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单词 manna
释义

mannan.1

Brit. /ˈmanə/, U.S. /ˈmænə/
Forms: Old English monna, Old English– manna, Middle English mana, Middle English manaa, Middle English manne, 1500s mano.
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin manna.
Etymology: < post-classical Latin manna manna, spiritual nourishment (Tertullian, Vetus Latina (compare manna n.2), Vulgate) < Hellenistic Greek μάννα (Septuagint, New Testament) < Hebrew mān (see man n.3), probably via Aramaic mannā. Post-classical Latin manna has derivatives in most European languages; of these, French manne has influenced several senses of the English word (see note).The Hebrew word is of uncertain origin. The etymological tradition preserved in Exodus 16:15 represents the word as having originated from the question man hū' ‘what is it’ (in Aramaic or supposed archaic Hebrew), which grammatically admits of being interpreted ‘it is mān ’; compare the Vulgate translation, ‘Dixerunt ad invicem: Manhu, quod interpretatur, quid est hoc?’ and the 1611 translation ‘they said one to another, it is Manna [marginal note Or, what is this? or it is a portion]: for they wist not what it was’. C. G. Ehrenberg, in his Symbolae Physicae (1823) I, suggested that the manna of the Israelites was the Mount Sinai Manna produced by Tamarix mannifera and locally eaten like honey. Arabic mann can be used in this sense, and the same sense was proposed for ancient Egyptian mannu by G. M. Ebers in Durch Gosen zum Sinai (1872), implying that the Hebrew word ‘may represent the name anciently current in the Sinaitic wilderness for this natural product, which in many respects agrees with the description of the miraculous manna, and which is still locally regarded as a dew falling from the sky’ ( N.E.D.). In sense 4 < classical Latin manna flakes or a flake of incense < ancient Greek μάννα frankincense powder (Hippocrates) < Hebrew manna crumb, grain. The pre-existence of the classical Latin word probably explains why the early Church writers Latinized Hebrew mān as manna . Although the two words appear to be etymologically distinct, it is difficult to discern which etymon accounts for which senses of the English (and French) word. Old French, Middle French, French manne is attested from the first half of the 12th cent. in sense 1a, from c1231 in sense 2a, c1350 in sense ‘provisions, victuals’ and subsequently ‘abundant and unexpected nourishment’ (compare senses 2b and 2c), from early 14th cent. in sense ‘a sweet juice which exudes from certain plants’ (see sense 3), and from 1755 in sense ‘mayflies eaten by fish’ (see sense 7). With sense 4 compare Middle French, French manne d'encens granular incense, and with sense 5 compare French manne de mercure, described in Littré as ‘ancien terme de chimie’.
I. Biblical and allusive uses.
1.
a. In the Bible (Exodus 16): a substance miraculously provided each day as food for the Israelites in the wilderness after their departure from Egypt.The supposed nature of this substance has been disputed. In Exodus 16 manna is described as ‘something fine and granular [margin or ‘rounded’ or ‘coagulated’], as fine as hoarfrost on the ground... It was like coriander seed; it was white and its taste was like that of wafers made with honey’ (New Jerusalem Bible, 1985). See also etymological notes.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun] > manna
mannaeOE
manOE
angels' breada1333
angels' foodc1400
society > faith > artefacts > consumables > bread > [noun] > manna
mannaeOE
manOE
eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care (Tiber.) (Junius transcript) (1871) xvii. 124 And eac sceal bion on ðæm breostum ðæs monnan swetnes.
OE Ælfric Catholic Homilies: 1st Ser. (Royal) (1997) iv. 216 Manna wæs gehaten se heofonlica mete, þe feowertig geara afedde israhela folc on westene.
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 99 (MED) He let hem reine manne to bi-liue and gef hem bred of heuene.
a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 141 (MED) Sunnedei god sende manna from houene.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3330 On morgen fel hem a dew a-gein... He ðe it [s]ogen [MS logen] seiden, ‘man-hu’, Manna for-ði men clepeð it nu.
a1425 (c1300) Assumption of Virgin (BL Add.) (1901) l. 768 Bodi þei founde þer none; But þei sawe in þat stede þana Liand as it were a mana. That manna bitokned hure clene lyf.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 14 In the tombe of seynt John is nought but Manna.
c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 1249 In the Arke was vrna aurea with manna cald aungels brede.
c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme lxxviii. 74 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 108 He..bade the cloudes Ambrosian Manna rain.
1651 C. Cartwright Certamen Religiosum i. 124 The Apostle there calleth Manna spirituall meat, yet was Manna a materiall thing.
