moleculen.

Brit.

/ˈmɒlᵻkjuːl/, U.S.

/ˈmɑləˌkjul/

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French molécule.

Etymology: < French molécule (1674) < post-classical Latin molecula (P. Gassendi Syntagmatis Philosophici (a1655) ii. §1. iii. vi, in Opera Omnia (1658) I. 271/1) < classical Latin mōlēs mass (see mole n.²) + -cula -cule suffix.The word seems to have arisen in the discussions initiated by the physical speculations of Descartes. See molecula n. for 17th-cent. borrowing of the Latin word. N.E.D. (1907) also gives the pronunciation (mō^u·lĭkiūl) /ˈməʊlɪkjuːl/. This variant is favoured by the first edition of D. Jones Eng. Pronouncing Dict. (1917), but listed only as a secondary variant by editions from 1947 onwards.

a. Science. Originally: one of the minute discrete particles of which material substances were thought to be composed. Now: spec. the smallest unit of a chemical compound that can take part in the reactions characteristic of that compound; a group of atoms chemically bonded together and acting as a unit. Cf. earlier molecula n. 1.organic molecule: see organic adj. and n. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > molecules

molecula1666

molecule1701

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > [noun] > minute quantity of matter

particlea1398

atom1555

minimum1663

molecule1701

1701 Philos. Trans. 1700–1 (Royal Soc.) 22 957 The close Texture of the Molecules of this Salt.

1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. I. ii. 47 Fermentation disengages a great quantity of air, that is disseminated among the fluid molecules.

1802 W. Paley Nat. Theol. xxiii. 459 For instance, I could never see the difference between the antiquated system of atoms, and Buffon's organic molecules.

1804 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 94 286 The word molecule..is understood to represent the peculiar solids, of definite composition and invariable form, the accumulation of which forms the crystals of mineral substances.

1865 C. B. Mansfield Theory of Salts 399 Two of the atoms of Carbon in the Benzylic molecule.

1871 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. (new ed.) xvi. 169 The smallest particle of an element in the free state is, however, not a single atom, but a group of atoms mechanically indivisible, or a molecule.

1882 J. Tyndall in Longman's Mag. 1 30 A group of atoms drawn and held together by what chemists term affinity, is called a molecule.

1904 E. Rutherford Radio-activity ii. 54 Each of these projected particles possesses such kinetic energy that it is able to produce a large number of ions by collision with the gas molecules in its path.

1928 A. B. Callow Food & Health i. 15 Each molecule of saccharose is composed of one atom of glucose..and one atom of fructose.

1947 Sci. News 4 61 A molecule of D.D.T., for instance, contains about 30 atoms linked together, and has a molecular weight in the neighbourhood of 300.

1984 A. C. Duxbury & A. Duxbury Introd. World's Oceans iv. 120 Water molecules arrange themselves at any water surface to form a weak elastic membrane.

†b. Chemistry. An equivalent quantity of a substance; a gram-molecule, a mole (mole n.⁸). Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1867 C. L. Bloxam Chemistry 515 One equivalent of each of these hydrocarbons in the state of vapour occupies four volumes. [Note] Or one molecule occupies two volumes (H = 1 vol.).

1878 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 621/1 When a chemist speaks of acting on a molecule of succinic acid with two molecules of pentachloride of phosphorus, he means that he mixes them in the proportion of 118 parts of the former to 2 × 177·5 of the latter. For the sake of precision we sometimes speak of a molecule of water (or other substance) in grammes, or even of a gramme-molecule, a grain-molecule, &c.

a. gen. A very small particle.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a piece or bit > a particle

grotc888

crumba1387

motec1390

particlea1398

pointa1400

specka1400

atomy1584

moment1594

dust1597

pickle1604

mite1605

atom1626

iota1636

ramentum1658

bodikin1668

part1669

dustling1674

scintilla1674

minim1686

fleck1753

molecule1799

heartbeat1855

particule1889

1799 R. Kirwan Geol. Ess. 478 The molecules of soil abraded and carried from some spots are often annually recruited by vegetation.

1835 W. Kirby On Power of God in Creation of Animals I. iv. 162 The first plants and the first animals are scarcely more than animated molecules.

1859 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom I. Introd. 12 Both alike [sc. plants and animals] spring from germs, i.e. minute independent living molecules.

1878 ‘G. Eliot’ College Breakfast Party in Macmillan's Mag. July 162 Feeding on molecules of floral breath.

