autonomyn.

Brit.

/ɔːˈtɒnəmi/, U.S.

/ɔˈtɑnəmi/,

/əˈtɑnəmi/,

/ɑˈtɑnəmi/

Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek αὐτονομία.

Etymology: < ancient Greek αὐτονομία (of a state) freedom to use its own laws, independence, in Byzantine Greek also poetic licence (in αὐτονομία ποιητική ), dogmatism < αὐτόνομος (see autonomous adj.) + -ία -y suffix³. Compare Middle French, French autonomie (1596 in Middle French in an isolated attestation, subsequently from 1762; 1815 in specific use in sense 1b, in this sense after the German use by Kant).In sense 1b after German Autonomie (1785 in Kant in this sense; 1536 in Latinate form autonomia , late 18th cent. in German form). In quot. 1991 at sense 2 after Russian avtonomija (1917 or earlier in this sense), specific (concrete) use of avtonomija self-government, independence (1803).

a. The condition or right of a state, institution, group, etc., to make its own laws or rules and administer its own affairs; self-government, independence. Occasionally also: an instance of this.Often with modifying word specifying the type or limit of such independence, as administrative, local, regional autonomy, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > autonomy > [noun]

autonomy1591

self-governing1619

self-government1647

self-rulea1683

autarchy1691

autocracy of the people1792

self-management1809

self-control1812

self-governance1848

Home Rule1858

autonomism1867

merdeka1947

1591 A. Colynet True Hist. Ciuill Warres France 480 Others of the..rebellion entred in counsell, whether they ought to admit the King vpon reasonable conditions, specially hauing their autonomy.

1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Autonomy, liberty to liue after ones owne law.

1761 tr. A.-Y. Goguet Origin Laws, Arts, & Sci. III. i. iii. 8 They remained some years in a state of autonomy.

1793 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. 11 336 A protest in behalf of the Right of Autonomy in the name of all the independent states of Europe.

1846 G. Grote Hist. Greece I. i. xiv. 443 The inhabitants of Sigeium could not peaceably acquiesce in this loss of their autonomy.

1885 N.E.D. at Autonomy English boroughs have a local autonomy, the former British colonies had an administrative autonomy; ‘political autonomy’ is national independence.

1896 Argosy Mar. 525/1 A convention was arranged with England which guaranteed the Boers' autonomy.

1920 Glasgow Herald 12 May 9 Turkey accepts..a scheme of local autonomy for the predominantly Kurdish areas east of the Euphrates.

1930 F. J. Eble tr. H. Grisar Martin Luther ii. 51 The canonical and disciplinary autonomy of the Observantine monasteries.

1957 Economist 28 Sept. 1003/1 When the promised elections set up an all-Korean government—perhaps with a degree of regional autonomy.

1976 I. B. Singer in D. Villiers Next Year in Jerusalem 62 Russia had promised its Jews a Yiddishist cultural autonomy.

2007 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 14 June ii. 7/5 Chicago High School for the Arts would be allowed a high degree of autonomy.

b. Philosophy. In Kantian philosophy: the freedom of will which enables a person to adopt the rational principles of moral law (rather than personal desire or feeling) as the prerequisite for his or her actions; the capacity of reason for moral self-determination. Opposed to heteronomy.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > [noun] > Kantian doctrine of

autonomy1798

1798 tr. I. Kant Ess. & Treat. I. 87 I shall therefore name this principle the autonomy [Ger. Autonomie] of the will, in contradistinction to every other, which I for that reason count to the heteronomy.

1798 tr. I. Kant Ess. & Treat. I. 91 Autonomy is therefore the ground of the dignity of the human and of every rational nature.

1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. 70 Kant..was permitted to assume a higher ground (the autonomy of the will) as a postulate deducible from the unconditional command..of the conscience.

a1871 G. Grote Fragm. Ethical Subj. (1876) ii. 45 Kant..means by Autonomy, that there are in this case no considerations of pleasure or pain influencing the will.

1920 J. Royce Philos. of Loyalty (new ed.) ii. 95 There is endless room..for a rational autonomy in your choice of your cause.