1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. II. 76 And on the reverse the pot of manna, or, as others will have it, the censor.
1779 S. Johnson Cowley in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets I. 52 In the following verses we have an allusion to a Rabbinical opinion concerning Manna.
1842 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. VI. xi. 156 The manna in the wilderness was a real gift.
1911 Catholic Encycl. X. 597/1 When the manna is complained of, quails are provided as in the previous year.
1984 Christadelphian July 255/1 We know that the manna is symbolic of, or anticipates, the true manna which came down from heaven in Jesus Christ.
b. In extended use.
ΚΠ
1822 C. Lamb in London Mag. Sept. 247/1 The lean, no lean, but a kind of animal manna.
1890 R. Bridges London Snow in Shorter Poems iii. 265 They gathered up the crystal manna to freeze Their tongues with tasting, their hands with snowballing.
1911 K. Hughes Father Lacombe iii. 32 This was pimik-kan, the manna of the Canadian prairies.
1966 ‘L. Lane’ ABZ of Scouse ii. 65 Manna from hevving, bird droppings.
2. figurative.
a. Spiritual nourishment (esp. God-given).In Christian use frequently with reference to the Eucharist.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > [noun] > spiritual sustenance
soul foodc1175
mannaa1200
pasturec1350
red meat1933
society > faith > artefacts > consumables > eucharistic elements > bread > [noun]
fleshc1000
ofleteOE
mannaa1200
breada1225
bread of lifea1300
host1303
bodya1325
obleya1325
God's bodya1387
cakec1390
singing bread1432
bread of wheata1450
singing loaf1530
God's bread1535
bread god?1548
round robin?1548
holy bread1552
singing cake1553
Jack-in-the-box1554
wafer-cake?1554
wafer1559
wafer-bread1565
breaden god1570
mass cake1579
wafer-god1623
hostel1624
maker1635
hostie1641
oblata1721
altar bread1839
prosphora1874
a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 99 Husel..is wurð al þe wereld, and betere þene al þe wereld; þis is þe holi manne þe ure drihten sende alse snow sleðrende.
1340 Ayenbite (1866) 83 (MED) Þe loue of god and uirtue is..Zuete, uor þet is þe manne þet alle þise þinges makeþ zuete.
c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Royal) Apoc. ii. 17 To the ouercomynge I shal ȝiue manna hid, or aungel mete.
c1450 (a1400) Orologium Sapientiæ in Anglia (1888) 10 378 Heyle, moost holye goddes bodye in þis sacramente soþely conteyned..Oo þou manna, aungellis mete.
a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 110 To þe victour is yoven manna.
1535 Bible (Coverdale) Rev. ii. F cclii/2 Let him that hath eares, heare, what the sprete saith vnto the congregacions: To him that ouercommeth, wil I geue to eate manna that is hyd.
1593 G. Harvey Pierces Supererogation To Rdr. sig. **2v To make choice of..the most vertuous hearbes of Philosophie,..and the most heauenly manna of Diuinitie.
1636 F. Quarles Elegie Sir J. Cæsar sig. A8 Repleat thy self with everlasting Manna.
1654 Bp. J. Taylor Real Presence 58 The word of God, the most honourable and eldest of things is called Manna.
1710 M. Chudleigh Ess. Several Subj. 214 The Bigotry of past Ages pour'd down plentiful Showers of Manna on them, and they gather'd it with an indefatigable Toil.
1763 J. Merrick Poems 11 Feed the soul that moves our clay With Manna from on high.
1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian v, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. IV. 108 The Christian souls..who were hungering for spiritual manna, having been fed but upon sour Hieland sowens by..the last minister.
1861 O Food that Weary Pilgrims Love in Hymns Anc. & Mod. No. 314 O bread of Angel-hosts above, O Manna of the Saints.
1921 E. J. Strickland tr. J. P. De Caussade Abandonment to Divine Providence i. i. 3 O Bread of Angels! heavenly manna!.. Sacrament of the present moment!
1991 C. Cleverly Church Planting (BNC) 139 Are you feeding on the word of God At the start of every day? Send your manna, Lord, Here in the desert. Your living water in this barren land.
b. Something beneficial or pleasing (originally, food), appearing or being provided unexpectedly or opportunely. Now frequently in manna from heaven.
