygous for it.

1917 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 3 620 This remarkable genetic situation, wherein both types of homozygotes are prevented from appearing by the action of lethal factors lying in opposite chromosomes, may be termed a condition of ‘balanced lethal factors’.

1939 A. H. Sturtevant & G. W. Beadle Introd. Genetics (1940) x. 160 It may be noted at once that the lethal genes ordinarily studied are recessive; a gene with a dominant lethal effect is necessarily lost before it can be studied.

1962 I. H. Herskowitz Genetics xxviii. 239 Autosomes II, III, and IV of wild-type flies were individually made homozygous to detect the presence of recessive mutants..that are lethal (causing death of all individuals before adulthood), or semilethal (causing more than 90 and less than 100 per cent mortality before adulthood), or subvital (causing significantly less than normal but greater than 10 per cent survival to adulthood)... About 25% of all autosomes tested this way carried a recessive lethal or semilethal mutant.

1973 K. Mather Genetical Struct. Populations ii. 21 Not all genes that affect viability are, however, completely lethal. Of some 3000 chromosomes tested in Drosophila willistoni..over 35% carried genes that were lethal or semi-lethal. About half of the remainder carried other genes affecting the viability of flies homozygous for them.

2. Causing or resulting in spiritual death; deadly; †esp. of sin = mortal adj. 6.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > moral or spiritual degeneration > degrading or impairing morally > [adjective] > causing spiritual death

mortiferous1533

lethal1583

society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > sin > kinds of sin > [adjective] > mortal

headlyOE

headOE

deadly?c1225

mortala1475

lethal1583

unvenial?1589

1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. Bv Two kindes of sinne, the one veniall, the other lethall.

1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. ii. xv. 358 To rouze, and awaken..the godly and religious soules, and raise them from out a lethall security.

1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler Aggawam 41 Such Epidemicall and lethall formality in other displinated Churches.

1861 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth III. iv. 79 Discoursing of sinners and their lethal end.

3. Of or pertaining to death.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > [adjective] > relating to death

mortalc1425

deadly1470

capitalc1475

mortuary1542

parting?1570

deada1586

defunctive1601

lethal1607

deathly1763

deathya1822

1607 E. Sharpham Cupids Whirligig iv. sig. G4 Vengeance wings brings on thy lethall day.

1829 S. T. Coleridge Monody Death Chatterton (rev. ed.) in Poet. Wks. 17 On thy wan forehead starts the lethal dew.

B. n. Genetics.

A lethal allele or chromosomal abnormality (see A. 1d).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [noun] > allele > types of allele

dominant1900

unit character1902

multiple allelomorph1913

lethal1917

marker1930

multiple allele1930

amorph1932

hypomorph1932

neomorph1932

isoallele1943

hypermorph1949

1917 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 3 621 We must therefore believe that lethals are very frequent among recessive factors also.

1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 59 Sometimes the impairment of vitality is so great that the organism pure for these factors cannot exist at all: such factors are styled lethals.

1934 Mycologia 26 360 (heading) A lethal for ascus abortion in Neurospora.

1956 New Biol. 20 41 A deficiency arises when a chromosome is broken in two spots and the two end pieces join up to form a new chromosome from which the middle piece is missing... Large deficiencies, by which many genes have been removed from the cell, act as dominant lethals. Smaller deficiencies act as recessive lethals.

Derivatives

ˈlethally adv. in a deadly manner.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > cause of death > [adverb]

deadlyc1050

deathlya1250

fellyc1330

mortallyc1390

à la mort?1536

deadlily1621

lethally1661

mortiferously1685

perishingly1698

deathfully1761

vitally1891

1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 328 A..contagious matter, hurting all the actions of the heart suddainly and lethaly.

1971 Nature 10 Dec. 328/3 Lethally irradiated F₁ hybrid mice.

Draft additions 1997

In weakened sense: highly damaging or injurious, devastating. Cf. deadly adj. 8b, devastating adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [adjective] > harmful or injurious

litherc893

scathefulc900

orneOE

teenfulOE

atterlichc1050

evilc1175

wicka1250

scathela1300

deringa1325

unkindc1330

harmfula1340

ill1340

wicked1340

shrewdc1380

noisomea1382

venomed1382

noyfulc1384

damageousc1386

infectivea1398

unwholesomea1400

annoying?c1400

mischievous1414

damnablec1420

contagiousc1430

mischievable?a1439

damagefulc1449

damageable1474

unhappy1474

nuisable1483

nocible1490

nuisible1490

nuisant1494

noxiousa1500

nocent?c1500

hurtful1526

sinistral1534

nocive1538

offendent1547

offensivea1548

dangerous1548

naughtya1555

dispendious1557

offensible1575

wrackful1578

baneful1579

hindersome1580

scandalizing1593

damnifiable1604

taking1608

toadish1611

illful1613

nocivousc1616

mischieving1621

nocuous1627

obnoxious1638

nocumentous1644

vicious1656

nocumental1657

abnoxious1680

dungeonable1691

offending1694

hurtsomea1699

nociferous1706

sinister1726

damnific1727

hazardous1748

slaughtering1811

damaging1856

damnous1870

lethal1942

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > damage > [adjective]

