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单词 liver
释义

livern.1adj.2

Brit. /ˈlɪvə/, U.S. /ˈlɪvər/
Forms: early Old English libr, Old English–Middle English lifer, Old English–1600s liuer, late Old English–1600s lyuer, early Middle English lifre, early Middle English liuerre, Middle English liuere, Middle English liure, Middle English livere, Middle English livre, Middle English livyr, Middle English lyuere, Middle English lyuour, Middle English lyuoure, Middle English lyure, Middle English lyuyr, Middle English lyvere, Middle English lyvir, Middle English lyvre, Middle English lyvyr, Middle English lyvyre, Middle English lywer, Middle English lywir, Middle English 1600s liuour, Middle English–1600s lyver, Middle English– liver, late Middle English leuer, late Middle English leuere, late Middle English leuir, late Middle English leuyr, late Middle English levir, late Middle English levyr, late Middle English lewyr, late Middle English lyffer, late Middle English lyffere, late Middle English–1600s lever, 1600s livour, 1900s– livah (U.S. regional); Scottish pre-1700 leuar, pre-1700 leuer, pre-1700 leuir, pre-1700 lever, pre-1700 levir, pre-1700 lewer, pre-1700 liewer, pre-1700 liffyr, pre-1700 liuer, pre-1700 livar, pre-1700 livir, pre-1700 luffer, pre-1700 luffyr, pre-1700 luiffar, pre-1700 lyuyr, pre-1700 lyver, pre-1700 lywir, pre-1700 1700s– liver.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian livere (West Frisian lever), Middle Dutch lēver, lēvere (Dutch lever), Old Saxon lebera, levera (Middle Low German lēver, lēvere), Old High German lebara, lebera, lepera, libara (Middle High German leber, lebere, German Leber), Old Icelandic lifr (Icelandic lifur), Old Swedish liver (Swedish lever, †lefver), Old Danish liuær, lyuær, lewer (Danish lever), further origin uncertain and disputed; the Germanic noun has no secure cognates in other branches of Indo-European.Some scholars derive the word from the same Indo-European base as ancient Greek λιπαρός oily, shiny with oil, fatty, greasy (see liparocele n.), λιπαρής adhesive, i.e. ultimately from the same Indo-European base as live v.1 and (with different ablaut grade) leave v.1 If so, the organ would have been so named either on account of its colour and appearance, or perhaps with reference to the practice of fattening the liver of geese or other birds to turn it into a delicacy. Alternatively, it has repeatedly been suggested that the Germanic nouns are cognate with classical Latin iecur , ancient Greek ἧπαρ liver and their Indo-European cognates (see hepar n.), but this presents formal difficulties, since the initial l- of the Germanic nouns is hard to account for. To overcome this difficulty, older etymological dictionaries often adduced the supposedly parallel case of Armenian leard liver, which has sometimes been regarded as a cognate; however, it is doubtful whether there is any etymological connection between the Armenian noun and either the Germanic nouns or the cognates of iecur and ἧπαρ . A more recent suggestion is that both the Germanic nouns and the cognates of iecur and ἧπαρ go back to an Indo-European base with initial *ly- , and that this cluster, being infrequent, was first assimilated within Germanic to *ll- and subsequently simplified to *l- . However, this suggestion has not been generally accepted either. Some have taken the extended sense A. 3 to represent a different word, comparing various verbs and adjectives in other Germanic languages in the senses ‘to clot, coagulate’ and ‘coagulated’ respectively, but there seems to be no convincing reason for doing so, since nearly all the Germanic words in question can equally well be taken as sense developments or derivatives of the respective noun for ‘liver’. With Old English blōd-lifer blood clot (see sense A. 3) compare Old Icelandic blóð-lifr , in the same sense. In sense A. 5 after post-classical Latin hepar hepar n. Also attested early in place names, probably usually in the sense ‘thick or muddy water’ (compare sense A. 6 and also liver sea n. at Compounds 3, livery adj. 1, livered adj. 3b) as in Liuresec , Liuresech (1086; now Liversedge, West Riding, Yorkshire), Liuretun (1086; now Liverton, North Riding, Yorkshire), Liuermera (1086; now Great Livermere, Suffolk), Liuerpul (a1194; now Liverpool, Lancashire), etc., although some of these place names may alternatively reflect either the Old English male forename Lēofhere or levers n.1
A. n.1
I. Senses relating to the organ of the animal body.
1.
a. In vertebrate animals: a large glandular organ of the digestive system, located in the upper or anterior abdomen, which serves to secrete bile, to process and store nutrients absorbed from the intestines, and to perform various other important metabolic functions.The liver is typically of a dark reddish-brown colour and divided into two or more lobes. In humans it is located beneath the right side of the ribcage.chicken-liver: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [noun] > liver
livereOE
mawa1382
fee14..
separatory1656
eOE (Kentish) Glosses to Proverbs of Solomon (Vesp. D.vi) in U. Kalbhen Kentische Glossen (2003) 124 Iecor eius : his lifere.
eOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Otho) xxxv. 103 Se ultor sceolde forlætan ðæt he ne slat ða lifre Sticces [L. Tityi iecur] þæs cyninges ðe hine ær mid ðy witnode.
OE tr. Pseudo-Apuleius Herbarium (Vitell.) (1984) cxlv. 188 Þeos sylfe wyrt ðæra breosta sar & þære lifre [?a1200 Harl. 6258B þara lifra]..mid gesodenan wine gehæleþ.
c1300 St. Michael (Laud) l. 738 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 320 In þe Neþemeste bolle þat þe liuere deoth of springue, þare comez o-manere soule.
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1095 (MED) Þey..gunne taste is wounde, His lyure, ys lunge, & is guttes al-so, & found hem hol & sounde.
a1425 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Linc. Inn) (1952) l. 2146 Alisaundre hutte him certe Þoruȝ liure and longe and heorte.
?a1450 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (BL Add. 12056) (1894) 27 Þilke chylum spredeþ þorwe al þe lyffere by mene of veynes Capillares.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. iii. 41 Me thynk my hert ryfys, Both levyr and long, To se sich stryfys Wedmen emong.
1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. lxxii Qualyfy the heat of the lyuer and the stomake with the confection of acetose.
1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 20/2 The debilest syde of the obdurated liver or milte.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 346 Spirits that live throughout Vital in every part, not as frail man In Entrailes, Heart or Head, Liver or Reines. View more context for this quotation
1694 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 18 17 The Liver..which by some is adjudged to be particularly..misaffected in this Distemper.
1718 M. Prior Alma i, in Poems Several Occasions (new ed.) 335 The Liver..parts, and strains the Vital Juices.
1776 Trial Maha Rajah Nundocomar for Forgery 33/1 I believe he has a scirrhous liver.
1818 Ld. Byron Beppo lxxxviii. 45 I never Saw a man grown so yellow! How's your liver?
1872 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. (ed. 6) v. 117 The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body, ordinarily weighing about 50, or 60 ounces.
1922 J. J. Sudborough Bernthsen's Text-bk. Org. Chem. (new ed.) xiv. 339 Glycogen..is present, e.g. in the livers of the mammalia.
1969 A. Ginsberg in Spontaneous Mind: Interviews (2001) 192 Continuous use of insecticides..accumulates in people's livers and poisons them.
2007 New Scientist 10 Feb. 32/1 As soon as you start drinking alcohol, your liver revs into action.
b. The liver of an animal used as food, medicine, an object of divination, etc.; (as a mass noun) the tissue of an animal's liver as food.goose liver: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > animals for food > part or joint of animal > [noun] > glands
liverOE
kidneyc1325
rys lumbard?c1390
fee14..
sweetbread1565
burr1573
gut-bread1893
miltz1909
prairie oyster1941
OE tr. Medicina de Quadrupedibus (Vitell.) iv. 246 Wið miltan sare foxes lungen..þa miltan hyt wundorlice gehæleþ; swa deþ hys lifer þæt ylce.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 3240 Þat deor..for-bat him þa breste ban and þa senuwen. þat þa lihte and þa liuere [c1300 Otho liure] feollen on eorðen.
c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 131 Haue I nat of a Capon but the lyuere.
a1475 Liber Cocorum (Sloane) (1862) 41 (MED) Take lyver of porke and kerve hit smalle.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Ezek. xxi. 21 To axe Councell at the Idols, and to loke in to the lyuer.
1598 tr. G. de Rosselli Epulario H iv b To make a Tart of the liuer of fishes.
1599 A. M. tr. O. Gaebelkhover Bk. Physicke 131/1 For the Laske..Boyle the Liver of any animalcle, decocte the same, and cause him to eate therof.
1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida v. iii. 18 They are polluted offrings more abhord, Then spotted liuers in the sacrifice. View more context for this quotation
1639 J. Mayne Citye Match iii. ii This came from The Indies, and eats five Crownes a day in frye, Oxe livers, and browne past.
1746 R. Brocklesby Ess. Mortality 26 It was..esteemed the chief method of curing the Bite of a mad Dog, to force the Patient to eat the raw Liver of the rabid Animal.
1771 O. Goldsmith Haunch of Venison 81 A fry'd liver and bacon.
c1818 Young Woman's Companion 2 The liver and crow are much admired fried with bacon.
1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. II. xx. 204 With my inner man well refreshed with auk-livers, I was soon asleep.
1923 Brooklyn Jewish Chron. 7 Dec. 2/4 Bake liver in oven and put with onion and eggs through meat grinder.
1989 J. Sullivan Only Fools & Horses (2000) II. 6th Ser. Episode 2. 47/1 Look I had a date with that Simone sort from the cut-price butcher's and she had a bag of liver for us.
c. In invertebrates: a glandular organ or tissue (thought to be) analogous to the vertebrate liver in function or appearance; spec. a digestive gland or hepatopancreas.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > bodies or parts > [noun] > organ analogous to liver
liver1569
1569 R. Androse tr. ‘Alessio’ 4th Bk. Secretes 19 Take of the lyuer of an olde sea Vrchen and drie it, and being made in pouder, giue the sicke to drinke thereof in warme broth.
1742 J. Martyn & E. Chambers tr. Philos. Hist. & Mem. Royal Acad. Sci. Paris III. 347 The other is a sort of intestine, which first passes through the brain, then makes several circumvolutions in the liver.
1841 T. R. Jones Gen. Outl. Animal Kingdom xxiii. 414 The liver is proportionately of very large size in the Mollusca we are now describing.
1884 A. Sedgwick & F. G. Heathcote tr. C. Claus Elem. Text-bk. Zool.: Protozoa to Insecta 59 In the Invertebrata the secretions of many glands, which are generally called ‘liver’, but which would be more appropriately termed hepatopancreas.
1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) viii. 105 This part of the stomach..is pentagonal in form in the disc, but it is extended into each ray in the form of a pair of large pyloric ceca or livers.
1981 Times 13 June 12/7 The [lobster's] red coral and the creamy green liver, known as tomalley, are delicious.
2004 Jrnl. Environmental Radioactivity 76 103 Relatively high concentrations of 228Ra were detected in ascidian livers.
2. Disease or disorder of the liver. Frequently (now usually) with distinguishing word denoting the appearance of the affected liver or the cause of the disease.gin-drinker's, hobnail, nutmeg liver: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > glandular disorders > [noun] > disorders of liver
hepatitis1699
liver rot1785
liver1805
gin liver1830
nutmeg liver1833
cirrhosis1839
Laennec's cirrhosis1839
gin drinker's liver1845
yellow atrophy1845
hobnailed liver1849
red atrophy1849
hobnail liver1882
fascioliasis1884
infectious hepatitis1891
distomatosis1892
distomiasis1892
hepatomegalia1893
infective hepatitis1896
spirit liver1896
hepatoma1905
hepatosplenomegalia1930
Pick's syndrome1932
serum hepatitis1943
Pick's syndrome1955
micronodular cirrhosis1960
macronodular cirrhosis1967
hep1975
1805 J. Leyden Let. 24 Oct. in W. Scott Misc. Prose Wks. (1870) IV. 179 I had a most terrible attack of the liver.
1826 J. Jekyll Let. 28 Oct. in Corr. (1894) 165 Lord Wycombe was dying of liver and dropsy.
1843 W. L. Macgregor Pract. Observ. Principal Dis. Soldiers xiv. 113 Calomel, when capable of producing salivation, and thus setting up an unnatural action in the system cures Hepatitis, or as it is often called ‘liver’.
1871 T. Watson Lect. Physic (ed. 5) II. 670 What used to be called the ‘nutmeggy’ liver, is simply the result of congestion of its blood-vessels.
1884 A. Forbes Chinese Gordon iii. 148 He suffered from ague for the first time since boyhood, and later came liver.
1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxix. 779 Portal cirrhosis.—There are many synonyms of this disease, such as..hob-nail liver, and gin-drinker's liver.
1977 S. J. Perelman Eastward Ha! ii. 33 Charlie, while cured of his hobnail liver, reposed under a headstone.
1988 J. C. Bell et al. Zoonoses 87 Chronic cirrhosis (pipestem liver) is common in sheep.
2006 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 12 Sept. d2/1 Fatty liver, or steatosis, is an abnormal storage of fat in the liver.
II. Extended uses.
†3. blood-liver n. Obsolete (probably) a clot of blood. Cf. livery adj. 1a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of blood > [noun] > coagulated blood > clot or clump
blood-liverOE
clod1398
congelation1483
shed1513
clot1611
grume1718
coagulum1767
blood clot1805
clump1939
sludge1947
OE Andreas (1932) 1276 Swat yðum weoll þurh bancofan, blodlifrum swealg, hatan heolfre.
4.
a. The bodily organ regarded as the seat of love or other passionate emotion, as anger, bitterness, etc. Cf. hot-livered adj. 2 and heart n. 10. Now chiefly archaic and historical.The liver was identified by classical writers variously as the seat of the passions or of the intelligence or mind; livers were also inspected by soothsayers in divination (see hepatoscopy n. at hepato- comb. form ). In Chinese thought the liver has been considered the source of strength or courage.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > passion > [noun] > seat of passion
livera1393
the mind > emotion > love > amorous love > [noun] > seat of love
heartc1325
livera1393
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 470 The livere makth him forto love.
c1440 Prose Life Alexander (Thornton) (1913) 83 Couetise, ȝe say, es godd of þe lyuer, for he was þe firste lechoure þat euer was.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Prov. vii. 23 Immediatly he foloweth her, as it were an oxe led to the slaughter..so longe till she hath wounded his lyuer with hir darte.
1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. B2 To quench the coale which in his liuer glowes. View more context for this quotation
1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing iv. i. 233 Then shall he mourne, If euer loue had interest in his liuer . View more context for this quotation
?1602 Narcissus (MS Bodl. Rawl. poet. 212) (1893) 703 That greives my liver most.
1612 G. Chapman Widdowes Teares iv. sig. I2v It will be such a cooler To my Venerean Gentlemans hot liuer.
1623 J. Webster Dutchesse of Malfy ii. iii. sig. E2v By him I'll send A Letter, that shall make her brothers Galls Ore-flowe their Liuours.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 108 When Love's unerring Dart Transfixt his Liver; and inflam'd his heart. View more context for this quotation
1702 J. Dennis Comical Gallant i. i. 8 Ford.: Love my Wife. Pist.: With Liver burning hot, prevent, or go thou, Sir, Acteon like, with Ringwood at thy Heels.
1777 W. Green tr. Horace Odes ii. xxv. 45 What flagrant lust of blood, and flame..Shall..in the ulcer'd liver fry Unquenched in plangent doom.
1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 734 He was a great hunter, and his liver grew hot in him for the bush.
1945 L. Yutang Vigil of Nation vi. 82 A man whose nerves are jumpy is described as suffering from a ‘too hot liver fire’.
1981 Amer. Ethnologist 8 477 Angry behavior, whether indulged in by the mad or the sane, is called panas hati (hot-livered), since the liver is considered to be the seat of emotions.
2003 M. Morton Lover's Tongue iv. 45 From the fourteenth to the seventeenth century, the liver was also thought by some to be the seat of noble emotions such as love and courage.
†b. The bodily organ regarded as the seat of cowardice (usually characterized as light-coloured or white: i.e. supposedly lacking bile or ‘choler’). Cf. lily-livered adj. at lily adj. b, white-livered adj., and to wash the milk off one's liver at milk n.1 and adj. Phrases 4b. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iii. ii. 86 How many cowards..who inward searcht, haue lyuers white as milke. View more context for this quotation
a1677 T. Manton 190 Serm. on 119th Psalm (1681) clxxix. 1025 Now the most Valorous and Couragious Affection, is Love; a Cowardly Lover is a Monster, one that hath all Liver, and no Heart.
a1859 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. (1861) V. xxv. 304 [anno 1701] In every market place..papers about the brazen forehead..and the white liver of Jack Howe, the French King's buffoon, flew about.
1894 B. Stoker in Cosmopolitan Sept. 620/1 He was a man, if you like, a bulldog full of hell-fire, when he was on for fighting; he wouldn't have a white liver at any price.
†c. Something that has a vital function in maintaining a body politic or other system. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > importance > [noun] > that which is important > other
a great speak1587
livera1616
event1794
strategic point1861
action1927
a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) v. vi. 14 To you (the Liuer, Heart, and Braine of Britaine) By whom (I grant) she liues. View more context for this quotation
1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt. 142 The Mint is the very Liver of the Nation, and was wont to be the cheife care of the Parliament.
†d. Disposition, temperament; = kidney n. 2a. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun]
heartOE
erda1000
moodOE
i-mindOE
i-cundeOE
costc1175
lundc1175
evena1200
kinda1225
custc1275
couragec1300
the manner ofc1300
qualityc1300
talentc1330
attemperancec1374
complexionc1386
dispositiona1387
propertyc1390
naturea1393
assay1393
inclinationa1398
gentlenessa1400
proprietya1400
habitudec1400
makingc1400
conditionc1405
habitc1405
conceitc1425
affecta1460
ingeny1477
engine1488
stomach?1510
mind?a1513
ingine1533
affection1534
vein1536
humour?1563
natural1564
facultyc1565
concept1566
frame1567
temperature1583
geniusa1586
bent1587
constitution1589
composition1597
character1600
tune1600
qualification1602
infusion1604
spirits1604
dispose1609
selfness1611
disposure1613
composurea1616
racea1616
tempera1616
crasisc1616
directiona1639
grain1641
turn1647
complexure1648
genie1653
make1674
personality1710
tonea1751
bearing1795
liver1800
make-up1821
temperament1821
naturalness1850
selfhood1854
Wesen1854
naturel1856
sit1857
fibre1864
character structure1873
mentality1895
mindset1909
psyche1910
where it's (he's, she's) at1967
1800 in Spirit of Public Jrnls. (1801) 4 182 John Bull will solemnly and dully sit down to his pipe and bowl with a fellow of the same serious liver.
5. Chemistry.
a. Any of various reddish-brown solids, typically metal sulphides or polysulphides; = hepar n. 1. Now only as in senses A. 5b, A. 5c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > [noun] > liver-coloured substance
liver1660
1660 J. Harding tr. B. Valentine Triumphant Chariot Antimony 109 Straine it as you would a Lixivium; by which meanes a Liver will be made.
1786 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 76 147 A proportion of caustic fixed alkali or lime equal to that which enters into the composition of those livers.
1797 Encycl. Brit. X. 104/2 Liver of Arsenic, is a combination of white arsenic with liquid fixed vegetable alkali, or by the humid way.
1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange Man. Course Chem. I. 174 The result will be a solid mass of a reddish brown colour,..which has a considerable resemblance to the liver of certain animals. It is for this reason that sulphurets have been called Livers.
b. liver of antimony n. now historical fused sulphide of antimony.
ΚΠ
1678 tr. M. Charas Royal Pharmacopœa lxxv. 208 Separating the Dross, beat it together with the Liver of Antimony.
1758 A. Reid tr. P. J. Macquer Elements Theory & Pract. Chym. II. 15 By a blow with a hammer, separate the scoria from the shining part, which is the Liver of Antimony.
1876 Daily Tel. 27 July 3/5 (E.D.D.) Do you ever use black antimony, or liver of antimony, with any of the horses?
1920 Lancet 15 May 1047/1 The crocus metallorum, or liver of antimony, was a violent cathartic and emetic.
2000 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 90 31 The Lexicon Technicum..refers to ‘Crocus Metallorum’ or Liver of Antimony made by firing equal parts of powder of antimony and saltpetre.
c. liver of sulphur n. a substance made by heating potassium and sulphur which consists chiefly of the sulphide, polysulphides, and thiosulphate of potassium, used in metalworking to form patinas and formerly in pharmacy.
ΚΠ
1694 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana i. ix. 503 Hepar Sulphuris, Liver of Sulphur.
1721 W. Gibson Farriers Dispensatory 115/1 Take the Liver of Sulphur four Ounces, of Succotrine Aloes one Ounce and a half, Myrrh one Ounce, let them all be made into fine Powder.
1788 Chambers's Cycl. (new ed.) III. (at cited word) Particular kinds of livers of sulphur may be formed by the combination of volatile alkali, of quicklime, or of absorbent earths.
1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 823 When he steeped seeds..in a strong solution of liver of sulphur, he never lost a seed by vermin.
1868 J. F. Royle & F. W. Headland Man. Materia Med. (ed. 5) 89 The Sulphuret of Potassium was formerly known by the name of Liver of Sulphur.
1913 Jrnl. Royal Hort. Soc. 39 378 It appears unsafe to spray many varieties of gooseberries with either lime-sulphur or liver of sulphur.
1992 Rock & Gem Feb. 88/2 The bezels and the backing were oxidized, using liver of sulphur dissolved in a cup of microwaved hot water.
†6. Agriculture. Soil that is heavy and wet. Also liver soil. Cf. livery adj. 1c. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > kind of earth or soil > [noun] > waterlogged soil
moss1596
boga1687
liver1803
pakihi1851
gley1927
pseudogley1953
1803 Ann. Agric. 39 79 Upon these strong soils, the point..most necessary to attend to is that of avoiding all spring ploughing, which loses a friable surface, and turns up liver.
1863 Rep. Commissioner Agric. (U.S. Dept. Agric.) 54 Some portions of this district towards the mountains contain a proportion of what is termed ‘liver soil’ by the farmers, productive in wheat and grasses.
B. adj.2
Of the colour of liver; spec. = liver-brown adj. and n. at Compounds 3. Cf. liver colour n. at Compounds 1a, liver chestnut adj. and n. at Compounds 3.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > [adjective] > reddish brown > liver
liver-hued1616
liver-coloured1654
liver1802
1802 Times 28 Jan. 1/2 (advt.) Lost, a liver and white spotted spaniel bitch.
1892 Daily News 31 May 6/1 General D.'s familiar browns [sc. horses] and the chestnuts liver and pale.
1904 Times 17 Dec. 12/1 Mr. C. C. Eversfield won the team stake with Ambertie Powder, Canonite Powder, and Velox Powder, all liver and white English Springers.
1999 L. Spiotta-DiMare Sporting Spaniel Handbk. Pref. p. vi My husband was attracted to the deep liver coat of the Field Spaniel.
2005 Loot 13 Dec. (Liverpool ed.) 22/3 (advt.) German short haired Pointer pups, ready 17th Dec, 3 dogs, 3 bitches.., black and white, liver and white, one solid liver.