ΚΠ
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice v. i. 294 Faire Ladies, you drop Manna in the way of starued people. View more context for this quotation
1607 T. Middleton Phoenix sig. C Tis..verie manna to me to be in law.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 113 His Tongue Dropt Manna, and could make the worse appear The better reason. View more context for this quotation
1684 T. Otway Atheist i. 5 Do you despise your own Manna indeed, and long after Quails?
1777 D. Garrick Let. 14 Sept. in D. Garrick & G. Spencer Lett. (1960) 109 The whole town are waiting..for the manna of good news from the Howes.
1843 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit (1844) ix. 103 You see in me..the benefactor of your race;..the preserver of your brother, who is fed with manna daily from my table.
1892 R. L. Stevenson & L. Osbourne Wrecker xxiv. 389 The food was not very good,..but it was manna to the castaways.
1942 R.A.F. Jrnl. 13 June 13 Here were action troops: the implication of a new striking force..were manna to all the..wishful-thinkers of the period.
1987 Sunday Express Mag. 31 May 38/1 Any entertainment is a thrill but this, this is manna from heaven.
1998 Grocer 12 Sept. 18/2 His regular, technicoloured prose has been manna from heaven for hungry headline writers.
c. A valuable staple of food. Obsolete. rare.
ΚΠ
1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner i. ii. xxiii. 55 It is us'd in the Winter time to cover Fig-Trees, Artichokes, Succories, Selery, &c. Which are all Manna's of great Value in Gard'ning.
1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. vi. vi. 194 Lettuces are Plants that are..commonly seen in our Kitchen-Gardens, and are indeed the most useful Manna of them.
II. Other uses.
3.
a. A dried, sweet exudate or gum produced by various plants when cut, damaged, or punctured; esp. one rich in mannitol exuded from the branches of the manna ash (see Compounds 1), which has been used medicinally as a mild laxative, or (Australian) one exuded from trees of the genus Eucalyptus. Cf. dew n. 4.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > cleansing or expelling medicines > [noun] > purgative > plant-derived
scammonyc1000
lign-aloesc1374
hiera picra1379
rhubarbc1390
aloea1398
cassia fistulaa1398
coloquintidaa1398
senec1400
turpethc1400
coloquintc1420
diagrydium1436
lignum aloes1525
rhabarbarum1533
xylaloes1540
manna1541
scilla1548
hyera?1550
emblic1555
diasenna1562
colocynth1565
tragonce1575
pinyon1577
mechoacan1587
lignum aquilae1600
gamboge1615
dragon-root1621
helleborism1621
diaprune1625
alhandal1630
makinboy1652
luskard1653
diagrydiate1657
physic nut1657
aloetic1661
scammoniate1665
jalap1675
aloedary1683
coloquinto1683
Briançon manna1688
liquorice powder1712
coloquintid1732
castor oil1746
senna-tea1752
higry pigry1773
Turkey rhubarb1789
argel1803
hickery-pickery1816
cathartin1823
aloin1828
croton oil1829
jalapin1832
syrmaea1833
bryonin1836
gambogic acid1837
Podophyllum1844
podophyllin1851
geropiga1852
hicra picra1857
Montpellier turpeth1860
picra1860
tallicoona oil1866
scammonin1868
pharbitisin1873
cascara sagrada1879
senna-draught1879
tambor-oil1890
syrup of figs1897
pharbitin1899
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 137v Dewe..is..cause of hony and of manna in herbis and floures.
a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 182 (MED) Resolue þeron cassia fistula..thamarindorum, manne..& boile hem a litil togidere.
?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 101 Þere ben hilles where men geten gret plente of Manna, in gretter habundance þan in ony other contree. This Manna is clept bred of aungeles & it is a white þing þat is full swete & right delicyous.
1541 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) 58 Pourgers of Choler:..Manna vi drammes at the leaste, and soo to xxv, in the brothe of a henne or capon.
1543 B. Traheron Interpr. Straunge Wordes in tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. sig. &&.ii/2 Manna is a dewe thicked, and fallynge in certayne places vpon trees,..and vsed for purgations.
1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 4 Upon the Mount Libanus..you may find the Manna, or Celestial dew, which I..took for snow.
1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 241 This Manna is White and Granulated, and..I think not inferior to the Calabrian.
1732 S.-Carolina Gaz. 7 Oct. 4/1 Lately imported, and to be sold by Mr. Samuel Eveleigh, sundry sorts of Druggs viz. Nuz Vomica, Cantharides, Jesuits Bark, Senna, Manna, [etc.].
1764 Ld. Chesterfield Lett. to Godson (1890) 354 I made him take a little manna, which has done him good.
1797 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 764/2 Some manna was gathered from the green leaves [of a pine], but it could never be condensed.
