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likenessn. Origin: Apparently a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: ylikeness n. Etymology: Apparently aphetic < ylikeness n. With early use in northern sources perhaps compare Old Icelandic líkneski , líkneskja shape, image, metaphor, although these may themselves show borrowings < a West Germanic language. Compare Old Frisian līkenisse resemblance, image, Middle Low German līkenesse equality, image, parable, and also the Germanic forms listed at ylikeness n. Compare anlikeness n.The β. forms probably reflect early Middle English shortening of the stem vowel (also seen in the comparative and superlative forms of ylike adj. and like adj.). 1. the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > thing seen > appearance or aspect > [adverb] > seemingly or apparently > under the semblance of the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [noun] > that which resembles something else OE (Northumbrian) vi. 27 Quis autem uestrum cogitans potest adicere ad staturam suam cubitum unum : huælc uutetlice iurre geðences mæge æt uel toece to licnesse uel to lengo [OE West Saxon Gospels: Corpus anlicnesse] his elne an uel enne. c1175 ( Ælfric (Bodl.) 23 Ure Hælend Crist, ðe com to ðissere weorulde & us edniwode to his licnysse [OE Laud gelicnisse]. c1330 (?a1300) (Auch.) (1973) l. 721 Þo he nam lickenisse of man And com him to an old wiman. J. Gaytryge (York Min.) (1901) l. 317 (MED) The sacrement of the auter, cristes owen bodi in likeness of brede. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 18823 Bot of his licknes þat he bar Quils he went prechand here and þare. þan mai we sai. a1425 (a1400) (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 832 Þan may men his liknes se Chaunged, als it had never bene he. c1430 (c1386) G. Chaucer (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1879) l. 1142 Cupido..Hadde the liknesse of the child I-take. a1470 T. Malory (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 345 The vertu of my rynge is..that that is rede woll turne in lyknesse to grene. a1513 W. Dunbar (1998) I. 249 Ane fieind he wes in liknes of ane freir. 1597 W. Shakespeare iv. i. 104 In this borrowed likenes of shrunke death, Thou shalt remaine full two and fortie houres. View more context for this quotation 1611 Ezek. i. 5 Out of the midst thereof came the likenesse of foure liuing creatures. View more context for this quotation 1637 J. Milton 4 I must..Take the weeds and likenesse of a Swaine. 1692 R. L'Estrange ccccxix. 395 It is safer yet to stand upon our Guard against an Enemy in the likeness of a Friend, then [etc.]. a1742 T. Story (1747) 73 He had..transformed himself into the Likeness of an Episcopalian; and now, when Presbytery had again prevailed, he had changed the Cloak again to the other Shoulder. 1774 P. Proctor tr. F. de S. de La Mothe-Fénelon II. xiv. 34 His mother had conceived him by Jupiter in the likeness of her husband. 1816 P. B. Shelley Dæmon of World in 100 The likeness of a throned king came by. 1881 E. A. Freeman 180 Spalato is putting on the likeness of a busy modern town. 1918 D. H. Loux i. 15 Man, who has been created in God's likeness. 1970 4 16 If I imagine myself assuming the likeness of Napoleon and believe myself to have become Napoleon, I will be charged with lunacy. 2003 G. F. Nafziger & M. W. Walton i. 2 Before him stood, in likeness of a man, an angel. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > [noun] the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > [noun] > act or instance of c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Tim. iii. 5 Hauynge sothli the spice, or licnesse [L. speciem], of pite, forsothe denyinge the vertu of it. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xviii. lxxxxvii. 1248 Þre sirene..plesed so schipmen wiþ liknesse of songe [L. sub specie cantus] þat þey drowen hem to perill. ?c1430 (c1383) J. Wyclif (1880) 19 (MED) Þei ben false prophetis hauynge þe lickenesse of holy religion. a1450 (a1396) W. Hilton 11 (MED) Be-war speciali of hem þat han..noon holynes..but a liknes of holynes oonli in þe tunge. 1565 tr. Ovid in T. Cooper at Proximitas And a vice may be hidde with the nigh likenesse of vertue. a1637 W. Rushworth (1640) iii. 526 The point you speake of, which you feare might deceiue vs by the likenesse of tradition, is ether true or false. 1661 S. Stone 3 She complained that she was deceived a long time under the lying likeness of Piety. 