Phrases

P1. Palmistry. line of the liver: = liver line n. at Compounds 3.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > divination by natural phenomena > palmistry > [noun] > mark on the hand > other lines
line of the livera1440
sister1558
headline1571
liver line1571
discriminal1652
heart line1652
line of (the) sun1653
natural line1653
sun line1653
dragon's tail1678
fate-line1889
a1440 Old Palmistry (Digby) 30 Yf the lyne of the lyvyr & the stomak be long and hole, not brokon..it tokenyth continuel hele of the lyvyr & of the stomak.
1653 R. Saunders Physiognomie i. 50 When this line of the Liver is winding up and down, and waving, it signifies Theft, evill Conscience.
1793 Astrologer's Mag. Sept. 69/1 The line of the liver sufficiently long, that is to say, extending to the middle of the natural line, deep, large, continued and well coloured, it denotes a good liver, and of good digestion, and so consequently long life.
1841 ‘Raphael’ Familiar Astrologer 590 The line of the liver begins at the bottome of that of life, and reaches to the table-line, making this triangular figure.
1947 Mod. Lang. Notes 62 4 There are five principle lines in the hand: (1) the table line or line of fortune, (2) the natural line, (3) the line of life or of the heart, (4) the line of the liver or stomach, and (5) the sister line or line of death.
1976 R. Selzer Mortal Lessons 66 [The] palmist always places great emphasis on the length and curve of the hand marking known as the ‘line of the liver’.
P2. to scare the liver and lights out of: see lights n. Phrases.