1822 J. M. Good Study Med. IV. 443 It [sc. the juice of the birch tree] is easily obtained by wounding the trunk, and when fresh is a sweetish and limpid fluid, in its concrete state affording a brownish manna.
1827 P. Cunningham Two Years New S. Wales I. 203 A species of our eucalyptus produces also the finest manna, and that in very considerable abundance.
1830 J. Lindley Introd. Nat. Syst. Bot. 92 The Manna of Arabia is produced by several species of Hedysarum.
1889 G. S. Boulger Uses of Plants 103 Fraxinus Ornus..is the chief source of a mild laxative, Manna.
1903 Bulletin (Sydney) 31 Jan. 36/1 When..the ‘manna’ ran down the grey gums, we have sometimes caught froggies..by creeping up to the tree where they were feasting.
1957 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 816/1 Manna of good quality dissolves at ordinary temperatures in about 6 parts of water, forming a clear liquid.
1977 E. Stirling & N. H. Richardson Memories Aberfeldy 10 All the girls, big and little, went walking, gathering wildflowers..and manna in the season.
1991 E. S. Connell Alchymist's Jrnl. (1992) 12 Does the liver seek its medicament in sugar, manna, honey, or a polypody fern?
1999 Britannica Online (Version 99.1) (at cited word) Manna also refers to resins produced by two plants called camel's thorns (Alhagi maurorum and A. pseudalhagi)..native to Turkey.
b. With distinguishing word: a particular form or kind of manna (sense 3a), spec. that obtained from the manna ash.Australian, Briançon, Persian manna, etc.: see the first element.
ΚΠ
1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Manne de Calabre, Calabrian Manna; the best and most lasting Manna... Manne de Cotton..the worse kind of Leuant Manna, and the worst of all others.
1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening v. 101 The Manna of Calabria, and of Briancon, are only the Transudation of a Humour that breaths out of..Larch-Trees.
1727–41 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Formerly the Syrian manna was in the most repute, but now it gives way to the Calabrian.
1797 Encycl. Brit. X. 537/2 The larger pieces, called flake manna, are usually preferred.
1797 Encycl. Brit. X. 538/2 This is the best kind, and by the people of [Sicily] is called lachrymatory or cane manna.
1811 A. T. Thomson London Dispensatory ii. 176 It is collected in baskets, and known under the name of manna grassa, fat manna... A finer kind of manna is procured, which is called canulated or flaky manna, manna in cannoli.
1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. at Fat Fat manna, a variety of manna in the form of soft, viscous brown masses, with many impurities, exuding late in the season, and containing much less mannite and more gum and sugar than the flake manna.
1974 Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VI. 571/2 This sweetish material is sold in the form of flakes (flake manna), fragments (common manna), or thick droplets (fat manna).
c. manna in sorts n. [compare French manne en sortes (1765); New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon (1892) at Manna records also Latin manna in sortibus] an impure form of the manna obtained from the manna ash, which consists of small crystalline fragments of exudate embedded in a soft viscid mass. manna in tears n. [compare French manne en larmes (1723), so called because it condenses into pieces resembling tears] a very pure form of the manna obtained from the manna ash, consisting of irregular pieces of exudate which have hardened on the tree. Obsolete.
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1807 R. Morris & J. Kendrick Edinb. Med. & Physical Dict. II. (at cited word) Manna is generally distinguished into different kinds, viz. the manna in tears, the canulated and flaky manna, and the common brown or fat manna.
1853 J. F. Royle Man. Materia Med. (ed. 2) 542 Manna in tears is a pure kind, in bright and roundish white grains... Inferior kinds are in smaller pieces,..and often intermixed with impurities. These are called Manna in sorts, Fat Manna, Tolfa Manna, &c.
1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 823/2 The inferior [kind], or ‘manna in sorts’ [is obtained] from cuts [in the stem of the Ash] near the ground.
d. A dried sugary substance produced by the feeding activities of aphids, scale insects, or psyllids, either as excreted honeydew or as a plant exudate; esp. a honey-like substance produced when the scale insect Trabutina mannipara feeds on the sap of the Middle Eastern tamarisk Tamarix mannifera, or (Australian) sweet scales secreted by the larvae of psyllids feeding on the leaves of eucalypts, etc. (= lerp n.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > subclass Pterygota > [noun] > division Exopterygota or Hemimetabola > order Hemiptera > suborder Homoptera > family Psyllidae > secretion produced by larvae
manna1808
lerp1848
1808 in Hist. Rec. Austral. (1921) 3rd Ser. I. 692 An insect which produces very fine Manna.