1773 Feb. 55/2 Honour is a splendid and comely garment; and therefore every hare-hearted knave, since he cannot put it on, will put on its likeness. 1867 F. Parkman xiii. 159 Pride, disguised even from itself, walks in the likeness of love and duty. 2. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > representation in art > [noun] > an artistic representation society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > plastic art > statuary > [noun] > statue OE (Northumbrian) (headings to readings) lxxv Temtantes de tributo caesaris dando supra inscribtionis uel imaginis interrogatione dest[r]uxit : gecunnedon of ðæm gaefel gyld cæseres to seallanne ofer inwurittena uel licnessa mið frasung gefælde. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 1057 Off þatt an. off cherubyn. Þeȝȝ haffdenn liccness metedd. Vpp o þatt oferrwerrc þatt wass. Abufenn þarrke timmbredd. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1963) l. 636 He wolde..wrchen hire..on licnesse [c1300 Otho anlicnesse] of ræde golde. a1325 (c1250) (1968) l. 678 Nilus king Made likenesse for muni[n]g After his fader. c1450 (?a1400) (Ashm.) l. 3679 (MED) Smeten was smaragdans..And..amytists..in aungels licknes. c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate (1934) ii. 754 I fond a lyknesse depict vpon a wal, Armed in vertues,..The hed of thre ful solempne and roial, Intellectus, Memorye, and Resoun. 1545 W. Turner sig. Fviiiv The iudges and Princes of the world..whiche gyue outward worship to the standyng images and liknesses of Emperoures. 1563 N. Ling tr. T. de Bèze sig. G.iiijv In place of painting there the name of Iesus Christ they haue painted the Images and liknesses of diuers gods and godesses. 1647 A. Cowley My Picture in (1687) 50 Here, take my Likeness with you, whilst 'tis so. 1659 R. P. tr. D. Petau ii. i. 40 He rais'd up the golden likenesses of Calves, especially in Bethel, and Dan. 1749 W. R. Chetwood 212 Some Poets, like some Painters, do not draw exact Likenesses; and are too prone to Flattery. 1781 W. Cowper 434 Such was the portrait an apostle drew,..Heaven held his hand, the likeness must be true. 1860 N. Hawthorne I. i. 5 You never chiselled..a more vivid likeness than this, cunning bust-maker as you think yourself. 1873 H. Cullwick (1984) 77 He also gave me a likeness of himself in colour, & he's exceedingly good-looking I think, & I've put him in my album. 1948 22 12 There is scarcely a political capital in the land..where the open spaces are not adorned—or defaced!—by bronze and marble likenesses of stern-faced generals and frock-coated politicians. 1964 D. M. Frame xi. 187 Handsome or ugly, he must paint a faithful likeness. 2005 25 May 21/1 Visitors were shocked to see likenesses of adventuresses and courtesans hanging next to those of ladies of rank and virtue. society > communication > representation > [noun] > a representation 1340 (1866) 49 Prelas..ssolden bi licnesse and uorbysne of holynesse..to al þe wordle. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 2708 (MED) Toward him com childir thre, Liknes o god in trinite. a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. (Rawl.) (1898) 232 (MED) The semblant or liknesse of the Passion by whych a man Is knowen by tokyn. the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [noun] > one who resembles another a1500 (?c1414) 4 (MED) Turne the, Lord, and tarye nowȝt, Thin owen lyknes to helpe and save. 1597 W. Shakespeare iii. iv. 74 Thou old Adams likenesse set to dresse this garden. View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton viii. 450 What next I bring shall please thee, be assur'd, Thy likeness, thy fit help, thy other self. View more context for this quotation 1683 T. Tryon (1697) xix. 412 All creatures do vehemently desire to bring forth their Likenesses. 1729 T. Cooke 22 Whose Sire..Had all bequeath'd..To the dear Likeness of himself his Son. 1796 tr. C. G. Cramer I. iii. 228 She is a miniature likeness of your Risa. 1837 Oct. 269/1 The living likeness of Ellen Lockwood is near me, and in her eyes I read worlds of bliss—beyond the grave. 1859 J. H. Ingraham xx. 333 ‘A Hebrew!’ repeated I to myself. ‘Truly, and the very likeness of Remeses, save that his hair is of a browner hue.’ a1894 W. Pater (1896) ii. 32 Her sacred veil.., which kings and princes came to visit, returning with a likeness thereof..for their own wearing. 