monadn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈmɒnad/,

/ˈməʊnad/, U.S.

/ˈmoʊˌnæd/

Forms: 1600s–1800s monade, 1600s– Monad (in sense A. 1b), 1600s– monad.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin monad-, monas; Greek μοναδ-, μονάς.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin monad-, monas unit, unity (2nd–3rd cent.; in classical Latin (Vitruvius) in Greek form) and its etymon ancient Greek μοναδ-, μονάς unit, unity (see note below) < μόνος (see mono- comb. form) + -άς -ad suffix¹. Compare Italian monade (1525), Middle French, French monade (1547; 1714 in Leibniz: see note at sense A. 2a; 1826 in sense A. 3), Portuguese mônada (1783), Spanish mónada (1786). Compare earlier monas n. Hellenistic Greek μονάς and post-classical Latin monas (chiefly in translations of Greek sources) are recorded with reference to the doctrine of Pythagoras and other ancient philosophers (see sense A. 1a), and with reference to Christian doctrine (see sense A. 1b). In sense A. 3 probably after German Monas (1820 or earlier: compare quot. 1837 at sense A. 3). N.E.D. (1907) gives only the pronunciation (mǫ·næ̆d) /ˈmɒnæd/.

A. n.

a. The number one, unity. Also: an arithmetical unit.In later use historical, with reference to the Pythagorean or certain other Greek philosophies, in which numbers were regarded as real entities and as primordial principles of being.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > [noun]

oneeOE

unitya1398

monas1568

unit1570

monad1615

monady1635

henad1677

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > [noun] > elements of

monas1568

monad1615

monadity1844

1615 G. Sandys tr. Sibyl. Orac. i. i, in Relation of Journey 144 Eight monads, decads eight, eight hecatons Declare his name [sc. ΙΗΣΟΥΣ = 888].

a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Henry V cclv, in Poems (1878) IV. 164 Numbers carrie Their Preiudice, but Monads never varie.

1660 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. III. i. 55 They make a difference betwixt the Monad and One, conceaving the Monad to be that which exists in intellectuals; One, in numbers.

1678 R. Cudworth tr. in True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 372 The Cause of that Sympathy, Harmony, and Agreement, which is in things,..was by Pythagoras called Unity or a Monade.

1706 J. Matthews Forgiveness To Rdr. They fram'd up a whole decad of frivolous depositions, without one entire monad of truth.

1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) I. 485 Instead of saying that oddness is the cause of odd numbers, you will say that the monad is the cause of them.

1952 G. Sarton Hist. Sci. I. xx. 502 We must assume in arithmetic the existence of the unit or monad, and in geometry of points and lines.

1994 Aquinas Rev. 1 7 Now, the Atomists and Pythagoreans posit particular substances (‘atoms’ and ‘monads’) as ‘being’ and what is between these, space, as ‘non-being’.

b. With reference to God. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > deity > Christian God > [noun] > in philosophy

moverc1385

motor1447

First Causer1526

union1565

monad1642

monas1768

over-soul1841

ens realissimum1847

socius1890

ens necessarium1900

1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. K7 One steddy Good, centre of essencies, Unmoved Monad, that Apollo hight.

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 225 That which was called by them [sc. the Platonists and Pythagoreans] the τὸ ἓν, or μονὰς, Unity itself or a Monad, that is, One most Simple Deity.

1823 S. L. Fairfield Poems 159 Eternal Monad! Great Invisible! Essence incontaminate of Glory!

1850 C. G. B. Daubeny Introd. Atomic Theory (ed. 2) xiv. 451 The monad is used to signify the Deity, as being the first great Cause, one and the same, throughout all space, and in all time.