Compounds

C1.
a. General attributive (in sense A. 1).
liver cell n.
ΚΠ
1845 Medico-chirurg. Rev., & Jrnl. Pract. Med. 47 31 Why does the liver-cell contain oil-globules and yellow matter, rather than urea and the lithates?
1937 Lancet 9 Oct. 840/1 The cause of the jaundice is the temporary toxic effect of the gold salts upon the liver cells.
2004 Healthy Sept.–Oct. 47/3 Damaged liver cells release some of their components into the bloodstream, so measuring the level of these can tell us about liver health.
liver colour n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > [noun] > reddish brown > liver
liver colour1632
1632 Proclam. Well Ordering Silk Trade 2 It was then conceiued these nine collours, Viz Liuer colour, Deroy, Tawnie, Purple, French greene, Gingerline, Deere colour, Orenge colour or light Russet, could not bee dyed without some increase of weight.
a1728 J. Woodward Attempt Nat. Hist. Fossils Eng. (1729) i. 232 A Piece of Iron-Ore, of a dark Liver Colour.
1806 W. Henry Epitome Chem. (ed. 4) i. xi. 142 [Sulphurets] have, for the most part, a reddish brown or liver colour; and hence were formerly called hepars, or livers of sulphur.
1934 Times 3 Dec. 17/6 As show dogs and companions they have much to recommend them, their rich golden liver colour being pleasing.
2004 J. R. Gillespie Mod. Livestock & Poultry Production (ed. 7) vii. 580 The chestnut color is red with variations from a light yellow to a dark liver color.
liver extract n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > preparations treating or preventing specific ailments > [noun] > for cirrhosis
liver extract1883
1883 Proc. Royal Soc. 35 401 More chlorophyll is present than in the liver extract.
1993 New Scientist 27 Nov. 43/2 There are some good stories, particularly about Janet Vaughan using Virginia Woolf's mincer to make liver extracts for pernicious anaemia patients in the 1920s.
liver function n.
ΚΠ
1860 C. Searle Thermo-electr. or Nat. Syst. Med. x. 177 The bowels, from the previous effects of heat upon the cuticular and liver function, are predisposed to congestion and derangement.
2002 Big Issue 17 June 10/3 There are two lots of hospital records that don't belong to me at all. One is the results of urea and liver function tests for a Lorna Rundle.
liver paste n.
ΚΠ
1880 A. R. Kenney-Herbert Culinary Jottings Madras (ed. 3) i. xxx. 247 Spread a layer of liver paste over the inside of each bird.
c1938 Fortnum & Mason Price List 51/1 Potted meats..Liver Paste—per tin 1/-.
1961 M. Spark Prime of Miss Jean Brodie iv. 121 Some sandwiches of liver paste.
2002 Sunday Tel. (Sydney) (Nexis) 30 June 37 A meal I'll never forget was wild duck stuffed with liver paste, wrapped in thin slices of pork fat and slowly pot roasted.
liver pâté n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > additive > relish > [noun] > pâté
terrine1702
foie gras1818
Strasbourg pâté1827
pâté1841
rillettes1858
goose liver1860
liver pâté1860
pâté de foie gras1892
pâté de campagne1931
pâté maison1947
rough pâté1961
1860 Birmingham Daily Post 9 May 3/3 A field labourer went into the village pork-butcher's shop and purchased some liver paté.
1964 ‘J. Melville’ Murderers' Houses iv. 75 Velia was making a liver pâté for Sunday supper.
2007 Advocate (Nexis) 14 Sept. 24 After ordering, complimentary liver paté arrived with crunchy rounds of bread.
liver pudding n.
ΚΠ
1696 S. Strangehopes Bk. of Knowl. (new ed.) 83 A Liver Pudding: To make this, boil an Hogs Liver till you may grate it, [etc.].
1887 Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 31 Dec. 2/4 A liver-pudding completed this typical Georgia repast.
2006 Atlanta Jrnl.-Constit. (Nexis) 19 Oct. (Food & Drink section) k1 Marvin grabs a knife and carves off a hunk of homemade liver pudding, flecked with red pepper.
b. attributive. Denoting pathological conditions affecting or attributed to the liver.
liver abscess n.
ΚΠ
1835 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 44 129 A pain in the right side, attending diarrhœa which has gradually assumed a dysenteric character..is more likely to be the attendant on liver abscess.
2006 European Jrnl. Gastroenterol. & Hepatol. 18 435 The treatment of pyogenic liver abscess generally involves antibiotic therapy.
liver ache n.
ΚΠ
1830 W. Taylor tr. F. Hageborn in Hist. Surv. German Poetry I. 228 But woke at times before day-break With heart-burn, gout, or liver-ache.
1898 P. Manson Trop. Dis. ii. 64 The pain in the loins and the liver-ache continue.
1966 U. Beier tr. O. Ijimere Imprisonment of Obatala 4 Nobody can eat like Shango! When he has liver ache—he eats six pots of pounded yam With bean soup.
liver attack n.
ΚΠ
1795 W. Saunders Treat. Struct., Econ., & Dis. Liver 196 Very often..such liver attacks succeeded long courses of mercury.
1832 Times 16 Jan. 3/1 At the time of the riots the Colonel was suffering from the effects of a recent severe liver attack.
1999 D. Hamilton Homeopathic Care Cats & Dogs xv. 339 The patient may also experience severe colic and cramping along with the liver attacks.
liver cancer n. [after German Leberkrebs (1847 or earlier)]
ΚΠ
1854 W. E. Swaine tr. C. von Rokitansky Man. Pathol. Anat. I. ix. 259 Cancer of the spleen is probably always associated with liver-cancer.
1954 G. R. Cameron in H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xxviii. 525 The dye p -dimethylaminoazobenzene (‘butter yellow’) may lead to cirrhosis of the liver with great bile duct proliferation and eventually liver cancer.
2003 L. Moss What Genes can't Do iv. 167 Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer) is a long process, requiring 30 to 60 years from the time of initial exposure.
liver chill n. now rare
ΚΠ
1893 I. B. Yeo Man. Med. Treatm. II. v. iii. 174 It has been the custom of late years to speak of ‘liver-chill’, a condition which we should be disposed to place under the head of active febrile congestion of the liver, and which would appear to be capable of being produced by exposure to chill in certain other favouring circumstances.
1949 H. W. C. Vines Green's Man. Pathol. (ed. 17) xxix. 787 Such an infection may reach the bile-ducts either by the blood-stream, or by the lymphatics or the bile-ducts themselves from the duodenum, in much the same way that the ordinary ‘liver-chill’, also associated with jaundice, may arise.
liver disease n.
ΚΠ
1717 Markham's Master-piece (ed. 19) Table of 1st Bk. Liver Diseases, and Inflammations.
1839 J. Malcolmson Let. 7 Oct. in C. Darwin Corr. (1986) II. 224 Having to send..copies of a memoir on some forms of Liver disease I have recently printed, to some of my medical friends in India, I had to write so many notes..that I am quite tired.
2003 Marie Claire Dec. 374/3 Alcohol causes chronic liver disease and is implicated in about 80 per cent of cases of acute pancreatitis.
liver disorder n.
ΚΠ
1781 W. Stevenson Cases in Med. 113 Mr. W. (town) liver disorder and rheumatism. Recovered!
1869 Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 13 337 Mr. Erskine now suffered from liver disorder.
2000 U.S. News & World Rep. 12 June 4/1 Certain illnesses associated with exposure to Agent Orange have been compensated since 1984 (chloracne, a skin condition, and porphyria cutanea tarda, a liver disorder).
liver ill n. [compare earlier liver-sick adj.]
ΚΠ
a1522 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) viii. Prol. 139 Sum langis for the luffyr ill to lyk of a quart.
1658 R. Moray Lett. to A. Bruce (2007) 177 I can allow you to tak a dose or two there for the liver ill.
1896 Steubenville (Ohio) Herald 21 Dec. Hood's pills..cure all liver ills.
2002 B. Doherty & J. VanTine Growing younger v. 346 Dull, crampy pain could be autoimmune hepatitis or other liver ills.
liver pus n.
ΚΠ
1869 Lancet 2 Oct. 495/1 I was fortunate enough to witness at the same hospital the evacuation of a liver abscess which had burst into the pleura, and filled that sac with characteristic liver pus.
2003 Jrnl. Clin. Microbiol. 41 4460 Liver pus and blood cultures remained sterile on conventional culture.
liver trouble n.
ΚΠ
1868 Med. & Surg. Reporter 28 Mar. 277/1 In three weeks from the commencement of the administration of the blue pill, the liver trouble was about relieved.
1927 Times 24 Feb. 10/3 The cause of the liver trouble in cattle referred to..may be that the cattle have eaten ‘Ragwort’.
1995 Time 13 Mar. 39 Died. Jack Clayton..film director; from heart and liver trouble; in Slough, England.
C2. Parasynthetic, similative, and objective.
liver-coloured adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > [adjective] > reddish brown > liver
liver-hued1616
liver-coloured1654
liver1802
1654 Perfect Acct. Intelligence Armies & Navy No. 164. 1312 Another [thief] was a strong set man, with a cast upon his eye; his cloaths were a liver coloured coat and breeches.
1706 London Gaz. No. 4223/4 A Beagle-Dog..with..Liver-coloured Spots upon his Ears.
1810 Sporting Mag. 35 261 His..liver-coloured dog Don.
1894 Harper's Mag. Aug. 400/1 The beef-steak-mushroom..is dark meaty red or liver-colored.
2007 Tampa (Florida) Tribune (Nexis) 12 Aug. (Travel section) 8 ‘Praise God we don't have these in our swamps!’ she said, grimacing at a giant, liver-colored tomato frog from Africa.
† liver-helping adj. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Hepatique,..Liuer-helping; comforting a whole, or curing a diseased, liuer.
liver-hued adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > named colours > brown or brownness > [adjective] > reddish brown > liver
liver-hued1616
liver-coloured1654
liver1802
1616 G. Markham in tr. C. Estienne et al. Maison Rustique (rev. ed.) vii. xxii. 679 His beautie is discerned in his colour, of which the motleys or pide are the best, whether they bee blacke and white, red and white, or liuer hued and white.
1678 London Gaz. No. 1327/4 White body, with some liver-hued spots.
1869 Harper's New Monthly Mag. Oct. 642/1 The..eggs are of the size of the pigeon's, but rounder in shape—in color, mottled impure yellow, with irregular liver-hued spots.
2007 Calgary (Alberta) Herald (Nexis) 14 Apr. g3 In my ideal world..My three- and six-year-olds wouldn't..tip over the bowls of dye as they leaned across the table to hand me another dripping, liver-hued egg.
† liver-rotten adj. Obsolete Apparently an isolated use.
ΚΠ
1820 S. T. Coleridge Lett. (1895) 707 What avails it..to a man in the last stage of ulcerated lungs, that his neighbour is liver-rotten as well as consumptive?
liver-shaped adj.
ΚΠ
1835 Amer. Gardener's Mag. Oct. 376 Hepatica..Leaves shining, of a peculiar, dark green; liver-shaped, or heart-shaped at base.
1942 S. Spender Ruins & Visions iii. 51 A tree..rotted By a liver-shaped fungus on the bank.
1989 Toronto Star (Nexis) 30 Apr. a25 The brown, liver-shaped leaves, which hardly show on the forest floor, look dead.
C3.
liver-blende n. [after German Leberblende (1843 or earlier; < Leber + Blende blende n., the mineral being so called on account of its brownish colour resembling the colour of liver)] Mineralogy rare (now disused) = zinc-blende n. at zinc n. and adj. Compounds 3.
ΚΠ
1912 L. J. Spencer tr. R. Brauns Min. Kingdom Index 428/1 Liver-blende = shelly blende 129.
1927 E. Thorpe Dict. Appl. Chem. (rev. ed.) VII. 600/2 Zinc-blende... Compact material with a shelly concentric structure and reniform surface (‘liver-blende’) also occurs.
liver-brown adj. and n. (a) adj. of the brown colour of the liver, dark brownish red; (b) n. this colour.
ΚΠ
1770 G. von Engeström & E. M. da Costa tr. A. F. Cronstedt Ess. Syst. Mineral. 191 This is sometimes as red as sealing-wax, and sometimes of a more liver-brown colour.
1776 R. E. Raspe tr. J. J. Ferber Trav. Italy 224 Porfido bruno, brown, with oblong greenish spots... There are two varieties. a. Liver-brown, and fair green spots... b. Black-brown, with spots half black and half green.
1794 J. G. Schmeisser Syst. Mineral. I. 295 Its colour is liver brown, or blackish brown; it resembles wood.
