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单词 liken
释义

likenv.

Brit. /ˈlʌɪk(ə)n/, U.S. /ˈlaɪkən/
Forms: Middle English leccone, Middle English legen, Middle English leken, Middle English lekyn, Middle English lickne, Middle English licne, Middle English likkin, Middle English likkyn, Middle English likon, Middle English likyn, Middle English lycken, Middle English lyckene, Middle English lyckyn, Middle English lyken, Middle English lykken, Middle English lykkyn, Middle English lykyn, Middle English lykyne, Middle English–1500s licken, Middle English–1500s lickyn, Middle English–1500s likne, Middle English–1500s lyken, Middle English–1500s lykne, Middle English– liken, 1600s lickn- (inflected form), 1800s licken (English regional (northern)), 1800s likken (English regional (northern)), 1800s lioken (English regional (Yorkshire)), 1900s like'n (Irish English (northern)); Scottish pre-1700 lickn- (inflected form), pre-1700 likkin, pre-1700 likkyn, pre-1700 likn- (inflected form), pre-1700 likyn, pre-1700 lykin, pre-1700 lykken, pre-1700 lykn- (inflected form), pre-1700 lykyn, pre-1700 1700s– liken, 1800s licken.
Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: like adj., -en suffix5.
Etymology: < like adj. + -en suffix5. Compare Middle Dutch likenen to resemble (Dutch lijkenen ), Middle Low German līkenen to resemble, to compare, to make equal, Old Swedish likna (Swedish likna ), Old Danish ligne (Danish ligne to resemble, to compare, to make equal), and also (with prefix: see y- prefix) Old Frisian alīknia to compare, Middle Dutch gelikenen to resemble, to compare (Dutch gelijkenen to resemble, formerly also ‘to compare’), Middle Low German gelīkenen to compare, Old High German gilīhhinōn to compete (Middle High German gelīchenen to compare, early modern German gleichnen to compare, to resemble).
1.
a. intransitive. With to (also till). To resemble, be like; (also) to become like. Obsolete.In early use with dative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > be similar [verb (intransitive)] > resemble or take after
to braid ofc1275
anliken1340
liken1340
semblec1400
showc1425
to draw after ——a1500
to be cast in a (particular) mould1745
assimilate1768
the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > be similar [verb (intransitive)] > become like
anliken1340
liken1340
assimilate1768
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 88 Þe more he him loueþ þe stranglaker, þe more he him likneþ propreliche.
c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1064 If þou wyrkkes on þis wyse, þaȝ ho wyk were, Hir schal lyke þat layk þat lyknes hir tylle.
1809 M. A. Bianchi Levity & Sorrow I. 70 Her own conduct towards Braunau had much likened to coquetry.
1809 M. A. Bianchi Levity & Sorrow II. 200 I once knew a lady..that likened surprisingly to you.
1838 T. Chalmers Lect. Rom. II. 87 We are daily likening unto Christ in superiority over the world.
1922 W. G. Horder God that Jesus saw iv. 102 The great end is..their likening to Christ and their being made to realise their sonship to the Father.
b. transitive. To symbolize, represent. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > physical representation of abstraction > symbolizing > be symbol of [verb (transitive)]
token971
to stand for ——a1387
presentc1390
discern?a1439
liken?c1450
adumbrate1537
figurate?1548
character1555
shadow1574
shade1591
characterize1594
symbolize1603
hieroglyphic1615
personatea1616
modelizea1628
similize1646
symptom1648
express1649
signaturize1669
image1778
embryo1831
symbol1832
?c1450 tr. Bk. Knight of La Tour Landry (1906) 11 (MED) The plater drawen oute of the donge likenithe [Fr. signifie] the soule in the bodi.
1984 Nature 29 Mar. 401/1 If the physical variable represents one or other of two different kinds of atoms, the system likens that of binary alloys.
2.
a. transitive. To regard or represent as similar to; to compare. Also with †into, unto, with, and in to liken together.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > compare [verb (transitive)] > liken
bysenc1325
anliken1340
comparison1340
liken1340
figure1393
like?c1425
semblea1440
compare1447
comparagea1450
signifya1470
comparate?a1475
figurate?a1500
resemble1533
patterna1586
symbolize with1605
assimilatec1616
similize1620
symbolize1651
similarize1806
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 234 No þing ne is worþi to be ylykned to þe chaste herte.
a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne (Harl.) 4756 And to þe croys by gode skylle Ys þe harpe lykened weyle.
c1450 (?a1349) in F. J. Furnivall Hymns to Virgin & Christ (1867) 22 (MED) Loue y likne in-to a fier Þat slakeen may for no þing.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 3095 (MED) It limps noȝt all-way þe last to licken with þe first.
a1475 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 15th Cent. (1939) 231 I leccone my lyfe vnto the morrow-tyde.
1548 H. Latimer Notable Serm. sig. A.iiiiv Wel may the preacher and the ploughman be lykened together.
1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 626 Of all the Græcain Captaines I can liken none so well vnto him, as Eumenes the Cardian. For both of them knew how to commaund, both were very valliant & politicke in warres, both were banished men out of their contry.
1604 H. Jacob Reasons 14 These things can not be compared nor likened togeather.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (1623) ii. i. 92 The Prince broke thy head for lik'ning [1600 liking] him to a singing man of Windsor.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost v. 573 By lik'ning spiritual to corporal forms. View more context for this quotation
1748 S. Richardson Clarissa III. ii. 26 Every good servant, for the future, will be proud to be liken'd to honest Joseph Leman.
1751 J. Harris Hermes i. vii. 106 The World has been likened to a variety of Things.
1808 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) II. 90 You liken her to Henry.
