mitigationn.

Brit.

/ˌmɪtᵻˈɡeɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌmɪdəˈɡeɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: Middle English mitigacioun, Middle English mittigacioun, Middle English mitygacioun, Middle English mutigacione, Middle English mutygacioun, Middle English mytigacioun, Middle English mytygacioun, Middle English mytygacyoun, Middle English 1600s mitigacion, Middle English–1500s mytigacion, 1500s myttigacion, 1500s mytygacion, 1500s–1600s mittigation, 1500s– mitigation; Scottish pre-1700 mitigatioun, pre-1700 1700s– mitigation.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French mitigacion; Latin mītigātiōn-, mītigātiō.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman mitigacion, mitigacione, mitigacioun, mitigation and Middle French mitigacion (14th cent.; French mitigation ) and their etymon classical Latin mītigātiōn-, mītigātiō toning down (of a statement), soothing (of emotions), in post-classical Latin (5th cent.) also alleviation (of physical suffering) < mītigāt- , past participial stem of mītigāre mitigate v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Italian mitigazione (a1375), Spanish mitigación (1490).

†1. Compassion, mercy, favour. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > dissent > absence of dissension or peace > bringing about concord or peace > [noun] > appeasing, pacifying, or propitiating

likingeOE

queemingeOE

mitigationa1382

pleasinga1382

propitiationa1425

appeasement1430

pacification1437

appeasingc1522

reconcilement1581

placation1589

reflection1607

modificationa1641

commodation1643

pacation1658

conciliation1775

making-up1816

mollification1886

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Eccles. xvii. 28 Hou gret þe merci of god & þe mytigacioun..[L. propitiatio] of hym to men conuertinge to hym.

a. The action of mitigating or moderating; the fact or condition of being mitigated; an instance of this; spec. abatement or relaxation of the severity or rigour of a law, penalty, etc.; extenuation or palliation of an offence, fault, etc.; abatement or minimization of the loss or damage resulting from a wrongful act. in mitigation (Law): by way of extenuation or palliation (esp. of an offence) in order to obtain a favourable modification (of judgment, a penalty, damages).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > [noun] > mitigation or alleviation

allegeancec1325

swaging1340

legeancec1390

mitigationa1400

swagea1400

allegementa1425

alleging?a1425

alleviation?a1425

lighteningc1425

queeming1440

allevation1502

soberinga1510

extenuation1542

assuagement1561

releasement1569

assuaging1580

assuage1596

mitification1607

allayment1609

palliation1813

soothing1847

the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > [noun] > making less violent, vigorous, or severe > specific punishment or law

mitigationa1400

mitigating1580

the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun]

waningc900

littlingOE

lessingc1350

abating1370

diminutionc1374

minishinga1382

decrease1383

remissiona1398

shrinkinga1398

decreasing1398

adminishing?c1400

abbreviation?a1425

lessening?a1425

minoration?a1425

disincrease1430

abatement1433

restrictiona1450

batea1475

diminuation1477

limitation1483

abate1486

minute1495

minishment1533

mitigation1533

diminishinga1535

extenuation1542

slacking1542

reduce1549

diminishment1551

perditionc1555

debatementa1563

rebatement1573

obstriction1578

imminution1583

contracting1585

contraction1589

rabate1589

rebating1598

retrenchmentc1600

decession1606

ravalling1609

reducement1619

decrement1621

bating1629

shrivellinga1631

decretion1635

dejection1652

abater1653

rolling back1658

limiting1677

batement1679

reduction1695

depression1793

downdraw1813

descent1832

decess1854

lowering1868

shrinkage1873

dégringolade1883

minification1894

degrowth1920

downrating1950

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > excuse > [noun] > offering an excuse > extenuation

glozing1377

colouring?1435

mincing1533

palliationa1538

polishing1646

extenuation1651

mitigation1664

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [phrase] > in mitigation

in mitigation1748

1347–8 Rolls of Parl. II. 215/1 Si mitigation ne lui soit faite de sa dite ferme.]

a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 234 (MED) Þis passioun..is curid with mitigacion [L. mitigando] of þe akynge.

c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. v. 243 But for þi muchel mercy, mytygacioun I beseche; Dampne me nouȝt at domis-day for þat I dede so ille.

c1436 Domesday Ipswich (BL Add. 25011) in T. Twiss Black Bk. Admiralty (1873) II. 97 Bidde hym to doon mytigacion of that peyne by grace and avisement of the court.

c1475 (?a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 136 (MED) Blissed Leonard..To trist and heuy do mytygacyoun.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. ccxvii^v For the mytigacion of his peynfull sykenesse.