1849 D. Campbell Pract. Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. 107 When protosulphide is fused with rather more than its weight of sulphur a liver brown mass is obtained.
1961 H. H. T. Jackson Mammals of Wisconsin 185 The general color above is drabbish liver brown to light chestnut brown.
2004 S. Hall Electric Michelangelo 78 It was a ten-minute walk to Pedder Street, give or take, having climbed from the washroom window out into a liver-brown night whose character made his belly turn.
liver chestnut adj. and n. (a) adj. (esp. of a horse) of a dark chestnut colour (cf. chestnut adj.); (b) n. this colour; a horse of this colour.
ΚΠ
1864 Glasgow Herald 20 May 7/4 For sale, a liver chestnut cob, about 14 Hands.
1866 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 13/2 I like his own horse better, the liver-chestnut with the short legs.
1913 W. Bateson Mendel's Princ. Heredity (new ed.) 125 There is a dark type of chestnut, sometimes spoken of as liver-chestnut, which is actually chocolate.
1937 Times 24 June 7/4 I had noticed..a curious-coloured pony played by Major Pert in a previous match. Probably he would best be described as a liver-chestnut.
1950 M. M. Oliver Horseman's Island viii. 93 The liver chestnut had completely succumbed to Tania's charms.
1993 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 18 Sept. b1 He was..flopping around on the bare back of an agile liver chestnut horse called Unforgiven.
† liver-complaining adj. Obsolete rare (probably) complaining of symptoms attributed to the liver.
ΚΠ
1787 Generous Attachment II. 145 A love writing, love sick, liver complaining girl.
liver complaint n. disease or disorder affecting the liver or attributed to the liver; an instance of this.
ΚΠ
1772 J. Crawford Ess. Nature, Cause & Cure Dis. Liver iii. 66 If the scurvy is mistaken for this liver-complaint, and phlebotomy with mercurials are made use of,..they must be attended with the immediate death of the patient.
1878 Spirit of Times 19 Jan. 673 (advt.) Another lady was cured from Liver Complaint, which was a bad case.
1933 S. W. Cole Pract. Physiol. Chem. (ed. 9) xiii. 290 In patients suffering from liver complaints they can detect the fluorescence when the urine has been diluted 40 to 80 times.
2005 enRoute Feb. 20/1 Try swallowing a dram when suffering from ‘liver complaint’.
liver distome n. rare (now disused) = liver fluke n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Platyhelminthes > [noun] > class Trematodes > order Digenea > suborder Prostomata > division Distomata > distoma hepaticum
liver flukec1795
Distoma1854
distome1876
distomian1876
liver distome1897
brainworm1969
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 1026 By comparing the figures of these liver distomes.
1917 Jrnl. Parasitol. 4 48 All the Japanese liver distomes are really a single species.
† liver-faced adj. Obsolete having a white or light-complexioned face; (hence) of a mean-spirited or cowardly nature.
ΚΠ
1857 ‘Ducange Anglicus’ Vulgar Tongue (at cited word) Liver-faced, a pale- or white-faced man; a coward.
1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. (at cited word) Liver-faced, mean and cowardly, independent of complexion.
liver fluke n. any of various parasitic trematode worms which infest the liver of mammalian hosts (including humans); esp. Fasciola hepatica, which particularly affects sheep and has an intermediate stage in snails of the genus Limnaea; (also) disease caused by or infestation with such parasites.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Platyhelminthes > [noun] > class Trematodes > order Digenea > suborder Prostomata > division Distomata > distoma hepaticum
liver flukec1795
Distoma1854
distome1876
distomian1876
liver distome1897
brainworm1969
c1795 P. A. Nemnich Allgemeines Polyglotten-Lex. vi. 816 Liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica.
1837 R. Owen in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. II. 121/1 The Trematode Order..includes only two species infesting the human body, one of which, the liver-fluke,..is extremely rare.
1950 M. Bates Nature of Nat. Hist. 151 If a sheep were given the choice, though, it might prefer to be debilitated by liver flukes rather than killed by a lion.
1993 C. O'Gaora Giving Ground 48 What few cows they possessed had picked up liver fluke from the sour meadow behind their house.
liver-grown adj. now historical suffering from an enlarged liver, or a liver adherent to other parts.In quot. 1645 figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > glandular disorders > [adjective] > disorders of liver
liver-sickeOE
lapidous1583
liver-shot1618
liver-grown1637
nutmeggy1843
cirrhotic1863
nutmegged1879
tight-lace1880
cirrhosed1886
loaded1897
tight-laced1905
1637 T. Heywood Pleasant Dialogues & Dramma's sig. V8v Aches within, and accidents without,..the Stone, Who's troubled with the Spleene, who Liver-growne, Cramps,..Even Leprosie itselfe, his medcine heales.
1645 J. Milton Tetrachordon 11 Unlesse it be the lowest lees of a canonicall infection liver-grown to their sides.
1658 J. Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 344 I suffered him to be opened, when they found that he was what is vulgarly called liver-grown.
1748 T. Smollett Roderick Random II. xlvii. 116 She was only livergrown and would in a few months be as small in the Waist as ever.
1826 A. Robertson in J. Johnson Infl. Trop. Climates European Constit. (ed. 3) 387 This tumefaction the patients attributed to the state of their liver, and believed themselves to be ‘Liver-grown’, as they expressed it.
1935 H. M. Hyatt Folk-lore Adams County, Illinois 131 A baby becomes liver-grown by lying continually in the same position.
2001 W. T. Lynch Solomon's Child vi. 215 In 1629, ninety-four liver-grown cases appeared.
liver-hearted adj. cowardly; cf. lily-livered adj. at lily adj. b.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > fear > cowardice or pusillanimity > [adjective]
arghc885
heartlessOE
bloodlessc1225
coward1297
faintc1300
nesha1382
comfortless1387
pusillanimousa1425
faint-heartedc1440
unheartyc1440
cowardous1480
hen-hearteda1529
cowardish1530
feigningc1540
white-livered1546
cowardly1551
faceless1567
pusillanime1570
liver-hearted1571
cowish1579
cowardise1582
coward-like1587
faint-heart1590
courageless1593
sheep-like1596
white-hearted1598
milky1602
milk-livered1608
undaring1611
lily-livereda1616
yarrow1616
flightful1626
chicken-hearted1629
poltroon1649
cow-hearted1660
whey-blooded1675
unbravea1681
nimble-heeled1719
dunghill1775
shrimp-hearted1796
chicken-livered1804
white-feathered1816
pluckless1821
chicken-spirited1822
milk-blooded1822
cowardy1836
yellow1856
yellow-livered1857
putty-hearted1872
uncourageous1878
chicken1883
piker1901
yellow-bellied1907
manso1932
scaredy-cat1933
chickenshit1940
cold-footed1944
1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (xiii. 1) He complayneth not of the miserie of a fewe dayes, as the tender and liver-harted sort [L. pusillanimes] are wont to doe.
1611 W. Vaughan Spirit of Detraction v. ix. 207 The liuer-hearted Yeomen very dutifully obeyed, went along with them, all the way begging for grace and fauour.
1789 C. Shillito Man of Enterprise ii. iii. 27 Although I carry about this paltry livery, I am none of your liver-hearted lacquies.
1897 R. D. Blackmore Dariel liii. 468 If thou art too liver-hearted to avenge thy father's wrongs.
1989 San Francisco Chron. (Nexis) 29 Dec. (Sports section) d4 A loss on those liver-hearted Oilers.
liver-heartedness n. rare cowardice.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > fear > cowardice or pusillanimity > [noun]
arghtha1250
arghshipc1275
faintise1297
cowardicec1300
cowardshipc1330
arghness1340
arghhoodc1350
sheepnessc1380
pusillanimitya1393
cowardnessa1400
neshnessa1400
cowardyc1405
lithernessc1425
lashness1477
cowardrya1547
meagreness?1553
cowardliness1556
micropsychy1651
buzzardism1659
stanielry1659
manlessness1667
cow-heartedness1718
pusillanimousness1727
chicken-heartedness1808
infortitude1813
plucklessness1824
white-featherism1843
cold feet1893
yellow1893
liver-heartedness1897
yellowness1909
1897 O. Schreiner Trooper P. Halket i. 79 ‘It's not liver-heartedness,’ said Peter.
† liver lap n. Obsolete a lobe of the liver.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [noun] > liver > lobe of
lapc1000
liver lapOE
fibre1398
mantle?c1425
boss?1541
lobe?1541
lop1601
fillet1607
lappet1609
fin1615
lobbet1662
acinus1701
spigelian lobe1811
Riedel's lobe1897
OE Harley Gloss. (1966) 184 Fibra .i. uena iecoris intestina, liferlæppa þearm uel chorda.
1596 C. Fitzgeffry Sir Francis Drake sig. B7 Her..turtle-doves,..Whose liver-laps do swell with full-vain'd loves.
1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 752 The liuer laps of a Wolfe.
† liver lask n. Obsolete rare watery, bloody diarrhoea (perhaps attributed to liver disease).
ΚΠ
1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 48/1 The waterye Bloodye flixe is called Fluxus Hepaticus, the Liver laske.
liverleaf n. North American any of various herbaceous plants of the genus Hepatica; cf. liverwort n. 3.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > buttercup and allied flowers > anemones
anemone1548
rose parsley1548
windflower1551
agrimony1578
hepatica1578
liverwort1578
noble agrimony1578
noble liverwort1578
pasque flower1578
Coventry bells1597
flaw-flower1597
herb trinity1597
pulsatilla1597
emony1644
wood-anemone1657
Robin Hood1665
poppy anemone1731
Alpine anemone1774
liverleaf1820
Japan anemone1847
Pennsylvania wind flower1869
smell fox1892
prairie smoke1893
prairie crocus1896
St. Brigid anemone1902
Japanese anemonec1908
Spanish marigold-
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medical preparations of specific origin > medicine composed of a plant > [noun] > plant used in medicine > specific plant > liverwort (anemone hepatica triloba)
liverwort1578
noble liverwort1578
liverleaf1820
1820 A. Eaton Bot. Exercises 103 Hepatica..triloba (liverleaf).
1876 J. Burroughs Winter Sunshine 125 In the woods the liverleaf and arbutus had just opened doubtingly.
2006 Ottawa Sun (Nexis) 14 May l 26 There are so many more, good, native plants, such as..liverleaf (Hepatica americana) and wild columbine..that would thrive in our shade gardens.
liver line n. Palmistry a line (line n.2 8b) which stretches from the wrist (near the start of the line of life) towards the base of the little finger, traditionally regarded as indicating the state of a person's physical health; cf. line of the liver at Phrases 1.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > divination by natural phenomena > palmistry > [noun] > mark on the hand > other lines
line of the livera1440
sister1558
headline1571
liver line1571
discriminal1652
heart line1652
line of (the) sun1653
natural line1653
sun line1653
dragon's tail1678
fate-line1889
1571 T. Hill Contempl. Mankinde xxxviii. f. 168v Iecoraria, is the liuer line comming from the life lyne, which retching vp in ye hollow of the hande, performeth the Triangle in most handes.
1694 W. Salmon tr. Y. van Diemerbroeck Anat. Human Bodies (new ed.) i. 494/1 Three [lines] they look upon more considerable than all the rest. The Line of Life; the Second running athwart through the middle of the hollow of the Hand, to the Mount of the Moon, and call'd the Liver-line: and the Third call'd the Table-line.
1893 San Antonio (Texas) Daily Light 14 Jan. The liver line long, straight and well formed denotes good health, strong memory and probable success.
2001 P. Hazel Palmistry 134 Also called the health line, the liver line..can represent a health condition or a preoccupation with health.
liver-lipped adj. slang (freq. in African-American usage) (chiefly depreciative or offensive) (esp. of a black person) having very thick and dark lips.
ΚΠ
1890 Atlanta Constit. 3 July 7/3 The station house night was made hideous by the howls and screeches..that gushed in profane profusion from the liver lipped mouth of the masquerading prisoner.