2002 D. DeGrazia Animal Rights i. 5 In Kant's enormously influential moral philosophy, autonomy, or freedom from the causal determinism of nature, became prominent in justifying the human use of animals.

c. More generally: liberty to follow one's will; control over one's own affairs; freedom from external influence, personal independence.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > free will > [noun]

freedomeOE

free will1340

arbitryc1374

advisementa1398

freedom of will?c1400

liberty?c1400

wilfulnessc1460

liberal arbitre?1483

contingencec1530

indifferencya1555

contingency1561

freedom of thought1591

self-willingness1591

volunt1611

voluntariness1643

uncommandedness1646

autexousy1678

volency1686

inconditionality1696

unconditionalitya1714

indifference1728

volition1738

vacancy1754

voluntarity1794

autonomy1803

unconditionalness1843

unconditionedness1854

1803 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. 1 384 The customers of a banker can desert to a rival at will, and thus retain..an autonomy of conduct.

1872 Amer. Church Rev. Apr. 308 It is not always the habitually indolent..that abdicate their own autonomy for such a cause.

1908 Times 5 Mar. 2/6 The modernists had set out to study..the..problems of personal autonomy and of obedience.

1945 ‘G. Orwell’ in New Saxon Pamphlets iii. 38 So long as they are forced to maintain an intelligentsia, the intelligentsia will have a certain amount of autonomy.

1988 Update 15 Oct. 737/2 The ability to help [mentally ill] patients regain their autonomy.

1997 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Aug. 28/1 Eliot, Conrad, Joyce, Woolf..are usually characterized as ‘difficult’, elitist, preoccupied with their own artistic autonomy.

2009 Newsday (Nexis) 20 Sept. a38 These new..surveillance devices for curtailing our autonomy as drivers.

d. With reference to a thing: the fact or quality of being unrelated to anything else, self-containedness; independence from external influence or control, self-sufficiency.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > non-relation > [noun]

absoluteness1605

inconnection1620

irrelativenessa1665

inconcernment1671

unrelatedness1681

irrelation1834

discommunity1851

autonomy1868

inconnectedness1880

disrelation1893

placelessness1973

1868 Coll. Hist. & Archæol. Montgomeryshire 1 437 They [sc. place names mentioned in an elegy] should all be sought for in ancient Powysland and nowhere else; for otherwise the autonomy of the elegy were destroyed.

1872 Dublin Rev. Apr. 335 Holy Scripture..has no unity or autonomy in itself, but is merely part of a more general system of revelation.

1907 Catholic Encycl. I. 175/2 Naturalism..champions the autonomy of art in order to maintain its independence of religion and morality.

1955 E. Vivas Creation & Discov. i. 18 The arrogant and pre-intended dominance with which the partisan violates..the autonomy of his material.

1991 Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 121 286 The reduced phonological autonomy of (even orthotone) nonlexical words.

2. concrete. A self-governing country or region; an autonomous state.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > autonomy > [noun] > that which is autonomous

autonomy1832

1832 T. Gordon Hist. Greek Revol. I. i. ii. 150 Before the revolution it was divided into..three autonomies, or independent communities.

1863 R. Lytton Rep. 1 July in S. Sterne & T. Hare On Representative Govt. (1871) v. 163 The existence, as independent autonomies, of the Duchies, which Germany has since wrested from Denmark.

1882 Times 27 Dec. 7/2 Theories about nationality and treaties creating autonomies will not serve.

1946 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 52 133/2 In the West, after the downfall of the Roman Empire, local autonomies grew.

1991 Times 14 June 1/2 He [sc. Yeltsin] did well even in the so-called ‘autonomies’ populated largely by non-Russian ethnic groups.

2003 Sentinel (Stoke-on-Trent) (Nexis) 7 Dec. 16 I see it [sc. federation] as the big turning point in the history of the Potteries... Would the separate towns have been better off as independent autonomies?

3. Biology. The condition of an organism, or part of one, of being (to some degree) free from dependence upon or regulation by other organisms or parts; organic independence.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > [noun] > condition of being

organization?a1425

organity1642

organicalness1675

autonomy1849

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > autonomy

autonomy1849

1849 L. P. Hickok Rational Psychol. 578 We may have the distinguishable force of vegetable life, and which may control all the forces of attraction and repulsion..; yet still will this vegetative autonomy be a law imposed from above itself.

1860 F. Chance tr. R. Virchow Cellular Pathol. xix. 460 The idea conveyed by parasitism does not differ from that conveyed by the autonomy of every part of the body excepting in degree.

