manganesen.

Brit.

/ˈmaŋɡəniːz/,

/ˌmaŋɡəˈniːz/, U.S.

/ˈmæŋɡəˌniz/,

/ˈmæŋɡəˌnis/

Forms: 1600s manganes, 1600s– manganese, 1800s manganeze.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French manganèse.

Etymology: < French manganèse (1578 in Middle French in sense 1, 1780 in sense 3) < Italian manganese (a1303 in sense 1; 1795 in sense 3, after French), probably originally a variant of post-classical Latin magnesia or Hellenistic Greek or Byzantine Greek μαγνησία magnesia n. (see sense 2 s.v.), although the form is difficult to explain, and this etymology is rejected by some. Compare post-classical Latin manganexium (1409 in an Italian source). Compare German Mangan (16th cent. in sense 1; > Dutch mangaan, Swedish mangan), French †mangane (1868 in Littré).Following C. W. Scheele's demonstration in 1774 that the black mineral (which he called magnesia ) was the oxide of a metal, and J. G. Gahn's isolation of the metal in the same year, T. Bergman proposed that the metal be named magnesium , as early as 1775 (and in the passage translated in quot. 1783 at sense 3: compare quot. 1781 at magnesium n. 1); in French the metal was called régule de manganèse (compare regulus n. 3) until L. B. Guyton de Morveau's proposal in 1780 that it be called simply manganèse.

a. A black mineral substance used from ancient times in glass-making and as a component in coloured ceramic glazes, and now in many industrial processes. Also: a coloured ceramic glaze made from this. Also black manganese, †glass-maker's manganese.Black manganese is now known to consist usually of a mixture of various oxides, of which the chief component is manganese( iv) oxide, MnO₂ (the mineral pyrolusite). The name manganese is now restricted to the metal (sense 3) in chemical usage; its older application survives only in commercial and industrial use, esp. in ceramics.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > rutile and uranite groups A02 > manganese dioxide

brownstone1657

manganese1662

magnesia1677

soap of glass1815

pyrolusite1828

varvicite1829

polianite1849

manganese dioxide1866

pelagite1876

manganese oxide1882

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > glass and glass-like materials > [noun] > glass-making materials

metal1589

saffora1604

massacote1622

frit1662

polverine1662

rochetta1662

tarso1662

Spanish ashes1725

bollito1753

glass-maker's manganese1797

soap of glass1815

cullet1817

muff1820

batch1874

1662 C. Merrett tr. A. Neri Art of Glass xiii. 28 Take Manganese of Piemont [It. Manganese del Piemonte], for this is the best of all the Manganeses at this day known in the art of glass.

1672 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica (ed. 6) ii. iii. 72 In the making of Glass, it hath been an ancient practice to cast in pieces of magnet, or perhaps manganes.

1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire 79 Magnesia (in the Glass-houses, called Manganese).

1755 Gentleman's Mag. Dec. 540/2 Our Manganese, supposed an iron ore, appears from some experiments to contain no iron.

1797 Encycl. Brit. X. 528/1 This substance, commonly called black or glass~maker's manganese, is scarcely any other thing than the calx of a new semimetal.

1864 Chambers's Encycl. VI. 301/2 The binoxide, or peroxide, is the black manganese of commerce, and the pyrolusite of mineralogists.

1867 C. L. Bloxam Chemistry 325 In commerce pyrolusite is known as black manganese, or simply manganese.

1871 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch (1872) I. xii. 189 Why had the Almighty carried off his two wives both childless, after he had gained so much by manganese and things?

1962 3rd Internat. Art Treasures Exhib. (Victoria & Albert Mus.) 62/2 Two Astbury figures in creamware splashed with manganese.

1971 L. A. Boger Dict. World Pottery & Porcelain 211/2 Many tones of purple are prepared alone from manganese or in association with other oxides.

1990 North West Tel. (Port Hedland, Austral.) 19 Sept. 2/3 There were more than 30 semi trailers carting manganese into Port Hedland.

b. With distinguishing word: any of various mineral substances and chemical compounds containing the metal manganese (sense 3).bog, grey, needle, red manganese, etc.: see the first element.

ΚΠ

1770 G. von Engeström & E. M. da Costa tr. A. F. Cronstedt Ess. Syst. Mineral. 124 Red manganese is said to be found in Piedmont.

1797 Encycl. Brit. X. 529/1 Blue manganese, according to Mr. Scheele, acquires its colour from the phlogiston which it is enabled to retain by its union with fixed alkalies.

1833 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 417/1 Allagite and Horn Manganese are mere mixtures.

1893 M. E. Wadsworth in Rep. State Board Michigan Geol. Surv. 1891 & 1892 93 (table) Manganolite... Consolidated structural varieties: Bog manganese or Manganesite.

1993 A. M. Clark Hey's Mineral Index (ed. 3) 589/1 Red manganese, syn. of rhodocrosite.

2. white manganese n. now rare †(a) = white magnesia n. at white adj. and n. Compounds 1g(c)(ii) (obsolete); (b) any of certain white compounds of manganese, esp. manganese carbonate (MnCO₃) and manganese sulphate (MnSO₄).With sense (a) cf. magnesia alba n. at magnesia n. Compounds, and the confusion between magnesium and manganese compounds seen in the name black magnesia (magnesia n. 2).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > manganese > [noun]

white manganese1731

magnesium1781

manganese1783

manganesium1783

manganium1814

magnase1849

1731 P. Shaw Hoffman's New Exper. & Observ. Mineral Waters 78 So as to degenerate into a neutral Salt that exerts a purging Quality, like that prepared with the white Manganese, and Spirit of Vitriol.