1971 H. Tucker tr. O. Rank i. 5 While Margit flees in terror of the uncanny apparition, Balduin vainly tried to capture his likeness, who has disappeared just as suddenly as he came. 2011 I. Goldstein tr. P. Nádas iii. 734 [He] was the exact likeness of these two who in turn were each other's likeness. the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > [noun] > instance of society > education > teaching > means of teaching > [noun] > parable or exemplum society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > figures of meaning > [noun] > simile society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > figures of meaning > [noun] > allegory > an allegory c1175 ( Ælfric Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine (1993) 39 Ða sæde him..ðe Hælend..þis biȝspel..for þan ðe he us lærde mid þare licnesse. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Luke v. 36 He seide to hem also a liknesse [L. similitudinem]. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) 1978 And shewed hem ensample and lyknesse. a1475 (Garrett) (1929) 73 (MED) The kynges conscience aunswerd, spekynge by a lykenes. 1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville (Caxton) (1859) ii. lviii. 56 ‘What reson hath the fyre to pleyne vpon the wode, whiche..hit brenneth in to asshes?’.. ‘Noo cause,’ quod I,..‘but bytwene the and me this maner of lykenes is not comparable.’ ‘Sothly,’ quod this body, ‘this lykenes is accordaunt’. a1500 (?a1425) tr. (Lamb.) 50 (MED) Y will shewe to ȝow þis secree by liknes, spekand to ȝow by ensamples, signifiances, and tokenynges. 1528 W. Tyndale f. c Yf any Pharisey envye the, grudge at the or rayle apon the, thy father shall make answere for the, as thou seist in the fore rehersed lykenes or parable. ?1555 W. Turner sig. C.iiijv Which thinge I shall declare vnto you, by these two similitudes or liknesses. 1614 T. Wilson xv. 1217 What are wee to learne by this comparison or likenesse betweene the Ministery of the Gospell, and Leuiticall Priesthood? 1727 J. Asgill xv. 186 For Explanation of which Prophecies,..Christ himself hath left us Parable upon Parable, Likeness upon Likeness, and Saying upon Saying, to make it plainer and plainer to us. 1753 J. Cennick 15 He loves us with everlasting Love; and therefore left all his holy Angels, his Ministring Spirits,..and comes down from Heaven to Earth to call you to his Marriage. This is no Similitude, no Parable, no Likeness or Figure, but this is a real and solid Truth, you may be the Bride, the Lamb's Wife. 4. the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [noun] a1250 (?c1200) (Titus) (1940) l. 167 (MED) Athalt hire burðe i licnesse [c1225 Bodl. in cleannesse] of heuenliche cunde. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) 9515 Wite cloþes heo dude hire on..ilich þe snowe, Þat me ne ssolde hire uor þe liknesse ise ne iknowe. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. ii. xv. 79 Þe liknes of God is ischewid in a lowere maner in þe ordres of þis ierarchie. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 3332 Licknes to corbin had he nan! 1532 J. Fisher i. sig. B.4v Whan there is so great a lykenes betwene vs and them, and in so many qualyties, this shold moue & styre vs greatly to haue some tender compassyon vpon them. 1551 W. Turner sig. K vv It may be called..ciste sage, of the lyknes that it hath with sage. 1598 W. Shakespeare v. iii. 8 The Lord of Stafford deare to day hath bought Thy likenesse . View more context for this quotation 1600 W. Cornwallis I. ix. sig. F7 Confounding a Gentleman, and a Peasant, with the likenesse of salutation. 1651 J. Howell Pref. sig. Bv Moreover, if likenes may beget love, England hath reason to affect Venice more than any other. a1715 Bp. G. Burnet (1724) I. 51 His other writings being such, that no man from a likeness of style would think him capable of writing so extraordinary a book. 1771 J. R. Forster tr. P. Kalm II. 74 The purple daws, bear, in many points, so great a likeness to the daw, the stare, and the thrush, that is it is difficult to determine to which genus they are to be reckoned. 1818 J. C. Hobhouse (ed. 2) 386 Neither of them has a shadow of likeness with the lyric poetry of Petrarch. 1850 Ld. Tennyson lxxii. 101 As sometimes in a dead man's face,..A likeness..Comes out—to some one of his race. View more context for this quotation 1915 J. Turner Let. 3 May in C. Warren (2019) 11 My drawing of Sergeant Q...he said was a great likeness. a1933 J. A. Thomson (1934) I. ii. 25 There is a certain likeness between a dolphin and a shark. 1956 J. A. Gard & H. F. W. Taylor in 31 20 The Crestmore material must be regarded as a new species. Because of the likeness to okenite, the anagram nekoite is suggested. 