mendingn.

Brit.

/ˈmɛndɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈmɛndɪŋ/

Forms: see mend v. and -ing suffix¹; also Middle English menddyng, 1800s– menin (Scottish, in sense 3a).

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: mend v., -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: < mend v. + -ing suffix¹.

1. The action of mend v. in various senses.

a. gen. Amendment, correction, improvement; an instance of this. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > amending > [noun]

rightingOE

mendmentc1300

amendment1340

correction1340

amendinga1382

mendinga1400

rectificationa1400

mendnessa1425

redress1448

addressment1481

redressa1529

remedying1547

redub1549

restauration1560

correcting1580

rightening1583

emendation1586

restitution1636

cure1675

reform1700

readjustment1749

remediation1794

redressal1800

redressment1822

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 26867 (MED) Here his scrift and giue him rede þat to sum mendyng him mai lede.

c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 5197 (MED) Michel was þe pleynt and þe grade Þat þe folk hadden ymade, Ac so he seiȝe non mendynge.

c1400 (?c1380) Pearl 452 Vchon..wolde her corounez wern worþe þo fyue, If possyble wer her mendyng.

1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing ii. iii. 218 Happy are they that heare their detractions, and can put them to mending .

1631 in S. R. Gardiner Rep. Cases Star Chamber & High Comm. (1886) 55 If a man soe enter his children's names into the Church booke it is noe offence, and it is not like the mending of a sealed Indenture or a Record.

1681 S. Colvil Mock Poem i. 67 (heading) A Debate between the Knight and Squire, about the mending of the Petition, and who should carry it to the King.

1853 Ladies' Repository Oct. 455/1 We may examine our new Hymn-Book together, to note both the marrings and mendings of our emendators.

1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xliv. 67 Yours was not an ill for mending, 'Twas best to take it to the grave.

b. The action or process of repairing something decayed, broken, worn, etc.; (occasionally) an instance of this.In the weaving and textile industries sometimes used spec. to denote the insertion of missing warp or weft threads into a piece of woven fabric.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > mending or repairing > [noun]

dighting1340

repairinga1387

mending1402

reparellingc1410

reparation?a1425

beeting1517

reparationing1536

remending1537

righting1615–16

fixing up1769

servicing1918

1402 Will in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 211 Y bequeth to þe Mendyng of þe heye way.

1429–30 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 72 Also for mendynge of þe sepulcre xvj d.

1513 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1902) IV. 482 Item, for the mendyng of the said boit, scho beand skorit with greit artailyery passand to the schippis.

1572 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1889) IV. 145 viij. lb. of eyron to the town's rackes and mendyng.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice v. i. 263 Why this is like the mending of high wayes in Sommer.

1711 E. Freke Diary 25 Mar. in Jrnl. Cork Hist. & Archaeol. Soc. (1912) 18 153 The violence of the fall broke the..Coach to pieces, Cost me Above Twenty shillings the Mending.

1777 in W. Cramond Ann. Banff (1893) II. 97 By the general sipe of the slating there is no mending of the slating without terring the sclates.

1869 J. Phillips Vesuvius ii. 33 The pavement except by occasional mendings may be readily believed to have been laid by Pelasgian hands.

1891 Labour Commission Gloss. Mending, replacing (in woven worsted-coating pieces) threads of warp or of weft dropped by the weaver.

1909 L. M. Montgomery Anne of Avonlea vii. 73 I can't sew a stitch on account of my eyes, so you'll have to see to the making and mending of their clothes.

1984 A. Thomas Intertidal Life i. 44 An old plaid flannel shirt of Peter's, one that he had thrown in the ragbag because it was beyond mending.

c. The action of healing; the action or process of advancing towards recovery. Now rare.See also mending adj. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > [noun]

healingc1000

healthc1000

healc1175

boteningc1300

warishingc1386

cure1393

curationa1398

recovera1398

resuming?a1425

sanationc1440

mendingc1480

guerison1484

recurea1500

recovery1523

resanation1598

the world > health and disease > healing > recovery > [noun]

healingc1000

healc1175

coveringc1230

recovering1380

curinga1382

amendmenta1400

recoverancea1400

sanationc1440

refeting?a1450

mendingc1480

convalescence1490

recovery1533

amendsa1616

restoration1638

upsitting1647

convalescing1650

convalescency1651

reconvalescence1672

analepsis1749

invalescence1755

reformation1772

revalescence1823

pickupa1916

c1480 (a1400) St. Agnes 10 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 346 Al sekmen of his tweching of verray heile gettis mending.

