modulationn.

Brit.

/ˌmɒdjᵿˈleɪʃn/,

/ˌmɒdʒᵿˈleɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌmɑdʒəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: Middle English modulacion, Middle English modulacioun, Middle English modulacyone, 1500s– modulation; Scottish pre-1700 modelatioun, pre-1700 modulacion, pre-1700 modulacioun, pre-1700 modulatioun, pre-1700 modvlacioun, pre-1700 1700s– modulation.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French modulation; Latin modulātiōn-, modulātiō.

Etymology: < Middle French, French modulation (1365 in sense 3, 1626 in sense 5a) and its etymon classical Latin modulātiōn-, modulātiō inflection of tone, calculation of measurements from a standard unit (in architecture), also in post-classical Latin in senses ‘melody’ (6th cent.; from 8th cent. in British sources), ‘singing, making music’ (from 10th or 11th cent. in British sources) < modulāt- , past participial stem of modulārī (see modulate v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Italian modulazione (a1342 in sense 5a), Old Occitan modulacio (c1350), Spanish modulación (c1440; 1385 as †modulation), Portuguese modulação (16th cent.).

†1. The action of singing or making music; a tune, a melody; (in plural) musical notes or sounds. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > [noun]

modulationa1398

timing?1578

tuning1609

musicking1703

melodizing1786

rendering1840

rendition1851

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > melody or succession of sounds > [noun] > a melody

notec1300

warblec1374

moteta1382

tunea1387

measurea1393

modulationa1398

prolation?a1425

gammec1425

proportion?a1505

laya1529

stroke1540

diapason?1553

strain1579

cantus1590

stripe1590

diapase1591

air1597

pawson1606

spirit1608

melody1609

aria1742

refrain1795

toon1901

sounds1955

klangfarbenmelodie1959

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 333^v Simphonia is temperate modulacioun [L. modulationis] acording in sownes hiȝ and lowȝ.

c1450 (?c1425) St. Mary of Oignies ii. xi, in Anglia (1885) 8 178 Oure lorde..fillid..hir lippys wiþ modulacyone.

c1487 J. Skelton tr. Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historica v. 359 Melpomone..that thurgh her modulacion & melodyous armony..so doucette & swetely resowneth in the eres of her audytours that [etc.].

a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Sion Coll. London) 25 (MED) By this modulacion or song, Vndrestondynge remembrid the high laudes of Dame Feyth.

1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Modulation, a pleasant tuning or sweete singing.

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1953) VI. 170 I will sing of thy mercy and judgement, sayes David; when we fixe our selves upon the meditation and modulation of the mercy of God, even his judgements cannot put us out of tune.

1636 C. Butler Princ. Musik i. iv. 71 Fuga is the Repeating of soom Modulation or Point.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Modulation,..a pleasant tuning, a singing or playing by number or measure.

1728 J. Thomson Spring 30 Thousands..warble.., their Modulations mix Mellifluous.

1816 T. L. Peacock Headlong Hall xi. 146 To ring to the profaner but more lively modulation of Voulez vous danser, Mademoiselle?

1837 P. Keith Bot. Lexicon 370 To enable us to appreciate the value of tones, whether they be the modulations of music, or the articulation of a spoken language.

2. The action of treating, regulating, or varying something so as to achieve due measure and proportion; variation of light, line, form, etc., with regard to artistic effect; an act of softening, tempering, or toning down.In quot. 1531: †measured or rhythmical movement (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > frequency > [noun] > rhythm or measure

cadencec1384

modulation1531

measure1576

timekeeping1593

cadency1628

rhythmus1778

rhythmicality1817

the world > movement > motion in specific manner > [noun] > regular

modulation1531

measure1576

timekeeping1593

the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > toning down

modering1414

modulation1531

qualifying1565

modification1603

modifying1692

qualification1757

the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > adaptation or adjustment > [noun] > in due proportion

proportionc1395

commoderation?a1425

modulation1531

commensuration1626

proportionment1697

the world > time > change > [noun] > change within limits, variation, or modification

variation1502

diversification1603

flexion1603

divisiona1616

amendment1653

variating1653

sophistication1664

modulation1674

vacillation1769

modification1775

variorum1776

modifyinga1853

tropicalization1893

mod1943

1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. xx. sig. Kvi^v More ouer the emperours that were moste noble, delited in daunsyng, perceyuing therin to be a perfecte measure, whiche maye be called modulation.

c1570 Art of Music (BL Add. 4911) i, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Modulatio(u)n Music mensurall..is discretion of modulatioun and forme in discrait figuris in mud, tyme and prolatioun quantificat.