1918 W. M. Kirkland Joys of being Woman xxii. 279 When the loftiest spiritual converse may at any time be broken off by the malevolence of a molecule called a germ, some of us would rather never love anybody.

1998 J. Kasdorf Eve's Striptease 29 In fractal geometry a molecule of sand from a Finnish beach can map the whole Scandinavian coast.

b. figurative and in extended use. The smallest unit of something; an individual person, esp. regarded as the smallest unit of a community.

ΚΠ

1839 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe II. i. 25 Language is always a mosaic work, made up of associated fragments, not of separate molecules.

1879 ‘G. Eliot’ Theophrastus Such vii. 134 He was a political molecule of the most gentlemanlike appearance.

1997 Times Lit. Suppl. 23 May 8/2 Societal breakdown is epitomized by ‘loose molecules’ of disenfranchised youth who..loot and kill in an orgy of anarchy and violence.

†3. Biology. A tiny but functional particle of tissue, esp. neural tissue, that is invisible or barely visible under the optical microscope. Cf. molecular adj. 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > [noun] > minute piece of

corpuscle1660

molecule1826

1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. xxxvii. 3 Comparative anatomists have considered the nervous system of animals as formed upon three primary types, which may be called the molecular, the ganglionic, and cerebrospinal. The first is where invisible nervous molecules are dispersed in a gelatinous body, the existence of which has only been ascertained by the nervous irritability of such bodies, [etc.].

1841 T. R. Jones Gen. Outl. Animal Kingdom i. §8. 6 In animals belonging to this division, no nervous filaments or masses have been discovered... The contractile molecules of their bodies are not yet aggregated into muscular fibre.

1851 W. Wilkinson Outl. Physiol. 9 Molecular and granular matter consists of particles that vary in size from immeasureable minuteness to 1·10,000th of an inch in diameter; and these particles are called molecules or granules, according to the appearance they present when examined with a magnifying power of 300 diameters.

