automatismn.

Brit.

/ɔːˈtɒmətɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ɔˈtɑməˌtɪz(ə)m/,

/əˈtɑməˌtɪz(ə)m/,

/ɑˈtɑməˌtɪz(ə)m/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; probably partly modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: automaton n., -ism suffix.

Etymology: < automat- (in automaton n.) + -ism suffix, probably partly after French automatisme (a1757 in sense 1, 1803 in sense 3). Compare ancient Greek αὐτοματισμός that which happens of itself, chance. Compare also German Automatismus (1856).

1. The theory, belief, or doctrine that living organisms act purely mechanically, like automata, and are motivated by physical causes, rather than consciousness, intelligence, or will. Also: the condition or state of being so motivated. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > zoology > [noun] > specific theories or systems

automatism1793

quinary system1826

the mind > will > intention > unintentional or unplanned character > [noun] > unintentional or involuntary quality > automatic or mechanical quality

mechanicalness1693

mechanicality1779

automatonism1820

automacy1847

automatism1857

automaticity1873

robotism1923

robotry1924

1793 W. Godwin Enq. Polit. Justice I. 296 The reasonings of the present chapter, if true, may be considered as giving farther stability to his [sc. David Hartley's] principal doctrine by freeing it from the scheme of material automatism with which it was unnecessarily clogged.

1838 Blackwood's Mag. 43 605 The Cartesian doctrine of the automatism of the whole animal kingdom.

1857 T. E. Webb Intellectualism of Locke viii. 154 Whatever is done from blind Impulse is Automatism rather than Action.

1879 W. H. Mallock Is Life Worth Living? 171 The unity or dualism of existence, the independence or automatism of the life and will of man.

1922 N. J. Symons in Philos. Ess. presented to J. Watson 220 The elements of passivity and automatism which are partially observable in man constitute the whole range of animal life.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 950 There are reasons for crediting the ant or the bee with some mental activity, such as enjoyment and endeavour, associated with its busy automatism.

2007 B. Luke Brutal vi. 180 The vivisector's psychological need to deny the subjectivity of his victims has taken philosophical form as the theory of animal automatism.

†2. The faculty of originating action or motion independently; the fact of being self-acting. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > [noun] > capacity of initiating movement

motivitya1688

automatism1794

the world > action or operation > [noun] > independent or spontaneous

spontaneousnessa1649

auturgy1651

automatism1794

automatic pilot1955

1794 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1956) I. 147 An Advocate for the Automatism of Man.

1877 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. i. iii. 74 Automatism, i.e. the power of initiating disturbances or vital impulses, independent of any immediate disturbing event or stimulus from without, is one of the fundamental properties of protoplasm.

1882 G. J. Romanes in Nature 9 Feb. 335/2 The hypothesis of conscious automatism is nothing more than an emphatic restatement of the truth, that the relation between body and mind is a relation which has so far proved inconceivable.

3. The quality or fact of doing something automatically, mechanically, or unthinkingly, esp. through habit or convention; the result of this, unthinking routine.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [noun] > routine

rote1581

route1725

routine1760

habituality1801

automatism1882

mechanicalism1903

autopilot1967

1882 in Med. Temp. Jrnl. No. 52. 154 Nowhere, perhaps, is medical automatism seen..more commonly than in our Lunatic Asylums.

1889 Lancet 5 Oct. 703/1 He deprecated routinism, automatism, mechanical prescription in medicine.

1907 M. T. D. Barton Exper. in Perfection xix. 273 The Swedish woman, with the automatism of her kind and race, had gone on building a fire at five o'clock—as long as matches remained in the kitchen.

1949 T. S. Eliot Christianity & Culture (1960) 95 We know that good manners, without education, intellect or sensibility to the arts, tends towards mere automatism.

1993 Village Voice (N.Y.) 12 Jan. 76/4 Finally I found the man's sexual automatism too much.

2001 P. D. James Cover her Face iv. 94 The sudden bitterness of her last sentence roused even Sergeant Martin from the routine automatism of his note-taking.

a. Action, or an act, performed without conscious or voluntary control, or while in a state of impaired consciousness. Also: the result of this; automatic writing, speaking, behaviour, etc. (see automatic adj. 5a).In early use in Spiritualism, designating action(s) performed under (supposed) psychic influence. Now chiefly in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Law, applied to unconscious involuntary conduct caused by some external factor, for which a person is not criminally liable.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [noun] > activity as spontaneous or non-volitional

automation1874

automatism1884

the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [noun] > activity as spontaneous or non-volitional > mental state allowing

automatism1884

1884 F. W. H. Myers in Proc. Soc. Psychical Res. 1883–4 2 223 In the graphic automatism of mental abstraction and the graphic automatism of cerebral disease, the passages written are usually very short.

1886 E. Gurney et al. Phantasms of Living I. ii. 76 The planchette-writing obtained through the automatism of a young child.