1533 T. More Apol. xlviii, in Wks. 924/1 Therfore nede we no such chaunge of the lawes for that purpose. But on y^e tother side, what harme would come of hys mytygacions,..the whole summe and sequele of hys deuises doe more than manifestly shew.

1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) 36 b It somewhat profyteth in mitigation of excessiue heate.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) i. i. 71 How now for mittigation of this Bill, Vrg'd by the Commons?

a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) ii. iii. 87 Ye squeak out your Coziers Catches without any mitigation or remorse of voice?

1653 Ld. Brouncker in tr. R. Descartes Excellent Compend. Musick To Rdr. sig. b2 Otocoustick Tubes..for the strengthning, continuation, and remote transvection of weake sounds, and the mitigation of strong.

1664 H. More Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity xiii. 44 As for the mitigation of the fault of either side from any exteriour circumstances, I briefly adde, That [etc.].

1748 E. Moore Trial Selim 19 These Crimes successive, on your Trial, Have met with Proofs beyond Denial; To which Yourself, with Shame, conceded, And but in Mitigation pleaded.

1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 508 Though, as against the rightful executor or administrator, he cannot plead such payment, yet it shall be allowed him in mitigation of damages.

1788 A. Hamilton in Federalist Papers lxxiv. 269 As the sense of responsiblity is always strongest.., it may be inferred that a single man..might plead for a mitigation of the rigor of the law.

1801 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 5 221 She perspired..very freely, but without affording any mitigation of her pain.

1817 W. Cobbett Taking Leave 13 The Wolves..flew upon the fleecy fools and devoured them and their lambs without mercy and without mitigation.

1832 H. Martineau Homes Abroad i. 6 A mitigation of punishment.

1885 J. Payn Talk of Town I. 45 William Henry murmured something in mitigation about its being an acrostic.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 566/1 He stayed at Sarai,..all winter, and..succeeded in obtaining a mitigation of the tribute.

1950 ‘C. S. Forester’ Mr. Midshipman Hornblower 253 It was some mitigation of his unhappiness that for two hours each day his parole gave him freedom.

1961 H. McGregor Mayne & McGregor on Damages (ed. 12) i. vii. 143 The principal meaning of the term ‘mitigation’..concerns the avoiding of the consequences of a wrong.

1999 C. Dexter Remorseful Day (2000) xix. 99 He'd made only the one plea in mitigation of his sentence.

b. Something that serves to mitigate; a mitigating circumstance or provision; a palliative. Later also in Criminal Law: mitigating circumstances collectively, esp. presented or accepted in extenuation of an offence.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > [noun] > one who or that which mitigates or moderates

slakea1300

mitigativea1398

allayerc1487

slaker?1518

assuager1547

abater1583

mollifier1583

mitigator1586

moderator1589

softener1599

rebater1601

lightener?1611

allay1614

swager1617

mitigation1622

temperer1630

alleviator1665

alleviative1672

sheather1762

soberera1849

buffer1858

charmer1871

suppressant1884

modifier1890

moderant1897

shock-absorber1924

the mind > emotion > pleasure > state of being consoled or relieved > [noun] > act, means, or source of consolation or relief

froverOE

comfortc1386

easec1440

sport1440

consolationc1460

recreatoryc1475

balm1540

balsamumc1540

solace1597

unction1604

balsama1616

demulceation1661

demulsion1661

alleviative1672

mitigation1726

salve1736

soother1794

consolement1797

heart-balm1828

1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 209 Their manner was..to suffer them to languish long in Prison, and..to extort from them great Fines and Ransomes, which they termed Compositions and Mitigations.

1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. vi. 103 Mitigations and Reliefs are provided..for most of the Afflictions in Humane Life.

1744 E. Young Complaint: Night the Sixth 1 This seeming Mitigation but inflames; This fancy'd Medicine heightens the Disease.

1864 E. B. Pusey Daniel (1876) 240 Which God gave them as a mitigation of their ills.

1987 S. Calligan Points to Prove (BNC) 71 A latent defect amounting to a dangerous condition is not a defence but would be good mitigation.

2000 Daily Express (Nexis) 7 Dec. At his trial, [his] defence barrister invoked the typical mitigation that his client would have to ‘live with the consequences’.