1674 Govt. Tongue i. 3 To this purpose the infinite wisdom of God ordained Speech, which as it is a sound resulting from the modulation of the Air, has most affinity to the spirit.

1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 176 The Matter of two or more kinds being mix'd together, and, by the different Proportion and Modulation of that Matter, variously..diversifyed.

1753 W. Hogarth Anal. Beauty xii. 95 Different kinds of softnings and modulations of the rays of light.

1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xix. 189 There was a touching modulation in these words about her father that Walter understood too well.

1883 C. C. Perkins Hist. Handbk. Ital. Sculpt. ii. ii. 124 That delicate modulation of surface treatment which gives high value to the best Florentine metal work.

1888 Scribner's Mag. 3 424 It is not the firmness of a line in drawing or sculpture that makes it forbidding; it is the stiffness or poor quality of its modulation.

1909 R. Fry in New Q. Mag. Apr. 186 We feel, if the drawing be a good one, that each modulation of the line as our eye passes along it gives order and variety to our sensations.

1958 Spectator 18 July 86/1 This facile Neapolitan, whose music and plot are brittly innocent of modulation.

1998 Managing your Business Spring 88/1 Modulation—weighting subsidies in favour of smaller farms—is also proposed.

3. Musical inflection of the voice; variation of the quality of one's voice, or of the sound of a musical instrument, with respect to tone, pitch, and intensity. Also: a particular inflection or intonation.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > tuning or intonation > [noun]

temperure1390

modulation1543

tuning1554

temperature1592

temperament1728

intonation1776

just intonation1850

tuning1902

tune-up1977

1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. i. ii. f. 60/2 That it [sc. the uvula] myght gyve modulation or tunynge to the voice.

1601 P. Rosseter Bk. of Ayres sig. A2^v In Ayres I find no vse they [sc. rests] haue, unlesse it be to make a vulgar, and triuiall modulation seeme to the ignorant strange, and to the iudiciall tedious.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vii. xiv. 368 Although the weazon, throtle and tongue be the instruments of voice, and by their agitations doe chiefly concurre unto these delightfull modulations .

1701 N. Grew Cosmol. Sacra i. v. §10 The Rings of the Wind-pipe, are fitted for the Modulation of the Voice.

1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. III. 261 Among the singers in Italy..Farinelli..indisputably makes the greatest figure for the fineness and modulation of his voice.

1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. i. 1 All the sensibility of character that the modulation of her tones indicated.

1808 L. Murray Eng. Gram. Illustr. I. iv. 341 By modulation is meant that pleasing variety of voice, which..is perfectly distinct from emphasis, and the tones of emotion and passion.

1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede I. i. i. 15 With the same gentle modulation of voice as when he spoke to Seth.

1866 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. (1869) vii. 205 The modulation of the voice into speech is effected by [etc.].

1896 C. G. D. Roberts Forge in Forest xv. 203 ‘I will bid you farewell, and a pleasant journey,’ went on the same civil modulations of Grûl's voice.

1948 D. Cecil Two Quiet Lives 41 The emotion that filled her heart vibrates through every modulation of her voice.

1977 J. McPhee Coming into Country ii. 126 I was struck, the more, by the lilting modulation of Hensley's voice, calm as (that day) the Chukchi Sea.

†4. Architecture. The proportioning of the parts of a classical order according to modular principles. Cf. module n. 3b. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > unit of proportion based on column diameter > proportioning by

modulation1665

1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng (1725) 62 Ornaments made from the Rule of the Dorick Modulation.

1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss. 1005 Modulation, the proportion of the different parts of an order.

5. Music.

a. The action or process of passing from one key to another in the course of a piece of music; the result of this, as an element in the harmony of a piece; a change of key.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > key > alteration from prevailing key

changingc1475

change1574

modulation1696

key change1877

transition1877

1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Modulation, a carrying on a Song in the same Key, sometimes passing out of it, then getting into it again, without offending the Ears.

1721 A. Malcolm Treat. Musick xiii. 450 Having thus explained the Nature of Modulation from one Key to another.

1782 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music II. 163 (note) The modulation from D major to C is rarely found in modern music.

1782 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music II. 164 The following specimens of Chromatic Modulation, ascending and descending.

1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 296/2 Modulation may be divided into Simple, Chromatic (or extraneous), and Enharmonic.

1889 E. Prout Harmony (ed. 10) xiv. §371 By..enharmonically changing one or more of its notes it [sc. the chord of the Diminished Seventh] can be used for modulation between any two keys.

1928 A. Huxley Point Counter Point xxii. 408 More interesting still the modulations, not merely from one key to another, but from mood to mood.