1711 J. Swift Jrnl. to Stella 10 Mar. (1948) I. 213 He has no fever, and the hopes of his mending increase.

a1790 I. Putnam Let. in Ladies' Repository (1875) May 467/1 He..was on the mending hand, and hop[e]s soon to recover.

1964 E. Salisbury Weeds & Aliens (ed. 2) ii. 41 It had a reputation as an anti-dysenteric and even as helping the mending of broken limbs.

d. mending up n. (in pattern-making) the repairing of a damaged mould (see quot. 1892).

ΚΠ

1885 J. G. Horner Pattern Making 225 Mending up with sweeps becomes necessary... We then have an unbroken lower edge by which to guide the mending up sweep.

1888 Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. 101 Cutting-up, the gashing of the broken edges or faces of a sand mould preparatory to adding fresh sand for mending-up.

1892 J. G. Horner Pattern Making 156 Mending up, the necessary repairs done to a mould after it has become damaged by the rapping and the withdrawal of the pattern. Mending up piece, any strip, sweep, or block, which is used as a guide to obtain or to restore the damaged contour of a section of a sand mould.

†2. English regional. = mendment n. 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > [noun]

gooding1473

manuring1577

battling1600

fatting1600

fertilage1610

fertilizing1655

laetation1664

mending1707

top-dressing1744

boning1795

caprification1836

manurance1854

management1877

soil amendment1915

side dressing1950

fertigation1967

1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 13 Which [overflowing of rivers] brings the Soil of the Up-lands upon them, so that they need no other mending.

1855 J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. II. (Gloss.) 724/2 Mending, (Lanc.), manuring.

3. concrete.

a. A repaired place; a mend. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > mending or repairing > [noun] > a mend or repair

repair1717

mending1802

mend1888

1802 S. J. Pratt Poor i. 21 The mendings of each suit might bear True witness of the housewife's timely care.

1848 Littell's Living Age 5 Aug. 275/2 You don't know what darns are, papa—but they are very tiresome mendings when anything is torn.

1886 Housewife 1 109/2 [Darning.] Grafting can only be done when the new piece matches the old..and the mending is to be of large size.

1960 S. Plath Colossus 88 My mendings itch... I shall be good as new.

b. Articles to be repaired. †(a) In plural (obsolete); (b) in singular as a mass noun.

ΚΠ

a1854 E. Grant Mem. Highland Lady (1988) I. viii. 166 We were ordered in future to take all our mendings down to that..melancholy library.

1863 B. Jerrold Signals of Distress 98 Workmen were busy over ‘boys'’ strong boots and mendings.

1891 Harper's Mag. Sept. 579/1 Mrs. Dorset was on the bench in the porch, the basket of mending by her.

1988 M. Warner Lost Father i. 4 You..reached into the tidy heap of mending to fetch out another garment in need of repair.

†c. In plural. Yarns used for mending. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > thread or yarn > [noun] > for other specific purpose

packthread1304

pack-line1447

thrum1466

pack-twine1645

whip1825

basket-twine1833

stocking-yarn1835

draw thread1839

mending1882

straw cotton1882

1882 S. F. A. Caulfeild & B. C. Saward Dict. Needlework 345/1 Mendings. These yarns are composed of a mixture of cotton and wool, and designed for the darning of Merino stockings.

Compounds

C1. (In sense 1b.)

mending basket n.

ΚΠ

1856 C. M. Yonge Daisy Chain i. vii. 63 Ethel had to fetch her mending-basket.

1899 A. Nicholas Idyl of Wabash (ed. 2) 18 Taking his hose from the mending basket and darning them.

1974 J. Stubbs Painted Face vii. 107 Bessie..opened her mending basket.

mending cotton n.

ΚΠ

1882 S. F. A. Caulfeild & B. C. Saward Dict. Needlework 344/2 Mending Cottons..may be had both white and unbleached.

1966 Olney Amsden & Sons Ltd. Price List 28 Mending cotton, white only.

C2.

mending day n. †(a) a day of improving health (obsolete); (b) a day for making repairs (to clothes, etc.).

ΚΠ

a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) ii. ii. sig. F.v I loke euery daye to departe: my mendyng dayes come very seld.

1867 A. D. Whitney Leslie Goldthwaite viii. 165 What should we do without our mending-day?

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

mendingadj.

Brit.

/ˈmɛndɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈmɛndɪŋ/

Forms: see mend v. and -ing suffix².

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: mend v., -ing suffix².

Etymology: < mend v. + -ing suffix².

Chiefly regional.