1822 Asiatick Researches 14 182 (title) Description of a substance called Gez or Manna, and the insect producing it.
1856 A. P. Stanley Sinai & Palestine i ii. 69 Feathery tamarisks..on whose leaves is found what the Arabs call manna.
1923 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 12 697 His figure of the ‘manna’ shows a viscid reddish mass, dependent from the infested tamarisk branches... He describes the so-called ‘manna’ as a flaky accumulation of white waxy matter resulting from filaments secreted and shed by the insects.
1927 Bulletin (Sydney) 21 July 27/2 Victoria has two substances commonly known as manna... The second kind is found chiefly in the Mallee... It..is secreted by the pupa of an insect known as Psylla eucalypti on the leaves of the mallee scrub.
1962 C. L. Metcalf et al. Destructive & Useful Insects (ed. 4) ii. 61 The manna or sugary honeydew excreted by aphids and scale insects..is used as a sweet by peasants of Turkey, Iraq, and Iran.
1969 Victorian Year Bk. 83 10 Lerp insects (Psyllidae) often secrete scale~like coverings (lerps) in the nymph stage, those of Spondyliaspis eucalypti on gum leaves being known as ‘manna’.
1972 L. E. Chadwick tr. W. Linsenmaier Insects of World 118/2 The honeydew of the tamarisk manna scale (Trabutina mannipara)..has long been used as a food-stuff and apparently is the manna referred to in the Bible... The honeydew of aphids and of cicadines often is also called manna.
4. [See etymological note.] Frankincense in grains; a grain of frankincense. Obsolete.
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society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > other vegetable materials > plant resin > [noun] > gum (resin) > specific > grain of
manna?a1425
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 72v Þe medecene..is made, after Galien, of yreos ylirica..manna, þat is, þus minute [?c1425 Paris mannis, i. smal frank ensence; L. manna, quod est, thus minutum], astrologia, [etc.].
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 367 As for the small crums or fragments [of incense] which fall off by shaking, we called Manna, (i. Thuris).
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Manna Thuris, the Manna of Frankincense, a term used by the ancient physicians to express such small pieces of frankincense..as broke off..in carriage.
5. Chemistry. A white powder or residue. Obsolete.
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the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical processes (general) > that which remains after
residence1555
residue1586
manna1694
sublimate1822
1694 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana i. vii. 253/2 This is the same Medicine which is called Manna of Lead by Schroder.
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) (at cited word) Chymical Manna, a Substance distill'd from Precipitate, whiter than Snow.
6. In full Poland (also Polish) manna [compare French manne de Pologne (18th cent.), German deutsches Manna, brandenburgisches Manna, polnisches Manna] . = manna seeds n. at Compounds 2. Obsolete.
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the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > other grains
buckwheat1548
brank1577
bullimong1578
sesame1600
block-wheat1611
fundi1670
kurakkan1681
manna seeds1764
manna1780
teff1790
bajra1813
semsem1866
sesame grain1867
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > edible pods, seeds, leaves, or flowers > [noun] > other edible seeds > manna-grass seeds
manna seeds1764
manna1780
the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > a grass or grasses > reedy or aquatic grasses > [noun] > manna-grass and allies > seeds of
Poland (also Polish) manna1864
1780 Farmer's Mag. Oct. 296 The vegetable productions of Poland are..peculiar to itself, particularly a kind of manna (if it can be called a vegetable) which in May and June the inhabitants sweep into sieves with the dew.
1783 W. F. Mavor Geogr. Mag. 2 101 The Polish manna is collected, in the months of June and July, from an herb which grows very plentifully in the meadows and marshy grounds.
1831 W. J. Hooker Brit. Flora (ed. 2) 43 The seeds [of Poa fluitans] constitute the Manna of our shops, and they are gathered abundantly in Holland, where..they are used as food.
1864 Chambers's Encycl. VI. 308/1 They [sc. the seeds]..are very palatable and nutritious, and are known in shops as Polish Manna, Manna Seeds, and Manna Croup.
1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 718/2 Manna, Poland. Glyceria fluitans.
7. colloquial. Mayflies (collectively). Obsolete.
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1816 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. (1818) I. ix. 284 Between the 10th and 15th of August is the time when those [Ephemerae] of the Seine and Marne..are expected by the fishermen, who call them manna.