†3. Probably: a soothing remedy. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pleasure > state of being consoled or relieved > [noun] > consolation or relief

lightingOE

leathc1175

comfort?c1225

solacec1290

lithec1300

comfortingc1320

allegeancec1325

swaging1340

froa1350

releasec1350

consolationc1374

legeancec1390

reliefa1393

comfortationa1400

leathinga1400

swagea1400

allegementa1425

alleviation?a1425

recreation?a1425

refrigery?a1425

lighteningc1425

recomfortc1425

mitigation?1435

recomforting1487

recreancea1500

allevation1502

easement1533

solacy1534

ease1542

cheer1549

assuagement1561

refreshing1561

easing1580

recomfortation1585

recomforture1595

assuage1596

allevement1599

mitification1607

allayment1609

solagement1609

levation1656

solacement1721

solation1757

soulagement1777

consolement1797

de-tension1949

de-tensioning1952

tea and sympathy1953

?1435 ( J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 642 (MED) Ther were..ageyns hertes ffor mutygaciouns Damysyns, which with here taste delyte.

†4. Softening or qualification of wording, etc. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [noun] > involving tolerance

pardon1548

mitigation1588

allowance1649

shading1817

1588 A. Fraunce Lawiers Logike Ded. sig. ¶¶^v The addition, detraction, or mitigation of woordes.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xlii. 306 Hee bringeth one Text,..Iohn 16. 13..where (saith he) by all truth, is meant, at least, all truth necessary to salvation. But with this mitigation, he attributeth no more Infallibility to the Pope, than to any man that professeth Christianity, and is not to be damned.

1709 J. Strype Ann. Reformation xliv. 445 A third letter was written to the Chancellor, with more mitigation.

1895 T. Hardy Jude iii. vi. 201 There the news of her departure..was flashed upon him without warning or mitigation.

†5. Taming (of an animal). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [noun] > taming or training