1901 Trans. Linn. Soc.: Zool. 8 259 In all cases it appears to have more autonomy; that is to say, to be in less intimate connection with the metameric spinal nerves than in most other vertebrate forms.

1932 Science 15 July 42/2 Many highly parasitic micro-organisms have lost their primordial autonomy, and can now multiply only under the influence of certain extraneous plant hormones.

1977 P. B. Medawar & J. S. Medawar Life Sci. i. 8 Organs and tissues..are composed of cells which..have a high measure of autonomy.

2007 F. Valladares & Ü. Niinemets in F. I. Pugnaire & F. Valladares Functional Plant Ecol. (ed. 2) iv. 104 Branches..exhibit different levels of uncoupling with the rest of the branches of the crown, that is, different levels of relative autonomy.

4. The condition of a subject or discipline (e.g. biology) of having its own laws, principles, and methodology which are not simply deducible from or reducible to those of a more fundamental subject (e.g. physics). Cf. autonomous adj. 4a.

ΚΠ

1881 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon at Autonomy Anatomy and physiology are autonomous, since the phenomena presented by animals and plants are not at present referable to chemical, physical, or other laws.]

1911 Science 21 Apr. 611/2 The proof of the autonomy of biology..would consist in showing that there are modes of action characteristic of matter when organized into a living body which can never be deduced from any law that describes any modes of action of inorganic matter.

1935 Philos. Rev. 44 55 While social sciences, he [sc. Ernest Nagel] concluded, are indeed found reducible in a number of senses to the natural sciences, they cannot wholly be so reduced and retain their rightful autonomy.

1978 Jrnl. Philos. 75 575 One principal upshot of this failure of the classical model is supposed to be the independence, or autonomy, of psychology from the physical sciences.