1864 Intellectual Observer No. 33. 151 Ephemeræ..commonly known by the name of Manna.
8. South African. Usually with distinguishing word: any of various kinds of millet, esp. any grass of the genus Setaria; spec. (in full Boer manna) any of certain strains of foxtail millet, S. italica, or (in full Kaffir manna) (now offensive) of bulrush millet, Pennisetum americanum. Also: the seeds of any of these grasses. Cf. manna-grass n. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > animal food > [noun] > fodder > plants used as fodder
bullimong1313
podder1468
tare1482
greens1607
lucerne1652
esperate1659
esparcet1669
tare-thistle1753
buckwheat1776
mangel-wurzel1787
mangold1848
sacate1848
sacaton1865
mangel-wurzel potato1875
mutter1875
ramon1885
cattle-bush1889
manna1897
beech-wheat-
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular fodder plants > [noun] > grasses used for hay or pasture
windlestrawc1000
red grass1582
spring grass1643
sweet-grass1709
herd-grass1747
Guinea grass1756
vernal grass1762
vernal1771
Paspalum1772
buffalo grass1784
Rhode Island bent1790
red-top1792
finetop1824
kangaroo-grass1827
gamagrass1831
sweet vernal grass1839
yellow-top1839
grama1844
sesame grass1845
sacate1848
Para grass1850
Hungarian1859
alfilaria1860
sacaton1865
Mitchell grass1867
teosinte1877
Landsborough grass1883
turnip-grass1889
brown top1891
ichu1891
manna1897
Rhodes grass1903
Sudan1911
Kikuyu grass1913
never-fail1923
buffel grass1955
1897 Agric. Jrnl. (Dept. Agric. Cape Good Hope) 21 Jan. 108 You have done the sensible thing in sending a specimen of your so-called Manna for identification... Well, it is Setaria italica, Beauv., in one of its varieties.
1933 S. & E. Afr. Year Bk. & Guide 278 The most important hay crops are derived from: Lucerne (Medicago sativa);..Paspalum (Paspalum virgatum); and Manna (Setaria spp.).
1946 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) VII. 505/1 The term ‘manna’ has been loosely applied to certain cereal seeds, e.g. ‘Boer manna’ and ‘Kaffir manna’ are names used for millet.
1972 Encycl. Southern Afr. IV. 604/2 Millet. The best-known species are pearl millet..(Pennisetum typhoides), red Boer manna, white Boer manna (Setaria italica)..and prosomanna (Panicum miliaceum).
1972 Encycl. Southern Afr. VII. 415/2 Boer millet (Setaria italica) is known by the following synonyms: small-seeded strains—‘manna’, foxtail,..or German millet..large-seeded strains—golden millet.
1978 Dict. S. Afr. Eng. 143/2 Manna, various millets usu. in compounds, boerSetaria italica, also called Italian millet; red/rooi ∼, white/wit ∼, yellow/geel ∼ all Kaffer ∼ (q.v.) Pennisetum americanum also babala grass.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.
a.
manna dew n.
ΚΠ
1563 W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Ld. Hastynges sig. O.iiiv The Manna dew, that in the easterne lands, Excellth the laboure of the bees small hands.
a1678 A. Marvell Upon Appleton House in Misc. Poems (1681) 90 But now, to make his saying true, Rails rain for Quails, for Manna Dew.
1819 J. Keats La Belle Dame vii She found me roots of relish sweet, And honey wild, and manna-dew.
1992 T. Hughes Rain-charm for Duchy 6 In the relief of light, the Dream of the Lion Dropping from air as manna dew, Cleansing all, condensed on you.
manna-meal n.
ΚΠ
1820 C. R. Maturin Melmoth IV. xxvi. 118 They partook of this manna-meal,—this food that seemed to have dropped from heaven.
b.
manna-bearing adj.
ΚΠ
1864 Chambers's Encycl. VI. 307 There are several other manna-yielding plants besides the ash, especially the manna-bearing Eucalyptus.
manna-eating adj.
ΚΠ
1875 E. White Life in Christ (1878) iii. xvii. 218 The physical death, died by the manna-eating fathers.
manna-yielding adj.
ΚΠ
1864 Chambers's Encycl. VI. 307 There are several other manna-yielding plants besides the ash.
C2.
manna ash n. an ash tree with fragrant white flowers, Fraxinus ornus, which is native to southern Europe and South West Asia and was formerly much cultivated in Sicily and Calabria for the manna it exudes; also called flowering ash.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > ash and allies > [noun]
ashc700
fraynec1325
wood-browna1400
wild ash1552
white ash1578
manna tree1665
black ash1673
white ash1683
water ash1709
manna ash1715
hoop-ash1763
red ash1773
shrew-ash1776
blue ash1783
swamp ash1794
weeping ash1807
green ash1810
cockscomb ash1850
Oregon ash1857
1715 Philos. Trans. 1714–16 (Royal Soc.) 29 238 This..more resembles our Manna Ash.
1892 Pall Mall Gaz. 21 July 3/1 The slanting lights which played through manna-ash, acacia-hedge, and tamarisk.
1987 K. Rushforth Tree Planting & Managem. (1990) 172/2 Manna ash is one of the species with showy flowers; these are white and carried in late May.
manna groats n. = manna croup n.