1937 Z. N. Hurston Their Eyes were watching God iii. 40 You and Logan been fussin'?.. Ah know dat grass-gut, liver-lipt nigger ain't done took and beat mah baby already!
2007 Sunday Life (Belfast) (Nexis) 12 Aug. Liver-lipped Jagger, with his primal, feral dance moves and faux Cockney barrow boy-meets-blues man vocals, has always been the centre of attention.
liver lips n. slang (freq. in African-American usage) (chiefly depreciative or offensive) (a) very thick and dark lips, esp. those of a black person; (b) (a nickname for) a person having such lips.
ΚΠ
1840 Huron Reflector (Norwalk, Ohio) 28 Jan. Jist shut your darned liver lips, and show it to me.
1929 M. Connelly Green Pastures in Pulitzer Prize Plays 1918–34 (1935) 619/1 Ol' Liver Lips don't like to see people dicin'.
1994 P. Baker Blood Posse vi. 67 ‘Hey, young blood. Gimme one of them there devil soups,’ shouted a short nappy-hair wino with thick, liver lips, wet with his dripping saliva.
2002 Independent 30 Sept. (Review section) 21/2 Michael Jackson..was called ‘big nose’ and ‘liver lips’ by his father and siblings.
liverman n. rare (now historical) a seller of liver.
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1905 Daily Chron. 6 Apr. 8/1 The inner circle about the liverman's barrow.
liver money n. money distributed to the crew, etc., on the basis of the number of fish livers extracted from the haul of a commercial fishing trip; cf. stocker n. 5.
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society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > profit > [noun] > profit to be shared > share of profits > of fishing or whaling expedition
lay1850
voyage1859
liver money1897
stocker1904
1897 W. Chance Children under Poor Law x. 282 Liver money, and score money, which are paid to them in lump sums.
1935 ‘R. M.’ Trawler 132 Firstly, there is the ‘liver-money’. The livers of all fish caught..are taken aft and tried down for the oil they produce... The proceeds of sale are divided among the crew.
1962 J. Tunstall Fishermen ii. 55 Liver money, received for the amount of cod and haddock livers landed.
2005 Grimsby Evening Telegraph (Nexis) 18 Jan. 4 Lashing the trawl, turning for home, sleeping ah! sleeping, counting the baskets and kits, dreaming of liver money and poundage.
liver mush n. North American regional (southern) a type of savoury pudding made with pig's liver and cornmeal, typically served pressed into thick square cakes; cf. liver pudding n. at Compounds 1a.
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1906 Landmark (Statesville, N. Carolina) 7 Dec. Mr Crouch sent in some of the products—sausage, liver mush and souse.
2000 D. Porter Midnight in Savannah 258 ‘The boy's right about that,’ Norma said, plopping some fried eggs and liver mush down in front of him.
liver oil n. an oil obtained from the liver of a fish (or a cetacean).cod liver oil, shark liver oil: see the first element.
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the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medical preparations of specific origin > biological product > [noun] > oils
castoreuma1398
castory1398
oil of scorpions1559
castor1601
liver oil1747
cod liver oil1754
cod oil1761
Dippel's oil1819
shore-oil1875
ray-oil1881
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > extracted or refined oil > [noun] > fish oil > types of
liver oil1747
cod liver oil1754
cod oil1761
straits oil1850
shore-oil1875
ray-oil1881
fish-liver-oil-
1747 W. Douglass Summary State Brit. Settlements N.-Amer. I. ii. 58 Liver-Oil [from whales] is reckoned the best, especially for Leather-Dressers.
1875 H. C. Wood Treat. Therapeutics (1879) 407 When a mineral acid..is added to cod-liver oil, the well-known biliary play of colors occurs;..it shows that it is a liver oil.
1966 Jrnl. Appl. Ecol. 3 52 In salmonids, the lipids are distributed throughout the muscular tissue, and not concentrated in fat deposits or liver oil, as in many species of fish.
2002 P. Herring Biol. Deep Ocean v. 110 The Holocephali (rabbit-fishes) have a similar lifestyle to the deep-water sharks and their liver oil is largely squalene.
liver opal n. [after German Leber-opal (1808 or earlier)] Mineralogy = menilite n.
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1814 Synopsis Contents Brit. Mus. (ed. 7) 20 The menilite, called also liver-opal, found at Menil-Montant, near Paris, in a bed of adhesive slate, a specimen of which is added.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XX. 121/1 A brown or grey concretionary opal from Tertiary shales at Menilmontant, near Paris, is known as menilite or ‘liver opal’.
1997 A. W. Eckert World of Opals vi. 174 Known also as menilite opal, liver opal is so-called due to the deep, gray-brown, liver color it exhibits.
† liver ore n. Mineralogy Obsolete cinnabar coloured liver brown by impurities; hepatic cinnabar.
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1738 G. Smith tr. Laboratory iv. 103 The Miners find sometimes a Matter in the Iron Mines, which they call Liver Oar.
1836 T. Thomson Outl. Mineral. I. 635 What is called liver ore, is merely a compact variety, slightly mixed with foreign matter.
1854 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 4) II. vi. 49 The hepatic cinnabar or liver ore is an impure variety, sometimes affording a brownish streak.
liver pad n. a medicated pad or plaster worn on the skin over the liver, as a supposed method of treatment.
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the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > equipment for treating wound or ulcer > [noun] > poultice, plaster, or compress > plasters for specific parts
liver-paddingc1450
stomacher1577
pitch-cap1589
pitch-plaster1601
pericarpium1663
liver pad1877
1877 Times 7 Aug. 10/6 (advt.) An efficacious remedy for all diseases having their origin in a torpid liver and diseased stomach has been discovered in Holman's Liver Pad.
1941 S. H. Holbrook Murder out Yonder ii. 24 Stranahan wouldn't have batted an eye if the stranger had requested an electric liver pad and a stereopticon.
1991 G. Keillor WLT: Radio Romance v. 38 Introduce advertising, and we'll be selling jars of Cholera Balm and liver pads.
† liver-padding n. Obsolete rare (perhaps) padding applied to the region of the liver; cf. later liver pad n.
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the world > health and disease > healing > medical appliances or equipment > equipment for treating wound or ulcer > [noun] > poultice, plaster, or compress > plasters for specific parts
liver-paddingc1450
stomacher1577
pitch-cap1589
pitch-plaster1601
pericarpium1663
liver pad1877
c1450 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 580/l. 16 Epaticum..lyverpaddyng.
liver pill n. (a) any of various proprietary pills, typically with purgative properties, taken for the relief of symptoms attributed to the liver; cf. hepatic adj. 3; (b) a pill containing powdered desiccated liver, used in the treatment of pernicious anaemia.
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1814 Times 23 Dec. 4/3 Celebrated bilious remedy.—Hepatic, or liver pills.
1889 J. K. Jerome Three Men in Boat 2 I had just been reading a patent liver-pill circular.
1958 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 25 899/1 Since June 1956 she had received ‘liver injections’ and had taken ‘liver pills’.
2006 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 5 Sept. 27 As a child he was anaemic, and was prescribed a special diet of liver pills and regular rests.
† liver pyrites n. Mineralogy Obsolete pyrites coloured liver brown by impurities.
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1768 J. R. Forster Introd. Mineral. 39 Liver pyrites, or water pyrites (Pyrites aquosus, hepaticus, fuscus) is a pyrites of an irregular shape, liver-coloured, and contains more iron than sulphur, some arsenic, and no copper.
1805 T. Weaver tr. A. G. Werner Treat. Fossils iv. 210 It consists of..common iron and liver pyrites.
1844 Christian Lady's Mag. Nov. 404 There is also a species called hepatic or liver pyrites, from its colour; it is a decomposed iron pyrites.
liver rot n. disease caused by liver flukes, esp. in sheep; hepatic fascioliasis.
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the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of animals generally > [noun] > liver disease
liver rot1785
galziekte1871
gall-sickness1875
distomatosis1892
distomiasis1892
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > glandular disorders > [noun] > disorders of liver
hepatitis1699
liver rot1785
liver1805
gin liver1830
nutmeg liver1833
cirrhosis1839
Laennec's cirrhosis1839
gin drinker's liver1845
yellow atrophy1845
hobnailed liver1849
red atrophy1849
hobnail liver1882
fascioliasis1884
infectious hepatitis1891
distomatosis1892
distomiasis1892
hepatomegalia1893
infective hepatitis1896
spirit liver1896
hepatoma1905
hepatosplenomegalia1930
Pick's syndrome1932
serum hepatitis1943
Pick's syndrome1955
micronodular cirrhosis1960
macronodular cirrhosis1967
hep1975
1785 Berwick Museum 1 413/2 The fluke or flounder like worm, discharged from, and seen in the livers of those sheep who have died of the liver rot.
1837 W. Youatt Sheep xi. 452 The river overflows... The foundation may be laid for foot-rot..but the liver-rot is out of the question.
1937 A. Fraser Sheep Farming xvi. 144 Liver-rot has at one time or another caused tremendous losses among sheep.
2002 A. N. Wilson Victorians xxvii. 428 A run of wet seasons from 1878 to 1882 produced an epidemic of liver-rot in sheep.
liver salt n. any of various proprietary powders, typically with purgative properties, taken for the relief of symptoms attributed to the liver; usually in plural.
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the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > cleansing or expelling medicines > [noun] > purgative > mineral-based
Rochelle salt1593
white magnesia1650
magnesia1755
magnesia alba1756
Seidlitz water1784
Seidlitz powder1815
Rochelle powder1820
saline1875
liquid paraffin1884
Eno1889
parolein1892
liver salt1895
liquid petrolatum1905
Kruschen salts1925
1895 Glasgow Herald 11 May (advt.) Sparkling Liver Salt (Thompson's), cooling, purifying, invigorating... Thompson's Pharmacy, 17 Gordon Street, Glasgow.
1906 Middletown (N.Y.) Daily Times 24 Jan. 5/1 (advt.) Lazy, sluggish livers mean a lot of trouble; Rexall Liver Salts say ‘move on’.
1951 J. B. Priestley Festival at Farbridge iii. iii. 584 The High Street chemist who had sold him shaving soap and liver salts.
1992 R. Gunesekera Monkfish Moon 65 I have to take each day as it comes with liver salts and iodine.
liver sausage n. [after German Leberwurst leberwurst n.; compare later liverwurst n.] a soft sausage consisting of cooked liver, or a mixture of liver and meat (esp. pork), often with various flavourings and seasonings and typically sliced or used as a spread; (also) sausage meat of this type; cf. liverwurst n.
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the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > sausage > [noun] > types of sausage
franchemyle1381
herbelade?c1390
haggisc1400
black puddinga1450
blood puddingc1450
bloodinga1500
liveringa1500
haggis pudding1545
white pudding1578
swine's pudding1579
hog's pudding1583
Bolognian sausage1596
bloodling1598
andouille1605
andouillet1611
cervelat1613
mortadella1613
polony1654
blacking1674
hacking1674
whiting1674
Oxford sausagec1700
saucisson1772
German sausage1773
saveloy1784
blood sausage1799
white hawse1819
liver sausage1820
black pot1825
chipolata1830
Bologna sausage1833
butifarra1836
mettwurst1836
Cambridge sausage1840
boudin1845
chorizo1846
German1847
liverwurst1852
salami1852
station-Jack1853
leberwurst1855
wurst1855
blutwurst1856
bag of mystery1864
Vienna sausage1865
summer sausage1874
wienerwurst1875
mealy pudding1880
whitepot1880
wiener1880
erbswurst1885
pepperoni1888
mystery bag1889
red-hot1890
weenie1891
hot dog1892
frankfurter1894
sav?1894