2004 E. Mayr What Makes Biol. Unique ? ii. 28 The last step in the development of the autonomy of biology was the discovery of a number of biology-specific concepts or principles.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	autonomy
释义	autonomyn. Brit. /ɔːˈtɒnəmi/, U.S. /ɔˈtɑnəmi/, /əˈtɑnəmi/, /ɑˈtɑnəmi/ Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek αὐτονομία. Etymology: < ancient Greek αὐτονομία (of a state) freedom to use its own laws, independence, in Byzantine Greek also poetic licence (in αὐτονομία ποιητική ), dogmatism < αὐτόνομος (see autonomous adj.) + -ία -y suffix³. Compare Middle French, French autonomie (1596 in Middle French in an isolated attestation, subsequently from 1762; 1815 in specific use in sense 1b, in this sense after the German use by Kant).In sense 1b after German Autonomie (1785 in Kant in this sense; 1536 in Latinate form autonomia , late 18th cent. in German form). In quot. 1991 at sense 2 after Russian avtonomija (1917 or earlier in this sense), specific (concrete) use of avtonomija self-government, independence (1803). 1. a. The condition or right of a state, institution, group, etc., to make its own laws or rules and administer its own affairs; self-government, independence. Occasionally also: an instance of this.Often with modifying word specifying the type or limit of such independence, as administrative, local, regional autonomy, etc. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > autonomy > [noun] autonomy1591 self-governing1619 self-government1647 self-rulea1683 autarchy1691 autocracy of the people1792 self-management1809 self-control1812 self-governance1848 Home Rule1858 autonomism1867 merdeka1947 1591 A. Colynet True Hist. Ciuill Warres France 480 Others of the..rebellion entred in counsell, whether they ought to admit the King vpon reasonable conditions, specially hauing their autonomy. 1623 H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. Autonomy, liberty to liue after ones owne law. 1761 tr. A.-Y. Goguet Origin Laws, Arts, & Sci. III. i. iii. 8 They remained some years in a state of autonomy. 1793 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. 11 336 A protest in behalf of the Right of Autonomy in the name of all the independent states of Europe. 1846 G. Grote Hist. Greece I. i. xiv. 443 The inhabitants of Sigeium could not peaceably acquiesce in this loss of their autonomy. 1885 N.E.D. at Autonomy English boroughs have a local autonomy, the former British colonies had an administrative autonomy; ‘political autonomy’ is national independence. 1896 Argosy Mar. 525/1 A convention was arranged with England which guaranteed the Boers' autonomy. 1920 Glasgow Herald 12 May 9 Turkey accepts..a scheme of local autonomy for the predominantly Kurdish areas east of the Euphrates. 1930 F. J. Eble tr. H. Grisar Martin Luther ii. 51 The canonical and disciplinary autonomy of the Observantine monasteries. 1957 Economist 28 Sept. 1003/1 When the promised elections set up an all-Korean government—perhaps with a degree of regional autonomy. 1976 I. B. Singer in D. Villiers Next Year in Jerusalem 62 Russia had promised its Jews a Yiddishist cultural autonomy. 2007 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 14 June ii. 7/5 Chicago High School for the Arts would be allowed a high degree of autonomy. b. Philosophy. In Kantian philosophy: the freedom of will which enables a person to adopt the rational principles of moral law (rather than personal desire or feeling) as the prerequisite for his or her actions; the capacity of reason for moral self-determination. Opposed to heteronomy. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > [noun] > Kantian doctrine of autonomy1798 1798 tr. I. Kant Ess. & Treat. I. 87 I shall therefore name this principle the autonomy [Ger. Autonomie] of the will, in contradistinction to every other, which I for that reason count to the heteronomy. 1798 tr. I. Kant Ess. & Treat. I. 91 Autonomy is therefore the ground of the dignity of the human and of every rational nature. 1817 S. T. Coleridge Biogr. Lit. 70 Kant..was permitted to assume a higher ground (the autonomy of the will) as a postulate deducible from the unconditional command..of the conscience. a1871 G. Grote Fragm. Ethical Subj. (1876) ii. 45 Kant..means by Autonomy, that there are in this case no considerations of pleasure or pain influencing the will. 1920 J. Royce Philos. of Loyalty (new ed.) ii. 95 There is endless room..for a rational autonomy in your choice of your cause. 2002 D. DeGrazia Animal Rights i. 5 In Kant's enormously influential moral philosophy, autonomy, or freedom from the causal determinism of nature, became prominent in justifying the human use of animals. c. More generally: liberty to follow one's will; control over one's own affairs; freedom from external influence, personal independence. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > free will > [noun] freedomeOE free will1340 arbitryc1374 advisementa1398 freedom of will?c1400 liberty?c1400 wilfulnessc1460 liberal arbitre?1483 contingencec1530 indifferencya1555 contingency1561 freedom of thought1591 self-willingness1591 volunt1611 voluntariness1643 uncommandedness1646 autexousy1678 volency1686 inconditionality1696 unconditionalitya1714 indifference1728 volition1738 vacancy1754 voluntarity1794 autonomy1803 unconditionalness1843 unconditionedness1854 1803 W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. 1 384 The customers of a banker can desert to a rival at will, and thus retain..an autonomy of conduct. 1872 Amer. Church Rev. Apr. 308 It is not always the habitually indolent..that abdicate their own autonomy for such a cause. 1908 Times 5 Mar. 2/6 The modernists had set out to study..the..problems of personal autonomy and of obedience. 1945 ‘G. Orwell’ in New Saxon Pamphlets iii. 38 So long as they are forced to maintain an intelligentsia, the intelligentsia will have a certain amount of autonomy. 1988 Update 15 Oct. 737/2 The ability to help [mentally ill] patients regain their autonomy. 1997 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Aug. 28/1 Eliot, Conrad, Joyce, Woolf..are usually characterized as ‘difficult’, elitist, preoccupied with their own artistic autonomy. 