1870 J. H. Newman Ess. Gram. Assent i. iv. 49 But of the Supreme Being it is safer to use the word ‘monad’ than unit.

1911 Catholic Encycl. X. 451/1 The Father is [to Sabellius] the Monad of whom the Son is a kind of manifestation.

1978 I. Kesarcodi-Watson & I. Kesarcodi-Watson tr. V. Lossky Orthodox Theol. i. 40 The great problem of the fourth century was to express at once divine unity and diversity, the coincidence in God of the monad and the triad.

a. Philosophy. An indivisible unit of being; an absolutely simple entity. Now chiefly historical.Chiefly used with reference to the philosophy of the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716). Writing originally in French, he proposed that the universe consists of monades, non-physical entities without parts, extension, or shape; and that these possess, in infinitely various degrees, the power of perception: those which have the perceptive power in the higher degrees are souls; the rest are formed by the perceiving mind into aggregates, which constitute material objects. The term was possibly adopted by Leibniz from François Mercure von Van Helmont (the term appears, before its use in Leibniz's Monadologie (1714), in a letter from Van Helmont to Fardella dated 1696), or from Giordano Bruno, with whom, in De Monade, Numero et Figura Liber (1591), the ‘monad’ has the twofold aspect of a material atom and an irreducible metaphysical element of being.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > monism > monadism > elements of

monad1692

entelechy1877

Leibniz law1941

1692 A. Conway Princ. Anc. & Mod. Philos. iii. ¶ 28 Things may be Physically divided into their least parts; as when Concrete Matter is so far divided that it departs into Physical Monades, as it was in the first State of its Materiality.

1749 D. Hartley Observ. Man ii. i. 27 No Sensation can be a Monad, inasmuch as the most simple are infinitely divisible in respect of Time.

1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers iii. iv. 345 A person is something indivisible, and is what Leibnitz calls a monad.

1832 A. Johnson tr. W. G. Tennemann Man. Hist. Philos. 358 Each individual Monade is a sort of living mirror.

1856 B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. (ed. 3) I. ii. 38 The conscious indivisible monad which I feel myself to be.

1874 G. S. Morris tr. F. Ueberweg Hist. Philos. II. §111. 27 Bruno opposes the doctrine of a dualism of matter and form... The elementary parts of all that exists are the minima or monads,..they are at once psychical and material. The soul is a monad... God is the monad of monads.

1886 E. B. Bax Handbk. Hist. Philos. 173 Leibnitz is emphatic in declaring that the monads have ‘no windows’.

c1894 C. S. Peirce Coll. Papers (1931) I. 146 I therefore divide all objects into monads, dyads, and triads; and the first step in the present inquiry is to ascertain what are the conceptions of the pure monad, free from all dyadic and triadic admixtures.

1937 A. H. Murray Philos. of James Ward iv. 78 The monads or ‘psychoids’ are qualitatively distinct and are capable of what in scholastic philosophy was called actio in distans.

1977 Archivum Linguisticum 8 50 Just as Leibniz maintains in his Monadology that every monad reflects the universe from its own specific perspective, according to von Humboldt every language shows the world differently.

1993 Philos. Q. 43 472 [Leibniz's] considered opinion was that material bodies are not irreducibly real but merely ‘well-founded phenomena’ whose basis are the mind-like, non-spatial monads.

b. The individual human subject, esp. when viewed separately from society.Although a person can be seen as ‘a thinking substance’ that is not divisible, and thus can fall under Leibniz's definition of the monad, later writers have used the word to refer to human isolation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > [noun] > individual person

headOE

polla1350

singular1420

specialc1450

individuala1500

particular1576

monad1855

1855 M. F. Tupper Lyrics 76 Ah! poor monad, what am I In this crowd of passers by?

1862 Q. Rev. Apr. 402 The wealth, the might..of the British empire are due not to the mere aggregation and activity of monads or units of mankind.

1909 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 15 250 [Herbert Spencer's] concept of the individual as a monad still survives and it gives to sociology its characteristic point of view.

1965 New Statesman 18 June 942/2 I had been very impressed, wandering around housing estates, at the growth of what..seemed ‘monad’ politics... People didn't connect, except through mass media, but found images difficult to accept as reality.

1996 College Lit. (Electronic ed.) Dec. 494 The bourgeois subject experiences itself as an increasingly isolated monad confronted with an anonymous and faceless multitude.