1961 A. Hopkins Talking about Symphonies i. 21 This business of modulation, of moving into remote keys.

1988 M. Warner Lost Father xxi. 225 Franco took the band, with an elegant modulation to the dominant, straight into the overture.

†b. Composition, performance, or arrangement of music in a particular mode or key; treatment of melody and harmony within a particular key. Also: a chord, tune, or succession of notes considered with reference to mode or key. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > chord > [noun]

modulation1721

chord1737

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > key > tonality

modulation1721

tonality1838

key1841

1721 A. Malcolm Treat. Musick xiii. 441 Under the Term of Modulation may be comprehended the regular Progression of the several Parts thro' the Sounds that are in the Harmony of any particular Key as well as the proceeding naturally and regularly with the Harmony from one Key to another.

1782 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music II. 412 As to the Modulation, it is so monotonous, that little more than two chords are used throughout the Canon [i.e. ‘Sumer is i-cumen in’].

1797 Encycl. Brit. XII. 191/2 Modulation..frequently means no more than an air, or a number of musical sounds properly connected and arranged.

1797 Encycl. Brit. XII. 511/2 The modulation formed by ut with the octave of sol and the double octave of mi, sung one after the other.

1797 Encycl. Brit. XII. 512/2 This modulation or chord ut, mi♭, sol, ut.

†c. In the ecclesiastical modes: any of certain notes in each mode, on which a phrase of melody had to begin and end (see quot. 1880). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > medieval mode > notes of modes

medius1563

mediant1721

dominant1823

modulation1880

participant1889

1880 G. Grove Dict. Music II. 351/2 The intermediate phrases can only begin, or end, on one of another set of notes, called its Modulations. Of these Modulations, four—the Final, Dominant, Mediant, and Participant—are of more importance than the rest, and are therefore called Regular. But as the constant reiteration of these four notes would prove intolerably monotonous, in a Melody consisting of very numerous phrases, other notes, called Conceded Modulations, are added to them.

†6. Harmonious treatment of language in prose or verse. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > elegance > [noun] > euphonism

melody1589

roll1730

modulation1759

euphonism1774

1759 S. Johnson Idler 30 June 201 Then begin the arts of rhetoric and poetry, the regulation of figures, the selection of words, the modulation of periods.

1779 S. Johnson Waller in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets I. 114 The poets of Elizabeth had attained an art of modulation, which was afterwards..forgotten.

1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. II. 392 A master in the art of versification was struck by our poet's modulation.

a. Chiefly Physics and Engineering. The process of modulating an electromagnetic wave or other oscillating signal, or a beam, esp. in order to impress a signal on it; the extent to which a modulated carrier wave is varied; the modulated waveform or signal itself. Cf. modulate v. 5a, demodulation n.Frequently preceded by a noun denoting either the characteristic of the carrier wave that is varied (as in frequency modulation), or the method by which the modulation is applied (as in grid modulation).amplitude, cross-, frequency, pulse modulation, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > telecommunication > [noun] > signal > modulation

choke control1909

modulation1919

frequency modulation1922

pulse modulation1929

phase modulation1930

undermodulation1940

pulse time modulation1944

pulse position modulation1945

PCM1947

pulse amplitude modulation1947

pulse code modulation1947

pulse frequency modulation1950

pulse width modulation1953

pulse duration modulation1956

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > processes > [noun] > modulation

modulation1919

1919 Proc. IRE 7 193 (heading) Modulation.

1919 Science 19 Dec. 559/2 [Grants for research of the American Association for the Advancement of Science] One hundred and forty dollars to Professor E. M. Terry,..for work on the modulation of radio-energy employed in wireless telephony.

1921 J. Scott-Taggart Thermionic Tubes xiii. 355 Two general methods of modulation are used at present; either the amplitude of the continuous waves is varied by the microphone, or the wave-length is altered.

1932 A. W. Ladner & C. R. Stoner Short Wave Wireless Communication v. 73 Rectification is essential at the receiver, for the purpose of extracting the modulation.

1943 F. E. Terman Radio Engineers' Handbk. vii. 581 In phase modulation, intelligence is transmitted by varying the phase of the transmitted wave.

1953 W. A. Edson Vacuum-tube Oscillators xvi. 386 The presence or absence of an output signal, in conjunction with an appropriate code, permits the communication of information. Such keying represents the simplest possible form of modulation.

1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio vi. 107 The standard used is 1 milliwatt in 600 ohms..and is equivalent to 40% modulation at the transmitter.

1972 Sci. Amer. Sept. 101/2 The most widely used processes of modulation are amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and pulse code modulation (PCM).