1731 P. Shaw Hoffman's New Exper. & Observ. Mineral Waters 78 (note) The white Manganese is that chalky, alkaline Matter, obtained by evaporating and calcining the Remains of the Mother-Liquor, left upon the refining of Salt-petre, that will not shoot into Salt.

1780 J. R. Forster tr. K. W. Scheele Chem. Observ. & Exper. on Air & Fire 85 Take one part of pounded saltpetre, and mix it with four parts of this white manganese.

1827 J. Griffin Pract. Treat. Use Blowpipe ii. 200 White Manganese, Carbonate of Manganese.

1880 Electrician 29 May 21/1 In addition to this there is added a quantity of sulphate of manganese, commercially known as ‘white manganese’.

1912 H. T. Peck Standard Illustr. Bk. Facts 530/2 White manganese is manganese carbonate.

3. Chemistry. A hard, silvery, brittle chemical element, atomic number 25, which is one of the transition metals and is essential as a trace element for plant and animal life and is used in steels and magnetic alloys. Symbol Mn.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > manganese > [noun]

white manganese1731

magnesium1781

manganese1783

manganesium1783

manganium1814

magnase1849

1783 W. Withering tr. T. Bergman Outl. Mineral. 114 Manganesium or Manganese [L. magnesium]... This new metal is soluble in all the acids.

1807 J. Murray Syst. Chem. III. 423 The name Manganese, which was formerly given to the native oxide, is now appropriated to the metal.

1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 49 The properties of manganese, which was announced as a peculiar metal by Kaim in 1770, were minutely investigated by Scheele and Bergman.

1816 P. Cleaveland Elem. Treat. Mineral. & Geol. 544 Manganese, which is with great difficulty obtained in a metallic state, has a grayish white color with some lustre.

1879 C. A. Cameron in Cassell's Techn. Educator i. 15 Manganese is a metal somewhat allied to iron.

1925 H. C. Booth tr. F. Auerbach Mod. Magnetics (U.K. ed.) iv. 84 Seckelson has found that manganese electrolytically deposited in the direction of the field is susceptible of very strong magnetism.

1943 Ann. Rev. Biochem. 12 525 The essentiality of boron, manganese, and zinc for higher plants is no longer open to dispute.

1990 Health Shopper Apr. 6/4 Eat whole grains and avocados for their manganese content.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

manganese metal n.

ΚΠ

1864 O. E. Prieger Brit. Patent 1366 5 Ferro-manganese is a perfectly metallic substance..containing solely manganese metal and iron with traces of carbon.

1883 Encycl. Brit. XV. 480/1 Manganese metal is grey, like cast iron.

manganese mine n.

ΚΠ

1839 Penny Cycl. XIV. 381/1 It occurs in Devonshire, Cornwall, in the Harz, and most manganese mines.

1961 Current Sci. 30 223/1 (heading) Some observations on piedmontite from Goldongri Manganese Mine.

manganese ore n.

ΚΠ

1795 W. Nicholson Dict. Chem. II. 596 This new manganese ore was found among the iron mines of Sem.

1821 R. Jameson Man. Mineral. 255 Prismatic Manganese-Ore, or Black Manganese-Ore.

1821 R. Jameson Man. Mineral. 256 Prismatoidal Manganese-Ore, or Grey Manganese-Ore.

1958 Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India A. 24 95 This is probably the first reported occurrence of quenselite in manganese ores of metamorphic origin.

manganese salt n.

ΚΠ

1802 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. III. 88 The oxides of manganese salts.

1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) V. 563/2 Examples [of organic fungicides] are..the sodium, zinc, and manganese salts..of ethylenebis (dithiocarbamic acid).

C2.

manganese alum n. (a) Chemistry a double sulphate of potassium and manganese; (b) Mineralogy = apjohnite n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > sulphates > [noun] > alum > other alums

spire-alumc1375

stone-butter1796

rock butter1804

manganese alum1842

tschermigite1868

tamarugite1890

1842 T. Graham Elements Chem. i. v. 519 Iron alum, manganese alum, and chrome alum.

1844 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 2) vi. 217 (heading) Manganese Alum... Fibrous crystallizations like amianthus, with a silken lustre.

1867 C. L. Bloxam Chemistry 326 The sulphate of sesquioxide of manganese combines with sulphate of potash to form manganese-alum.

1896 A. H. Chester Dict. Names Minerals 165 Manganese alum, native manganese alum, called apjohnite.

manganese blende n. Mineralogy = alabandite n.; also called manganblende.

ΚΠ

1820 R. Jameson Syst. Mineral. (ed. 3) III. 406 Prismatic Manganese Blende.

1839 Penny Cycl. XIV. 381/2 Sulphur is also found in combination with manganese. The compound is called Kobellite, Manganese Blende, &c.

1906 H. F. Morley & M. M. P. Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. III. 177/2 Manganese-blende MnS.

manganese bronze n. (a) = manganese brown n.; (b) Engineering an alloy of copper and zinc containing manganese.

ΚΠ

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 235 Manganese bronze, buff and green; all metallic colours.