3. Biology. A single-celled organism, esp. a protozoan; spec. a flagellate protozoan of the genus Monas, the former family Monadinidae (or Monadidae), or the former order Monadina.In the early quotations such organisms are often regarded as the lowest members of the hierarchy of nature or as fundamental units of the animal body.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > proto-organism > [noun]

monad1826

proto-organism1860

cytode1869

Protista1869

protist1873

ephemeromorph1874

protistan1890

the world > life > biology > organism > proto-organism > [adjective]

monad1826

primigenian1847

primogenial1851

primigenal1860

primigenial1868

protistic1869

cryptobiotic1884

primigene1884

the world > life > biology > biological processes > evolution > [noun] > evolutionary ancestor

progenerator1692

ancestorc1760

monad1826

progenitor1855

protomorph1876

promorph1889

phylembryo1890

protolife1964

the world > animals > invertebrates > protozoa > class Flagellata or Mastigophora > subclass Flagellidia > [noun] > order Monadida > member of

monad1826

monadine1847

1826 Lancet 29 July 556/1 Among these isolated or agglomerated monades, i.e. animals or plants, he saw fusiform cells.

1832 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. ii. i. 14 The orang-outang, having been evolved out of a monad, is made slowly to attain the attributes and dignity of man.

1837 tr. C. G. Ehrenberg in Sci. Memoirs I. 559 In the year 1819 I had already observed that the motion of the zoological monads (Monas pulvisculus) was by no means a mere rolling effected by a change of the centre of gravity.

1846 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Zoophytes vii. 107 These remarks are intended to support no monad or Lamarckian theory.

1847 A. Tulk tr. L. Oken Elements Physiophilos. 570 Decomposition is a separation into Monads, a retrogression into the primary mass of the animal kingdom.

1851 H. Spencer Social Statics xxx. 451 We are warranted in considering the body as a commonwealth of monads, each of which has independent powers of life, growth, and reproduction.

1880 H. C. Bastian Brain 10 The encysted mass of living matter may after a time divide into a swarm of smaller though most active monads.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. iii. 54 (caption) A Flagellate Infusorian. One of the Choanoflagellata, often called a Monad.

1945 F. E. Fritsch Struct. & Reprod. Algae II. 878 A different relation is seen in the association of certain Myxophyceae of small dimensions with Monads or Bacteria (syncyanoses of Pascher).

1993 Estuarine Coastal Matter & Shelf Sci. 36 433 Among the phytoplankton groups that increased their growth rate..were dinoflagellates, diatoms, monads (2–4 μm) and autotrophic flagellates (5–10 μm).

†4. Chemistry. A monovalent element or group. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > valency > [noun] > combining powers of elements > element with the power of one

monad1865

1865 Reader 1 Apr. 372/2 Each of these atoms combines usually with three monads, or with one dyad and one monad.

1866 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. xvi. 144 We call chlorine, bromide, iodine, and fluorine, monatomic elements, or monads.

1866 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. xxiv. 264 Thallium is a monad in the thallious compounds.

5. Botany. A pollen grain or spore dispersed individually, rather than linked with others.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > stamen or pistil > pollen and related parts

sandarac1623

globulet1671

powder1672

bread1682

farina1721

pollen1723

father-dust1728

rough wax1744

yellow rain1755

dust1776

fovilla1793

anther dust1797

pollen mass1828

pollen tube1830

intextine1835

pollen grain1835

pollen granule1835

exine1839

exintine1839

intine1839

pollinium1849

sulphur shower1854

pollinic mass1857

pollen chamber1863

smoke1868

pollen sac1872

pollinarium1881

sulphur rain1882

pollinic chamber1885

perine1895

pollen content1926

sculpturing1943

monad1947

nexine1948

sexine1948

1947 O. F. Selling Stud. Hawaiian Pollen Statistics ii. 367 The majority of the pollens are united in tetrads... Monads (monosulcate) are of rare occurrence and reported chiefly from Pleonadrae.

1989 Indian Jrnl. Forestry 12 122 Monads, diads and triads instead of normal tetrads and high percentage of sterile pollen grains were also observed.