makinga1393

dauntingc1400

educationa1538

cicuration1623

training1677

mitigation1737

domestication1774

domiciliation1775

1737 W. Whiston tr. Josephus Antiq. Jews xvii. v, in tr. Josephus Genuine Wks. 547 The most envenomed serpents..admit of some mitigation, and will not bite their benefactors.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	mitigation
释义	mitigationn. Brit. /ˌmɪtᵻˈɡeɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌmɪdəˈɡeɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: Middle English mitigacioun, Middle English mittigacioun, Middle English mitygacioun, Middle English mutigacione, Middle English mutygacioun, Middle English mytigacioun, Middle English mytygacioun, Middle English mytygacyoun, Middle English 1600s mitigacion, Middle English–1500s mytigacion, 1500s myttigacion, 1500s mytygacion, 1500s–1600s mittigation, 1500s– mitigation; Scottish pre-1700 mitigatioun, pre-1700 1700s– mitigation. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French mitigacion; Latin mītigātiōn-, mītigātiō. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman mitigacion, mitigacione, mitigacioun, mitigation and Middle French mitigacion (14th cent.; French mitigation ) and their etymon classical Latin mītigātiōn-, mītigātiō toning down (of a statement), soothing (of emotions), in post-classical Latin (5th cent.) also alleviation (of physical suffering) < mītigāt- , past participial stem of mītigāre mitigate v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Italian mitigazione (a1375), Spanish mitigación (1490). †1. Compassion, mercy, favour. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > dissent > absence of dissension or peace > bringing about concord or peace > [noun] > appeasing, pacifying, or propitiating likingeOE queemingeOE mitigationa1382 pleasinga1382 propitiationa1425 appeasement1430 pacification1437 appeasingc1522 reconcilement1581 placation1589 reflection1607 modificationa1641 commodation1643 pacation1658 conciliation1775 making-up1816 mollification1886 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Eccles. xvii. 28 Hou gret þe merci of god & þe mytigacioun..[L. propitiatio] of hym to men conuertinge to hym. 2. a. The action of mitigating or moderating; the fact or condition of being mitigated; an instance of this; spec. abatement or relaxation of the severity or rigour of a law, penalty, etc.; extenuation or palliation of an offence, fault, etc.; abatement or minimization of the loss or damage resulting from a wrongful act. in mitigation (Law): by way of extenuation or palliation (esp. of an offence) in order to obtain a favourable modification (of judgment, a penalty, damages). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > [noun] > mitigation or alleviation allegeancec1325 swaging1340 legeancec1390 mitigationa1400 swagea1400 allegementa1425 alleging?a1425 alleviation?a1425 lighteningc1425 queeming1440 allevation1502 soberinga1510 extenuation1542 assuagement1561 releasement1569 assuaging1580 assuage1596 mitification1607 allayment1609 palliation1813 soothing1847 the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > [noun] > making less violent, vigorous, or severe > specific punishment or law mitigationa1400 mitigating1580 the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] waningc900 littlingOE lessingc1350 abating1370 diminutionc1374 minishinga1382 decrease1383 remissiona1398 shrinkinga1398 decreasing1398 adminishing?c1400 abbreviation?a1425 lessening?a1425 minoration?a1425 disincrease1430 abatement1433 restrictiona1450 batea1475 diminuation1477 limitation1483 abate1486 minute1495 minishment1533 mitigation1533 diminishinga1535 extenuation1542 slacking1542 reduce1549 diminishment1551 perditionc1555 debatementa1563 rebatement1573 obstriction1578 imminution1583 contracting1585 contraction1589 rabate1589 rebating1598 retrenchmentc1600 decession1606 ravalling1609 reducement1619 decrement1621 bating1629 shrivellinga1631 decretion1635 dejection1652 abater1653 rolling back1658 limiting1677 batement1679 reduction1695 depression1793 downdraw1813 descent1832 decess1854 lowering1868 shrinkage1873 dégringolade1883 minification1894 degrowth1920 downrating1950 society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > excuse > [noun] > offering an excuse > extenuation glozing1377 colouring?1435 mincing1533 palliationa1538 polishing1646 extenuation1651 mitigation1664 society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [phrase] > in mitigation in mitigation1748 1347–8 Rolls of Parl. II. 215/1 Si mitigation ne lui soit faite de sa dite ferme.] a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 234 (MED) Þis passioun..is curid with mitigacion [L. mitigando] of þe akynge. c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. v. 243 But for þi muchel mercy, mytygacioun I beseche; Dampne me nouȝt at domis-day for þat I dede so ille. c1436 Domesday Ipswich (BL Add. 25011) in T. Twiss Black Bk. Admiralty (1873) II. 97 Bidde hym to doon mytigacion of that peyne by grace and avisement of the court. c1475 (?a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1911) i. 136 (MED) Blissed Leonard..To trist and heuy do mytygacyoun. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. ccxvii^v For the mytigacion of his peynfull sykenesse. 1533 T. More Apol. xlviii, in Wks. 924/1 Therfore nede we no such chaunge of the lawes for that purpose. But on y^e tother side, what harme would come of hys mytygacions,..the whole summe and sequele of hys deuises doe more than manifestly shew. 1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) 36 b It somewhat profyteth in mitigation of excessiue heate. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry V (1623) i. i. 71 How now for mittigation of this Bill, Vrg'd by the Commons? View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) ii. iii. 87 Ye squeak out your Coziers Catches without any mitigation or remorse of voice? View more context for this quotation 1653 Ld. Brouncker in tr. R. Descartes Excellent Compend. Musick To Rdr. sig. b2 Otocoustick Tubes..for the strengthning, continuation, and remote transvection of weake sounds, and the mitigation of strong. 