1883 P. M. Parsons in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 383 That the manganese bronze propellers are incorrodible,..has now been proved.

1961 H. Blackshaw & R. Brightman Dict. Dyeing & Textile Printing 103 Manganese brown (or bronze), one of the mineral colours.

1989 Encycl. Brit. II. 548/1 Also useful in mechanical engineering are manganese bronzes, in which there may be little or even no tin but considerable amounts of zinc and manganese.

manganese brown n. a textile dye which produces a brown colour owing to precipitation of manganese oxides on the fibres.

ΚΠ

1842 T. Graham Elements Chem. ii. v. 533 Manganese brown.

1957 Encycl. Brit. VII. 794/1 Manganese brown..can be applied in wool, silk and cotton dyeing.

manganese chloride n. a chloride of manganese, esp. manganese( ii) chloride (manganous chloride), a pink, deliquescent crystalline solid, MnCl₂, which is used as a catalyst, disinfectant, and feed additive, and in dyeing.

ΚΠ

1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) 122 The supposed existence of the manganesian chlorid was ascertained by treating the crust with distilled water.]

1877 C. T. Kingzett Hist. Alkali Trade 209 As the mixture passes into the second compartment.., it consists of manganese chloride, together with magnesic chloride and magnesia.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 677/1 The first action of the lime is to convert the manganese chloride into manganous hydrate..and calcium chloride.

1983 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Chem. 580/1 The most useful of the halides are manganese (II) fluoride..and manganese (II) chloride, MnCl₂... The pink-colored chloride can be prepared by the reaction of manganese dioxide with warm concentrated hydrochloric acid.

1997 Investigative Radiol. 32 205 MnDPDP [sc. manganese dipyridoxyl diphosphate] is approximately 10 times less potent than manganese chloride (MnCl₂) in depressing cardiac function.

manganese copper n. Metallurgy rare = manganese bronze n. (b).Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Manganese copper.

manganese dioxide n. manganese( iv) oxide, a grey-black solid, MnO₂, which occurs naturally as pyrolusite and is used as a catalyst, oxidizing agent, depolarizer in dry cells, and pigment.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > rutile and uranite groups A02 > manganese dioxide

brownstone1657

manganese1662

magnesia1677

soap of glass1815

pyrolusite1828

varvicite1829

polianite1849

manganese dioxide1866

pelagite1876

manganese oxide1882

1866 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. xxi. 190 Manganese Dioxide, MnO₂, is the common black ore of manganese, and is termed pyrolusite by mineralogists; it can be artificially formed by adding a solution of bleaching powder to a manganous salt.

1946 Nature 3 Aug. 155/2 Manganese dioxide is reduced with great ease to form divalent manganese ion by sulphydryl compounds.

1988 F. A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 5) xviii. 706 Manganese dioxide is inert to most acids except when heated, but it does not dissolve to give Mn^IV in solution; instead it functions as an oxidizing agent.

1998 Tetrahedron Lett. 39 3815 Propargylic and benzylic alcohols can be oxidized with activated manganese dioxide in the presence of stabilized Wittig reagents to generate alpha, beta-unsaturated esters directly.

manganese epidote n. Mineralogy rare = piemontite n.

ΚΠ

1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 409/2 Piedmontite or Manganese Epidote, brownish violet, from St. Marcel, has 20 per cent. of manganese peroxide.

manganese garnet n. Mineralogy rare = spessartine n.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Manganese garnet.

manganese glance n. [after German Manganglanz (D. L. G. Karsten Mineral. Tabellen (ed. 2, 1808) 72)] Mineralogy = alabandite n.

ΚΠ

1865 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 817 Manganese-glance, syn. with Manganese-blende.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 570/1 Manganous Sulphide, MnS, found native as manganese glance.

manganese glass n. [in quot. 1875 translating German Manganglas] rare glass in whose the manufacture manganese has been used.

ΚΠ

1875 tr. H. W. Vogel Chem. Light & Photogr. xvii. 269 Explanation of the change of manganese-glass.

manganese green n. rare an unstable green dye consisting of barium manganate; also called Cassel green.

ΚΠ

1937 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) I. 642/2 This salt [sc. barium manganate] is used as a pigment under the name of manganese green or Cassel green.

manganese nodule n. Geology a small concretion consisting primarily of manganese and iron oxides, occurring in large quantities on the floors of oceans and the Great Lakes.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > stone > a stone > [noun] > concretionary or nodular > other nodules

manganese nodule1876

1876 Proc. Royal Soc. 1875–6 24 507 The trawl brought up many manganese nodules or concretions and two shark's teeth; these nodules had in most cases a nucleus of pumice.

1912 J. Murray & J. Hjort Depths of Ocean iv. 157 Sulphate of barium has been found to be present in most marine deposits and in manganese nodules in small quantities.

1989 Encycl. Brit. XXV. 172/2 An estimated 1,500,000,000,000 tons of manganese nodules are on the Pacific Ocean floor alone.

2021 Frontiers in Marine Sci. 30 Mar. In the deep sea, proposed polymetallic nodule mining activities are likely to harm seafloor ecosystems, including unique habitats such as manganese nodules.

manganese oxide n. each of the six oxides of manganese; esp. = manganese dioxide n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > rutile and uranite groups A02 > manganese dioxide

brownstone1657

manganese1662

magnesia1677

soap of glass1815

pyrolusite1828

varvicite1829

polianite1849

manganese dioxide1866

pelagite1876

manganese oxide1882

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > other oxides > other oxides of manganese

magnus1640

brownstone1780

manganite1827

braunite1839

manganoso-manganic oxide1845

bog manganese1875

manganese oxide1882

manganosite1884

manganostibite1887

1882 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. 69 Manganese oxides are frequently associated with those of iron in ordinary rock-forming minerals.