1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling i. i. 9 I likened him often..to sheet-lightning.
1884 W. C. Smith Kildrostan 93 You must not liken her To your wild-eyed Aspasias.
a1938 T. Wolfe You can't go Home Again (1973) iii. xxiv. 273 I have been likened..to a viper that an innocent populace had long nurtured in its bosom.
1976 N. Denny tr. V. Hugo Les Misérables (2003) ii. viii. iii. 464 Some carry blasphemy to the point of likening the scaffold of Louis XVI to the Cross of Jesus Christ.
2003 A. Swofford Jarhead 134 Some shooters might liken the trigger to a clitoris,..but in STA 2/7 we refrain from anthropomorphizing our weapons.
b. transitive. To make analogies (esp. derogatory analogies) about (a person). Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > accusation, charge > accuse [verb (transitive)] > lay to one's charge, impute
witec893
challenge1297
weena1300
to bear upon —c1300
likenc1400
layc1425
to put upa1438
object1447
establish1483
impose1484
reproach1490
annotea1513
lade1535
appoint1553
burden1559
clap1609
to charge (a fault, etc.) on, upon, against (a person)1611
upcast1825
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. x. l. 277 Lewed men may likne ȝow þus þat þe beem lithe in ȝowre eyghen.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. x. l. 42 Þo þat..Lickne men and lye on hem þat leneth hem no ȝiftes.
c. transitive. With infinitive. To represent or depict as (being or doing something). Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1515 Cronycle Englonde (de Worde) i. f. 6/1 Athlas ye grete astronomyer was this tyme, ye whiche is lykened to bere vp heuen on his sholders.
1580 J. Stow Chrons. of Eng. 927 Ther were great Images of wickers couered, and made like great men of diuers strange Nations, and diuers reasons were written by them of the Countreys that they were likened to be off.
1642 J. Cotton Brief Expos. Canticles vi. 169 This reformed Church... is likened to be... As an army with banners.
1681 W. Mather Very Useful Man. 223 Of some men they liken to be created worse than a Beast, to be born with such evil marks upon his hand.
d. transitive. To associate (a person) with (another person or thing) by repute (esp. in the context of an illicit relationship). Chiefly in passive with to or to be. Obsolete (Scottish in later use).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > evaluation, estimation, appraisal > estimate [verb (intransitive)] > be rated or regarded as
to pass for (also as)1463
likenc1570
rate1819
the mind > emotion > love > a lover > be someone's sweetheart [verb (intransitive)] > be assigned by repute as a lover
likenc1570
c1570 in J. Raine Depositions Courts Durham (1845) 59 They haith bein likned to-gither more and 2 yere.
1575 in J. Raine Depositions Courts Durham (1845) 304 He saith that the said Janet was never by any report lykned to any man for the getting of the said child, but only the said Robert... The said Robert is lykened to be the father of the said child.
1822 J. Galt Sir Andrew Wylie (ed. 2) I. xxv. 224 He's a nice man, and mair in him than he's likened to; I couldna hae thought he would hae done so meikle for me already.
1875 W. Alexander Sketches Life among Ain Folk 220 A body mith..licken't [sc. an illegitimate child] to ane o' yon chiels 't was aboot the toon wi' 'er at Briggies.
3. transitive. To make like. Also reflexive (usually with to): to make oneself resemble. Somewhat rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > render similar to [verb (transitive)]
comparison1340
likena1382
figure1393
compare1447
comparagea1450
comparate?a1475
assemble1483
apply?1532
assimile1547
configurate1582
resemble1590
guise1606
similize1620
assimilate1630
approacha1649
consimilate1716
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Wisd. xiii. 14 That he..bi the kunnyng of his craft..licne it to an ymage of man, or to sum of bestes it he comparisoune.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 4350 To sett him in-to seruitute..Þat god has fourmed to be free & to his face licknud.
?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) (1881) 216 To Lykyne [1483 BL Add. 89074 to make Lyke, assimilare, conformare].
1579 S. Gosson Ephemerides Phialo f. 3 Solomon..forbiddes vs to aunsweare a foole in his follie, lest we liken our selues vnto him.
1718 J. B. Weston Abstr. Doctr. Jesus-Christ x. 441 It is your humble, sweet, and benign Condescension... which likens you to your meek Redeemer.
1720 Duncan Fraser in T. Evans Old Ballads (1784) III. xvii. 172 I will liken her to a laidley worm, That warps about the stone.
1842 Ld. Brougham Polit. Philos. I. v. 158 The occasional deviations from its fundamental principles in a free constitution, and the temporary introduction of arbitrary power, liken it to the worst despotisms.
1869 A. J. Evans Vashti xvi. 213 My unpardonable sin consists in having..made myself comely! If you will procure an authentic portrait of the Witch of Endor, I will do proper penance by likening my appearance thereunto.
1944 Washington Post 10 Aug. 6/3 The son who gradually likens His ways, his smile, his mien unto his father.
2013 J. Isomae in M. Eggert & L. Hölscher Relig. & Secularity xi. 222 Shintō..tried to liken itself to the Western concept of religion.

Derivatives

ˈlikener n. a person who likens or compares one thing to another.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > [noun] > one who or that which makes representations
mirrora1382
likener1440
shadower1600
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 305 Lykenare, or he þat lykenythe, assimilator, assimilatrix.
1820 J. H. Reynolds Fancy 36 It is impossible not to remark upon his majesty's proneness to similes. Mr. Tims is a prodigious likener.
2009 P. C. Sandler Clin. Applic. Bion's Concepts ii. 67 This was a kind of syndrome likened to the Babel myth. But the likeners seem to forget that the language ‘babelisation’ occurred because humans were trying to reach Heaven.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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