1664 H. More Modest Enq. Myst. Iniquity xiii. 44 As for the mitigation of the fault of either side from any exteriour circumstances, I briefly adde, That [etc.]. 1748 E. Moore Trial Selim 19 These Crimes successive, on your Trial, Have met with Proofs beyond Denial; To which Yourself, with Shame, conceded, And but in Mitigation pleaded. 1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 508 Though, as against the rightful executor or administrator, he cannot plead such payment, yet it shall be allowed him in mitigation of damages. 1788 A. Hamilton in Federalist Papers lxxiv. 269 As the sense of responsiblity is always strongest.., it may be inferred that a single man..might plead for a mitigation of the rigor of the law. 1801 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 5 221 She perspired..very freely, but without affording any mitigation of her pain. 1817 W. Cobbett Taking Leave 13 The Wolves..flew upon the fleecy fools and devoured them and their lambs without mercy and without mitigation. 1832 H. Martineau Homes Abroad i. 6 A mitigation of punishment. 1885 J. Payn Talk of Town I. 45 William Henry murmured something in mitigation about its being an acrostic. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 566/1 He stayed at Sarai,..all winter, and..succeeded in obtaining a mitigation of the tribute. 1950 ‘C. S. Forester’ Mr. Midshipman Hornblower 253 It was some mitigation of his unhappiness that for two hours each day his parole gave him freedom. 1961 H. McGregor Mayne & McGregor on Damages (ed. 12) i. vii. 143 The principal meaning of the term ‘mitigation’..concerns the avoiding of the consequences of a wrong. 1999 C. Dexter Remorseful Day (2000) xix. 99 He'd made only the one plea in mitigation of his sentence. b. Something that serves to mitigate; a mitigating circumstance or provision; a palliative. Later also in Criminal Law: mitigating circumstances collectively, esp. presented or accepted in extenuation of an offence. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > lack of violence, severity, or intensity > [noun] > one who or that which mitigates or moderates slakea1300 mitigativea1398 allayerc1487 slaker?1518 assuager1547 abater1583 mollifier1583 mitigator1586 moderator1589 softener1599 rebater1601 lightener?1611 allay1614 swager1617 mitigation1622 temperer1630 alleviator1665 alleviative1672 sheather1762 soberera1849 buffer1858 charmer1871 suppressant1884 modifier1890 moderant1897 shock-absorber1924 the mind > emotion > pleasure > state of being consoled or relieved > [noun] > act, means, or source of consolation or relief froverOE comfortc1386 easec1440 sport1440 consolationc1460 recreatoryc1475 balm1540 balsamumc1540 solace1597 unction1604 balsama1616 demulceation1661 demulsion1661 alleviative1672 mitigation1726 salve1736 soother1794 consolement1797 heart-balm1828 1622 F. Bacon Hist. Raigne Henry VII 209 Their manner was..to suffer them to languish long in Prison, and..to extort from them great Fines and Ransomes, which they termed Compositions and Mitigations. 1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. vi. 103 Mitigations and Reliefs are provided..for most of the Afflictions in Humane Life. 1744 E. Young Complaint: Night the Sixth 1 This seeming Mitigation but inflames; This fancy'd Medicine heightens the Disease. 1864 E. B. Pusey Daniel (1876) 240 Which God gave them as a mitigation of their ills. 1987 S. Calligan Points to Prove (BNC) 71 A latent defect amounting to a dangerous condition is not a defence but would be good mitigation. 2000 Daily Express (Nexis) 7 Dec. At his trial, [his] defence barrister invoked the typical mitigation that his client would have to ‘live with the consequences’. †3. Probably: a soothing remedy. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pleasure > state of being consoled or relieved > [noun] > consolation or relief lightingOE leathc1175 comfort?c1225 solacec1290 solacec1290 lithec1300 comfortingc1320 allegeancec1325 swaging1340 froa1350 releasec1350 consolationc1374 legeancec1390 reliefa1393 comfortationa1400 leathinga1400 swagea1400 allegementa1425 alleviation?a1425 recreation?a1425 refrigery?a1425 lighteningc1425 recomfortc1425 mitigation?1435 recomforting1487 recreancea1500 allevation1502 easement1533 solacy1534 ease1542 cheer1549 assuagement1561 refreshing1561 easing1580 recomfortation1585 recomforture1595 assuage1596 allevement1599 mitification1607 allayment1609 solagement1609 levation1656 solacement1721 solation1757 soulagement1777 consolement1797 de-tension1949 de-tensioning1952 tea and sympathy1953 ?1435 ( J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 642 (MED) Ther were..ageyns hertes ffor mutygaciouns Damysyns, which with here taste delyte. †4. Softening or qualification of wording, etc. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > qualification > [noun] > involving tolerance pardon1548 mitigation1588 allowance1649 shading1817 1588 A. Fraunce Lawiers Logike Ded. sig. ¶¶^v The addition, detraction, or mitigation of woordes. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xlii. 306 Hee bringeth one Text,..Iohn 16. 13..where (saith he) by all truth, is meant, at least, all truth necessary to salvation. But with this mitigation, he attributeth no more Infallibility to the Pope, than to any man that professeth Christianity, and is not to be damned. 1709 J. Strype Ann. Reformation xliv. 445 A third letter was written to the Chancellor, with more mitigation. 1895 T. Hardy Jude iii. vi. 201 There the news of her departure..was flashed upon him without warning or mitigation. †5. Taming (of an animal). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [noun] > taming or training makinga1393 dauntingc1400 educationa1538 cicuration1623 training1677 mitigation1737 domestication1774 domiciliation1775 1737 W. Whiston tr. Josephus Antiq. Jews xvii. v, in tr. Josephus Genuine Wks. 547 The most envenomed serpents..admit of some mitigation, and will not bite their benefactors. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1382
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