1999 Encycl. Brit. Online (Version 99.1) at Liliidae Pollen grains are typically shed as monads.

B. adj. (attributive).

Chemistry. Monovalent; = monadic adj. 3a. disused.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > valency > [adjective] > having a valency of one

monatomic1848

monad1866

monodynamic1867

univalent1869

monovalent1871

monadic1877

1866 W. Odling Lect. Animal Chem. 16 Monad, dyad, and triad combinations.

1878 J. N. Lockyer Stud. Spectrum Anal. (ed. 2) 124 Many monad metals give us their line spectra at a low degree of heat.

1903 O. Lodge Mod. Views on Matter 5 The charge of electricity usually associated with a single monad atom of matter.

1907 G. S. Newth Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 12) i. viii. 59 Elements like chlorine..and iodine, whose atoms are only capable of uniting with one atom of hydrogen, are called monovalent (or sometimes monad) elements.

Compounds

† monad-form n. Biology Obsolete = sense A. 3.

ΚΠ

1874 Monthly Jrnl. Microsc. Soc. 12 261 The minute monad-forms found in macerations of fish.

1887 H. E. F. Garnsey & I. B. Balfour tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Morphol. & Biol. Fungi 458 Cocci..are distinguished..according to their dimensions into micrococci, macrococci, and monad-forms.

Derivatives

ˈmonad-like adj. Biology (now rare) resembling or designating a flagellate protozoan; cf. sense A. 3.

ΚΠ

1841 A. Pritchard Hist. Infusoria 89 You were to observe separate Monad-like bodies.

1867 Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1 306 The whole question..hinges upon the determination as to the animal or vegetable nature of the Monad-like, or so-called flagellate infusoria.

1935 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 62 137 The biparental form comes from an egg with two pronuclei, each of which contains seven single or monad-like chromosomes.