2009 Newsday (Nexis) 20 Sept. a38 These new..surveillance devices for curtailing our autonomy as drivers. d. With reference to a thing: the fact or quality of being unrelated to anything else, self-containedness; independence from external influence or control, self-sufficiency. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > non-relation > [noun] absoluteness1605 inconnection1620 irrelativenessa1665 inconcernment1671 unrelatedness1681 irrelation1834 discommunity1851 autonomy1868 inconnectedness1880 disrelation1893 placelessness1973 1868 Coll. Hist. & Archæol. Montgomeryshire 1 437 They [sc. place names mentioned in an elegy] should all be sought for in ancient Powysland and nowhere else; for otherwise the autonomy of the elegy were destroyed. 1872 Dublin Rev. Apr. 335 Holy Scripture..has no unity or autonomy in itself, but is merely part of a more general system of revelation. 1907 Catholic Encycl. I. 175/2 Naturalism..champions the autonomy of art in order to maintain its independence of religion and morality. 1955 E. Vivas Creation & Discov. i. 18 The arrogant and pre-intended dominance with which the partisan violates..the autonomy of his material. 1991 Trans. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 121 286 The reduced phonological autonomy of (even orthotone) nonlexical words. 2. concrete. A self-governing country or region; an autonomous state. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > autonomy > [noun] > that which is autonomous autonomy1832 1832 T. Gordon Hist. Greek Revol. I. i. ii. 150 Before the revolution it was divided into..three autonomies, or independent communities. 1863 R. Lytton Rep. 1 July in S. Sterne & T. Hare On Representative Govt. (1871) v. 163 The existence, as independent autonomies, of the Duchies, which Germany has since wrested from Denmark. 1882 Times 27 Dec. 7/2 Theories about nationality and treaties creating autonomies will not serve. 1946 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 52 133/2 In the West, after the downfall of the Roman Empire, local autonomies grew. 1991 Times 14 June 1/2 He [sc. Yeltsin] did well even in the so-called ‘autonomies’ populated largely by non-Russian ethnic groups. 2003 Sentinel (Stoke-on-Trent) (Nexis) 7 Dec. 16 I see it [sc. federation] as the big turning point in the history of the Potteries... Would the separate towns have been better off as independent autonomies? 3. Biology. The condition of an organism, or part of one, of being (to some degree) free from dependence upon or regulation by other organisms or parts; organic independence. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > [noun] > condition of being organization?a1425 organity1642 organicalness1675 autonomy1849 the world > life > biology > balance of nature > relationships of organisms > [noun] > autonomy autonomy1849 1849 L. P. Hickok Rational Psychol. 578 We may have the distinguishable force of vegetable life, and which may control all the forces of attraction and repulsion..; yet still will this vegetative autonomy be a law imposed from above itself. 1860 F. Chance tr. R. Virchow Cellular Pathol. xix. 460 The idea conveyed by parasitism does not differ from that conveyed by the autonomy of every part of the body excepting in degree. 1901 Trans. Linn. Soc.: Zool. 8 259 In all cases it appears to have more autonomy; that is to say, to be in less intimate connection with the metameric spinal nerves than in most other vertebrate forms. 1932 Science 15 July 42/2 Many highly parasitic micro-organisms have lost their primordial autonomy, and can now multiply only under the influence of certain extraneous plant hormones. 1977 P. B. Medawar & J. S. Medawar Life Sci. i. 8 Organs and tissues..are composed of cells which..have a high measure of autonomy. 2007 F. Valladares & Ü. Niinemets in F. I. Pugnaire & F. Valladares Functional Plant Ecol. (ed. 2) iv. 104 Branches..exhibit different levels of uncoupling with the rest of the branches of the crown, that is, different levels of relative autonomy. 4. The condition of a subject or discipline (e.g. biology) of having its own laws, principles, and methodology which are not simply deducible from or reducible to those of a more fundamental subject (e.g. physics). Cf. autonomous adj. 4a. ΚΠ 1881 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon at Autonomy Anatomy and physiology are autonomous, since the phenomena presented by animals and plants are not at present referable to chemical, physical, or other laws.] 1911 Science 21 Apr. 611/2 The proof of the autonomy of biology..would consist in showing that there are modes of action characteristic of matter when organized into a living body which can never be deduced from any law that describes any modes of action of inorganic matter. 1935 Philos. Rev. 44 55 While social sciences, he [sc. Ernest Nagel] concluded, are indeed found reducible in a number of senses to the natural sciences, they cannot wholly be so reduced and retain their rightful autonomy. 1978 Jrnl. Philos. 75 575 One principal upshot of this failure of the classical model is supposed to be the independence, or autonomy, of psychology from the physical sciences. 2004 E. Mayr What Makes Biol. Unique ? ii. 28 The last step in the development of the autonomy of biology was the discovery of a number of biology-specific concepts or principles. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1591
随便看	to set one's heart on to set one's house in order to set one's main to to set one's mind at ease to set one's mind on to set one's mind to to set one's or the face to set one's or the face countenance to set one's own house in order to set one's rest to set one's sails to set one's seal to set one's shoulder against to set one's teeth to set oneself at gaze to set oneself down to set oneself in flight to set oneself out to the life to set open to set open wide to set or put beside the cushion to set or put besides the cushion to set or put the cart before the horse to set or sit high on the wheel to set our heads together