1851 W. Wilkinson Outl. Physiol. 9 Molecules are merely indistinct granules; but under a higher magnifying power molecules become granules, and new molecules appear.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	molecule
释义	moleculen. Brit. /ˈmɒlᵻkjuːl/, U.S. /ˈmɑləˌkjul/ Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French molécule. Etymology: < French molécule (1674) < post-classical Latin molecula (P. Gassendi Syntagmatis Philosophici (a1655) ii. §1. iii. vi, in Opera Omnia (1658) I. 271/1) < classical Latin mōlēs mass (see mole n.²) + -cula -cule suffix.The word seems to have arisen in the discussions initiated by the physical speculations of Descartes. See molecula n. for 17th-cent. borrowing of the Latin word. N.E.D. (1907) also gives the pronunciation (mō^u·lĭkiūl) /ˈməʊlɪkjuːl/. This variant is favoured by the first edition of D. Jones Eng. Pronouncing Dict. (1917), but listed only as a secondary variant by editions from 1947 onwards. 1. a. Science. Originally: one of the minute discrete particles of which material substances were thought to be composed. Now: spec. the smallest unit of a chemical compound that can take part in the reactions characteristic of that compound; a group of atoms chemically bonded together and acting as a unit. Cf. earlier molecula n. 1.organic molecule: see organic adj. and n. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > atomic chemistry > [noun] > molecules molecula1666 molecule1701 the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > [noun] > minute quantity of matter particlea1398 atom1555 minimum1663 molecule1701 1701 Philos. Trans. 1700–1 (Royal Soc.) 22 957 The close Texture of the Molecules of this Salt. 1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. I. ii. 47 Fermentation disengages a great quantity of air, that is disseminated among the fluid molecules. 1802 W. Paley Nat. Theol. xxiii. 459 For instance, I could never see the difference between the antiquated system of atoms, and Buffon's organic molecules. 1804 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 94 286 The word molecule..is understood to represent the peculiar solids, of definite composition and invariable form, the accumulation of which forms the crystals of mineral substances. 1865 C. B. Mansfield Theory of Salts 399 Two of the atoms of Carbon in the Benzylic molecule. 1871 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. (new ed.) xvi. 169 The smallest particle of an element in the free state is, however, not a single atom, but a group of atoms mechanically indivisible, or a molecule. 1882 J. Tyndall in Longman's Mag. 1 30 A group of atoms drawn and held together by what chemists term affinity, is called a molecule. 1904 E. Rutherford Radio-activity ii. 54 Each of these projected particles possesses such kinetic energy that it is able to produce a large number of ions by collision with the gas molecules in its path. 1928 A. B. Callow Food & Health i. 15 Each molecule of saccharose is composed of one atom of glucose..and one atom of fructose. 1947 Sci. News 4 61 A molecule of D.D.T., for instance, contains about 30 atoms linked together, and has a molecular weight in the neighbourhood of 300. 1984 A. C. Duxbury & A. Duxbury Introd. World's Oceans iv. 120 Water molecules arrange themselves at any water surface to form a weak elastic membrane. †b. Chemistry. An equivalent quantity of a substance; a gram-molecule, a mole (mole n.⁸). Obsolete. ΚΠ 1867 C. L. Bloxam Chemistry 515 One equivalent of each of these hydrocarbons in the state of vapour occupies four volumes. [Note] Or one molecule occupies two volumes (H = 1 vol.). 1878 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 621/1 When a chemist speaks of acting on a molecule of succinic acid with two molecules of pentachloride of phosphorus, he means that he mixes them in the proportion of 118 parts of the former to 2 × 177·5 of the latter. For the sake of precision we sometimes speak of a molecule of water (or other substance) in grammes, or even of a gramme-molecule, a grain-molecule, &c. 2. a. gen. A very small particle. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a piece or bit > a particle grotc888 crumba1387 motec1390 particlea1398 pointa1400 specka1400 atomy1584 moment1594 dust1597 pickle1604 mite1605 atom1626 iota1636 ramentum1658 bodikin1668 part1669 dustling1674 scintilla1674 minim1686 fleck1753 molecule1799 heartbeat1855 particule1889 1799 R. Kirwan Geol. Ess. 478 The molecules of soil abraded and carried from some spots are often annually recruited by vegetation. 1835 W. Kirby On Power of God in Creation of Animals I. iv. 162 The first plants and the first animals are scarcely more than animated molecules. 1859 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom I. Introd. 12 Both alike [sc. plants and animals] spring from germs, i.e. minute independent living molecules. 1878 ‘G. Eliot’ College Breakfast Party in Macmillan's Mag. July 162 Feeding on molecules of floral breath. 1918 W. M. Kirkland Joys of being Woman xxii. 279 When the loftiest spiritual converse may at any time be broken off by the malevolence of a molecule called a germ, some of us would rather never love anybody. 1998 J. Kasdorf Eve's Striptease 29 In fractal geometry a molecule of sand from a Finnish beach can map the whole Scandinavian coast. b. figurative and in extended use. The smallest unit of something; an individual person, esp. regarded as the smallest unit of a community. ΚΠ 1839 H. Hallam Introd. Lit. Europe II. i. 25 Language is always a mosaic work, made up of associated fragments, not of separate molecules. 1879 ‘G. Eliot’ Theophrastus Such vii. 134 He was a political molecule of the most gentlemanlike appearance. 1997 Times Lit. Suppl. 23 May 8/2 Societal breakdown is epitomized by ‘loose molecules’ of disenfranchised youth who..loot and kill in an orgy of anarchy and violence. †3. Biology. A tiny but functional particle of tissue, esp. neural tissue, that is invisible or barely visible under the optical microscope. Cf. molecular adj. 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > [noun] > minute piece of corpuscle1660 molecule1826 1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. xxxvii. 3 Comparative anatomists have considered the nervous system of animals as formed upon three primary types, which may be called the molecular, the ganglionic, and cerebrospinal. The first is where invisible nervous molecules are dispersed in a gelatinous body, the existence of which has only been ascertained by the nervous irritability of such bodies, [etc.]. 1841 T. R. Jones Gen. Outl. Animal Kingdom i. §8. 6 In animals belonging to this division, no nervous filaments or masses have been discovered... The contractile molecules of their bodies are not yet aggregated into muscular fibre. 1851 W. Wilkinson Outl. Physiol. 9 Molecular and granular matter consists of particles that vary in size from immeasureable minuteness to 1·10,000th of an inch in diameter; and these particles are called molecules or granules, according to the appearance they present when examined with a magnifying power of 300 diameters. 1851 W. Wilkinson Outl. Physiol. 9 Molecules are merely indistinct granules; but under a higher magnifying power molecules become granules, and new molecules appear. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1701
随便看	detin detinue detinues detithonize detomb detonabilities detonability detonable detonatable detonate detonated detonates detonating detonating ball detonating bulb detonating gas detonating gun detonating hammer detonating powder detonating primer detonating tube detonation detonations detonative detonator