1990 New Scientist 14 July 31/2 The system developed by..Motorola, transmits the sum of the left and right sound channels by amplitude modulation of the broadcast frequency.

b. In extended use: the action or result of varying the magnitude, degree, etc., of something, esp. so as to regulate it.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical tests > [noun] > types > by method

dry way1651

suck it and see1951

modulation1964

1964 Science 15 May 816 Modulation of transfer RNA species can provide a workable model of an operator-less operon.

1971 Physics Bull. July 388/1 An acoustic wave produces a periodic modulation of the density of the medium.

1986 W. H. Johnson in A. Limon et al. Home Owner Man. (ed. 2) iv. v. 601 Heat into air is controlled by modulation with room thermostat operation.

1990 Sci. Amer. Apr. 119/2 Effects that have now been clearly demonstrated include modulation of the flow of ions across cell membranes, [etc.].

1996 Amer. Scientist Mar. 134 (caption) The experience of pleasure and the modulation of reward is based on a reward ‘cascade’, a chain of neurons within the limbic system.

8. Biology. Reversible variation in the activity or form of a cell in response to a changing environment; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > cellular processes > [noun] > modulation

modulation1939

1939 P. Weiss Princ. Devel. i. 94 This physiological, strictly nonprogressive fluctuation of a cell in response to its environmental conditions may be called modulation. It provides for a certain latitude within which a cell can comply adequately with certain variable functional demands of the developed body.

1964 N. T. Spratt Introd. Cell Differentiation ii. 20 We..cannot accurately draw a line between differentiations and modulations.

1970 E. J. Ambrose & D. M. Easty Cell Biol. xiii. 441 Hormones are known to affect the synthetic function and the size of certain organs. This is an example of what Weiss has called ‘modulation’.

Compounds

modulation envelope n. the envelope of an amplitude-modulated carrier wave.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > [noun] > waveform > types of waveform > radio waves > envelope of carrier wave

modulation envelope1930

1930 Proc. IRE 18 2161 If this leakage is slower than the rate at which the modulation envelope decreases, then the condenser voltage cannot follow the modulation envelope.

1950 P. Parker Electronics x. 301 Distortion is important only in so far as it makes the modulation envelope of the signal voltage different from the wave-form of the modulating sound.

1994 Jrnl. Lightwave Technol. 12 1759/1 An optical equalizer..was..evaluated by using an optical network analyzer, which operates by making modulation-envelope phase and amplitude measurements.

modulation factor n. = modulation index n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > processes > [noun] > modulation > co-efficient

modulation index1930

modulation factor1939

1939 Amateur Radio Handbk. vi. 93/1 When using a continuous pure tone (sine wave) for modulating..the percentage modulation can be obtained by the Heising formula:—If I_O = R.M.S. value of unmodulated aerial current..I_M = ditto when modulated. m = modulation factor. Then I_M = I_O√(1 + m²/2).

modulation frequency n. the frequency of a wave used to modulate another wave.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > [noun] > frequency > specific frequencies

high frequency1842

natural frequency1873

resonant frequency1897

resonance frequency1898

low frequency1928

modulation frequency1930

quench frequency1938

gyrofrequency1941

Nyquist frequency1963

1930 Proc. IRE 18 2162 The rate of decrease of the modulation envelope depends upon the modulation frequency f and the degree of modulation m of the signal.

1962 J. H. Simpson & R. S. Richards Physical Princ. Junction Transistors xviii. 453 The carrier and modulation frequencies are applied to one or both of the input electrodes.

modulation index n. a coefficient representing the degree of modulation of a carrier wave; spec. the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum frequencies of a frequency-modulated carrier, to the frequency of the modulating signal.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > processes > [noun] > modulation > co-efficient

modulation index1930

modulation factor1939

1930 B. van der Pol in Proc. IRE 18 1200 The amount of disturbance arising from frequency modulation depends..upon the value of the ratio m = Δω/p of the absolute frequency deviation to the imposed audio frequency p. Owing to the importance of this parameter m..it may be found useful to designate it by..the expression ‘frequency modulation index’.

1931 Proc. IRE 19 2151 B. van der Pol has introduced the expression ‘modulation index’ for m_f. We shall use this term for both m_p and m_f [where m_p represents the degree of phase modulation in a wave i = A₀ sin (ω₀t + m_p sin μt)].