1890 T. Barkworth in Proc. Soc. Psychical Res. 1889–90 6 85 We have..instances of complete automatism in the case of the sleep-walker who goes through a variety of complicated actions entirely self-suggested.

1908 Westm. Gaz. 20 Oct. 9/1 The..‘concordant automatisms’, which a number of well-known mediums have been carrying on in the hope of establishing actual communication with the dead.

1925 Jrnl. Relig. 5 382 The hypothesis of a ‘subliminal self’ might be used to relate the phenomena of hypnotism, automatism, and double personality.

1959 R. Heywood Beyond Reach of Sense (1961) iii. 23 The phenomena of trance and of lesser automatisms seem to be inherent in human nature.

1974 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol. xi. 204 Accidental poisonings often result from automatism, where the patient after ingesting one or two doses of the barbiturate,..becomes confused and inadvertently takes an overdose.

1989 Lancet 22 Apr. 912/2 Diabetic patients who commit crimes while hypoglycaemic may be able to plead (non-insane) automatism.

2009 Daily Mail (Nexis) 3 June It is not the first time sleepwalking has been used as a legal defence. Pleading automatism—the legal definition of acting involuntarily—appears to be becoming more frequent.

b. The technique of seeking to eliminate conscious thought from the creative process; the result of this, a form of (esp. surrealist) art produced spontaneously from the subconscious mind. Cf. automatic adj. 5b.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > period, movement, or school of art > late 19th and 20th centuries > [noun] > automatism

automatism1948

1935 D. Gascoyne tr. A. Breton in Short Surv. Surrealism iv. 61 Surrealism, pure psychic automatism, by which it is intended to express, verbally, in writing, or by other means, the real process of thought.]

1948 H. Read in Hudson Rev. 1 59 Applying Freudian methods to the problems of artistic creation, Breton evolved a theory and..practice of aesthetic automatism which is the essential feature of surrealism.

1958 M. L. Wolf Dict. Painting 25 Automatism, in art, the principle of creation without the interference of thought... Practically, it is the unfettered stroke of brush or pencil, with no direction, will, or control exercised by the conscious mind.

1984 Texas Monthly July 173 ‎Ernst was an inventive technician, and he and Breton often experimented with automatism—spontaneous writing and drawing that they believed was guided entirely by the subconscious.