†1. That mends; reforming, improving. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > amending > [adjective] > reforming

mendinga1542

reformatory1589

reforming?1591

reformative1593

reformalizing1614

reformationary1823

reformationist1948

a1542 T. Wyatt (Brit. Lib. MS Egerton 2711) Tempre olord the harme of my excesse With mendyng will.

1586 W. Warner Albions Eng. ii. vii. 26 Blushing at the Maidens blowes, he checks his mending sprits.

a1802 T. Dermody Harp of Erin (1807) II. 229 Ev'ry angel hung, On ev'ry word, and bless'd his mending tongue.

1884 Catholic World Mar. 760 The metre wants a mending hand in several parts.

2. U.S. regional in later use. on (also upon, in, of) the mending hand: = on the mend at mend n. 5. Similarly †at a mending hand, †in a mending way.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > recovery > [adverb]

on (also upon, in, of) the mending hand1598

1598 R. Grenewey tr. Tacitus Annales i. ii. 3 Giuing out that Augustus was on the mending hand.

1658 W. Johnson tr. F. Würtz Surgeons Guid iii. xxiii. 291 Go on..till you see and perceave that the member is at a mending hand.

1707 N. Tate Injur'd Love Prol. First, to shew you're in a mending way, You'll often visit our Reforming Play.

1753 N. Torriano tr. J. B. L. Chomel Hist. Diss. Gangrenous Sore Throat 23 She was repurged with Success, whence they judged her in a mending Way.

a1790 I. Putnam Let. in Ladies' Repository (1875) May 467/1 He had been quite unwel, but was on the mending hand, and hops [sic] soon to recover.

1809 R. Heber Let. 29 May in A. Heber Life R. Heber (1830) I. xi. 360 My parish goes on, I think and hope, rather on the mending hand, particularly in respect to the observance of Sunday.

1819 G. Crabbe Tales of Hall II. xxi. 310 True, the hurt man is in a mending way, But must be crippled to his dying day.

1875 A. Porson Notes Quaint Words Dial. S. Worcs. 23 My ear seems on the mending hand.

a1932 G. S. Wasson Notebk. in Amer. Speech (1979) 54 98 He's on the mending hand.