1983 E. Trundle Beginner's Guide Videocassette Recorders ii. 19 If we can reduce the modulation index, the significant sidebands draw closer to the carrier frequency.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	modulation
释义	modulationn. Brit. /ˌmɒdjᵿˈleɪʃn/, /ˌmɒdʒᵿˈleɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌmɑdʒəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: Middle English modulacion, Middle English modulacioun, Middle English modulacyone, 1500s– modulation; Scottish pre-1700 modelatioun, pre-1700 modulacion, pre-1700 modulacioun, pre-1700 modulatioun, pre-1700 modvlacioun, pre-1700 1700s– modulation. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French modulation; Latin modulātiōn-, modulātiō. Etymology: < Middle French, French modulation (1365 in sense 3, 1626 in sense 5a) and its etymon classical Latin modulātiōn-, modulātiō inflection of tone, calculation of measurements from a standard unit (in architecture), also in post-classical Latin in senses ‘melody’ (6th cent.; from 8th cent. in British sources), ‘singing, making music’ (from 10th or 11th cent. in British sources) < modulāt- , past participial stem of modulārī (see modulate v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Italian modulazione (a1342 in sense 5a), Old Occitan modulacio (c1350), Spanish modulación (c1440; 1385 as †modulation), Portuguese modulação (16th cent.). †1. The action of singing or making music; a tune, a melody; (in plural) musical notes or sounds. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > performing music > [noun] modulationa1398 timing?1578 tuning1609 musicking1703 melodizing1786 rendering1840 rendition1851 society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > melody or succession of sounds > [noun] > a melody notec1300 warblec1374 moteta1382 tunea1387 measurea1393 modulationa1398 prolation?a1425 gammec1425 proportion?a1505 laya1529 stroke1540 diapason?1553 strain1579 cantus1590 stripe1590 diapase1591 air1597 pawson1606 spirit1608 melody1609 aria1742 refrain1795 toon1901 sounds1955 klangfarbenmelodie1959 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 333^v Simphonia is temperate modulacioun [L. modulationis] acording in sownes hiȝ and lowȝ. c1450 (?c1425) St. Mary of Oignies ii. xi, in Anglia (1885) 8 178 Oure lorde..fillid..hir lippys wiþ modulacyone. c1487 J. Skelton tr. Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historica v. 359 Melpomone..that thurgh her modulacion & melodyous armony..so doucette & swetely resowneth in the eres of her audytours that [etc.]. a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Sion Coll. London) 25 (MED) By this modulacion or song, Vndrestondynge remembrid the high laudes of Dame Feyth. 1616 J. Bullokar Eng. Expositor Modulation, a pleasant tuning or sweete singing. a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1953) VI. 170 I will sing of thy mercy and judgement, sayes David; when we fixe our selves upon the meditation and modulation of the mercy of God, even his judgements cannot put us out of tune. 1636 C. Butler Princ. Musik i. iv. 71 Fuga is the Repeating of soom Modulation or Point. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Modulation,..a pleasant tuning, a singing or playing by number or measure. 1728 J. Thomson Spring 30 Thousands..warble.., their Modulations mix Mellifluous. 1816 T. L. Peacock Headlong Hall xi. 146 To ring to the profaner but more lively modulation of Voulez vous danser, Mademoiselle? 1837 P. Keith Bot. Lexicon 370 To enable us to appreciate the value of tones, whether they be the modulations of music, or the articulation of a spoken language. 2. The action of treating, regulating, or varying something so as to achieve due measure and proportion; variation of light, line, form, etc., with regard to artistic effect; an act of softening, tempering, or toning down.In quot. 1531: †measured or rhythmical movement (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the world > time > frequency > [noun] > rhythm or measure cadencec1384 modulation1531 measure1576 timekeeping1593 cadency1628 rhythmus1778 rhythmicality1817 the world > movement > motion in specific manner > [noun] > regular modulation1531 measure1576 timekeeping1593 the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > toning down modering1414 modulation1531 qualifying1565 modification1603 modifying1692 qualification1757 the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > adaptation or adjustment > [noun] > in due proportion proportionc1395 commoderation?a1425 modulation1531 commensuration1626 proportionment1697 the world > time > change > [noun] > change within limits, variation, or modification variation1502 diversification1603 flexion1603 divisiona1616 amendment1653 variating1653 sophistication1664 modulation1674 vacillation1769 modification1775 variorum1776 modifyinga1853 tropicalization1893 mod1943 1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. xx. sig. Kvi^v More ouer the emperours that were moste noble, delited in daunsyng, perceyuing therin to be a perfecte measure, whiche maye be called modulation. c1570 Art of Music (BL Add. 4911) i, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Modulatio(u)n Music mensurall..is discretion of modulatioun and forme in discrait figuris in mud, tyme and prolatioun quantificat. 