Coney Island1895
coney1902
garlic sausage1905
boloney1907
kishke1907
drisheen1910
bratwurst1911
banger1919
cocktail sausage1927
boerewors1930
soy sausage1933
thuringer1933
frank1936
fish sausage1937
knackwurst1939
foot-long1941
starver1941
soya sausage1943
soysage1943
soya link1944
brat1949
Vienna1952
kielbasa1953
Coney dog1954
tube steak1963
Weisswurst1963
Cumberland sausage1966
merguez1966
tripe sausage1966
schinkenwurst1967
boerie1981
'nduja1996
1820 Glasgow Herald 6 Nov. 4/4 The liver sausages are the most dangerous; of 24 persons who ate them, 12 died.
1855 ‘G. Eliot’ in Fraser's Mag. June 706/1 He is enthusiastic about the delights of dining on blaukraut and leberwurst (blue cabbage and liver sausage).
1965 House & Garden Jan. 60 Liver sausage ranges in seasoning from extremely bland to highly spiced and pungent.
2000 Trav. & Leisure May 278/1 Every winter they kill a pig, which gives them enough meat not only to stock their freezer but to make..ammazzafegato, a local liver sausage said to be so fatty that it ‘kills the liver’ of anyone who eats it.
liver sea n. now historical a sea in which the water is said to be so thick or coagulated as to impede navigation (cf. livered sea at livered adj. 1). [In quot. c1600 probably after Middle Dutch leversee or Middle Low German lēversē; compare Middle Dutch levermere, Middle Low German lēvermēr, in same sense; in later use after German (now hist.) Lebermeer (Middle High German lebermer, Old High German lebarmeri, lebirmeri, libermeri).]
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the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > [noun] > thick
livered sea?a1300
liver seac1600
c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 97 Past the perillous gredy gulfe of Perse And levir sees that syndry shippis devoirs.
1891 Littell's Living Age Nov. 421/2 It is the Kleber Meer (Sticky Sea), or the Leber Meer (Liver Sea), as Hans Sachs..semi-fabulously calls it.
1996 A. Hall tr. R. Simek Heaven & Earth in Middle Ages v. 68 The Old High German poem, Merigarto,..tells of a ‘Liver-sea’, ‘a fabulous, dangerous coagulated sea in which the ships could not move’.
† liver shark n. U.S. Obsolete the basking shark, Cetorhinus maximus.
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1860 Bangor (Maine) Whig & Courier 22 Sept. 2/4 Messrs Pike, Mowry and others of Lubec, on the 6th inst, caught in their weir a monster ‘Liver Shark’... The liver, when cut up,..produced 170 gallons of pure oil.
† liver-shot adj. Obsolete rare affected with liver disease.
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the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > glandular disorders > [adjective] > disorders of liver
liver-sickeOE
lapidous1583
liver-shot1618
liver-grown1637
nutmeggy1843
cirrhotic1863
nutmegged1879
tight-lace1880
cirrhosed1886
loaded1897
tight-laced1905
1618 S. Latham New & 2nd Bk. Falconrie v. 7 The Goshawk.. is seldom or not at al, subiect to be liuershot.
liver spot n. [after post-classical Latin macula hepatica (1676 in the passage translated in quot. 1684), itself perhaps after German Leberfleck (1527)] a freckle-like pigmented macule found on sun-exposed skin in older people (often erroneously attributed to liver disease); a senile lentigo.
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the world > health and disease > ill health > blemish > [noun] > spot or mark
spotOE
markOE
tachea1400
macula?a1425
ruby1542
plotch1548
flea-biting1552
fleck1598
blanch1608
staina1616
naeve1619
neve1624
dark1637
sunspot1651
pip1676
liver spot1684
beauty spot1795
heat-spot1822
spilus1822
ink-spot1839
punctation1848
punctuation1848
macule1864
soldier's spots1874
pock1894
mouche1959
1684 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Pharmaceutice Rationalis: Second Pt. in Pract. Physick (rev. ed.) 153 These at certain times, as I have observed in many, being wont to arise in certain parts and vanish again, are commonly called Liver-spots [L. maculæ Hepaticæ; 1685, 1689 Liver-marks], and those most markt with them are thought to have a Liver less sound, or at least not well sanguifying.
1754 R. Brookes Introd. Physic & Surg. 60 Hepatic or Liver Spots are of a livid, lurid, or blackish Colour, of the Size of the Palm of the Hand.
1883 G. Harley Treat. Dis. Liver xxv. 1061 Among a few practitioners of the old school one hears a good deal about the diagnostic value of what are called liver-spots.
1920 Amer. Woman Aug. 17/1 (advt.) Tan or liver spots positively removed by using Stillman's Freckle Cream.
2000 Daily Tel. 3 May 20/3 I have developed a number of brown spots that have been described as ‘age spots’ or ‘liver spots’.
liver-spotted adj. (a) (esp. of an animal or plant) having liver-coloured spots; (b) having liver spots.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [adjective] > having specific markings
particoloured1530
liver-spotted1840
flea-bitten1846
the world > health and disease > ill health > blemish > [adjective] > spot or mark
maple-faced1608
flesh-marked1682
macular1686
punctiform1839
motley1843
petechiate1890
liver-spotted1955
1840 Times 9 Sept. 1/2 (advt.) A small liver spotted bitch.
1955 V. Nabokov Lolita II. xi. 73 ‘She is still shuttling’, said Miss Pratt, showing how with her liver-spotted hands, ‘between the anal and genital zones of development.’
1971 V. Canning Firecrest i. 7 Everything about him was contained, precise and impeccable..the fingernails of his liver-spotted hands immaculate.
2004 Church Times 30 July 16/5 She is a liver-spotted Dalmatian.
liver starch n. now rare = glycogen n.
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1862 Brit. & Foreign Medico-chirurg. Rev. 30 361 Consequently the objection that the carnivore really gets his liver-starch ready-made in the food he takes, falls to the ground.
1922 J. J. Sudborough Bernthsen's Text-bk. Org. Chem. (new ed.) xiv. 339 Glycogen, or animal starch, liver starch, is present, e.g. in the livers of the mammalia.
1975 Preventive Med. 4 550 Sudden death within large populations [of hares] is accompanied by a decrease in liver starch and low blood sugar levels.
† liverstone n. [after German Leberstein (late Middle High German leberstein ); compare hepatite n.1 and later hepatite n.2] Mineralogy Obsolete (originally) any of several minerals or rocks thought to resemble the liver in colour, shape, etc. (cf. hepatite n.1); (in later use) spec. = heavy spar n. (cf. hepatite n.2).
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1587 B. Googe tr. A. Bertholdus Wonderfull & Strange Effect New Terra Sigillata 12 You shall easily also dissolue cluttered bloud..if you cause the patient to drink a dramme of the earth and a dramme of that bole which they that digge in quarreyes finde in the midst of the stones, and name it in Dutch [i.e. German] of the colour Lyuerstone, and of the place Steynmarle [L. germanicè Leberstein à colore, & à loco Steinmarck apellant].
1685 E. Browne Brief Acct. Trav. Europe (ed. 2) 151 Here I also observed a Substance between a Clay and a stone called Leberstein, or Liverstone; and upon many of these Stones I found the figures of Trees and Leaves.
1770 G. von Engeström & E. M. da Costa tr. A. F. Cronstedt Ess. Syst. Mineral. 30 The method that Nature takes in combining those matters which compose the liver-stone, may, perhaps, be the same, as when a lime-stone is laid in a heap of mundic, while it is roasting.
1814 R. Bald Rep. Mineral Surv. 2 It is commonly termed liverstone, and is consequently difficult to work.
† liver sugar n. Biochemistry Obsolete glycogen; sugar (glucose) derived from glycogen.
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1853 Retrospect Pract. Med. & Surg. 27 439 During their passage through the liver, however, they are converted into a new form of sugar, which has been termed ‘liver-sugar’.
1861 New Sydenham Soc. Year-bk. for 1860 88 That liver sugar is..identical with the sugar of the grape.
1890 Science 11 Apr. 228/1 The carbohydrates..are represented by sugar and starch in the vegetable, and by liver-sugar, glycogen, and muscle-sugar, inosite, in the animal kingdom.
liver vein n. †(a) the basilic vein, esp. that of the right arm (which was supposed to be connected with the liver) (obsolete); †(b) the state or mood of being in love (cf. sense A. 4a) (obsolete rare); (c) a hepatic vein.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > vascular system > blood vessel > vein > [noun] > specific vein
middle veina1398
portaa1398
saphena1398
funisa1400
sciaticaa1400
guidesc1400
haemorrhoidc1400
salvatellac1400
liver veina1425
median?a1425
mesaraic?a1425
sciatic?a1425
venal artery?a1425
sciat1503
organal vein1523
axillar?1541
weeping vein1543
port-vein1586
lip-vein1598
nose vein1598
sciatic vein1598
cephalic vein1599
hollow vein1605
jugular1615
scapulary1615
subclavian vein1615
umbilical vessel1615
basilica1625
porter-vein1625
neck vein1639
garter-vein1656
matricious vein1656
sacred vein1656
subclavicular1656
subclavial1664
vertebral1718
portal vein1765
cava1809
satellite vein1809
brachial1859
innominate vein1866
precaval1866
postcava1882
precava1882
postcaval1891
Vesalian vein1891
sciatic1892
subcardinal1902
a1425 tr. Arderne's Treat. Fistula 54 Agayne þe mormale be þer lesnyng of vena basilica, i. lyuer vayne.
1528 T. Paynell tr. Arnaldus de Villa Nova in Joannes de Mediolano Regimen Sanitatis Salerni (1535) 105 In Aprile and May, the lyuer veyne must be lette bloudde.
1598 W. Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost iv. iii. 71 This is the lyuer veine, which makes flesh a deitie. View more context for this quotation
1663 N. Culpeper Two Treat. 6 At what time Bleeding is good..In Summer, open still the Liver-vein.
1717 H. Banyer tr. J. van Horne Micro-techne 152 The Veins of the Arm are threefold; the Cephalick in the outward Part, the Basilick or Liver-Vein, and the Median.
1876 London Med. Rec. 15 June 255/2 It must remain doubtful, in this case, whether branches of the liver veins were not also laid open at the same time.
2006 Clinica Chimica Acta 366 345/1 The splanchnic plasma flow..in plasma from an artery and the liver vein in healthy female volunteers.
liverweed n. North American (now rare) = liverleaf n.
ΚΠ
1828 C. S. Rafinesque Med. Flora U.S. I. 238 Hepatica Triloba..Common Liverwort... Vulgar names—Liverweed, Trefoil, Noble Liverwort.
1930 A. F. Sievers Amer. Medicinal Plants 40 Liverleaf..Hepatica americana..liverweed.
liver wing n. the right wing of a fowl, etc., which, when dressed for cooking, has the liver tucked under it; (hence humorously) the right arm of a person.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > parts of or bird defined by > [noun] > wing or wings > right
liver wing1796
the world > food and drink > food > animals for food > fowls > [noun] > cuts or parts of fowl
wingc1470
soul?a1475
giblet1546
merrythought1598
sideman1632
sidesman1642
drumstick1646
pinion1655
side bone1712
chicken liver1733
pope's nose1788
liver wing1796
apron1807
parson's nose1836
stumps1845
oyster1855
supreme1856
wishbone1860
pulling bone1877
carcass1883
pully-bone1897
pull-bonea1903
chicken breast1941
chicken tender1955
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > arm > [noun]
armeOE
brawna1382
hand?a1425
branch1594
bridle arm1622
shield-arm1640
smiter1673
sword-arm1687
fin1785
pistol arm1800
spade-arm1804
pinion1848
liver wing1855
bow-arm1860
meathook1919
gun1973
1796 M. Edgeworth Parent's Assistant (ed. 2) II. 120 If I must eat something, send me a bit of fowl; a leg and wing, the liver-wing, and a bit of the breast.
1835 T. Hood United Family in Comic Ann. 159 We all prefer the liver-wing.
1855 R. Browning De Gustibus ii The king Was shot at, touched in the liver-wing.
1861 C. Dickens Great Expectations I. xix. 329 Mr. Pumblechook helped me to the liver wing.
1998 Observer (Nexis) 22 Nov. 13 After..a lot of dinner-party chat, he or she will graciously accept, with appropriate noises about liver wings.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