1907 G. S. Newth Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 12) xii. 667 Red Manganese Oxide..Mn₃O₄ is the most stable of the oxides of manganese, being formed when both the higher or lower oxides are strongly heated.

1990 C. Pellant Rocks, Minerals & Fossils 63/1 Moss agate has a pale background colour with numerous darker dendritic patterns produced by manganese oxide impurities.

manganese purple n. = manganese violet n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > named colours > purple or purpleness > purple dye or pigment > [noun]

turnsole1375

cork1483

jarecork1483

orchil1483

purple1519

purpurisse1519

archil1551

waycoriant1658

orchilla1703

cudbear1772

purple lake1785

imperial purple1788

mauve?1796

phenicin1823

French purple1830

indigo-purple1838

mauve1859

Perkin's mauve1859

violine1859

mauveine1863

purple of Cassiusc1865

tyroline1867

Paris violet1868

Hofmann violet1869

methyl violet1873

punicin1879

crystal violet1885

chrome violet1892

mineral violet1913

Monastral1936

manganese purple1937

1937 Burlington Mag. Dec. 277/2 A large jar of early Florentine maiolica..of the class painted in manganese-purple and green, the only pigments at that time known to the maiolica painter.

1963 Times 25 May 11/5 An unpleasant manganese-purple tinge.

1989 Independent 2 Nov. 17/3 Cobalt blue and manganese purple have been used to colour the gills, fins and tail of the white glaze.

manganese silicate n. a silicate of manganese, esp. a red or pink crystalline or powdery solid, MnSiO₃, which occurs naturally as rhodonite and is used as a colourant for glass and ceramic glazes.

ΚΠ

1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) Index 818/2 Manganese,... silicates.]

1892 E. S. Dana J. D. Dana's Syst. Mineral. (ed. 6) 705 Klipsteinite is another hydrated manganese silicate.

1928 Chem. Abstr. 22 45 (heading) Sursassite, a manganese silicate from Val d'Err.

1987 N. I. Sax & R. J. Lewis Hawley's Condensed Chem. Dict. (ed. 11) 731/1 Manganous silicate, (manganese silicate)... Derivation: Interaction of manganous salts with sodium silicate.

manganese spar n. [after German Manganspath (A. G. Werner Letztes Mineral-System (1817) 24)] Mineralogy (a) = rhodonite n.; (b) = rhodochrosite n.

ΚΠ

1821 R. Jameson Man. Mineral. 325 Manganese-Spar. (Baryte.)

1867 C. L. Bloxam Chemistry 326 The pink crystallised mineral manganese spar consists of carbonate of manganese (MnO.CO₂).

1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 417/1 Rhodonite (Manganese Spar).

1950 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) X. 539/2 Rhodochrosite, or Manganese Spar, sometimes called dialogite.

manganese steel n. Metallurgy any of various hard and durable steels containing manganese.

ΚΠ

1892 W. W. Greener Breech-loader 12 The alloys of iron, manganese steel, nickel steel,..are not yet made of such uniform quality as will admit of their adoption by gun-makers of reputation.

1963 F. D. Jones & P. B. Schubert Engin. Encycl. (ed. 3) 795 Perhaps the most remarkable property of manganese steel is its almost total lack of magnetic permeability.

1991 Farmers Weekly (BNC) 26 July 37 Manganese steel is used on all ground contacting and crop conveying surfaces to give extra durability.

manganese sulphate n. a sulphate of manganese, esp. manganese( ii) sulphate (manganous sulphate), a pale pink crystalline solid, Mn(SO₄), often obtained as the tetrahydrate and used as a fertilizer, a fungicide, and pigment in ceramics and textile dyeing.

ΚΠ

1898 M. M. P. Muir & H. F. Morley Watts' Dict. Chem. (new ed.) IV. 574/2 Manganese sulphates. I. Manganous salts. The normal salt MnSO₄ is...a white salt, with very faint rose tint.

1946 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) VII. 497/2 Manganese sulphate is used as a fertiliser in neutral or alkaline soils deficient in available manganese, particularly in calcareous soils.

1989 Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia (ed. 29) 1268/2 Manganese sulphate is used to prevent or treat manganese deficiency. It is used similarly in veterinary practice.

manganese violet n. a purple pigment consisting of manganese compounds, esp. oxides, used in ceramic glazes; the colour itself.

ΚΠ

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 772 A metaphosphate of manganese which goes under the name of Nürnberg or manganese violet.

1928 Garden & Home Builder Aug. 555/3 A Flanders battle scene in manganese violet, made in Rotterdam.

1984 Artist Sept. 32/2 Cobalt violet is permanent, and manganese violet is also reliable in most but not all conditions.

manganese vitriol n. Mineralogy rare = fauserite n.