1674 Govt. Tongue i. 3 To this purpose the infinite wisdom of God ordained Speech, which as it is a sound resulting from the modulation of the Air, has most affinity to the spirit. 1695 J. Woodward Ess. Nat. Hist. Earth 176 The Matter of two or more kinds being mix'd together, and, by the different Proportion and Modulation of that Matter, variously..diversifyed. 1753 W. Hogarth Anal. Beauty xii. 95 Different kinds of softnings and modulations of the rays of light. 1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xix. 189 There was a touching modulation in these words about her father that Walter understood too well. 1883 C. C. Perkins Hist. Handbk. Ital. Sculpt. ii. ii. 124 That delicate modulation of surface treatment which gives high value to the best Florentine metal work. 1888 Scribner's Mag. 3 424 It is not the firmness of a line in drawing or sculpture that makes it forbidding; it is the stiffness or poor quality of its modulation. 1909 R. Fry in New Q. Mag. Apr. 186 We feel, if the drawing be a good one, that each modulation of the line as our eye passes along it gives order and variety to our sensations. 1958 Spectator 18 July 86/1 This facile Neapolitan, whose music and plot are brittly innocent of modulation. 1998 Managing your Business Spring 88/1 Modulation—weighting subsidies in favour of smaller farms—is also proposed. 3. Musical inflection of the voice; variation of the quality of one's voice, or of the sound of a musical instrument, with respect to tone, pitch, and intensity. Also: a particular inflection or intonation. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > tuning or intonation > [noun] temperure1390 modulation1543 tuning1554 temperature1592 temperament1728 intonation1776 just intonation1850 tuning1902 tune-up1977 1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. i. ii. f. 60/2 That it [sc. the uvula] myght gyve modulation or tunynge to the voice. 1601 P. Rosseter Bk. of Ayres sig. A2^v In Ayres I find no vse they [sc. rests] haue, unlesse it be to make a vulgar, and triuiall modulation seeme to the ignorant strange, and to the iudiciall tedious. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vii. xiv. 368 Although the weazon, throtle and tongue be the instruments of voice, and by their agitations doe chiefly concurre unto these delightfull modulations . View more context for this quotation 1701 N. Grew Cosmol. Sacra i. v. §10 The Rings of the Wind-pipe, are fitted for the Modulation of the Voice. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. III. 261 Among the singers in Italy..Farinelli..indisputably makes the greatest figure for the fineness and modulation of his voice. 1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. i. 1 All the sensibility of character that the modulation of her tones indicated. 1808 L. Murray Eng. Gram. Illustr. I. iv. 341 By modulation is meant that pleasing variety of voice, which..is perfectly distinct from emphasis, and the tones of emotion and passion. 1859 ‘G. Eliot’ Adam Bede I. i. i. 15 With the same gentle modulation of voice as when he spoke to Seth. 1866 T. H. Huxley Lessons Elem. Physiol. (1869) vii. 205 The modulation of the voice into speech is effected by [etc.]. 1896 C. G. D. Roberts Forge in Forest xv. 203 ‘I will bid you farewell, and a pleasant journey,’ went on the same civil modulations of Grûl's voice. 1948 D. Cecil Two Quiet Lives 41 The emotion that filled her heart vibrates through every modulation of her voice. 1977 J. McPhee Coming into Country ii. 126 I was struck, the more, by the lilting modulation of Hensley's voice, calm as (that day) the Chukchi Sea. †4. Architecture. The proportioning of the parts of a classical order according to modular principles. Cf. module n. 3b. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > column > [noun] > unit of proportion based on column diameter > proportioning by modulation1665 1665 J. Webb Vindic. Stone-Heng (1725) 62 Ornaments made from the Rule of the Dorick Modulation. 1842 J. Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss. 1005 Modulation, the proportion of the different parts of an order. 5. Music. a. The action or process of passing from one key to another in the course of a piece of music; the result of this, as an element in the harmony of a piece; a change of key. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > key > alteration from prevailing key changingc1475 change1574 modulation1696 key change1877 transition1877 1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Modulation, a carrying on a Song in the same Key, sometimes passing out of it, then getting into it again, without offending the Ears. 1721 A. Malcolm Treat. Musick xiii. 450 Having thus explained the Nature of Modulation from one Key to another. 1782 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music II. 163 (note) The modulation from D major to C is rarely found in modern music. 1782 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music II. 164 The following specimens of Chromatic Modulation, ascending and descending. 1839 Penny Cycl. XV. 296/2 Modulation may be divided into Simple, Chromatic (or extraneous), and Enharmonic. 