2002 Scotl. on Sunday (Nexis) 18 Aug. 4 He developed a form of art derived in part from automatism—the surrealists' excursion into the subconscious.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	automatism
释义	automatismn. Brit. /ɔːˈtɒmətɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ɔˈtɑməˌtɪz(ə)m/, /əˈtɑməˌtɪz(ə)m/, /ɑˈtɑməˌtɪz(ə)m/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation; probably partly modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: automaton n., -ism suffix. Etymology: < automat- (in automaton n.) + -ism suffix, probably partly after French automatisme (a1757 in sense 1, 1803 in sense 3). Compare ancient Greek αὐτοματισμός that which happens of itself, chance. Compare also German Automatismus (1856). 1. The theory, belief, or doctrine that living organisms act purely mechanically, like automata, and are motivated by physical causes, rather than consciousness, intelligence, or will. Also: the condition or state of being so motivated. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > zoology > [noun] > specific theories or systems automatism1793 quinary system1826 the mind > will > intention > unintentional or unplanned character > [noun] > unintentional or involuntary quality > automatic or mechanical quality mechanicalness1693 mechanicality1779 automatonism1820 automacy1847 automatism1857 automaticity1873 robotism1923 robotry1924 1793 W. Godwin Enq. Polit. Justice I. 296 The reasonings of the present chapter, if true, may be considered as giving farther stability to his [sc. David Hartley's] principal doctrine by freeing it from the scheme of material automatism with which it was unnecessarily clogged. 1838 Blackwood's Mag. 43 605 The Cartesian doctrine of the automatism of the whole animal kingdom. 1857 T. E. Webb Intellectualism of Locke viii. 154 Whatever is done from blind Impulse is Automatism rather than Action. 1879 W. H. Mallock Is Life Worth Living? 171 The unity or dualism of existence, the independence or automatism of the life and will of man. 1922 N. J. Symons in Philos. Ess. presented to J. Watson 220 The elements of passivity and automatism which are partially observable in man constitute the whole range of animal life. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 950 There are reasons for crediting the ant or the bee with some mental activity, such as enjoyment and endeavour, associated with its busy automatism. 2007 B. Luke Brutal vi. 180 The vivisector's psychological need to deny the subjectivity of his victims has taken philosophical form as the theory of animal automatism. †2. The faculty of originating action or motion independently; the fact of being self-acting. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > [noun] > capacity of initiating movement motivitya1688 automatism1794 the world > action or operation > [noun] > independent or spontaneous spontaneousnessa1649 auturgy1651 automatism1794 automatic pilot1955 1794 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1956) I. 147 An Advocate for the Automatism of Man. 1877 M. Foster Text Bk. Physiol. i. iii. 74 Automatism, i.e. the power of initiating disturbances or vital impulses, independent of any immediate disturbing event or stimulus from without, is one of the fundamental properties of protoplasm. 1882 G. J. Romanes in Nature 9 Feb. 335/2 The hypothesis of conscious automatism is nothing more than an emphatic restatement of the truth, that the relation between body and mind is a relation which has so far proved inconceivable. 3. The quality or fact of doing something automatically, mechanically, or unthinkingly, esp. through habit or convention; the result of this, unthinking routine. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > [noun] > routine rote1581 route1725 routine1760 habituality1801 automatism1882 mechanicalism1903 autopilot1967 1882 in Med. Temp. Jrnl. No. 52. 154 Nowhere, perhaps, is medical automatism seen..more commonly than in our Lunatic Asylums. 1889 Lancet 5 Oct. 703/1 He deprecated routinism, automatism, mechanical prescription in medicine. 1907 M. T. D. Barton Exper. in Perfection xix. 273 The Swedish woman, with the automatism of her kind and race, had gone on building a fire at five o'clock—as long as matches remained in the kitchen. 1949 T. S. Eliot Christianity & Culture (1960) 95 We know that good manners, without education, intellect or sensibility to the arts, tends towards mere automatism. 1993 Village Voice (N.Y.) 12 Jan. 76/4 Finally I found the man's sexual automatism too much. 2001 P. D. James Cover her Face iv. 94 The sudden bitterness of her last sentence roused even Sergeant Martin from the routine automatism of his note-taking. 4. a. Action, or an act, performed without conscious or voluntary control, or while in a state of impaired consciousness. Also: the result of this; automatic writing, speaking, behaviour, etc. (see automatic adj. 5a).In early use in Spiritualism, designating action(s) performed under (supposed) psychic influence. Now chiefly in Psychology, Psychiatry, and Law, applied to unconscious involuntary conduct caused by some external factor, for which a person is not criminally liable. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [noun] > activity as spontaneous or non-volitional automation1874 automatism1884 the world > the supernatural > the paranormal > [noun] > activity as spontaneous or non-volitional > mental state allowing automatism1884 1884 F. W. H. Myers in Proc. Soc. Psychical Res. 1883–4 2 223 In the graphic automatism of mental abstraction and the graphic automatism of cerebral disease, the passages written are usually very short. 1886 E. Gurney et al. Phantasms of Living I. ii. 76 The planchette-writing obtained through the automatism of a young child. 1890 T. Barkworth in Proc. Soc. Psychical Res. 1889–90 6 85 We have..instances of complete automatism in the case of the sleep-walker who goes through a variety of complicated actions entirely self-suggested. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 20 Oct. 9/1 The..‘concordant automatisms’, which a number of well-known mediums have been carrying on in the hope of establishing actual communication with the dead. 1925 Jrnl. Relig. 5 382 The hypothesis of a ‘subliminal self’ might be used to relate the phenomena of hypnotism, automatism, and double personality. 1959 R. Heywood Beyond Reach of Sense (1961) iii. 23 The phenomena of trance and of lesser automatisms seem to be inherent in human nature. 1974 M. C. Gerald Pharmacol. xi. 204 Accidental poisonings often result from automatism, where the patient after ingesting one or two doses of the barbiturate,..becomes confused and inadvertently takes an overdose. 1989 Lancet 22 Apr. 912/2 Diabetic patients who commit crimes while hypoglycaemic may be able to plead (non-insane) automatism. 2009 Daily Mail (Nexis) 3 June It is not the first time sleepwalking has been used as a legal defence. Pleading automatism—the legal definition of acting involuntarily—appears to be becoming more frequent. b. The technique of seeking to eliminate conscious thought from the creative process; the result of this, a form of (esp. surrealist) art produced spontaneously from the subconscious mind. Cf. automatic adj. 5b. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > period, movement, or school of art > late 19th and 20th centuries > [noun] > automatism automatism1948 1935 D. Gascoyne tr. A. Breton in Short Surv. Surrealism iv. 61 Surrealism, pure psychic automatism, by which it is intended to express, verbally, in writing, or by other means, the real process of thought.] 1948 H. Read in Hudson Rev. 1 59 Applying Freudian methods to the problems of artistic creation, Breton evolved a theory and..practice of aesthetic automatism which is the essential feature of surrealism. 1958 M. L. Wolf Dict. Painting 25 Automatism, in art, the principle of creation without the interference of thought... Practically, it is the unfettered stroke of brush or pencil, with no direction, will, or control exercised by the conscious mind. 1984 Texas Monthly July 173 ‎Ernst was an inventive technician, and he and Breton often experimented with automatism—spontaneous writing and drawing that they believed was guided entirely by the subconscious. 2002 Scotl. on Sunday (Nexis) 18 Aug. 4 He developed a form of art derived in part from automatism—the surrealists' excursion into the subconscious. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1793
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