2010 J. Sasson x. 125 He had large expressive eyes and bore a remarkable likeness to the Hollywood movie actor Clark Gable. the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [noun] > a similarity 1598 I. D. tr. L. Le Roy ii. 60 Then haue I followed the times and Countries, conferring their likenesses and differences together. 1656 tr. T. Hobbes iv. xxv. 297 He that observes readily the likenesses of things of different natures, or that are very remote from one another, is said to have a good Fancy. 1692 J. Norris i. 98 If Mr. Vickris be as good at finding out Differences, as he is at finding out Likenesses, perhaps he may be able to distinguish them. 1709 W. Oldisworth I. iii. 298 Comparisons are odious: and when the Gossips are once resolved to fix upon the Father, 'tis easie for a good nimble Imagination after a Dram or two, to find out a thousand pretty Likenesses in the Child. 1782 162/2 Upon the comparison of the two languages the Gothick and the English,..a man must be little sagacious in distinguishing likenesses who does not discover that the one is the natural descendant of the other. 1818 S. T. Coleridge (new ed.) III. 181 The perceived likenesses and differences of the objects to be arranged. 1855 A. Bain ii. ii. 486 There is scope for the detection of likenesses in the midst of diversity. 1903 12 20 Those universal aspects or types which things in their likenesses and differences display. 1989 S. J. Gould (1991) 213 If we could just compile a long list of features, count the likenesses and unlikenesses, [etc.]. 2013 (Nexis) 17 Aug. f6 The likenesses between the characters and their real life models are easily eclipsed by the differences. the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > probability, likelihood > [noun] > that which is probable > in amount a1475 J. Fortescue (Laud) (1885) 131 Now that the lykennes off the kynges charges ordinarie and extraordinarie bith shewid, [etc.]. Phrasesa1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. viii. Prol. 441 Þat we may by liknesse of bodiliche propirtees þe more esiliche vndirstonde mistik and spiritual menynge in holy writt. c1450 tr. G. Deguileville (Cambr.) (1869) 44 (MED) Whan Aristotle was come bifore hire, he seyde hire the greetinges and sithe seyde hire bi likenesse. c1450 (?a1402) J. Trevisa tr. (Digby 233) f. 1v (MED) [It] is figural, þat is to say by likeneses rude & boystous. a1470 T. Malory (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 1015 Above the prystis hondys were three men, whereof the two put the yongyste by lyknes betwene the prystes hondis. a1500 (?c1440) J. Lydgate Horse, Goose & Sheep (Lansd.) l. 113 in (1934) ii. 544 (MED) The ship bi liknesse is clepid an hors of tree..To leden men & carien ouer see As don these hors whan thei ar come to lond. 1571 R. Henryson tr. Æsop (Bassandyne) 47 The Lyoun is the warld be liknes [?a1500 liklynace]. P2. 1692 M. Smith ix. 25 He is one of a sound Judgment in the Art, a diligent Imitator of Lyly and very Fortunate in his Choice; he is likewise very happy in taking the Likeness. 1695 H. Killigrew in tr. Martial To Rdr. sig. A5v A Painter, that will likeness take, Must not refuse i'th' Face a Scarr to make, If such he finds. 1784 19 Feb. 1/2 If I fail in taking the Likeness, I do not make any charge, but hope to be permitted to draw until I do. society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to subject > make subject for painting [verb (intransitive)] > paint portrait 1711 R. Molesworth in tr. F. Hotman 8 They got a Painter to his Bed's-side, who took his Likeness as well as 'twas possible at such a time. 1780 H. Walpole (ed. 2) IV. i. 1 At most he gave himself the trouble of taking the likeness of the person who sat to him. 1816 J. Austen I. vi. 85 Did you ever have your likeness taken ? View more context for this quotation 1883 C. T. Brooks tr. J. P. F. Richter 66 I would not stand in the shoes of such a writer—one who creeps with his geographic mirror into every cul-de-sac in order to take its likeness. 1933 D. Thomas Nov. (1987) 36 On receiving your photograph I went immediately to have my own likeness taken, there being no existent photograph of myself at this stage of decline. 1988 C. Harrod-Eagles vi. 100 To give licence to his staring at her, he got out his sketching book and took her likeness. 2006 (Nexis) 16 Apr. 22 The figures sometimes stare straight out from the page, as if to question the artist's right to take their likenesses. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.OE |