ΚΠ
1864 Chambers's Encycl. VI. 307/2 Manna groats, a kind of semolina, prepared in Russia, usually from the hard wheats of Odessa and Taganrog... Another kind is made by husking the small grain of the aquatic grass, Glyceria fluitans.
manna gum n. any of several eucalypts which exude manna, esp. Eucalyptus viminalis; in full manna-gum tree.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > non-British trees or shrubs > Australasian trees > [noun] > eucalyptus trees
yellow box1662
gum tree1676
white gum tree1733
whip-stick1782
peppermint1790
red gum tree1790
red mahogany1798
white gum1798
box1801
blue gum1802
eucalyptus1809
box tree1819
black-butted gum1820
bloodwood1827
white ash1830
blackbutt1833
morrel1837
mountain ash1837
mallee scrub1845
apple gum1846
flooded gum1847
Moreton Bay ash1847
mallee1848
swamp gum1852
box-gum1855
manna gum1855
white top1856
river gum1860
grey box1861
woolly butt1862
marlock1863
fever tree1867
red ironbark1867
river white gum1867
karri1870
yellow jacket1876
eucalypt1877
yapunyah1878
coolibah1879
scribbly gum1883
forest mahogany1884
yellow jack1884
rose gum1885
Jimmy Low1887
nankeen gum1889
slaty gum1889
sugar-gum1889
apple box1890
Murray red gum1895
creek-gum1898
eucalyptian1901
forest red gum1904
river red gum1920
napunyah1921
whitewash gum1923
ghost gum1928
snow gum1928
Sydney blue gum1932
salmon gum1934
lapunyah1940
1855 J. Bonwick Geogr. Austral. & N.Z. (ed. 3) 201 The chief of these are the..manna, poplar, and mountain Gum trees.
1884 A. Nilson Timber Trees New S. Wales 74 E[ucalyptus] viminalisManna Gum;..Flooded Gum.—An elegant tree, attaining a height of 150 feet and a diameter of 8 feet.
1887 Colonial & Indian Exhib., London 1886: Rep. Colonial Sections 420 Other noble trees, as the Blue, White, Red, Swamp, Water-rooted and Manna-drooping Gums.
1937 Discovery Dec. 364/2 The Greater Gliding 'Possum..feeds also on several other eucalypts, particularly manna-gum and long-leafed box.
1982 K. Hueneke Huts of High Country 189 Further up the track we passed under some manna gums... These eucalypts exude a sugary resin which is edible though it may not be enough to save a starving skier.
manna lichen n. any of several edible lichens of the genus Sphaerothallia (esp. S. esculenta), found in arid regions of western Asia and North Africa, which are sometimes identified with the manna of the Bible.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > lichen > [noun] > other lichens
cup-moss1597
ground liverwort1597
Usnea1597
perelle1712
oak moss1728
necklace moss1759
rag1759
thrush-lichen1759
Iceland lichen1777
Iceland moss1785
map lichen1796
scripture-wort1835
letter lichen1846
dog lichen1853
fairy cups1855
velvet moss1858
manna lichen1864
tree-hair1866
famine-bread1887
old man's beard1888
sea ivory1966
1864 Reader No. 85. 205/2 Authors who have described the manna-lichen.
1983 D. L. Hawksworth et al. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dict. Fungi (ed. 7) 358/2 Sphaerothallia... The ‘manna lichens’. S. esculenta..may be one of the types of manna in The Bible, and can be used in bread production.
manna-mead n. Obsolete a fermented beverage obtained from manna.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > other alcoholic drinks > [noun] > from grain or cassava
chicha1581
pombe1625
boza1656
saké1687
mishla1697
manna-mead1753
piwari1769
marua1847
mirin1874
tiswin1877
merissa1884
waragi1916
1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. Manna,..the spirituous part of the manna-mead.
manna seeds n. the seeds of manna-grass (floating sweetgrass), Glyceria fluitans, formerly used as food in parts of Europe.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > corn, cereals, or grain > [noun] > other grains
buckwheat1548
brank1577
bullimong1578
sesame1600
block-wheat1611
fundi1670
kurakkan1681
manna seeds1764
manna1780
teff1790
bajra1813
semsem1866
sesame grain1867
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > edible pods, seeds, leaves, or flowers > [noun] > other edible seeds > manna-grass seeds
manna seeds1764
manna1780
1764 Museum Rusticum 2 lxxxviii. 300 The seeds of this grass [sc. flote fescue] are gathered yearly in Poland,..and sold under the name of manna-seeds.