livern.2

Brit. /ˈlɪvə/, U.S. /ˈlɪvər/
Forms:

α. Middle English liuar, Middle English liuare, Middle English liuere, Middle English lyuar, Middle English lyuere, Middle English lyver, Middle English lyvere, Middle English–1500s liuer, Middle English–1500s lyuer, Middle English– liver, late Middle English leuar, late Middle English leuer, late Middle English leuere, late Middle English levare, late Middle English lever, late Middle English levere, late Middle English lifer; Scottish pre-1700 leaver, pre-1700 leivar, pre-1700 leiver, pre-1700 leiwar, pre-1700 leuer, pre-1700 levair, pre-1700 levar, pre-1700 levare, pre-1700 leveer, pre-1700 lever, pre-1700 levir, pre-1700 lewar, pre-1700 lewer, pre-1700 leyfar, pre-1700 liefar, pre-1700 liever, pre-1700 lifare, pre-1700 liffar, pre-1700 liffare, pre-1700 liffer, pre-1700 liuer, pre-1700 livair, pre-1700 livar, pre-1700 liwer, pre-1700 louffar, pre-1700 lufar, pre-1700 luffar, pre-1700 lyffar, pre-1700 lyuer, pre-1700 lyvar, pre-1700 lyver, pre-1700 1700s– liver, 1800s– leever.

β. late Middle English lyuyer; English regional (south-western) 1800s– livier, 1800s– livyer.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: live v.1, -er suffix1.
Etymology: < live v.1 + -er suffix1. In sense 2 perhaps after French viveur viveur n. With sense 3 compare quick n.1 3a, and earlier liverage n.2, liver-sick n.With the β. forms compare the Middle English forms of live v.1 which show stem-final -i , -y (and show the reflex of a weak Class II verb: see discussion at that entry). Compare also livier n., livyer n.
1.
a. A person who lives or is alive, a living creature; (chiefly English regional (southern and south-western) and North American) an inhabitant, dweller.Now chiefly in sense 1b, or modified by a noun, as bottom-, country-, town-liver, etc. (see the first element).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > [noun]
shaftc888
blooda1325
livera1382
creaturea1387
live-wight1610
animate1642
life form1850
vitality1851
bioform1958
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > [noun]
maneOE
wonnera1340
dwellera1382
livera1382
indweller1382
resiant1405
inhabitor1413
inhabitera1425
tenanta1425
abider1440
citizenc1450
inhabitant1462
resident1463
denizen1474
inhabitator?a1475
mansionarya1475
habitant1490
incolera1513
occupier?1542
land-occupier1576
residentiary1581
burgessa1586
incolant1596
consistorian1599
ledger1600
resider1632
residenter1644
habitator1646
endwellera1649
incolary1652
incolist1657
insetter1712
houser1871
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Isa. xxxviii. 11 I shal not see the Lord God in the lond of lyueres.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xii. l. 132 Lyueres [v.r. Lyuyers] to-forn vs.
a1425 (a1382) Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Corpus Oxf.) (1850) Gen. iii. 1 The edder was feller than ony lifers of the erthe.
c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 8 Vpon ilk side, a liuar in þis world is falsly iapid.
a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. Ff.iijv She that ouercometh all lyuers, shall be vanquished of the alonely by death.
a1592 R. Greene Comicall Hist. Alphonsus (1599) iii. sig. D3v Thou king of heauen, which..Dost see the secrets of each liuers heart.
1677 R. Cary Palæologia Chronica ii. ii. iii. xiv. 252 They must instantly have been Detected by the present Livers that were upon the Place.
1718 M. Prior Power 47 Try if life be worth the liver's care.
1747 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1851) V. 87 One, John Powle, a Liver on Sasquehanna River.
1828 T. Hood Stanzas to T. Woodgate in Lit. Souvenir IV. 166 Tom!—are you still within this land Of livers?
1850 E. Feild Jrnl. Voy. Labrador & Newfoundland 27 The whole settlement [sc. Burnt Islands, Newfoundland] has sprung up within ten years, and now there are nearly one hundred 'livers' or settled inhabitants.
1850 Truth Seeker Apr. 17 He was a liver in every sense of the word, for his life may be said to have embraced somewhat of all life.
1881 Harper's Mag. Dec. 90/2 It is said that the question whether or not life is worth living depends entirely upon the liver.
1944 K. Tynan Let. 29 Jan. (1994) i. 34 A few extracts from the ‘Characters’ in my Index:..J O[unsted]: Devotee of T S Eliot, liver with Ballet Girls whose grandfathers are Protestant Archdeacons, and possessor of very low mind; chairman of lit soc.
1954 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxi. 32 Liver, an inhabitant, dweller. ‘He de oldes' liver on dis block.’ Negro usage, Charleston and Sumter.
b. Modified by adjectives having adverbial force: someone who lives (in a specified way, for a long time, etc.), as easy liver, long liver, etc. See also good liver n..
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > [noun] > manner of life > specific > one who
liverc1405
living corpse1659
living dead1696
lifer1939
c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 926 [S]o vertuous a lyuere..Ne saw I neuere as she.
c1426 J. Audelay Poems (1931) 113 Cursid leuers with here cumpers.
1476 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 496 Þe lenger lyvere off yow bothe.
?1526 P. Bush Extirpacion of Ignorancy sig. C.ivv Who quencheth the flames of rasshe lassyuite Who exalteth iust lyuers & the wicked putteth downe.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. xii. sig. Z7 The damned ghosts doen often creep Backe to the world, bad liuers to torment.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. x. 429 The Turke, and the Irish-man, are the least industrious, and most sluggish liuers vnder the Sunne.
1641 Naunton's Fragmenta Regalia sig. Gv As I have placed him last, so was he the last liver of all her servants of her favour.
1711 J. Swift Jrnl. to Stella 28 Apr. (1948) I. 255 The queen is well, but I fear will be no long liver.
1767 T. Hutchinson Hist. Province Massachusets-Bay, 1691–1750 i. 18 A grave man and a good liver.
1836 W. Irving Astoria III. 197 Though a loose liver among his guests, the governor was a strict disciplinarian among his men.
1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad l. 76 The country for easy livers, The quietest under the sun.
1937 D. L. Sayers Zeal of thy House iii. 58 In the ale-house, fingers pointed everywhere At William of Sens, the Cathedral architect—A notorious evil liver, a seducer of women, A taker of bribes.
1991 L. Faderman Odd Girls & Twilight Lovers iii. 71 There they were joined by other women celebrities and high-livers.
2004 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 13 Aug. iv. 2/5 Workaholics and fast livers who are frustrated that a day contains only 24 hours might want to consult with NBC.
2. A person who lives a life of pleasure or activity.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > sensuous pleasure > sensuality > [noun] > sensualist
epicureana1450
fleshling1548
epicure?1551
carnalite1573
sensualist1604
akolast1606
voluptuarya1610
pleasure-monger1616
voluptary1616
carnalist1621
akolastic1623
woman of pleasure1623
pleasurista1682
luxurist1690
good liver1784
sensuist1840
liver1849
voluptuarian1879
1849 R. S. Surtees Soapey Sponge's Sporting Tour xxvi, in New Monthly Mag. Oct. 233 The sixth earl,..having been a ‘liver’, had run himself aground by his enormous outlay on this Italian structure.
1985 G. R. R. Martin in Isaac Asimov's Sci. Fiction Nov. 165 You were born old. You're a watcher, not a liver.
1999 M. Bank Girls' Guide to Hunting & Fishing 80 ‘What did literary people used to be like?’‘They were Livers,’ she said. ‘Big livers.’
3. English regional (west midlands). The sensitive area of a finger beneath the nail (cf. quick n.1 3a and liver-sick n.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > sense organ > touch organ > [noun] > sensitive part
quick?a1425
liver1889
1889 Notes & Queries 7th Ser. 8 367 [Warwickshire] A boy told me..he had cut his finger-nail right into the liver of it.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