wounding?c1225

marring1567

murdersome?1585

interficient1647

on spoil1750

mauling1778

lethal1942

1942 L. V. Berrey & M. Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §702/2 Hard blow. Baby,..lethal left or right, lethal potion, lil, [etc.].

a1961 in Webster (at cited word) Showed a lethal skill in his dissection of the..book.

1978 V. Brome Jung xii. 119 One particularly lethal champagne-party.

1989 Guardian 3 July 14/3 A lethal drop shot, and a determination to hunt down every ball.

1989 Independent 19 Dec. 24/3 He devised..desserts of a baroque and lethal richness.

1991 Ace Feb. 111/1 While a bit slow and irritating running from floppies due to all the swapping, a hard disc shows the game to be far faster and more lethal than normal Chess.

Draft additions January 2002

lethal injection n. an injection administered with the intention of killing the recipient, esp. as a means of execution or capital punishment, or for the purpose of euthanasia.

ΚΠ

1898 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 190 308 (caption) 24 minutes after lethal injection. Falling pressure, with great irregularity.

1953 G. Reitlinger Final Solution ii. xi. 292 A week before the evacuation..the unfit in the Jewish section of the camp had been selected for a lethal injection.

1977 Philos. & Public Affairs 6 112 Legalizing active euthanasia..is another matter. Apart from the special repugnance doctors feel towards the idea of a lethal injection, it may be of the very greatest importance to keep a psychological barrier up against killing.

1977 Facts on File (Nexis) 6 Aug. 593 Briscoe praised the lethal injection as ‘a more dignified, a more humane means of carrying out the death penalty’.