1864 Chambers's Encycl. VI. 308/1 They [sc. the seeds]..are very palatable and nutritious, and are known in shops as Polish Manna, Manna Seeds, and Manna Croup.
manna sugar n. = mannitol n.
ΚΠ
1836 W. T. Brande Man. Chem. (ed. 4) 906 Mannite; Manna-Sugar.
1957 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 816/1 Mannitol or manna sugar, a hexatomic alcohol, C6H8(OH)6.
1995 J. B. Harborne & H. Baxter Phytochem. Dict. (rev. ed.) 476/2 D-Mannitol; Mannitol;..Manna sugar; Mannite; [etc.].
manna tree n. (a) = manna ash n.; (b) = manna gum n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > ash and allies > [noun]
ashc700
fraynec1325
wood-browna1400
wild ash1552
white ash1578
manna tree1665
black ash1673
white ash1683
water ash1709
manna ash1715
hoop-ash1763
red ash1773
shrew-ash1776
blue ash1783
swamp ash1794
weeping ash1807
green ash1810
cockscomb ash1850
Oregon ash1857
1665 R. Lovell Παμβοτανολογια (ed. 2) 61 Succiferous, or Juice yielding; as the Ammoniacktree Metopion. Acacia. Mannatree.
1773 P. Brydone Tour Sicily & Malta II. xxxv. 279 The manna-tree is esteemed the most profitable.
1834 G. Bennett Wanderings New S. Wales I. xvi. 319 The elegant drooping manna-trees..were numerous.
1972 T. Keneally Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith ii. 9 That there, Jimmie,..is a manna tree. It has a hard sweet gum that can be eaten.

Derivatives

manna'd adj. Obsolete containing or composed of manna; sweetened as with manna, honeyed.
ΚΠ
1749 A. Hill Gideon (rev. ed.) i. xiv. 15 With liquid Rock to stream a springless Land, Call manna'd Harvests from th'unfruitful Sand, And save, and bless you, with a mighty Hand?
1776 W. J. Mickle tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad ix. 377 Enraged, he sees..each, for some base interest of his own, With Flattery's manna'd lips assail the throne.
ˈmanna-like adj.
ΚΠ
1874 L. Carr Judith Gwynne I. vii. 235 As he listened to these manna-like words.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2000; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

mannan.2

Forms: Middle English manaa, 1600s–1700s manna.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin manna; Greek μάννα, μαναά.
Etymology: < post-classical Latin manna and its etymon Hellenistic Greek μάννα (Septuagint, at Jeremiah 17:26, translated by oblatio in the Vulgate, and at Baruch 1:10, translated by manna in the Vulgate), variant of μαναά (Septuagint; < Hebrew minḥāh offering, sacrifice: see Mincha n.) after μάννα manna n.1
Obsolete. rare.
Among the people of ancient Israel: a cereal offering (as opposed to an animal sacrifice).For quot. 1611 (and, following it, quot. a1699), see meat offering n.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > worship > sacrifice or a sacrifice > [noun]
ofleteeOE
almousOE
houselOE
yieldOE
lakeOE
offeringOE
offeranda1225
sacrificea1300
hosta1340
sacrifyingc1374
mannaa1382
incense1382
oblationc1425
hostie1483
obleya1500
sacrificy?c1510
immolation1534
offerture1537
offrage1548
mactation1563
offertory1596
sacrificing1601
litation1623
elibation1656
sacrification1694
sacrificature1779
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Baruch i. 10 Makeþ manaa [a1425 L.V. sacrifice; L. manna].
1611 Bible (King James) Baruch i. 10 Prepare yee Manna. [Margin] Gk. corruptly for Mincha, a meat offering.
a1699 I. Abendana Disc. Eccl. & Civil Polity of Jews (1706) iv. 118 The Captives of Babylon..sent Money to their Brethren at Jerusalem, wherewithal they might buy them Burnt-Offerings..and prepare them Manna, (for so 'tis read corruptly for Mincha a Meat-Offering).
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2000; most recently modified version published online December 2020).
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