ΚΠ

1884 H. Bauerman Descr. Mineral. 298 The mineral described as Fauserite or Manganese Vitriol, from Herrengrund, in Hungary.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2000; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	manganese
释义	manganesen. Brit. /ˈmaŋɡəniːz/, /ˌmaŋɡəˈniːz/, U.S. /ˈmæŋɡəˌniz/, /ˈmæŋɡəˌnis/ Forms: 1600s manganes, 1600s– manganese, 1800s manganeze. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French manganèse. Etymology: < French manganèse (1578 in Middle French in sense 1, 1780 in sense 3) < Italian manganese (a1303 in sense 1; 1795 in sense 3, after French), probably originally a variant of post-classical Latin magnesia or Hellenistic Greek or Byzantine Greek μαγνησία magnesia n. (see sense 2 s.v.), although the form is difficult to explain, and this etymology is rejected by some. Compare post-classical Latin manganexium (1409 in an Italian source). Compare German Mangan (16th cent. in sense 1; > Dutch mangaan, Swedish mangan), French †mangane (1868 in Littré).Following C. W. Scheele's demonstration in 1774 that the black mineral (which he called magnesia ) was the oxide of a metal, and J. G. Gahn's isolation of the metal in the same year, T. Bergman proposed that the metal be named magnesium , as early as 1775 (and in the passage translated in quot. 1783 at sense 3: compare quot. 1781 at magnesium n. 1); in French the metal was called régule de manganèse (compare regulus n. 3) until L. B. Guyton de Morveau's proposal in 1780 that it be called simply manganèse. 1. a. A black mineral substance used from ancient times in glass-making and as a component in coloured ceramic glazes, and now in many industrial processes. Also: a coloured ceramic glaze made from this. Also black manganese, †glass-maker's manganese.Black manganese is now known to consist usually of a mixture of various oxides, of which the chief component is manganese( iv) oxide, MnO₂ (the mineral pyrolusite). The name manganese is now restricted to the metal (sense 3) in chemical usage; its older application survives only in commercial and industrial use, esp. in ceramics. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > rutile and uranite groups A02 > manganese dioxide brownstone1657 manganese1662 magnesia1677 soap of glass1815 pyrolusite1828 varvicite1829 polianite1849 manganese dioxide1866 pelagite1876 manganese oxide1882 society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > glass and glass-like materials > [noun] > glass-making materials metal1589 saffora1604 massacote1622 frit1662 polverine1662 rochetta1662 tarso1662 Spanish ashes1725 bollito1753 glass-maker's manganese1797 soap of glass1815 cullet1817 muff1820 batch1874 1662 C. Merrett tr. A. Neri Art of Glass xiii. 28 Take Manganese of Piemont [It. Manganese del Piemonte], for this is the best of all the Manganeses at this day known in the art of glass. 1672 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica (ed. 6) ii. iii. 72 In the making of Glass, it hath been an ancient practice to cast in pieces of magnet, or perhaps manganes. 1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire 79 Magnesia (in the Glass-houses, called Manganese). 1755 Gentleman's Mag. Dec. 540/2 Our Manganese, supposed an iron ore, appears from some experiments to contain no iron. 1797 Encycl. Brit. X. 528/1 This substance, commonly called black or glass~maker's manganese, is scarcely any other thing than the calx of a new semimetal. 1864 Chambers's Encycl. VI. 301/2 The binoxide, or peroxide, is the black manganese of commerce, and the pyrolusite of mineralogists. 1867 C. L. Bloxam Chemistry 325 In commerce pyrolusite is known as black manganese, or simply manganese. 1871 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch (1872) I. xii. 189 Why had the Almighty carried off his two wives both childless, after he had gained so much by manganese and things? 1962 3rd Internat. Art Treasures Exhib. (Victoria & Albert Mus.) 62/2 Two Astbury figures in creamware splashed with manganese. 1971 L. A. Boger Dict. World Pottery & Porcelain 211/2 Many tones of purple are prepared alone from manganese or in association with other oxides. 1990 North West Tel. (Port Hedland, Austral.) 19 Sept. 2/3 There were more than 30 semi trailers carting manganese into Port Hedland. b. With distinguishing word: any of various mineral substances and chemical compounds containing the metal manganese (sense 3).bog, grey, needle, red manganese, etc.: see the first element. ΚΠ 1770 G. von Engeström & E. M. da Costa tr. A. F. Cronstedt Ess. Syst. Mineral. 124 Red manganese is said to be found in Piedmont. 1797 Encycl. Brit. X. 529/1 Blue manganese, according to Mr. Scheele, acquires its colour from the phlogiston which it is enabled to retain by its union with fixed alkalies. 1833 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 417/1 Allagite and Horn Manganese are mere mixtures. 1893 M. E. Wadsworth in Rep. State Board Michigan Geol. Surv. 1891 & 1892 93 (table) Manganolite... Consolidated structural varieties: Bog manganese or Manganesite. 1993 A. M. Clark Hey's Mineral Index (ed. 3) 589/1 Red manganese, syn. of rhodocrosite. 2. white manganese n. now rare †(a) = white magnesia n. at white adj. and n. Compounds 1g(c)(ii) (obsolete); (b) any of certain white compounds of manganese, esp. manganese carbonate (MnCO₃) and manganese sulphate (MnSO₄).With sense (a) cf. magnesia alba n. at magnesia n. Compounds, and the confusion between magnesium and manganese compounds seen in the name black magnesia (magnesia n. 2). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > manganese > [noun] white manganese1731 magnesium1781 manganese1783 manganesium1783 manganium1814 magnase1849 1731 P. Shaw Hoffman's New Exper. & Observ. Mineral Waters 78 So as to degenerate into a neutral Salt that exerts a purging Quality, like that prepared with the white Manganese, and Spirit of Vitriol. 1731 P. Shaw Hoffman's New Exper. & Observ. Mineral Waters 78 (note) The white Manganese is that chalky, alkaline Matter, obtained by evaporating and calcining the Remains of the Mother-Liquor, left upon the refining of Salt-petre, that will not shoot into Salt. 1780 J. R. Forster tr. K. W. Scheele Chem. Observ. & Exper. on Air & Fire 85 Take one part of pounded saltpetre, and mix it with four parts of this white manganese. 1827 J. Griffin Pract. Treat. Use Blowpipe ii. 200 White Manganese, Carbonate of Manganese. 1880 Electrician 29 May 21/1 In addition to this there is added a quantity of sulphate of manganese, commercially known as ‘white manganese’. 1912 H. T. Peck Standard Illustr. Bk. Facts 530/2 White manganese is manganese carbonate. 3. Chemistry. A hard, silvery, brittle chemical element, atomic number 25, which is one of the transition metals and is essential as a trace element for plant and animal life and is used in steels and magnetic alloys. Symbol Mn. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > elements and compounds > metals > specific elements > manganese > [noun] white manganese1731 magnesium1781 manganese1783 manganesium1783 manganium1814 magnase1849 1783 W. Withering tr. T. Bergman Outl. Mineral. 114 Manganesium or Manganese [L. magnesium]... This new metal is soluble in all the acids. 1807 J. Murray Syst. Chem. III. 423 The name Manganese, which was formerly given to the native oxide, is now appropriated to the metal. 1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 49 The properties of manganese, which was announced as a peculiar metal by Kaim in 1770, were minutely investigated by Scheele and Bergman. 1816 P. Cleaveland Elem. Treat. Mineral. & Geol. 544 Manganese, which is with great difficulty obtained in a metallic state, has a grayish white color with some lustre. 1879 C. A. Cameron in Cassell's Techn. Educator i. 15 Manganese is a metal somewhat allied to iron. 1925 H. C. Booth tr. F. Auerbach Mod. Magnetics (U.K. ed.) iv. 84 Seckelson has found that manganese electrolytically deposited in the direction of the field is susceptible of very strong magnetism. 1943 Ann. Rev. Biochem. 12 525 The essentiality of boron, manganese, and zinc for higher plants is no longer open to dispute. 1990 Health Shopper Apr. 6/4 Eat whole grains and avocados for their manganese content. Compounds C1. General attributive. manganese metal n. ΚΠ 1864 O. E. Prieger Brit. Patent 1366 5 Ferro-manganese is a perfectly metallic substance..containing solely manganese metal and iron with traces of carbon. 1883 Encycl. Brit. XV. 480/1 Manganese metal is grey, like cast iron. manganese mine n. ΚΠ 1839 Penny Cycl. XIV. 381/1 It occurs in Devonshire, Cornwall, in the Harz, and most manganese mines. 1961 Current Sci. 30 223/1 (heading) Some observations on piedmontite from Goldongri Manganese Mine. manganese ore n. ΚΠ 1795 W. Nicholson Dict. Chem. II. 596 This new manganese ore was found among the iron mines of Sem. 1821 R. Jameson Man. Mineral. 255 Prismatic Manganese-Ore, or Black Manganese-Ore. 1821 R. Jameson Man. Mineral. 256 Prismatoidal Manganese-Ore, or Grey Manganese-Ore. 1958 Proc. Nat. Inst. Sci. India A. 24 95 This is probably the first reported occurrence of quenselite in manganese ores of metamorphic origin. manganese salt n. ΚΠ 1802 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. III. 88 The oxides of manganese salts. 1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) V. 563/2 Examples [of organic fungicides] are..the sodium, zinc, and manganese salts..of ethylenebis (dithiocarbamic acid). C2. manganese alum n. (a) Chemistry a double sulphate of potassium and manganese; (b) Mineralogy = apjohnite n. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > sulphates > [noun] > alum > other alums spire-alumc1375 stone-butter1796 rock butter1804 manganese alum1842 tschermigite1868 tamarugite1890 1842 T. Graham Elements Chem. i. v. 519 Iron alum, manganese alum, and chrome alum. 1844 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 2) vi. 217 (heading) Manganese Alum... Fibrous crystallizations like amianthus, with a silken lustre. 1867 C. L. Bloxam Chemistry 326 The sulphate of sesquioxide of manganese combines with sulphate of potash to form manganese-alum. 1896 A. H. Chester Dict. Names Minerals 165 Manganese alum, native manganese alum, called apjohnite. manganese blende n. Mineralogy = alabandite n.; also called manganblende. ΚΠ 1820 R. Jameson Syst. Mineral. (ed. 3) III. 406 Prismatic Manganese Blende. 1839 Penny Cycl. XIV. 381/2 Sulphur is also found in combination with manganese. The compound is called Kobellite, Manganese Blende, &c. 1906 H. F. Morley & M. M. P. Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. III. 177/2 Manganese-blende MnS. manganese bronze n. (a) = manganese brown n.; (b) Engineering an alloy of copper and zinc containing manganese. ΚΠ 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 235 Manganese bronze, buff and green; all metallic colours. 1883 P. M. Parsons in Rep. Brit. Assoc. 383 That the manganese bronze propellers are incorrodible,..has now been proved. 