1997 Independent 7 Jan. i. 8/4 ‘Peace at last,’ were [her]..last words to her husband who sat by her bedside in Darwin, in the Northern Territories, as she administered a lethal injection to herself using a computerised ‘death machine’.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	lethal
释义	lethaladj.n. Brit. /ˈliːθl/, U.S. /ˈliθəl/ Forms: Also 1500s–1600s lethall, læthall. Etymology: < Latin lēt(h)ālis deadly, < lēt(h)um death. A. adj. 1. a. That may or will cause death; deadly, mortal. Said, e.g. of weapons, drugs, wounds. Now esp. of a dose of poison: Sufficient to cause death. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > cause of death > [adjective] deadlyc893 deathlyOE deathfula1250 mortalc1390 capitalc1426 exitialc1475 fey1488 mortuala1500 perishinga1500 fatal?1518 ferial1528 mortiferousa1538 deadc1540 exitious?1545 deathlike1548 mortifying1555 starvingc1600 lethal1604 speedingc1604 vital1612 irrecoverable1614 feral1621 lethiferous1651 mortific1651 mortifical1657 daggering1694 exitiose1727 fateful1764 kill-devil1831 unsurvivable1839 lethiferal1848 tachythanatous1860 1604 R. Cawdrey Table Alphabet. Lethall, mortall, deadly. 1659 T. Pecke Parnassi Puerperium 127 There's no more need to throw the lethal Spear. 1671 E. Panton Speculum Juventutis 96 Among beasts some live by what is lethal to others. 1706 Hist. Picts (ESTC T142053) x. 53 Lethal Wounds. 1816 R. Southey Lay of Laureate liv There needs no outward wound! Through her whole frame benumb'd, a lethal sleep, Like the cold poison of the asp will creep. 1855 A. B. Garrod Essentials Materia Medica (1877) 123 Small doses raise the blood pressure..lethal ones cause immediate paralysis of the heart. 1860 P. H. Gosse Romance Nat. Hist. 240 Implements so terribly lethal, that the slightest puncture of the skin..is inevitably..followed by..death. 1885 T. H. Huxley Addr. Royal Soc. 30 Nov. Those lethal agencies which are commonly known as the pleasures of society. b. Resulting in death. ΚΠ 1850 J. S. Blackie in tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas I. 104 The occasion..out of which the lethal quarrel arose. c. lethal chamber n. a chamber containing gases, in which to destroy animals or human beings painlessly; also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > capital punishment > [noun] > place of > gas chamber lethal chamber1884 gas chamber1945 gas oven1945 gas van1946 the world > life > death > killing > killing of animals > [noun] > by specific method > gas chamber lethal chamber1884 1884 Punch 27 Dec. 309/1 A sort of Lethal Chamber and Cat Trap combined. 1888 in New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon 1901 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 50/1 They were quietly disposed of by euthanasia in a lethal chamber. 1928 ‘M. Hoffe’ Many Waters iii. ix. 106 It [sc. the Bankruptcy Court] lacks of all the glitter of splendid sin; it is simply the paltry lethal chamber of the vanquished. 1933 Punch 4 Oct. 366/2 To a modern it is clear that age must be abhorrent. The best modern thought advocates a lethal chamber for all over fifty years of age. d. Genetics. Of an allele or chromosomal abnormality (such as a deletion): resulting in the death of an individual possessing it before the normal span or before sexual maturity, or (if recessive) capable of causing such premature death when homozygous. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [adjective] > chromosomal or allele abnormality lethal1917 sublethal1918 subvital1948 1917 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 3 620 The difficulty which was experienced in getting pure stock was due to the fact that the chief factor for beaded—B_d′—is lethal, killing all flies homozygous for it. 1917 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 3 620 This remarkable genetic situation, wherein both types of homozygotes are prevented from appearing by the action of lethal factors lying in opposite chromosomes, may be termed a condition of ‘balanced lethal factors’. 1939 A. H. Sturtevant & G. W. Beadle Introd. Genetics (1940) x. 160 It may be noted at once that the lethal genes ordinarily studied are recessive; a gene with a dominant lethal effect is necessarily lost before it can be studied. 1962 I. H. Herskowitz Genetics xxviii. 239 Autosomes II, III, and IV of wild-type flies were individually made homozygous to detect the presence of recessive mutants..that are lethal (causing death of all individuals before adulthood), or semilethal (causing more than 90 and less than 100 per cent mortality before adulthood), or subvital (causing significantly less than normal but greater than 10 per cent survival to adulthood)... About 25% of all autosomes tested this way carried a recessive lethal or semilethal mutant. 1973 K. Mather Genetical Struct. Populations ii. 21 Not all genes that affect viability are, however, completely lethal. Of some 3000 chromosomes tested in Drosophila willistoni..over 35% carried genes that were lethal or semi-lethal. About half of the remainder carried other genes affecting the viability of flies homozygous for them. 2. Causing or resulting in spiritual death; deadly; †esp. of sin = mortal adj. 6. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > moral or spiritual degeneration > degrading or impairing morally > [adjective] > causing spiritual death mortiferous1533 lethal1583 society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > sin > kinds of sin > [adjective] > mortal headlyOE headOE deadly?c1225 mortala1475 lethal1583 unvenial?1589 1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. Bv Two kindes of sinne, the one veniall, the other lethall. 1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. ii. xv. 358 To rouze, and awaken..the godly and religious soules, and raise them from out a lethall security. 1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler Aggawam 41 Such Epidemicall and lethall formality in other displinated Churches. 1861 C. Reade Cloister & Hearth III. iv. 79 Discoursing of sinners and their lethal end. 3. Of or pertaining to death. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > [adjective] > relating to death mortalc1425 deadly1470 capitalc1475 mortuary1542 parting?1570 deada1586 defunctive1601 lethal1607 deathly1763 deathya1822 1607 E. Sharpham Cupids Whirligig iv. sig. G4 Vengeance wings brings on thy lethall day. 1829 S. T. Coleridge Monody Death Chatterton (rev. ed.) in Poet. Wks. 17 On thy wan forehead starts the lethal dew. B. n. Genetics. A lethal allele or chromosomal abnormality (see A. 1d). ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > genetic components > [noun] > allele > types of allele dominant1900 unit character1902 multiple allelomorph1913 lethal1917 marker1930 multiple allele1930 amorph1932 hypomorph1932 neomorph1932 isoallele1943 hypermorph1949 1917 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 3 621 We must therefore believe that lethals are very frequent among recessive factors also. 1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 59 Sometimes the impairment of vitality is so great that the organism pure for these factors cannot exist at all: such factors are styled lethals. 1934 Mycologia 26 360 (heading) A lethal for ascus abortion in Neurospora. 1956 New Biol. 20 41 A deficiency arises when a chromosome is broken in two spots and the two end pieces join up to form a new chromosome from which the middle piece is missing... Large deficiencies, by which many genes have been removed from the cell, act as dominant lethals. Smaller deficiencies act as recessive lethals. Derivatives ˈlethally adv. in a deadly manner. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > cause of death > [adverb] deadlyc1050 deathlya1250 fellyc1330 mortallyc1390 à la mort?1536 deadlily1621 lethally1661 mortiferously1685 perishingly1698 deathfully1761 vitally1891 1661 R. Lovell Πανζωορυκτολογια, sive Panzoologicomineralogia 328 A..contagious matter, hurting all the actions of the heart suddainly and lethaly. 1971 Nature 10 Dec. 328/3 Lethally irradiated F₁ hybrid mice. Draft additions 1997 In weakened sense: highly damaging or injurious, devastating. Cf. deadly adj. 8b, devastating adj. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > [adjective] > harmful or injurious litherc893 scathefulc900 orneOE teenfulOE atterlichc1050 evilc1175 wicka1250 scathela1300 deringa1325 unkindc1330 harmfula1340 ill1340 wicked1340 shrewdc1380 noisomea1382 venomed1382 noyfulc1384 damageousc1386 infectivea1398 unwholesomea1400 annoying?c1400 mischievous1414 damnablec1420 contagiousc1430 mischievable?a1439 damagefulc1449 damageable1474 unhappy1474 nuisable1483 nocible1490 nuisible1490 nuisant1494 noxiousa1500 nocent?c1500 hurtful1526 sinistral1534 nocive1538 offendent1547 offensivea1548 dangerous1548 naughtya1555 dispendious1557 offensible1575 wrackful1578 baneful1579 hindersome1580 scandalizing1593 damnifiable1604 taking1608 toadish1611 illful1613 nocivousc1616 mischieving1621 nocuous1627 obnoxious1638 nocumentous1644 vicious1656 nocumental1657 abnoxious1680 dungeonable1691 offending1694 hurtsomea1699 nociferous1706 sinister1726 damnific1727 hazardous1748 slaughtering1811 damaging1856 damnous1870 lethal1942 the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > damage > [adjective] wounding?c1225 marring1567 murdersome?1585 interficient1647 on spoil1750 mauling1778 lethal1942 1942 L. V. Berrey & M. Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §702/2 Hard blow. Baby,..lethal left or right, lethal potion, lil, [etc.]. a1961 in Webster (at cited word) Showed a lethal skill in his dissection of the..book. 1978 V. Brome Jung xii. 119 One particularly lethal champagne-party. 1989 Guardian 3 July 14/3 A lethal drop shot, and a determination to hunt down every ball. 1989 Independent 19 Dec. 24/3 He devised..desserts of a baroque and lethal richness. 1991 Ace Feb. 111/1 While a bit slow and irritating running from floppies due to all the swapping, a hard disc shows the game to be far faster and more lethal than normal Chess. Draft additions January 2002 lethal injection n. an injection administered with the intention of killing the recipient, esp. as a means of execution or capital punishment, or for the purpose of euthanasia. ΚΠ 1898 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 190 308 (caption) 24 minutes after lethal injection. Falling pressure, with great irregularity. 1953 G. Reitlinger Final Solution ii. xi. 292 A week before the evacuation..the unfit in the Jewish section of the camp had been selected for a lethal injection. 1977 Philos. & Public Affairs 6 112 Legalizing active euthanasia..is another matter. Apart from the special repugnance doctors feel towards the idea of a lethal injection, it may be of the very greatest importance to keep a psychological barrier up against killing. 1977 Facts on File (Nexis) 6 Aug. 593 Briscoe praised the lethal injection as ‘a more dignified, a more humane means of carrying out the death penalty’. 1997 Independent 7 Jan. i. 8/4 ‘Peace at last,’ were [her]..last words to her husband who sat by her bedside in Darwin, in the Northern Territories, as she administered a lethal injection to herself using a computerised ‘death machine’. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1902; most recently modified version published online June 2022). lethalv. Brit. /ˈliːθl/, U.S. /ˈliθəl/ Etymology: < lethal adj. rare. transitive. To kill (animals) painlessly; = lethalize v. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > killing > killing of animals > kill animal [verb (transitive)] > by specific method sticklOE worry1340 strikea1400 spaya1425 lipc1475 smeek1691 pith1805 whoo-whoop1812 halal1819 to bark1865 destroy1866 flight1892 lethalize1897 lethal1922 1922 Daily Mail 7 Dec. 6 (advt.) Cat. Dying from internal injuries..: Lethalled. Derivatives ˈlethalling n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > killing > killing of animals > [noun] > by specific method cabaging1575 spearing1784 pithing1806 pig-sticking1821 worry1847 shechita1875 halal1888 estocada1910 lethalling1925 roadkill1943 autocide1967 1925 Observer 27 Sept. 13/6 Proper lethalling establishments where cats can be put to sleep free of charge. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1933; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1583v.1922
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lethaladj.n.

Derivatives

Draft additions 1997

Draft additions January 2002

lethalv.

Derivatives