1984 New Phytologist 97 601 Three fungi and a monad-like protozoan were found.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	monad
释义	monadn.adj. Brit. /ˈmɒnad/, /ˈməʊnad/, U.S. /ˈmoʊˌnæd/ Forms: 1600s–1800s monade, 1600s– Monad (in sense A. 1b), 1600s– monad. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin monad-, monas; Greek μοναδ-, μονάς. Etymology: < post-classical Latin monad-, monas unit, unity (2nd–3rd cent.; in classical Latin (Vitruvius) in Greek form) and its etymon ancient Greek μοναδ-, μονάς unit, unity (see note below) < μόνος (see mono- comb. form) + -άς -ad suffix¹. Compare Italian monade (1525), Middle French, French monade (1547; 1714 in Leibniz: see note at sense A. 2a; 1826 in sense A. 3), Portuguese mônada (1783), Spanish mónada (1786). Compare earlier monas n. Hellenistic Greek μονάς and post-classical Latin monas (chiefly in translations of Greek sources) are recorded with reference to the doctrine of Pythagoras and other ancient philosophers (see sense A. 1a), and with reference to Christian doctrine (see sense A. 1b). In sense A. 3 probably after German Monas (1820 or earlier: compare quot. 1837 at sense A. 3). N.E.D. (1907) gives only the pronunciation (mǫ·næ̆d) /ˈmɒnæd/. A. n. 1. a. The number one, unity. Also: an arithmetical unit.In later use historical, with reference to the Pythagorean or certain other Greek philosophies, in which numbers were regarded as real entities and as primordial principles of being. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > [noun] oneeOE unitya1398 monas1568 unit1570 monad1615 monady1635 henad1677 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > ancient Greek philosophy > [noun] > elements of monas1568 monad1615 monadity1844 1615 G. Sandys tr. Sibyl. Orac. i. i, in Relation of Journey 144 Eight monads, decads eight, eight hecatons Declare his name [sc. ΙΗΣΟΥΣ = 888]. a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Henry V cclv, in Poems (1878) IV. 164 Numbers carrie Their Preiudice, but Monads never varie. 1660 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. III. i. 55 They make a difference betwixt the Monad and One, conceaving the Monad to be that which exists in intellectuals; One, in numbers. 1678 R. Cudworth tr. in True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 372 The Cause of that Sympathy, Harmony, and Agreement, which is in things,..was by Pythagoras called Unity or a Monade. 1706 J. Matthews Forgiveness To Rdr. They fram'd up a whole decad of frivolous depositions, without one entire monad of truth. 1875 B. Jowett tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) I. 485 Instead of saying that oddness is the cause of odd numbers, you will say that the monad is the cause of them. 1952 G. Sarton Hist. Sci. I. xx. 502 We must assume in arithmetic the existence of the unit or monad, and in geometry of points and lines. 1994 Aquinas Rev. 1 7 Now, the Atomists and Pythagoreans posit particular substances (‘atoms’ and ‘monads’) as ‘being’ and what is between these, space, as ‘non-being’. b. With reference to God. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > deity > Christian God > [noun] > in philosophy moverc1385 motor1447 First Causer1526 union1565 monad1642 monas1768 over-soul1841 ens realissimum1847 socius1890 ens necessarium1900 1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. K7 One steddy Good, centre of essencies, Unmoved Monad, that Apollo hight. 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 225 That which was called by them [sc. the Platonists and Pythagoreans] the τὸ ἓν, or μονὰς, Unity itself or a Monad, that is, One most Simple Deity. 1823 S. L. Fairfield Poems 159 Eternal Monad! Great Invisible! Essence incontaminate of Glory! 1850 C. G. B. Daubeny Introd. Atomic Theory (ed. 2) xiv. 451 The monad is used to signify the Deity, as being the first great Cause, one and the same, throughout all space, and in all time. 1870 J. H. Newman Ess. Gram. Assent i. iv. 49 But of the Supreme Being it is safer to use the word ‘monad’ than unit. 1911 Catholic Encycl. X. 451/1 The Father is [to Sabellius] the Monad of whom the Son is a kind of manifestation. 1978 I. Kesarcodi-Watson & I. Kesarcodi-Watson tr. V. Lossky Orthodox Theol. i. 40 The great problem of the fourth century was to express at once divine unity and diversity, the coincidence in God of the monad and the triad. 2. a. Philosophy. An indivisible unit of being; an absolutely simple entity. Now chiefly historical.Chiefly used with reference to the philosophy of the German philosopher Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716). Writing originally in French, he proposed that the universe consists of monades, non-physical entities without parts, extension, or shape; and that these possess, in infinitely various degrees, the power of perception: those which have the perceptive power in the higher degrees are souls; the rest are formed by the perceiving mind into aggregates, which constitute material objects. The term was possibly adopted by Leibniz from François Mercure von Van Helmont (the term appears, before its use in Leibniz's Monadologie (1714), in a letter from Van Helmont to Fardella dated 1696), or from Giordano Bruno, with whom, in De Monade, Numero et Figura Liber (1591), the ‘monad’ has the twofold aspect of a material atom and an irreducible metaphysical element of being. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > metaphysics > ontology > [noun] > monism > monadism > elements of monad1692 entelechy1877 Leibniz law1941 1692 A. Conway Princ. Anc. & Mod. Philos. iii. ¶ 28 Things may be Physically divided into their least parts; as when Concrete Matter is so far divided that it departs into Physical Monades, as it was in the first State of its Materiality. 1749 D. Hartley Observ. Man ii. i. 27 No Sensation can be a Monad, inasmuch as the most simple are infinitely divisible in respect of Time. 1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers iii. iv. 345 A person is something indivisible, and is what Leibnitz calls a monad. 1832 A. Johnson tr. W. G. Tennemann Man. Hist. Philos. 358 Each individual Monade is a sort of living mirror. 1856 B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. (ed. 3) I. ii. 38 The conscious indivisible monad which I feel myself to be. 1874 G. S. Morris tr. F. Ueberweg Hist. Philos. II. §111. 27 Bruno opposes the doctrine of a dualism of matter and form... The elementary parts of all that exists are the minima or monads,..they are at once psychical and material. The soul is a monad... God is the monad of monads. 1886 E. B. Bax Handbk. Hist. Philos. 173 Leibnitz is emphatic in declaring that the monads have ‘no windows’. c1894 C. S. Peirce Coll. Papers (1931) I. 146 I therefore divide all objects into monads, dyads, and triads; and the first step in the present inquiry is to ascertain what are the conceptions of the pure monad, free from all dyadic and triadic admixtures. 1937 A. H. Murray Philos. of James Ward iv. 78 The monads or ‘psychoids’ are qualitatively distinct and are capable of what in scholastic philosophy was called actio in distans. 1977 Archivum Linguisticum 8 50 Just as Leibniz maintains in his Monadology that every monad reflects the universe from its own specific perspective, according to von Humboldt every language shows the world differently. 1993 Philos. Q. 43 472 [Leibniz's] considered opinion was that material bodies are not irreducibly real but merely ‘well-founded phenomena’ whose basis are the mind-like, non-spatial monads. b. The individual human subject, esp. when viewed separately from society.Although a person can be seen as ‘a thinking substance’ that is not divisible, and thus can fall under Leibniz's definition of the monad, later writers have used the word to refer to human isolation. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > [noun] > individual person headOE polla1350 singular1420 specialc1450 individuala1500 particular1576 monad1855 1855 M. F. Tupper Lyrics 76 Ah! poor monad, what am I In this crowd of passers by? 1862 Q. Rev. Apr. 402 The wealth, the might..of the British empire are due not to the mere aggregation and activity of monads or units of mankind. 1909 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 15 250 [Herbert Spencer's] concept of the individual as a monad still survives and it gives to sociology its characteristic point of view. 1965 New Statesman 18 June 942/2 I had been very impressed, wandering around housing estates, at the growth of what..seemed ‘monad’ politics... People didn't connect, except through mass media, but found images difficult to accept as reality. 1996 College Lit. (Electronic ed.) Dec. 494 The bourgeois subject experiences itself as an increasingly isolated monad confronted with an anonymous and faceless multitude. 3. Biology. A single-celled organism, esp. a protozoan; spec. a flagellate protozoan of the genus Monas, the former family Monadinidae (or Monadidae), or the former order Monadina.In the early quotations such organisms are often regarded as the lowest members of the hierarchy of nature or as fundamental units of the animal body. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > proto-organism > [noun] monad1826 proto-organism1860 cytode1869 Protista1869 protist1873 ephemeromorph1874 protistan1890 the world > life > biology > organism > proto-organism > [adjective] monad1826 primigenian1847 primogenial1851 primigenal1860 primigenial1868 protistic1869 cryptobiotic1884 primigene1884 the world > life > biology > biological processes > evolution > [noun] > evolutionary ancestor progenerator1692 ancestorc1760 monad1826 progenitor1855 protomorph1876 promorph1889 phylembryo1890 protolife1964 the world > animals > invertebrates > protozoa > class Flagellata or Mastigophora > subclass Flagellidia > [noun] > order Monadida > member of monad1826 monadine1847 1826 Lancet 29 July 556/1 Among these isolated or agglomerated monades, i.e. animals or plants, he saw fusiform cells. 