1889 E. Prout Harmony (ed. 10) xiv. §371 By..enharmonically changing one or more of its notes it [sc. the chord of the Diminished Seventh] can be used for modulation between any two keys. 1928 A. Huxley Point Counter Point xxii. 408 More interesting still the modulations, not merely from one key to another, but from mood to mood. 1961 A. Hopkins Talking about Symphonies i. 21 This business of modulation, of moving into remote keys. 1988 M. Warner Lost Father xxi. 225 Franco took the band, with an elegant modulation to the dominant, straight into the overture. †b. Composition, performance, or arrangement of music in a particular mode or key; treatment of melody and harmony within a particular key. Also: a chord, tune, or succession of notes considered with reference to mode or key. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > chord > [noun] modulation1721 chord1737 society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > key > tonality modulation1721 tonality1838 key1841 1721 A. Malcolm Treat. Musick xiii. 441 Under the Term of Modulation may be comprehended the regular Progression of the several Parts thro' the Sounds that are in the Harmony of any particular Key as well as the proceeding naturally and regularly with the Harmony from one Key to another. 1782 C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music II. 412 As to the Modulation, it is so monotonous, that little more than two chords are used throughout the Canon [i.e. ‘Sumer is i-cumen in’]. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XII. 191/2 Modulation..frequently means no more than an air, or a number of musical sounds properly connected and arranged. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XII. 511/2 The modulation formed by ut with the octave of sol and the double octave of mi, sung one after the other. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XII. 512/2 This modulation or chord ut, mi♭, sol, ut. †c. In the ecclesiastical modes: any of certain notes in each mode, on which a phrase of melody had to begin and end (see quot. 1880). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > medieval mode > notes of modes medius1563 mediant1721 dominant1823 modulation1880 participant1889 1880 G. Grove Dict. Music II. 351/2 The intermediate phrases can only begin, or end, on one of another set of notes, called its Modulations. Of these Modulations, four—the Final, Dominant, Mediant, and Participant—are of more importance than the rest, and are therefore called Regular. But as the constant reiteration of these four notes would prove intolerably monotonous, in a Melody consisting of very numerous phrases, other notes, called Conceded Modulations, are added to them. †6. Harmonious treatment of language in prose or verse. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > elegance > [noun] > euphonism melody1589 roll1730 modulation1759 euphonism1774 1759 S. Johnson Idler 30 June 201 Then begin the arts of rhetoric and poetry, the regulation of figures, the selection of words, the modulation of periods. 1779 S. Johnson Waller in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets I. 114 The poets of Elizabeth had attained an art of modulation, which was afterwards..forgotten. 1841 I. D'Israeli Amenities Lit. II. 392 A master in the art of versification was struck by our poet's modulation. 7. a. Chiefly Physics and Engineering. The process of modulating an electromagnetic wave or other oscillating signal, or a beam, esp. in order to impress a signal on it; the extent to which a modulated carrier wave is varied; the modulated waveform or signal itself. Cf. modulate v. 5a, demodulation n.Frequently preceded by a noun denoting either the characteristic of the carrier wave that is varied (as in frequency modulation), or the method by which the modulation is applied (as in grid modulation).amplitude, cross-, frequency, pulse modulation, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > communication > telecommunication > [noun] > signal > modulation choke control1909 modulation1919 frequency modulation1922 pulse modulation1929 phase modulation1930 undermodulation1940 pulse time modulation1944 pulse position modulation1945 PCM1947 pulse amplitude modulation1947 pulse code modulation1947 pulse frequency modulation1950 pulse width modulation1953 pulse duration modulation1956 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > processes > [noun] > modulation modulation1919 1919 Proc. IRE 7 193 (heading) Modulation. 1919 Science 19 Dec. 559/2 [Grants for research of the American Association for the Advancement of Science] One hundred and forty dollars to Professor E. M. Terry,..for work on the modulation of radio-energy employed in wireless telephony. 1921 J. Scott-Taggart Thermionic Tubes xiii. 355 Two general methods of modulation are used at present; either the amplitude of the continuous waves is varied by the microphone, or the wave-length is altered. 1932 A. W. Ladner & C. R. Stoner Short Wave Wireless Communication v. 73 Rectification is essential at the receiver, for the purpose of extracting the modulation. 1943 F. E. Terman Radio Engineers' Handbk. vii. 581 In phase modulation, intelligence is transmitted by varying the phase of the transmitted wave. 1953 W. A. Edson Vacuum-tube Oscillators xvi. 386 The presence or absence of an output signal, in conjunction with an appropriate code, permits the communication of information. Such keying represents the simplest possible form of modulation. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio vi. 107 The standard used is 1 milliwatt in 600 ohms..and is equivalent to 40% modulation at the transmitter. 