1942 Amer. Speech 17 130/2 On the mending hand (convalescent).

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	mending
释义	mendingn. Brit. /ˈmɛndɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈmɛndɪŋ/ Forms: see mend v. and -ing suffix¹; also Middle English menddyng, 1800s– menin (Scottish, in sense 3a). Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: mend v., -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < mend v. + -ing suffix¹. 1. The action of mend v. in various senses. a. gen. Amendment, correction, improvement; an instance of this. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > amending > [noun] rightingOE mendmentc1300 amendment1340 correction1340 amendinga1382 mendinga1400 rectificationa1400 mendnessa1425 redress1448 addressment1481 redressa1529 remedying1547 redub1549 restauration1560 correcting1580 rightening1583 emendation1586 restitution1636 cure1675 reform1700 readjustment1749 remediation1794 redressal1800 redressment1822 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 26867 (MED) Here his scrift and giue him rede þat to sum mendyng him mai lede. c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 5197 (MED) Michel was þe pleynt and þe grade Þat þe folk hadden ymade, Ac so he seiȝe non mendynge. c1400 (?c1380) Pearl 452 Vchon..wolde her corounez wern worþe þo fyue, If possyble wer her mendyng. 1600 W. Shakespeare Much Ado about Nothing ii. iii. 218 Happy are they that heare their detractions, and can put them to mending . View more context for this quotation 1631 in S. R. Gardiner Rep. Cases Star Chamber & High Comm. (1886) 55 If a man soe enter his children's names into the Church booke it is noe offence, and it is not like the mending of a sealed Indenture or a Record. 1681 S. Colvil Mock Poem i. 67 (heading) A Debate between the Knight and Squire, about the mending of the Petition, and who should carry it to the King. 1853 Ladies' Repository Oct. 455/1 We may examine our new Hymn-Book together, to note both the marrings and mendings of our emendators. 1896 A. E. Housman Shropshire Lad xliv. 67 Yours was not an ill for mending, 'Twas best to take it to the grave. b. The action or process of repairing something decayed, broken, worn, etc.; (occasionally) an instance of this.In the weaving and textile industries sometimes used spec. to denote the insertion of missing warp or weft threads into a piece of woven fabric. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > mending or repairing > [noun] dighting1340 repairinga1387 mending1402 reparellingc1410 reparation?a1425 beeting1517 reparationing1536 remending1537 righting1615–16 fixing up1769 servicing1918 1402 Will in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 211 Y bequeth to þe Mendyng of þe heye way. 1429–30 in H. Littlehales Medieval Rec. London City Church (1905) 72 Also for mendynge of þe sepulcre xvj d. 1513 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1902) IV. 482 Item, for the mendyng of the said boit, scho beand skorit with greit artailyery passand to the schippis. 1572 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1889) IV. 145 viij. lb. of eyron to the town's rackes and mendyng. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice v. i. 263 Why this is like the mending of high wayes in Sommer. View more context for this quotation 1711 E. Freke Diary 25 Mar. in Jrnl. Cork Hist. & Archaeol. Soc. (1912) 18 153 The violence of the fall broke the..Coach to pieces, Cost me Above Twenty shillings the Mending. 1777 in W. Cramond Ann. Banff (1893) II. 97 By the general sipe of the slating there is no mending of the slating without terring the sclates. 1869 J. Phillips Vesuvius ii. 33 The pavement except by occasional mendings may be readily believed to have been laid by Pelasgian hands. 1891 Labour Commission Gloss. Mending, replacing (in woven worsted-coating pieces) threads of warp or of weft dropped by the weaver. 1909 L. M. Montgomery Anne of Avonlea vii. 73 I can't sew a stitch on account of my eyes, so you'll have to see to the making and mending of their clothes. 1984 A. Thomas Intertidal Life i. 44 An old plaid flannel shirt of Peter's, one that he had thrown in the ragbag because it was beyond mending. c. The action of healing; the action or process of advancing towards recovery. Now rare.See also mending adj. 2. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > [noun] healingc1000 healthc1000 healc1175 boteningc1300 warishingc1386 cure1393 curationa1398 recovera1398 resuming?a1425 sanationc1440 mendingc1480 guerison1484 recurea1500 recovery1523 resanation1598 the world > health and disease > healing > recovery > [noun] healingc1000 healc1175 coveringc1230 recovering1380 curinga1382 amendmenta1400 recoverancea1400 sanationc1440 refeting?a1450 mendingc1480 convalescence1490 recovery1533 amendsa1616 restoration1638 upsitting1647 convalescing1650 convalescency1651 reconvalescence1672 analepsis1749 invalescence1755 reformation1772 revalescence1823 pickupa1916 c1480 (a1400) St. Agnes 10 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 346 Al sekmen of his tweching of verray heile gettis mending. 1711 J. Swift Jrnl. to Stella 10 Mar. (1948) I. 213 He has no fever, and the hopes of his mending increase. a1790 I. Putnam Let. in Ladies' Repository (1875) May 467/1 He..was on the mending hand, and hop[e]s soon to recover. 1964 E. Salisbury Weeds & Aliens (ed. 2) ii. 41 It had a reputation as an anti-dysenteric and even as helping the mending of broken limbs. d. mending up n. (in pattern-making) the repairing of a damaged mould (see quot. 1892). ΚΠ 1885 J. G. Horner Pattern Making 225 Mending up with sweeps becomes necessary... We then have an unbroken lower edge by which to guide the mending up sweep. 1888 Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. 