1832 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. ii. i. 14 The orang-outang, having been evolved out of a monad, is made slowly to attain the attributes and dignity of man. 1837 tr. C. G. Ehrenberg in Sci. Memoirs I. 559 In the year 1819 I had already observed that the motion of the zoological monads (Monas pulvisculus) was by no means a mere rolling effected by a change of the centre of gravity. 1846 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Zoophytes vii. 107 These remarks are intended to support no monad or Lamarckian theory. 1847 A. Tulk tr. L. Oken Elements Physiophilos. 570 Decomposition is a separation into Monads, a retrogression into the primary mass of the animal kingdom. 1851 H. Spencer Social Statics xxx. 451 We are warranted in considering the body as a commonwealth of monads, each of which has independent powers of life, growth, and reproduction. 1880 H. C. Bastian Brain 10 The encysted mass of living matter may after a time divide into a swarm of smaller though most active monads. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. iii. 54 (caption) A Flagellate Infusorian. One of the Choanoflagellata, often called a Monad. 1945 F. E. Fritsch Struct. & Reprod. Algae II. 878 A different relation is seen in the association of certain Myxophyceae of small dimensions with Monads or Bacteria (syncyanoses of Pascher). 1993 Estuarine Coastal Matter & Shelf Sci. 36 433 Among the phytoplankton groups that increased their growth rate..were dinoflagellates, diatoms, monads (2–4 μm) and autotrophic flagellates (5–10 μm). †4. Chemistry. A monovalent element or group. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > valency > [noun] > combining powers of elements > element with the power of one monad1865 1865 Reader 1 Apr. 372/2 Each of these atoms combines usually with three monads, or with one dyad and one monad. 1866 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. xvi. 144 We call chlorine, bromide, iodine, and fluorine, monatomic elements, or monads. 1866 H. E. Roscoe Lessons Elem. Chem. xxiv. 264 Thallium is a monad in the thallious compounds. 5. Botany. A pollen grain or spore dispersed individually, rather than linked with others. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > stamen or pistil > pollen and related parts sandarac1623 globulet1671 powder1672 bread1682 farina1721 pollen1723 father-dust1728 rough wax1744 yellow rain1755 dust1776 fovilla1793 anther dust1797 pollen mass1828 pollen tube1830 intextine1835 pollen grain1835 pollen granule1835 exine1839 exintine1839 intine1839 pollinium1849 sulphur shower1854 pollinic mass1857 pollen chamber1863 smoke1868 pollen sac1872 pollinarium1881 sulphur rain1882 pollinic chamber1885 perine1895 pollen content1926 sculpturing1943 monad1947 nexine1948 sexine1948 1947 O. F. Selling Stud. Hawaiian Pollen Statistics ii. 367 The majority of the pollens are united in tetrads... Monads (monosulcate) are of rare occurrence and reported chiefly from Pleonadrae. 1989 Indian Jrnl. Forestry 12 122 Monads, diads and triads instead of normal tetrads and high percentage of sterile pollen grains were also observed. 1999 Encycl. Brit. Online (Version 99.1) at Liliidae Pollen grains are typically shed as monads. B. adj. (attributive). Chemistry. Monovalent; = monadic adj. 3a. disused. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > valency > [adjective] > having a valency of one monatomic1848 monad1866 monodynamic1867 univalent1869 monovalent1871 monadic1877 1866 W. Odling Lect. Animal Chem. 16 Monad, dyad, and triad combinations. 1878 J. N. Lockyer Stud. Spectrum Anal. (ed. 2) 124 Many monad metals give us their line spectra at a low degree of heat. 1903 O. Lodge Mod. Views on Matter 5 The charge of electricity usually associated with a single monad atom of matter. 1907 G. S. Newth Text-bk. Inorg. Chem. (ed. 12) i. viii. 59 Elements like chlorine..and iodine, whose atoms are only capable of uniting with one atom of hydrogen, are called monovalent (or sometimes monad) elements. Compounds † monad-form n. Biology Obsolete = sense A. 3. ΚΠ 1874 Monthly Jrnl. Microsc. Soc. 12 261 The minute monad-forms found in macerations of fish. 1887 H. E. F. Garnsey & I. B. Balfour tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Morphol. & Biol. Fungi 458 Cocci..are distinguished..according to their dimensions into micrococci, macrococci, and monad-forms. Derivatives ˈmonad-like adj. Biology (now rare) resembling or designating a flagellate protozoan; cf. sense A. 3. ΚΠ 1841 A. Pritchard Hist. Infusoria 89 You were to observe separate Monad-like bodies. 1867 Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1 306 The whole question..hinges upon the determination as to the animal or vegetable nature of the Monad-like, or so-called flagellate infusoria. 1935 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 62 137 The biparental form comes from an egg with two pronuclei, each of which contains seven single or monad-like chromosomes. 1984 New Phytologist 97 601 Three fungi and a monad-like protozoan were found. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.adj.1615
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