1972 Sci. Amer. Sept. 101/2 The most widely used processes of modulation are amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and pulse code modulation (PCM). 1990 New Scientist 14 July 31/2 The system developed by..Motorola, transmits the sum of the left and right sound channels by amplitude modulation of the broadcast frequency. b. In extended use: the action or result of varying the magnitude, degree, etc., of something, esp. so as to regulate it. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical tests > [noun] > types > by method dry way1651 suck it and see1951 modulation1964 1964 Science 15 May 816 Modulation of transfer RNA species can provide a workable model of an operator-less operon. 1971 Physics Bull. July 388/1 An acoustic wave produces a periodic modulation of the density of the medium. 1986 W. H. Johnson in A. Limon et al. Home Owner Man. (ed. 2) iv. v. 601 Heat into air is controlled by modulation with room thermostat operation. 1990 Sci. Amer. Apr. 119/2 Effects that have now been clearly demonstrated include modulation of the flow of ions across cell membranes, [etc.]. 1996 Amer. Scientist Mar. 134 (caption) The experience of pleasure and the modulation of reward is based on a reward ‘cascade’, a chain of neurons within the limbic system. 8. Biology. Reversible variation in the activity or form of a cell in response to a changing environment; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > cellular processes > [noun] > modulation modulation1939 1939 P. Weiss Princ. Devel. i. 94 This physiological, strictly nonprogressive fluctuation of a cell in response to its environmental conditions may be called modulation. It provides for a certain latitude within which a cell can comply adequately with certain variable functional demands of the developed body. 1964 N. T. Spratt Introd. Cell Differentiation ii. 20 We..cannot accurately draw a line between differentiations and modulations. 1970 E. J. Ambrose & D. M. Easty Cell Biol. xiii. 441 Hormones are known to affect the synthetic function and the size of certain organs. This is an example of what Weiss has called ‘modulation’. Compounds modulation envelope n. the envelope of an amplitude-modulated carrier wave. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > [noun] > waveform > types of waveform > radio waves > envelope of carrier wave modulation envelope1930 1930 Proc. IRE 18 2161 If this leakage is slower than the rate at which the modulation envelope decreases, then the condenser voltage cannot follow the modulation envelope. 1950 P. Parker Electronics x. 301 Distortion is important only in so far as it makes the modulation envelope of the signal voltage different from the wave-form of the modulating sound. 1994 Jrnl. Lightwave Technol. 12 1759/1 An optical equalizer..was..evaluated by using an optical network analyzer, which operates by making modulation-envelope phase and amplitude measurements. modulation factor n. = modulation index n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > processes > [noun] > modulation > co-efficient modulation index1930 modulation factor1939 1939 Amateur Radio Handbk. vi. 93/1 When using a continuous pure tone (sine wave) for modulating..the percentage modulation can be obtained by the Heising formula:—If I_O = R.M.S. value of unmodulated aerial current..I_M = ditto when modulated. m = modulation factor. Then I_M = I_O√(1 + m²/2). modulation frequency n. the frequency of a wave used to modulate another wave. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > [noun] > frequency > specific frequencies high frequency1842 natural frequency1873 resonant frequency1897 resonance frequency1898 low frequency1928 modulation frequency1930 quench frequency1938 gyrofrequency1941 Nyquist frequency1963 1930 Proc. IRE 18 2162 The rate of decrease of the modulation envelope depends upon the modulation frequency f and the degree of modulation m of the signal. 1962 J. H. Simpson & R. S. Richards Physical Princ. Junction Transistors xviii. 453 The carrier and modulation frequencies are applied to one or both of the input electrodes. modulation index n. a coefficient representing the degree of modulation of a carrier wave; spec. the ratio of the difference between the maximum and minimum frequencies of a frequency-modulated carrier, to the frequency of the modulating signal. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > processes > [noun] > modulation > co-efficient modulation index1930 modulation factor1939 1930 B. van der Pol in Proc. IRE 18 1200 The amount of disturbance arising from frequency modulation depends..upon the value of the ratio m = Δω/p of the absolute frequency deviation to the imposed audio frequency p. Owing to the importance of this parameter m..it may be found useful to designate it by..the expression ‘frequency modulation index’. 1931 Proc. IRE 19 2151 B. van der Pol has introduced the expression ‘modulation index’ for m_f. We shall use this term for both m_p and m_f [where m_p represents the degree of phase modulation in a wave i = A₀ sin (ω₀t + m_p sin μt)]. 1983 E. Trundle Beginner's Guide Videocassette Recorders ii. 19 If we can reduce the modulation index, the significant sidebands draw closer to the carrier frequency. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2002; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1398
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