livern.3

Brit. /ˈlʌɪvə/, U.S. /ˈlaɪvər/
Forms: 1600s leaver, 1600s–1800s lever, 1700s– liver.
Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps from a proper name. Etymon: proper name Liverpool.
Etymology: Origin uncertain; probably related to the first element of the place name Liverpool (see Liverpool n.), although the phonology is difficult to explain.The early spellings of the bird name suggest that it shows the reflex of Middle English long open ē , but this is difficult to account for. The later spelling of the bird name with -i- and its modern diphthongal pronunciation probably result from substitution of a different vowel for the historical one. The -i- spelling is probably by association with the name of Liverpool ; the diphthongal pronunciation is perhaps by analogy with the morphophonemic alteration of /aɪ/ and /ɪ/ in e.g. divine : divinity , write : written , etc. The attempt in quot. 1688 to connect the word with Dutch lepelaar ‘spoonbill’ or its parallels in other Germanic languages (see spoonbill n.) has no etymological basis. However, it has been suggested that early identification of the heraldic bird with a spoonbill may have encouraged the use of forms with medial -e- (see further D. Mills Place Names of Lancashire (1976) 106–7). An alternative suggestion is that the form lever may have been influenced by early spellings of the place name with medial -e-, but although such spellings are attested from the 13th cent. onwards, e.g. in Leverepul (1229), and were still relatively common throughout the 17th cent., their origin is likewise unexplained.
A name arbitrarily given to: the bird (heraldically identified as a cormorant) represented in the arms of the City of Liverpool. Also liver bird.A 14th-cent. seal from Liverpool shows a bird apparently intended to represent an eagle (symbolizing St John the Evangelist). Legend has it that poor draughtsmanship led to the bird being variously identified as (amongst others) a spoonbill, a glossy ibis, and a pelican. Since the late 18th cent. the bird represented on modern grants of arms, etc., has been identified with the cormorant.The two clock towers on the Royal Liver Friendly Society Building (the Liver Building), overlooking the River Mersey in Liverpool, each support a copper sculpture (c1912) of a ‘Liver bird’ (designed by C. B. Bartels).
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > indication > insignia > heraldic devices collective > heraldic representations of creatures > [noun] > heraldic birds
eaglec1380
swana1400
phoenix?a1425
pelicana1430
ravena1450
merlette1451
popinjayc1460
eagletc1494
merliona1500
martletc1519
merlion?a1549
spread eagle1550
meropie1572
spread eaglet1602
alerion1625
liver1668
shoveller1780
eagle in her majesty?1828
double eagle1861
hirondelle1880
pelican in her piety1885
1668 in J. A. Picton City of Liverpool: Select. Munic. Rec. (1883) I. 269 The Armes of this towne vizt the Leaver.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. xii. 266/2 He beareth Azure, the Head of a Lever couped proper: of some termed a Shovellers head: this fowl is..in Low Dutch Lepler, or Lepelaer, or Lefler; from the Germane termed Lofler, which we more finely pronounce Lever: Yet Mr. Ray in the translation of the Ornithology terms this Bird, a Spoon Bill.
1796 W. Moss Liverpool Guide 15 Tradition says, that a singular bird, called a Liver, formerly frequented this pool; hence the place was called Liverpool; and the Liver, adopted as its Crest.
1811 Liverpool Mercury 5 July 6/3 O Liver-bird, hadst thou not flown, That victor voice had not been known.
1873 J. A. Picton Memorials Liverpool I. 18 Mr. Gough Nichols has..shown..that the so-called liver or cormorant was intended to represent the symbolic eagle of St. John the Evangelist.
1920 Notes & Queries 12th Ser. 314 I entirely agree with what your contributor..says about the absurdity of the ‘Liver bird’ derivation of ‘Liverpool’.
2008 Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch (Nexis) 4 Nov. g18 The Liver Building on the waterfront, topped by statues of liver birds, claims the largest striking clock in the country.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† liveradj.1

Forms: late Middle English lyuir, 1500s lyver, 1600s liver; Scottish pre-1700 leuer, pre-1700 lyuer, pre-1700 lyver, 1800s liver.
Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: deliver adj.
Etymology: Aphetic < deliver adj.
Obsolete.
1. Delivered (of a child); = deliver adj. 3. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [adjective] > giving birth > delivered of a child
lighta1400
deliverc1400
liverc1450
green1474
well-deliveredc1515
delivered1594
travailed1843
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 3746 And be scho lyuir of a lasse, scho lengis in oure burȝe.
2. Free from restraint in motion; active, nimble, sprightly; = deliver adj. 2. Scottish in later use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > bodily movement > [adjective] > qualities of bodily movement > agile or nimble
lightOE
quiverOE
yepec1275
taitc1300
yap13..
delivera1375
swippera1387
wight1390
nimblea1400
yarea1400
yerna1400
smitherc1475
leger1483
agilea1500
liver1530
lightsome1567
wimble1579
nimble jointed1591
nimble shifting1591
agilious1599
nimbling1599
nimble spirited1611
expedite1612
fitchanta1616
airy1642
fantastic1645
volant1650
clever1691
light-limbed1695
spry1746
swack1768
swank1786
yauld1787
deliverly1820
slippy1847
nippy1849
springe1859
pantherish1869
pantherine1890
flippant1895
loose1907
Tarzanesque1933
Tarzan-like1943
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 317/2 Lyver quyke, deliure.
1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 51 Lycht lyuer men to cirkill thame about.
c1650 R. Hood, Beggar & 3 Squires 46 in F. J. Furnivall Percy Folio I. 17 Those that saw Robin Hood run, said he was a liver old man.
1664 Floddan Field v. 50 With lusty Lads liver and light.
1686 G. Stuart Joco-serious Disc. 39 Again speaks out a Lyver lad A trusty Trojan.
1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. II. 72/2 Liver, lively, sprightly. Teviotd[ale].
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

liverv.

Brit. /ˈlɪvə/, U.S. /ˈlɪvər/, Scottish English /ˈlɪvər/
Forms: Middle English liuer, Middle English liuere, Middle English liur- (inflected form), Middle English lyuer, Middle English lyuere, Middle English lyuire, Middle English lyver, late Middle English leuer, late Middle English leuir, late Middle English leuire, 1500s–1600s liver; English regional (northern) 1700s liuor, 1800s– liver, 1800s– 'liver, 1800s– livver; Scottish pre-1700 leiver, pre-1700 lever, pre-1700 liwr- (inflected form), pre-1700 lyver, pre-1700 1700s– liver, 1900s– 'liver.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymons: French liverer ; deliver v.1
Etymology: Partly < Anglo-Norman (rare) leverer, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French livrer, liverer (French livrer ) to set free, release (end of the 10th cent. in Old French), to surrender, hand over (a person or thing to another person) (c1100), to engage (a person or army) in battle (c1100 in livrer bataille à ), to deliver (goods) (c1340; < classical Latin līberāre liberate v.), and partly shortened < deliver v.1 Compare Old Occitan liurar , lieurar (13th cent.), Catalan lliurar (14th cent.), Spanish librar (a1207; also †livrar ), Portuguese livrar (13th cent.), (with Latin influence) librar (14th cent.), liberar (19th cent.), Italian liberare (a1308). Compare also Old Dutch gelīveron (with added prefix), Middle Dutch, Dutch leveren , Middle Low German lēvereren , (with elision of medial syllable) lēveren ( > German liefern (15th cent.)), all in sense ‘to unload, deliver (goods, cargo)’, which show early borrowings < French. Compare liberate v., livering n.1
Now Scottish and English regional (northern).
= deliver v.1
1.
†a. transitive. To set free, release; to disburden: = deliver v.1 I. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > safety > rescue or deliverance > rescue or deliver (from) [verb (transitive)]
areddec885
leeseOE
reddOE
winc1220
deliver?c1225
ridc1225
quita1250
betellc1275
casta1300
to cast outa1300
liverc1330
rescuec1330
wrechec1330
borrowc1350
to put out of ——c1350
to bring awaya1400
redea1400
wreakc1400
rescourec1425
rescousa1450
savec1480
relue1483
salue1484
redeem1488
recovera1500
redressa1500
eschewc1500
rescours1511
to pull (also snatch) out of the fire1526
recourse1533
withtakec1540
redeem1549
vindicate1568
retire1578
repair1591
reprieve1605
to bring off1609
c1330 Assumption of Virgin (Auch.) l. 489 in Englische Studien (1885) 8 454 (MED) Swete Jesus herde his bede And liured him of bondes.
c1390 Gregorius (Vernon) (1914) 18 (MED) Liuere me, lord, out of þis pyne.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 20391 I liuerd me of mi sarmon.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 14418 God..liurd þaim of mekil wa.
c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) l. 3152 Tulkis..egirly cries On Alexander eftir help & he þam all liuers [a1500 Trin. Dublin delyuerys].
a1500 (c1400) Vision of Tundale (Adv.) (1843) l. 955 (MED) Thei wer not lyveryt of hor payn, For hit was newed ay ayayn.
a1765 Northumberland betrayd by Douglas ix, in F. J. Child Eng. & Sc. Pop. Ballads (1889) III. vi. 412/1 For all the gold that's in Loug Leuen, William wold not liuor mee.
b. transitive. To unload (goods) from a ship or other vehicle; to discharge cargo from (a ship). Also intransitive.
ΚΠ
c1650 in A. J. Warden Dundee Burgh Laws (1872) 22 The merchant resaver or deliverer of the geir being livered or ladned sall pay xx s.
1672 Sc. Acts Chas. II (1814) VIII. 61/1 If any of that victuall shall happin to be livered within their bounds.
1701 in J. Bulloch Pynours (1887) 74 If any goods shall be livered at the shoar below the Estler work.
1719 Rec. Conv. Royal Burghs (1915) 220 Scots ships..coming to the staple port to liver shall enjoy exemption.
1855 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Yorks. Words 105 Livver, to deliver. ‘Is the ship livvered’, unloaded.
1887 J. Bulloch Pynours 41 Their industrious wives..were loading or livering some vessel in the ‘herborie’.
1951 Scots Mag. Apr. 31 A skipper..was ‘'livering’ at the capstan (that is, swinging the herring ashore by the derrick).
1974 Recorded Interview (Brit. Libr. Sound Archive) (Survey Eng. Dial.: C908) (MS transcript) Track 7 They livered at Weybridge.
2. transitive. To surrender, give or hand over: = deliver v.1 II.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > relinquishing > relinquish or give up [verb (transitive)]
forsakec893
forlet971
to reach upOE
agiveOE
yield?c1225
uptake1297
up-yield1297
yield1297
deliverc1300
to-yielda1375
overgivec1384
grant1390
forbeara1400
livera1400
forgoc1400
upgive1415
permit1429
quit1429
renderc1436
relinquish1479
abandonc1485
to hold up?1499
enlibertyc1500
surrender1509
cess1523
relent1528
to cast up?1529
resignate1531
uprender1551
demit1563
disclaim1567
to fling up1587
to give up1589
quittance1592
vail1593
enfeoff1598
revoke1599
to give off1613
disownc1620
succumb1632
abdicate1633
delinquish1645
discount1648
to pass away1650
to turn off1667
choke1747
to jack up1870
chuck up (the sponge)1878
chuckc1879
unget1893
sling1902
to jack in1948
punt1966
to-leave-
the mind > possession > relinquishing > relinquish or give up [verb (transitive)] > hand over to another
i-taechec888
outreacheOE
sellc950
beteacha1000
areachc1000
turnc1175
handsellc1225
betakec1250
deliverc1300
beken1330
yielda1382
disposec1384
resigna1387
livera1400
to turn overa1425
deputea1440
overgive1444
quit?c1450
surrend1450
surrender1466
renderc1480
to give over1483
despose1485
refer1547
to pass over1560
to set over1585
behight1590
tip1610
consign1632
delegate1633
skink1637
to hand over1644
delate1651
to turn off1667
to turn in1822
the mind > language > speech > speak [verb (reflexive)]
delivera1400
livera1500
enlarge1614
speak1833
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 15879 (MED) Þe fals felun Iudas..liuerd his maister vp.
1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) i. 33 Yf he haue doon soo, I shall neuer leuer hym the value of a peny.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxiv. 317 I am leuerd a lap is lyke to no lede.
a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 24 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) The which word [sc. livery]..is derived of livering or delivering forth their nightly foode.
?1626 R. Montagu in J. Cosin Corr. (1869) I. lxii. 99 Hath Dr. Wrende livered my letter and effected it?
1894 J. T. Clegg David's Loom v Iv it were mi last deein' word aw'd 'liver it.
†3. transitive. To engage (a person or army) in battle. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > armed encounter > contending in battle > contend in battle or give battle [verb (intransitive)]
fightc900
to bid, offer, refuse, accept, take (arch.) battle1297
to do battle1297
to give battle1297
strive13..
battle1330
to instore a battle1382
fettlec1400
pugnec1425
toilc1425
to deliver battle1433
conflict?a1475
bargain1487
mellaya1500
liverc1500
to come out1511
field1535
combat1589
to manage arms1590
sway1590
c1500 Melusine (1895) 275 That they be prest redy to lyuere you batayll.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1adj.2eOEn.2a1382n.31668adj.1c1450v.c1330
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