1961 H. Blackshaw & R. Brightman Dict. Dyeing & Textile Printing 103 Manganese brown (or bronze), one of the mineral colours. 1989 Encycl. Brit. II. 548/1 Also useful in mechanical engineering are manganese bronzes, in which there may be little or even no tin but considerable amounts of zinc and manganese. manganese brown n. a textile dye which produces a brown colour owing to precipitation of manganese oxides on the fibres. ΚΠ 1842 T. Graham Elements Chem. ii. v. 533 Manganese brown. 1957 Encycl. Brit. VII. 794/1 Manganese brown..can be applied in wool, silk and cotton dyeing. manganese chloride n. a chloride of manganese, esp. manganese( ii) chloride (manganous chloride), a pink, deliquescent crystalline solid, MnCl₂, which is used as a catalyst, disinfectant, and feed additive, and in dyeing. ΚΠ 1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) 122 The supposed existence of the manganesian chlorid was ascertained by treating the crust with distilled water.] 1877 C. T. Kingzett Hist. Alkali Trade 209 As the mixture passes into the second compartment.., it consists of manganese chloride, together with magnesic chloride and magnesia. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 677/1 The first action of the lime is to convert the manganese chloride into manganous hydrate..and calcium chloride. 1983 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Chem. 580/1 The most useful of the halides are manganese (II) fluoride..and manganese (II) chloride, MnCl₂... The pink-colored chloride can be prepared by the reaction of manganese dioxide with warm concentrated hydrochloric acid. 1997 Investigative Radiol. 32 205 MnDPDP [sc. manganese dipyridoxyl diphosphate] is approximately 10 times less potent than manganese chloride (MnCl₂) in depressing cardiac function. manganese copper n. Metallurgy rare = manganese bronze n. (b).Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Manganese copper. manganese dioxide n. manganese( iv) oxide, a grey-black solid, MnO₂, which occurs naturally as pyrolusite and is used as a catalyst, oxidizing agent, depolarizer in dry cells, and pigment. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > rutile and uranite groups A02 > manganese dioxide brownstone1657 manganese1662 magnesia1677 soap of glass1815 pyrolusite1828 varvicite1829 polianite1849 manganese dioxide1866 pelagite1876 manganese oxide1882 1866 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. xxi. 190 Manganese Dioxide, MnO₂, is the common black ore of manganese, and is termed pyrolusite by mineralogists; it can be artificially formed by adding a solution of bleaching powder to a manganous salt. 1946 Nature 3 Aug. 155/2 Manganese dioxide is reduced with great ease to form divalent manganese ion by sulphydryl compounds. 1988 F. A. Cotton & G. Wilkinson Adv. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 5) xviii. 706 Manganese dioxide is inert to most acids except when heated, but it does not dissolve to give Mn^IV in solution; instead it functions as an oxidizing agent. 1998 Tetrahedron Lett. 39 3815 Propargylic and benzylic alcohols can be oxidized with activated manganese dioxide in the presence of stabilized Wittig reagents to generate alpha, beta-unsaturated esters directly. manganese epidote n. Mineralogy rare = piemontite n. ΚΠ 1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 409/2 Piedmontite or Manganese Epidote, brownish violet, from St. Marcel, has 20 per cent. of manganese peroxide. manganese garnet n. Mineralogy rare = spessartine n.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Manganese garnet. manganese glance n. [after German Manganglanz (D. L. G. Karsten Mineral. Tabellen (ed. 2, 1808) 72)] Mineralogy = alabandite n. ΚΠ 1865 H. Watts Dict. Chem. III. 817 Manganese-glance, syn. with Manganese-blende. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XVII. 570/1 Manganous Sulphide, MnS, found native as manganese glance. manganese glass n. [in quot. 1875 translating German Manganglas] rare glass in whose the manufacture manganese has been used. ΚΠ 1875 tr. H. W. Vogel Chem. Light & Photogr. xvii. 269 Explanation of the change of manganese-glass. manganese green n. rare an unstable green dye consisting of barium manganate; also called Cassel green. ΚΠ 1937 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) I. 642/2 This salt [sc. barium manganate] is used as a pigment under the name of manganese green or Cassel green. manganese nodule n. Geology a small concretion consisting primarily of manganese and iron oxides, occurring in large quantities on the floors of oceans and the Great Lakes. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > stone > a stone > [noun] > concretionary or nodular > other nodules manganese nodule1876 1876 Proc. Royal Soc. 1875–6 24 507 The trawl brought up many manganese nodules or concretions and two shark's teeth; these nodules had in most cases a nucleus of pumice. 1912 J. Murray & J. Hjort Depths of Ocean iv. 157 Sulphate of barium has been found to be present in most marine deposits and in manganese nodules in small quantities. 1989 Encycl. Brit. XXV. 172/2 An estimated 1,500,000,000,000 tons of manganese nodules are on the Pacific Ocean floor alone. 2021 Frontiers in Marine Sci. 30 Mar. In the deep sea, proposed polymetallic nodule mining activities are likely to harm seafloor ecosystems, including unique habitats such as manganese nodules. manganese oxide n. each of the six oxides of manganese; esp. = manganese dioxide n. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > rutile and uranite groups A02 > manganese dioxide brownstone1657 manganese1662 magnesia1677 soap of glass1815 pyrolusite1828 varvicite1829 polianite1849 manganese dioxide1866 pelagite1876 manganese oxide1882 the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > oxides and hydroxides > [noun] > other oxides > other oxides of manganese magnus1640 brownstone1780 manganite1827 braunite1839 manganoso-manganic oxide1845 bog manganese1875 manganese oxide1882 manganosite1884 manganostibite1887 1882 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. 69 Manganese oxides are frequently associated with those of iron in ordinary rock-forming minerals. 1907 G. S. Newth Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 12) xii. 667 Red Manganese Oxide..Mn₃O₄ is the most stable of the oxides of manganese, being formed when both the higher or lower oxides are strongly heated. 1990 C. Pellant Rocks, Minerals & Fossils 63/1 Moss agate has a pale background colour with numerous darker dendritic patterns produced by manganese oxide impurities. manganese purple n. = manganese violet n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > named colours > purple or purpleness > purple dye or pigment > [noun] turnsole1375 cork1483 jarecork1483 orchil1483 purple1519 purpurisse1519 archil1551 waycoriant1658 orchilla1703 cudbear1772 purple lake1785 imperial purple1788 mauve?1796 phenicin1823 French purple1830 indigo-purple1838 mauve1859 Perkin's mauve1859 violine1859 mauveine1863 purple of Cassiusc1865 tyroline1867 Paris violet1868 Hofmann violet1869 methyl violet1873 punicin1879 crystal violet1885 chrome violet1892 mineral violet1913 Monastral1936 manganese purple1937 1937 Burlington Mag. Dec. 277/2 A large jar of early Florentine maiolica..of the class painted in manganese-purple and green, the only pigments at that time known to the maiolica painter. 1963 Times 25 May 11/5 An unpleasant manganese-purple tinge. 1989 Independent 2 Nov. 17/3 Cobalt blue and manganese purple have been used to colour the gills, fins and tail of the white glaze. manganese silicate n. a silicate of manganese, esp. a red or pink crystalline or powdery solid, MnSiO₃, which occurs naturally as rhodonite and is used as a colourant for glass and ceramic glazes. ΚΠ 1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) Index 818/2 Manganese,... silicates.] 1892 E. S. Dana J. D. Dana's Syst. Mineral. (ed. 6) 705 Klipsteinite is another hydrated manganese silicate. 1928 Chem. Abstr. 22 45 (heading) Sursassite, a manganese silicate from Val d'Err. 1987 N. I. Sax & R. J. Lewis Hawley's Condensed Chem. Dict. (ed. 11) 731/1 Manganous silicate, (manganese silicate)... Derivation: Interaction of manganous salts with sodium silicate. manganese spar n. [after German Manganspath (A. G. Werner Letztes Mineral-System (1817) 24)] Mineralogy (a) = rhodonite n.; (b) = rhodochrosite n. ΚΠ 1821 R. Jameson Man. Mineral. 325 Manganese-Spar. (Baryte.) 1867 C. L. Bloxam Chemistry 326 The pink crystallised mineral manganese spar consists of carbonate of manganese (MnO.CO₂). 1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 417/1 Rhodonite (Manganese Spar). 1950 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) X. 539/2 Rhodochrosite, or Manganese Spar, sometimes called dialogite. manganese steel n. Metallurgy any of various hard and durable steels containing manganese. ΚΠ 1892 W. W. Greener Breech-loader 12 The alloys of iron, manganese steel, nickel steel,..are not yet made of such uniform quality as will admit of their adoption by gun-makers of reputation. 1963 F. D. Jones & P. B. Schubert Engin. Encycl. (ed. 3) 795 Perhaps the most remarkable property of manganese steel is its almost total lack of magnetic permeability. 1991 Farmers Weekly (BNC) 26 July 37 Manganese steel is used on all ground contacting and crop conveying surfaces to give extra durability. manganese sulphate n. a sulphate of manganese, esp. manganese( ii) sulphate (manganous sulphate), a pale pink crystalline solid, Mn(SO₄), often obtained as the tetrahydrate and used as a fertilizer, a fungicide, and pigment in ceramics and textile dyeing. ΚΠ 1898 M. M. P. Muir & H. F. Morley Watts' Dict. Chem. (new ed.) IV. 574/2 Manganese sulphates. I. Manganous salts. The normal salt MnSO₄ is...a white salt, with very faint rose tint. 1946 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) VII. 497/2 Manganese sulphate is used as a fertiliser in neutral or alkaline soils deficient in available manganese, particularly in calcareous soils. 1989 Martindale's Extra Pharmacopoeia (ed. 29) 1268/2 Manganese sulphate is used to prevent or treat manganese deficiency. It is used similarly in veterinary practice. manganese violet n. a purple pigment consisting of manganese compounds, esp. oxides, used in ceramic glazes; the colour itself. ΚΠ 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 772 A metaphosphate of manganese which goes under the name of Nürnberg or manganese violet. 1928 Garden & Home Builder Aug. 555/3 A Flanders battle scene in manganese violet, made in Rotterdam. 1984 Artist Sept. 32/2 Cobalt violet is permanent, and manganese violet is also reliable in most but not all conditions. manganese vitriol n. Mineralogy rare = fauserite n. ΚΠ 1884 H. Bauerman Descr. Mineral. 298 The mineral described as Fauserite or Manganese Vitriol, from Herrengrund, in Hungary. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2000; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1662
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