101 Cutting-up, the gashing of the broken edges or faces of a sand mould preparatory to adding fresh sand for mending-up. 1892 J. G. Horner Pattern Making 156 Mending up, the necessary repairs done to a mould after it has become damaged by the rapping and the withdrawal of the pattern. Mending up piece, any strip, sweep, or block, which is used as a guide to obtain or to restore the damaged contour of a section of a sand mould. †2. English regional. = mendment n. 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > [noun] gooding1473 manuring1577 battling1600 fatting1600 fertilage1610 fertilizing1655 laetation1664 mending1707 top-dressing1744 boning1795 caprification1836 manurance1854 management1877 soil amendment1915 side dressing1950 fertigation1967 1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry 13 Which [overflowing of rivers] brings the Soil of the Up-lands upon them, so that they need no other mending. 1855 J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. II. (Gloss.) 724/2 Mending, (Lanc.), manuring. 3. concrete. a. A repaired place; a mend. rare. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > mending or repairing > [noun] > a mend or repair repair1717 mending1802 mend1888 1802 S. J. Pratt Poor i. 21 The mendings of each suit might bear True witness of the housewife's timely care. 1848 Littell's Living Age 5 Aug. 275/2 You don't know what darns are, papa—but they are very tiresome mendings when anything is torn. 1886 Housewife 1 109/2 [Darning.] Grafting can only be done when the new piece matches the old..and the mending is to be of large size. 1960 S. Plath Colossus 88 My mendings itch... I shall be good as new. b. Articles to be repaired. †(a) In plural (obsolete); (b) in singular as a mass noun. ΚΠ a1854 E. Grant Mem. Highland Lady (1988) I. viii. 166 We were ordered in future to take all our mendings down to that..melancholy library. 1863 B. Jerrold Signals of Distress 98 Workmen were busy over ‘boys'’ strong boots and mendings. 1891 Harper's Mag. Sept. 579/1 Mrs. Dorset was on the bench in the porch, the basket of mending by her. 1988 M. Warner Lost Father i. 4 You..reached into the tidy heap of mending to fetch out another garment in need of repair. †c. In plural. Yarns used for mending. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > thread or yarn > [noun] > for other specific purpose packthread1304 pack-line1447 thrum1466 pack-twine1645 whip1825 basket-twine1833 stocking-yarn1835 draw thread1839 mending1882 straw cotton1882 1882 S. F. A. Caulfeild & B. C. Saward Dict. Needlework 345/1 Mendings. These yarns are composed of a mixture of cotton and wool, and designed for the darning of Merino stockings. Compounds C1. (In sense 1b.) mending basket n. ΚΠ 1856 C. M. Yonge Daisy Chain i. vii. 63 Ethel had to fetch her mending-basket. 1899 A. Nicholas Idyl of Wabash (ed. 2) 18 Taking his hose from the mending basket and darning them. 1974 J. Stubbs Painted Face vii. 107 Bessie..opened her mending basket. mending cotton n. ΚΠ 1882 S. F. A. Caulfeild & B. C. Saward Dict. Needlework 344/2 Mending Cottons..may be had both white and unbleached. 1966 Olney Amsden & Sons Ltd. Price List 28 Mending cotton, white only. C2. mending day n. †(a) a day of improving health (obsolete); (b) a day for making repairs (to clothes, etc.). ΚΠ a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) ii. ii. sig. F.v I loke euery daye to departe: my mendyng dayes come very seld. 1867 A. D. Whitney Leslie Goldthwaite viii. 165 What should we do without our mending-day? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022). mendingadj. Brit. /ˈmɛndɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈmɛndɪŋ/ Forms: see mend v. and -ing suffix². Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: mend v., -ing suffix². Etymology: < mend v. + -ing suffix². Chiefly regional. †1. That mends; reforming, improving. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > amending > [adjective] > reforming mendinga1542 reformatory1589 reforming?1591 reformative1593 reformalizing1614 reformationary1823 reformationist1948 a1542 T. Wyatt (Brit. Lib. MS Egerton 2711) Tempre olord the harme of my excesse With mendyng will. 1586 W. Warner Albions Eng. ii. vii. 26 Blushing at the Maidens blowes, he checks his mending sprits. a1802 T. Dermody Harp of Erin (1807) II. 229 Ev'ry angel hung, On ev'ry word, and bless'd his mending tongue. 1884 Catholic World Mar. 760 The metre wants a mending hand in several parts. 2. U.S. regional in later use. on (also upon, in, of) the mending hand: = on the mend at mend n. 5. Similarly †at a mending hand, †in a mending way. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > recovery > [adverb] on (also upon, in, of) the mending hand1598 1598 R. Grenewey tr. Tacitus Annales i. ii. 3 Giuing out that Augustus was on the mending hand. 1658 W. Johnson tr. F. Würtz Surgeons Guid iii. xxiii. 291 Go on..till you see and perceave that the member is at a mending hand. 1707 N. Tate Injur'd Love Prol. First, to shew you're in a mending way, You'll often visit our Reforming Play. 1753 N. Torriano tr. J. B. L. Chomel Hist. Diss. Gangrenous Sore Throat 23 She was repurged with Success, whence they judged her in a mending Way. a1790 I. Putnam Let. in Ladies' Repository (1875) May 467/1 He had been quite unwel, but was on the mending hand, and hops [sic] soon to recover. 1809 R. Heber Let. 29 May in A. Heber Life R. Heber (1830) I. xi. 360 My parish goes on, I think and hope, rather on the mending hand, particularly in respect to the observance of Sunday. 1819 G. Crabbe Tales of Hall II. xxi. 310 True, the hurt man is in a mending way, But must be crippled to his dying day. 1875 A. Porson Notes Quaint Words Dial. S. Worcs. 23 My ear seems on the mending hand. a1932 G. S. Wasson Notebk. in Amer. Speech (1979) 54 98 He's on the mending hand. 1942 Amer. Speech 17 130/2 On the mending hand (convalescent). This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2001; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1400adj.a1542
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